# Virgo Programmer Guide

### Ramnivas Laddad

### Colin Yates

### Sam Brannen

### Rob Harrop

### Christian Dupuis

### Andy Wilkinson

### Glyn Normington

### Steve Powell

### Christopher Frost

Virgo

3.0.1.RELEASE

Copyright © 2011 VMware Inc.

## Preface

Increasing complexity in modern enterprise applications is a fact of life. Developers not only have to deal with complex business logic, but also a myriad of other concerns such as security, auditing, exposing business functionality to external applications, and managing the evolution of these concerns. The Spring Framework addresses these needs by offering a Plain-Old Java Object (POJO) based solution that lets you focus on your business logic.

Complex applications pose problems that go beyond using the right set of technologies. You need to take into account other considerations such as a simplified development process, easy deployment, monitoring deployed applications, and managing changes in response to changing business needs. This is where the Virgo Server comes into play. It offers a simple yet comprehensive platform to develop, deploy, and service enterprise applications. In this Programmer Guide, we explore the runtime portions of the Virgo Server, the Virgo Tomcat Server, Virgo Jetty Server and the Virgo Kernel, and learn how to develop applications to benefit from their capabilities.

## A Note to Virgo Kernel Programmers

Although this guide is written primarily for Virgo Tomcat Server programmers, much of it is also useful for Virgo Kernel programmers who should simply ignore the web-related sections.

## 1. Prerequisites

## 1.1 Runtime Environment

Virgo requires Java SE 6 or later to be installed. Java is available from Sun and elsewhere.

## 1.2 References

To make effective use of the Virgo Tomcat Server, you should also refer to the following:

- Virgo User Guide
- Spring Dynamic Modules Reference
- Spring Framework Reference

## 2. Introduction to the Virgo Tomcat Server

## 2.1 Overview

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the Virgo Tomcat Server focusing on what it is, what benefits it provides to developers and administrators, and why you should use it.

## 2.2 What is the Virgo Tomcat Server?

The Virgo Tomcat Server, or VTS for short, is the runtime portion of the Virgo Server. It is a lightweight, modular, OSGi-based runtime that provides a complete packaged solution for developing, deploying, and managing enterprise applications. By leveraging several best-of-breed technologies and improving upon them, the VTS offers a compelling solution to develop and deploy enterprise applications.

### What Makes up the Virgo Tomcat Server?

The Virgo Tomcat Server is built on top of the following core technologies:

- Spring Framework, obviously!
- Tomcat as the web container.
- OSGi R4.3.
- Equinox as the OSGi implementation.
- Spring Dynamic Modules for OSGi for working with OSGi in a Spring application.
- SpringSource Tool Suite for developing applications.

Note, however, that the Virgo Tomcat Server isn’t just a combination of these technologies. Rather, it integrates and extends these technologies to provide many features essential for developing, deploying, and managing today’s enterprise Java applications.

The following diagram presents a high-level overview of the VTS’s architecture.

At the heart of the Virgo Tomcat Server is the Virgo Kernel or VK. The VK is an OSGi-based kernel that takes full advantage of the modularity and versioning of the OSGi platform. The VK builds on Equinox and extends its capabilities for provisioning and library management, as well as providing core functionality for the VTS.

To maintain a minimal runtime footprint, OSGi bundles are installed on demand by the VK. This allows for an application to be installed into a running VTS and for its dependencies to be satisfied from an external repository. Not only does this remove the need to manually install all your application dependencies, which would be tedious, but it also keeps memory usage to a minimum.

As shown in the figure, VK runs on top of Equinox within a standard Java Virtual Machine. Above the VK further layers contribute functionality to the VTS. Such as management, serviceability and web application support.

Version 3.0.1.RELEASE of the Virgo Tomcat Server supports bundle, plan, PAR, configuration, Web Application Bundle (WAB), and WAR artifacts, which enable you to build sophisticated web applications. This includes support for standard Java EE WARs, "shared library" WARs, and "shared services" WARs, each of which will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 3, Deployment Architecture.

## 2.3 Why the Virgo Tomcat Server?

You could deploy a web application in a stand-alone servlet engine or application server. Or you could even deploy directly in an OSGi container such as Equinox. However, deploying in the Virgo Tomcat Server offers a number of key benefits that make it both more appealing and more suitable for enterprise application development.

### Deployment Options and Migration Paths

While many applications deployed in the Virgo Tomcat Server will take advantage of OSGi capabilities, not all applications need such sophistication. For example, development teams may initially choose to continue packaging existing web applications as standard WAR files and then gradually migrate toward a fully OSGi-based packaging and deployment model. The Virgo Tomcat Server makes such migrations easy for developers by supporting multiple packaging and deployment formats. These formats and migration strategies are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5, Migrating to OSGi and Chapter 6, Case Study: Migrating the Form Tags Sample Application.

### Simplified Development and Deployment of OSGi-based Applications

Prior to the release of the Virgo Tomcat Server, developing and deploying OSGi applications involved inherent complexity such as:

- Obtaining OSGi bundles for popular Java libraries: For optimal benefits, every technology you use in an OSGi application must be packaged as OSGi bundles. Currently, this involves manually converting JAR files into bundles and making sure that any libraries needed by those bundles are also available as OSGi bundles. The SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository is a good source of popular pre-bundled libraries.
- Package management complexity: OSGi bundles use other bundles through `Import-Package` manifest headers. Many applications use a set of common technologies (e.g., an ORM solution, a web framework, etc.). Combining these two characteristics leads to duplicated configuration in the form of repeated and verbose `Import-Package` statements.
- Lack of application-level isolation: In OSGi everything is a bundle, and all bundles share the same OSGi Service Registry. To highlight how conflicts can arise between applications and their services in this shared service registry, consider the following scenarios.
  - Application `A` is comprised of bundles `B` and `C`. In a standard OSGi environment, if you attempt to install two instances of the same version of application `A` (i.e., two sets of bundles `B` and `C`), a clash will occur, because you cannot deploy multiple bundles with the same `Bundle-SymbolicName` and `Bundle-Version` combination.
  - Application `A1` is comprised of bundles `B1` and `C1`. Similarly, application `A2` is comprised of bundles `B2` and `C2`. Each bundle has a unique combination of `Bundle-SymbolicName` and `Bundle-Version`. Bundles `B1` and `B2` both export service `S` which is imported by both `C1` and `C2`. In contrast to the previous example, there is no conflict resulting from duplicate `Bundle-SymbolicName`/`Bundle-Version` combinations; however, there is a clash for the exported service `S`. Which service `S` will bundles `C1` and `C2` end up using once they are installed? Assuming bundles `B1` and `C1` are intended to work together, you would not want bundle `C1` to get a reference to service `S` from bundle `B2`, because it is installed in a different logical application. On the contrary, you typically want bundle `C1` to get a reference to service `S` exported by bundle `B1`, but in a standard OSGi environment this may not be the case.

Furthermore, since standard OSGi does not define a notion of an application as a set of bundles, you cannot deploy or undeploy an application and its constituent bundles as a single unit.

The Virgo Tomcat Server introduces a number of features to solve these issues:

- A full set of OSGi bundles for many popular Java libraries to get you started quickly with creating OSGi applications.
- An OSGi library concept that obviates the need to duplicate verbose `Import-Package` statements.
- The PAR packaging format which offers application-level isolation and deployment.
- The concept of a plan, which is an XML file that lists a collection of bundles that Virgo Tomcat Server should load together as a single application. Conceptually, plans are very like PARs, except that a plan describes the contents of the application rather than a PAR that actually contains them.

### Enhanced Diagnostics During Deployment and in Production

Identifying why an application won’t deploy or which particular library dependencies are unsatisfied is the cause of many headaches! Similarly, production time errors that don’t identify the root cause are all too familiar to Java developers. The VTS was designed from the ground up to enable tracing and First Failure Data Capture (FFDC) that empower developers with precise information at the point of failure to fix the problem quickly.

## 3. Deployment Architecture

The Virgo Tomcat Server offers several choices when it comes to deploying applications. Each choice offers certain advantages, and it is important to understand those in order to make the right choice for your application. In this chapter, we take a closer look at the choices offered, compare them, and provide guidelines in choosing the right one based on your specific needs.

The VTS supports standard self-contained WAR files thus allowing you to use the Virgo Tomcat Server as an enhanced web server. The VTS also supports the Shared Libraries WAR format which allows for slimmer WAR files that depend on OSGi bundles instead of including JAR files inside the WAR. The Shared Services WAR format allows developers to further reduce the complexity of standard WARs by deploying services and infrastructure bundles alongside the WAR. A shared services WAR will then consume the services published by those bundles. To complete the picture, the VTS supports the new OSGi-standard Web Application Bundle deployment format for web applications that builds on the benefits provided by a shared services WAR. In addition to this, VTS provides additional conveniences for developing and deploying Spring MVC-based web applications.

For applications consisting of multiple bundles and web applications, plans and the PAR format are the primary deployment models that take advantage of OSGi capabilities. We will explore all of these formats and their suitability later in this guide.

## 3.1 Supported Deployment Formats

The Virgo Tomcat Server supports applications packaged in the following formats:

1. Raw OSGi Bundles

2. Java EE WAR

3. Web Application Bundles

4. PARs

5. Plans

6. Configurations

When you deploy an application to the VTS, each deployment artifact (e.g., a single bundle, WAR, PAR, or plan) passes through a deployment pipeline. This deployment pipeline is responsible for processing applications of certain types (i.e., application type). The 3.0.1.RELEASE release of the VTS natively supports deployers analogous to each of the aforementioned packaging options.

Let’s take a closer look now at each of the supported deployment and packaging options to explore which one is best suited to your application.

### Raw OSGi Bundles

At its core, the Virgo Tomcat Server is an OSGi container. Thus any OSGi-compliant bundle can be deployed directly on the VTS unmodified. You’ll typically deploy an application as a single bundle or a set of stand-alone bundles if you’d like to publish or consume services globally within the container via the OSGi Service Registry.

### WAR Deployment Formats

For Web Application Archives (WAR), the Virgo Tomcat Server provides support for the following three formats.

1. Standard WAR

2. Shared Libraries WAR

3. Shared Services WAR

Each of these formats plays a distinct role in the incremental migration path from a standard Java EE WAR to an OSGi-ified web application.

#### Standard WAR

Standard WAR files are supported directly in the VTS. At deployment time, the WAR file is transformed into an OSGi bundle and installed into Tomcat. All the standard WAR contracts are honoured, and your existing WAR files should just drop in and deploy without change. Support for standard, unmodified WAR files allows you to try out the Virgo Tomcat Server on your existing web applications and then gradually migrate toward the Shared Libraries WAR and Shared Services WAR formats.

In addition to the standard support for WARs that you would expect from Tomcat, the VTS also enables the following features:

1. Spring-driven load-time weaving (see Section 6.8.4, “Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework").

2. Diagnostic information such as FFDC (first failure data capture)

The main benefit of this application style is familiarity -- developers know how to create a WAR file! You can take advantage of the VTS’s added feature set without modifying the application. The application can also be deployed on other Servlet containers or Java EE application servers.

You may choose this application style if the application is fairly simple and small. You may also prefer this style even for large and complex applications as a starting point and migrate to the other styles over time as discussed in Chapter 5, Migrating to OSGi .

#### Shared Libraries WAR

If you have experience with developing and packaging web applications using the standard WAR format, you’re certainly familiar with the pains of library bloat. So, unless you’re installing shared libraries in a common library folder for your Servlet container, you have to pack all JARs required by your web application in `/WEB-INF/lib`. Prior to the release of the Virgo Tomcat Server, such library bloat has essentially been the norm for web applications, but now there is a better solution! The Shared Libraries WAR format reduces your application’s deployment footprint and eradicates library bloat by allowing you to declare dependencies on libraries via standard OSGi manifest headers such as `Import-Package` and `Require-Bundle` . The VTS provides additional support for simplifying dependency management via the `Import-Library` and `Import-Bundle` manifest headers which are essentially macros that get expanded into OSGi-compliant `Import-Package` statements.

| Tip
For detailed information on which libraries are already available, check out the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository .

#### Shared Services WAR

Once you’ve begun taking advantage of declarative dependency management with a Shared Libraries WAR, you’ll likely find yourself wanting to take the next step toward reaping further benefits of an OSGi container: sharing services between your OSGi-compliant bundles and your web applications. By building on the power and simplicity of Spring-DM, the Shared Services WAR format puts the OSGi Service Registry at your finger tips. As a best practice you’ll typically publish services from your domain, service, and infrastructure bundles via `<osgi:service ... />` and then consume them in your web application’s ApplicationContext via `<osgi:reference ... />`. Doing so promotes programming to interfaces and allows you to completely decouple your web-specific deployment artifacts from your domain model, service layer, etc., and that’s certainly a step in the right direction. Of the three supported WAR deployment formats, the Shared Services WAR is by far the most attractive in terms of modularity and reduced overall footprint of your web applications.

#### WARs and the Gemini Web Container

Virgo Tomcat Server fully supports the OSGi Web Applications standard. Using the reference implementation from Gemini Web that was developed by SpringSource from an offshoot of the original VTS codebase. This RI is now fully integrated in VTS as the basis of the support for web application deployment.

The OSGi Web Applications specification introduces the concept of a Web Application Bundle, which is a WAR that is also a bundle. The specification defines how WAR files are transformed into bundles automatically as needed.

You can find an introduction to the Web Container in blog entries written by the Virgo team here and here.

##### Extensions to the Web Container

Virgo Tomcat Server provides a variety of extensions to the Web Container that allow you to construct sophisticated applications. The table below summarises the extensions that are available or in development.

Table 3.1.

Feature | Description
--- | ---
Instrumentable ClassLoaders | All web bundle ClassLoaders are instrumentable by Spring’s load-time weaving infrastructure.
Support for exploded bundles/WARs | Bundles/WARs in directory form can be deployed as Web Application Bundles
Support for scanning TLDs in dependencies | As per the Web Application specification, all TLDs located inside a web bundle are located using the rules defined in the JSP 2.1 specification. In VTS, the dependencies of a Web Application Bundle are also scanned for TLDs following the rules outlined in JSP 2.1

### PAR

A PAR is a standard JAR which contains all of the modules of your application (e.g., service, domain, and infrastructure bundles as well as a WAR or web module for web applications) in a single deployment unit. This allows you to deploy, refresh, and undeploy your entire application as a single entity. If you are familiar with Java EE, it is worth noting that a PAR can be considered a replacement for an EAR (Enterprise Archive) within the context of an OSGi container. As an added bonus, modules within a PAR can be refreshed independently and on-the-fly, for example via the Virgo Tomcat Server Tool Suite (see Chapter 7, Tooling).

Many of the benefits of the PAR format are due to the underlying OSGi infrastructure, including:

- Fundamentally modularized applications: instead of relying on fuzzy boundaries between logical modules in a monolithic application, this style promotes physically separated modules in the form of OSGi bundles. Then each module may be developed separately, promoting parallel development and loose coupling.

- Robust versioning of various modules: the versioning capability offered by OSGi is much more comprehensive than alternatives. Each module can specify a version range for each of its dependencies. Bundles are isolated from each other in such a way that multiple versions of a bundle may be used simultaneously in an application.

- Improved manageability: each bundle may be deployed or undeployed in a running application. This allows modifying the existing application to fix bugs, improve performance, and even to add new features without having to restart the application.

Furthermore, PARs scope the bundles of your application within the VTS. Scoping provides both a physical and logical application boundary, effectively shielding the internals of your application from other PARs deployed within the VTS. This means your application doesn’t have to worry about clashing with other running applications (e.g., in the OSGi Service Registry). You get support for load-time weaving, classpath scanning, context class loading, etc., and the VTS does the heavy lifting for you to make all this work seamlessly in an OSGi environment. If you want to take full advantage of all that the Virgo Tomcat Server and OSGi have to offer, packaging and deploying your applications as a PAR is a good choice, although plans are an even better one, as described in the next section.

| OSGi != multiple JARs
Note that while physically separated modules can, in theory, be implemented simply using multiple JARs, complex versioning requirements often make this impractical. For example, consider the situation depicted in the diagram below. Bundle A depends on version 1.0.0 of bundle B and version 2.0.0 of bundle C. Bundle B depends on version 1.0.0 of bundle C. Suppose that versions 1.0.0 and 2.0.0 of bundle C are neither backward nor forward compatible. Traditional monolithic applications cannot handle such situations: either bundle A or bundle B would need reworking which undermines truly independent development. OSGi’s versioning scheme enables this scenario to be implemented in a robust manner. If it is desirable to rework the application to share a single version of C, then this can be planned in and is not forced.

### Plans

A plan is similar to a PAR in that it encapsulates all of the artifacts of your application in a single deployment unit. The main difference, however, is that a plan is simply an XML file that lists the artifacts of your application; a PAR, by contrast, is an actual JAR file that physically contains the artifacts. Just like a PAR, you deploy, refresh, and undeploy a plan as a single entity. We highly recommends the use of plans for creating applications.

When you create a plan, you can specify that the included bundles and services are in a scope that isolates them from the rest of Virgo Tomcat Server and its deployments. This scoping ensures that the bundles wire to each other and see each other’s services in preference to services from outside the scope. Scoping also prevents application code from leaking into the global scope or scope of another application. In addition, a plan can link the lifecycle of a group of bundles together atomically, which ensures that start, stop, and uninstall events on a single artifact in the plan are escalated to all artifacts in the plan. You can, however, disable both of these features by simply setting an attribute in the plan.

The general benefits of using plans are similar to those of using PARs; see PAR for details. Plans offer added benefits, however, such as the ability to control the deployment order of your application: the order in which you list artifacts in the plan’s XML file is the order in which VTS deploys them. Additionally, because plans specify the artifacts that make up an application by reference, it is easier to share artifacts between plans as well as update individual parts of a plan without having to physically repackage (re-JAR) it.

### Configurations

A Configuration is simply a Java properties file. When deployed it will be recognised by the deployer and installed in to Configuration Admin for later use by your applications. VTS supports both singleton (ManagedService) and factory (ManagedServiceFactory) configurations. (see section 104.6 in the Compendium Specification)

For a singleton configuration the name that it will be installed under is its filename minus the `.properties` extension. Factory Configuration is supported by specifying the service.factoryPid property. In this case actual PID will be created by Configuration Admin (see section 104.6 in the Compendium Specification).

How to consume configuration data is discussed later.

## 3.2 Dependency Types

In an OSGi environment, there are two kinds of dependencies between various bundles: type dependency and service dependency.

- Type dependency: A bundle may depend on a type exported by another bundle thus creating a type dependency. Type dependencies are managed through `Import-Package` and `Export-Package` directives in the OSGi manifest. This kind of dependency is similar to a JAR file using types in other JAR files from the classpath. However, as we’ve seen earlier, there are significant differences.

- Service dependency: A bundle may also publish services (preferably using Spring-DM), and other bundles may consume those services. If two bundles depend on the same service, both will be communicating effectively to the same object. More specifically, any state for that service will be shared between all the clients of that service. This kind of arrangement is similar to the commonly seen client-server interaction through mechanisms such as RMI or Web Services.

## 3.3 Regions

Conceptually, the Virgo Server can be divided into two separate subsystems, called Regions. This provides a way to keep the Virgo Kernel separate from user applications. Read more about Regions and the two in Virgo in the User Guide concepts section.

## 3.4 A Guide to Forming Bundles

So what makes an application suitable for deployment on the Virgo Tomcat Server? Since OSGi is at the heart of the VTS, modular applications consisting of bundles, which each represent distinct functionality and well-defined boundaries, can take maximum advantage of the OSGi container’s capabilities. The core ideas behind forming bundles require following good software engineering practices: separation of concerns, loose coupling, and communication through clear interfaces. In this section, we look at a few approaches that you may use to create modular applications for Virgo Tomcat Server deployment. Please consider the following discussion as guidelines and not as rules.

Bundles can be formed along horizontal slices of layering and vertical slices of function. The objective is to enable independent development of each bundle and minimize the skills required to develop each bundle.

For example, an application could have the following bundles: infrastructure, domain, repository, service, and web as shown in the following diagram.

Each bundle consists of types appropriate for that layer and exports packages and services to be used by other layers. Let’s examine each bundle in more detail:

Table 3.2. Bundles across layers

Bundles | Imported Packages | Exported Packages | Consumed Services | Published Services
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Infrastructure | Third-party libraries | Infrastructure interfaces | None | None
Domain | Depends: for example, if JPA is used to annotate persistent types, then JPA packages. | Public domain types | None | None
Web | Domain, Service | None | Service beans | None
Service | Domain, Infrastructure, Repository | Service interfaces | Repository beans | Service beans
Repository | Domain, Third-party libraries, ORM bundles, etc. | Repository interfaces | DataSources, ORM session/entity managers, etc. | Repository beans

Within each layer, you may create bundles for each subsystem representing a vertical slice of business functionality. For example, as shown in the following figure, the service layer is divided into two bundles each representing separate business functions.

You can similarly separate the repositories, domain classes, and web controllers based on the business role they play.

## 4. Developing Applications

Applications that take advantage of the OSGi capabilities of the Virgo Tomcat Server are typically comprised of multiple bundles. Each bundle may have dependencies on other bundles. Furthermore, each bundle exposes only certain packages and services. In this chapter, we look at how to create bundles, import and export appropriate functionality, and create artifacts to deploy web applications on the Virgo Tomcat Server.

## 4.1 Anatomy of a Bundle

| Tip
This is an abbreviated introduction to OSGi bundles. Please refer to the Spring Dynamic Modules for OSGi documentation for full details.

An OSGi bundle is simply a jar file with metadata that describe additional characteristics such as version and imported and exported packages.

A bundle exports types and publishes services to be used by other bundles:

- Types: via the OSGi `Export-Package` directive,

- Services: via Spring-DM’s `<service ... />` XML namespace element.

A bundle may import types and services exported by other bundles:

- Types: via the OSGi `Import-Package` directive,

- Services: via Spring-DM’s `<reference ... />` XML namespace element.

Let’s see an example from the PetClinic sample application. The following listing shows the `MANIFEST.MF` file for the `org.springframework.petclinic.infrastructure.hsqldb` bundle.

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Bundle-ManifestVersion: 2
    Bundle-Name: PetClinic HSQL Database Infrastructure
    Bundle-SymbolicName: org.springframework.petclinic.infrastructure.hsqldb
    Bundle-Version: 1.0
    Import-Library: org.springframework.spring;version="[2.5,2.6]"
    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.apache.commons.dbcp;version="[1.2.2.osgi,1.2.2.osgi]",
     com.springsource.org.hsqldb;version="[1.8.0.9,1.8.0.9]"
    Import-Package: javax.sql
    Export-Package: org.springframework.petclinic.infrastructure

The `org.springframework.petclinic.infrastructure.hsqldb` bundle expresses its dependencies on the `javax.sql` package, the Commons DBCP and HSQLDB bundles, and the Spring library (we will examine the details of the library artifact in the section called “Defining Libraries”). The Commons DBCP bundle is imported at a version of exactly 1.2.2.osgi and the HSQLDB bundle is imported at a version of exactly 1.8.0.9. The Spring library is imported at a version between 2.5 inclusive and 2.6 exclusive.

Note that you do not specify the bundle that will provide the imported packages. The Virgo Tomcat Server will examine the available bundles and satisfy the required dependencies.

The following `osgi-context.xml` file from the PetClinic sample’s `org.springframework.petclinic.repository.jdbc` bundle declares a service published by the bundle and references a service published by another bundle.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans:beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi/spring-osgi.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

        <service id="osgiClinic" ref="clinic" interface="org.springframework.petclinic.repository.Clinic" />
        <reference id="dataSource" interface="javax.sql.DataSource"/>

    </beans:beans>

The `service` element publishes the `clinic` bean (a regular Spring bean declared in the `module-context.xml` file) and specifies `org.springframework.petclinic.repository.Clinic` as the type of the published service.

The `reference` elements define a `dataSource` bean that references a service published by another bundle with a an interface type of `javax.sql.DataSource`.

## 4.2 Creating PARs and WARs

The Virgo Tomcat Server supports two OSGi-oriented ways of packaging applications: the PAR format and application bundles (including web bundles). The VTS also supports three distinct WAR deployment and packaging formats: standard Java EE WAR, Shared Libraries WAR, Shared Services WAR.

The VTS also supports plans as a way to describe an application. This method is similar to a PAR in that it encapsulates all the artifacts of an application as a single unit, but differs in that a plan simply lists the bundles in an XML file rather than packaging all the bundles in a single JAR file. The use of plans offers additional benefits to using PARs; for this reason, we recommend their use. For details, see Creating Plans.

### PARs

An OSGi application is packaged as a JAR file, with extension `.par`. A PAR artifact offers several benefits:

- A PAR file has an application name, version, symbolic name, and description.
- The artifacts of a PAR file are scoped so that they cannot be shared accidentally by other applications. The scope forms a boundary for automatic propagation of load time weaving and bundle refresh. See Plans and Scoping for more on scoping.
- Since a PAR is scoped, its artifacts have their exported packages imported by the synthetic context bundle which is used for thread context class loading. So, for example, hibernate will be able to load classes of any of the exported packages of the bundles in a PAR file using `Class.forName()` (or equivalent).
- The PAR file is visible to management interfaces.
- The PAR file can be undeployed and redeployed as a unit.

A PAR includes one or more application bundles and its manifest specifies the following manifest headers:

Table 4.1. PAR file headers

Header | Description
--- | ---
`Application-SymbolicName` | Identifier for the application which, in combination with Application-Version, uniquely identifies an application
`Application-Name` | Human readable name of the application
`Application-Version` | Version of the application
`Application-Description` | Short description of the application

The following code shows an example MANIFEST.MF in a PAR file:

    Application-SymbolicName: com.example.shop
    Application-Version: 1.0
    Application-Name: Online Shop
    Application-Description: Example.com’s Online Shopping Application

### Web Application Bundles

Virgo Tomcat Server supports Web Application Bundles that are compliant with the OSGi Web Applications specification. The defining property of a Bundle that makes it a Web Application Bundle is a manifest header, `Web-ContextPath`. This defines the context path the web application will be registered under.

## 4.3 Creating Plans

Plans are similar to PARs in that they encapsulate the artifacts of an application as a single unit. As a consequence, they have similar benefits; for details of the benefits common to PARs and plans, see PARs.

Plans have the following additional benefits, which is why we recommend that you use plans rather than PARs when defining an application:

- Virgo Tomcat Server deploys the artifacts in the plan in the order in which they are listed in the XML file, which gives you complete control over deployment order. With a PAR, the order of deployment of the included artifacts is not guaranteed.
- Plans describe their contents by reference (using an XML file) as opposed to PARs that are JAR files that physically contain the included artifacts. For this reason, it is easier to share content between plans as well as update individual parts of a plan without having to physically repackage (re-JAR) it.
- You can enable or disable whether a plan is scoped or atomic; PARs are always scoped and atomic.

Plans always get their dependencies from the VTS repository. This means, for example, that if you drop one of the plan’s dependencies in the `pickup` directory rather than adding it to the repository, the plan will fail to deploy because it will not find the dependency.

### Creating the Plan XML File

Plans are XML files that have a `.plan` file extension, such as `multi-artifact.plan`. The structure of the XML file is simple: the root element is `<plan>` with attributes specifying the name of the plan, the version, atomicity, and scoping. Then, for each artifact that makes up your application, you add a `<artifact>` element, using its attributes to specify the type of artifact and its name and version. The following is a simple example of a plan’s XML file:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <plan name="multi-artifact.plan" version="1.0.0" scoped="true" atomic="true"
            xmlns="http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan"
    		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    		xsi:schemaLocation="
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan/eclipse-virgo-plan.xsd">

        <artifact type="configuration" name="app-properties" version="1.0.0"/>
        <artifact type="bundle" name="com.springsource.exciting.app" version="[2.0.0, 3.1.0)"/>

    </plan>

In the preceding example, the name of the plan is `multi-artifact.plan` and its version is `1.0.0`. The plan is both scoped and atomic. The plan contains two artifacts: one is a bundle called `com.springsource.exciting.app` and the other is a configuration file called `app-properties`.

The following table describes the attributes of the `<plan>` element.

Table 4.2. Attributes of the <plan> Element

Attribute | Description | Required?
--- | --- | ---
`name` | Specifies the name of this plan. Virgo Tomcat Server uses the name as one component of the unique identifier of this plan. | Yes.
`version` | Specifies the version of this plan. You must use OSGi version specification syntax, such as `2.1.0`. Virgo Tomcat Server uses the version as one component of the unique identifier of this plan. | Yes.
`scoped` | Specifies whether Virgo Tomcat Server should install the artifacts into plan-specific scope so that only the application described by this plan has access to the artifacts. If you disable scoping, then Virgo Tomcat Server installs the artifacts into the global scope, which means they are then available for access by all other deployed artifacts. Set the attribute to `true` to enable scoping or `false` to disable it. | Yes.
`atomic` | Specifies whether you want to tie together the lifecycle of the artifacts in this plan. Making a plan atomic means that if you install, start, stop, or uninstall a single artifact in the plan, Virgo Tomcat Server escalates the event to all artifacts in the plan. Also, in an atomic plan, Virgo Tomcat Server prevents artifacts from being in inconsistent states. For example, if one artifact should fail to start, then Virgo Tomcat Server stops all artifacts in the plan. Set this attribute to `true` to enable atomicity or `false` to disable it. | Yes.

The following table describes the attributes of the `<artifact>` element.

Table 4.3. Attributes of the <artifact> Element

Attribute | Description | Required?
--- | --- | ---
`type` | Specifies the type of the artifact. Valid values are: `bundle`: Specifies an OSGi bundle. Use this artifact type for WAR files and Web application bundles. `configuration`: Specifies that the artifact is a configuration file. Configuration files contain name/value pairs that set initial values for configuration properties of a bundle. `plan`: Specifies that the artifact is a plan. `par`: Specifies that the artifact is a PAR. | Yes.
`name` | Specifies the name of the artifact. See Artifact Names for guidelines for determining the name of an artifact. | Yes.
`version` | Specifies the version or range of versions of this artifact that VTS should look up in its repositories and then install and deploy. You must use OSGi version specification syntax, such as `[1.0.0, 2.0.0)`. | No. If not specified, defaults to `0`, which in OSGi means 0 to infinity, or any version.

### Artifact Names

When you create a plan, you use the `name` attribute of the `<artifact>` element to specify the name of all the plan’s dependencies. This section describes how to determine the name of an artifact, which is not always obvious.

Use the following guidelines to determine the name of an artifact:

- Bundle: In this context, a bundle refers to a standard OSGi bundle as well as a Web Application Bundle and a WAR file. The name of a bundle is the value of the `Bundle-SymbolicName` header in the `META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` file of the `*.jar`. If a WAR file has `Bundle-SymbolicName` header then it will be treated as a Web Application Bundle. The following `MANIFEST.MF` snippet shows a bundle with name `com.springsource.exciting.app`:

      Bundle-SymbolicName: org.eclispe.virgo.exciting.app

  If the bundle does not contain a `META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` file or the `MANIFEST.MF` doesn't contain a `Bundle-SymbolicName` header, then the name of the bundle is its filename minus the `.jar` or `.war` extension.

- Configuration File: The name of a configuration or PID (Persistent Identity) is its filename minus the `.properties` extension. The PID can also be specified within the properties file with the service.pid property.

- Plan: The name of a plan is the value of the required `name` attribute of the `<plan>` element in the plan’s XML file. In the following XML snippet, the plan name is `multi-artifact.plan`:

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <plan name="multi-artifact.plan" version="1.0.0" scoped="true" atomic="true"
              xmlns="http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan"
      ...

- PAR: The name of a PAR is the value of the `Application-SymbolicName` header in the `META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` file of the `*.par` file. The following `MANIFEST.MF` snippet shows a PAR with name `com.springsource.my.par`:

      Application-SymbolicName: org.eclipse.virgo.my.par

  If the PAR does not contain a `META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` file, then the name of the PAR is its filename minus the `.par` extension.

### Supplying Properties to Artifacts

It is possible to pass properties to an artifact specified in a plan. An example of this can be seen in the Admin Console plan where the context path to be used in the Admin console is passed from the plan.

        <artifact type="bundle" name="org.eclipse.virgo.apps.admin.web" version="[3.0, 4.0)">
            <property name="header:Web-ContextPath" value="/admin" />
        </artifact>

The only supported property is `header` which will overwrite the given manifest header with the supplied value. This should be used with care!

### Using the Plan

Because a plan is a list of artifacts, rather than a physical file that contains the artifacts, there are a few additional steps you must perform before you deploy it to VTS.

1. Copy the artifacts that make up the plan to the `usr` repository, which by default is the `$SERVER_HOME/repository/usr` directory, where `$SERVER_HOME` refers to the top-level installation directory of VTS. Note that you might have configured the server differently; in which case, copy the artifacts to your custom repository directory.

2. Restart VTS if the repository used is not a watched repository.

3. After the server has started, either use the Admin Console to deploy the plan, or manually deploy it by copying the plan’s XML file into the `$SERVER_HOME/pickup` directory.

   This results in VTS deploying the plan.

4. To undeploy the plan, use the Admin Console, or simply delete it from the `$SERVER_HOME/pickup` directory.

### Plans and Scoping

As described in previous sections, you can specify that a plan be scoped. This means that Virgo Tomcat Server installs the artifacts that make up the plan into a plan-specific scope so that only the application described by the plan has access to the artifacts. If you disable scoping, then Virgo Tomcat Server installs the artifacts into the global scope, which means they are available for access by all other deployed artifacts. This section describes scoping in a bit more detail. It also describes how you can change the default behavior of scoping, with respect to services, so that a service that is in a scope can be made globally available.

If a bundle in a given scope imports a package and a bundle in the same scope exports the package, then the import may only be satisfied by the bundle in the scope, and not by any bundles outside the scope, including the global scope. Similarly, package exports from bundles in a scope are not visible to bundles in the global scope.

If a bundle in a scope uses Spring DM (or the blueprint service) to obtain a service reference and a bundle in the same scope uses Spring DM (or the blueprint service) to publish a matching service, then the service reference may only bind to the service published in the scope (and not to any services outside the scope). Services published by bundles in a scope are not visible to bundles in the global scope.

However, sometimes it is useful to make a service in a scope globally available to artifacts outside the scope. To do this, publish the service with the `org.eclipse.virgo.service.scope` service property set to `global`. Use the `<service-properties>` child element of `<service>`, as shown in the following example:

    <service id="publishIntoGlobal" interface="java.lang.CharSequence">
      <service-properties>
        <beans:entry key="org.eclipse.virgo.service.scope" value="global" />
      </service-properties>
      <beans:bean class="java.lang.String">
        <beans:constructor-arg value="foo"/>
      </beans:bean>
    </service>

A scope forms a boundary for automatic propagation of load time weaving and bundle refresh. Additionally, a synthetic context bundle is generated for each scope. This bundle imports all the packages exported by other bundles in the scope. The class loader of the synthetic context bundle is used for thread context class loading. So, for example, hibernate will be able to load classes of any of the exported packages of the bundles in a scope using `Class.forName()` (or equivalent).

To ensure predictable class loading behaviour and avoid other issues associated with split packages (packages whose classes are split across more than one bundle), the synthetic context bundle has a restriction: no package may be exported by more than one bundle in the scope. If this restriction is broken, the scoped application will fail to deploy. This restriction can cause problems for substitutable exports.

## 4.4 Creating and Using Configuration Artifacts

Applications typically include some sort of configuration data that might change depending on the environment in which the application is deployed. For example, if an application connects to a database server using JDBC, the configuration data would include the JDBC URL of the database server, the JDBC drvier, and the username and password that the application uses to connect to the database server. This information often changes as the application is deployed to different computers or the application moves from the testing phase to the production phase.

Virgo Tomcat Server provides a feature called configuration artifacts that makes it very easy for you to manage this configuration data. A configuration artifact is simply a properties file that is made available at runtime using the OSGi `ConfigurationAdmin` service. When you create this properties file, you set the values of the properties for the specific environment in which you are going to deploy your application, and then update the metadata of your Spring application to use the properties file. You then deploy the application and properties file together, typically as a plan . Virgo Tomcat Server automatically creates a configuration artifact from the properties file, and you can manage the lifecycle of this configuration artifact in the same way you manage the lifecycle of PARs, bundles, and plans, using the Admin Console. Additionally, VTS subscribes your application for notification of any refresh of the configuration artifact and the application can then adapt accordingly, which means you can easily change the configuration of your application without redeploying it.

In sum, configuration artifacts, especially when combined with plans, provide an excellent mechanism for managing external configuration data for your applications.

The following sections describe the format of the configuration artifact, how to update the Spring application context file of your application so that it knows about the configuration artifact, and finally how to include it in a plan alongside your application.

As an example to illustrate the configuration artifact feature, assume that you have a Spring bean called `PropertiesController` whose constructor requires that four property values be passed to it, as shown in the following snippet of Java code:

    @Controller
    public class PropertiesController {

        private final String driverClassName;
        private final String url;
        private final String username;
        private final String password;

        public PropertiesController(String driverClassName, String url, String username, String password) {
            this.driverClassName = driverClassName;
            this.url = url;
            this.username = username;
            this.password = password;
    }

In the preceding example, the `PropertiesController` constructor requires four property values: `driverClassName`, `url`, `username`, and `password`. Note that the example shows just one way that a class might require property values; your application may code it another way.

Additionally, assume that the following snippet of the associated Spring application context XML file shows how the `PropertiesController` bean is configured:

    <bean class="com.springsource.configuration.properties.PropertiesController">
                    <constructor-arg value="${driverClassName}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${url}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${username}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${password}"/>
    </bean>

The rest of this section describes how the bean can get these property values using a configuration artifact.

### Creating the Properties File

To create a properties file that in turn will become a configuration artifact when deployed to VTS from which a Spring bean, such as the `PropertiesController` bean, will get the actual property values, follow these guidelines:

- Create a text file in which each property is listed as a name/value pair, one pair per line. Precede comments with a `#`. For example:

      # Properties for the com.springsource.configuration.properties sample

      driverClassName   = org.w3.Driver
      url               = http://www.springsource.com
      username          = joe
      password          = secret

  The example shows four properties whose name correspond to the constructor arguments of the `PropertiesController` Spring bean.

- Name the file anything you want, as long as it has a `.properties` extension, such as `app-properties.properties`.

### Updating Your Application

To update your application so that it "knows" about the configuration artifact, you update the application's Spring application context XML file, typically located in the `WEB-INF` or `META-INF/spring` directories.

You use the `<context:property-placeholder>` element to specify that you want to use the VTS mechanism for substituting values into bean properties. The `properties-ref` attribute of this element points to a `<osgi-compendium:cm-properties>` element which you use to specify the configuration artifact that contains the property values. You set the value of the `persistent-id` attribute of this element equal to the name of the configuration artifact, which is the name of the properties file minus the `.properties` extension.

The following sample Spring application context XMl file shows everything wired together; only relevant parts of the file are shown:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
      xmlns:osgi-compendium="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi-compendium"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi/spring-osgi-1.2.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi-compendium
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi-compendium/spring-osgi-compendium-1.2.xsd">

    ...

            <bean class="com.springsource.configuration.properties.PropertiesController">
                    <constructor-arg value="${driverClassName}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${url}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${username}"/>
                    <constructor-arg value="${password}"/>
            </bean>

            <context:property-placeholder properties-ref="configAdminProperties"/>

            <osgi-compendium:cm-properties id="configAdminProperties" persistent-id="app-properties"/>

    ...

    </beans>

The preceding example shows how the id `configAdminProperites` wires the `<context:property-placeholder>` and `<osgi-compendium:cm-properties>` elements together. Based on the value of the `persistent-id` attribute, you must also deploy a properties file called `app-properties.properties` which VTS installs as a configuration artifact.

### Adding the Configuration Artifact to a Plan

Although you can always deploy your application and associated configuration artifact using the `pickup` directory, we recommends that you group the two together in a plan, add the two artifacts to the repository, and then deploy the plan using the `pickup` directory. The following sample plan includes the two artifacts:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <plan name="multi-artifact.plan" version="1.0.0"
             scoped="false" atomic="false"
            xmlns="http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan"
    		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    		xsi:schemaLocation="
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan/eclipse-virgo-plan.xsd">

        <artifact type="configuration" name="app-properties" version="0"/>
        <artifact type="bundle" name="org.eclipse.virgo.configuration.properties" version="1.0.0"/>
    </plan>

For additional information about plans, see Creating Plans.

## 4.5 Programmatic Access to the Servlet Context

This section describes how to programmatically access the servlet context to obtain the WebApplicationContext or the BundleContext.

### Programmatic Access to Web Features

#### Programmatic Access to the WebApplicationContext

The Virgo Tomcat Server automatically creates a `WebApplicationContext` for Web Application Bundles and WAR files. When used in conjunction with an an auto-configured Spring MVC `DispatcherServlet`, there is generally no need to access the `WebApplicationContext` programmatically, since all components of the web application are configured within the scope of the `WebApplicationContext` itself. However, if you wish to access the `WebApplicationContext` you can do so via the web application’s `ServletContext`. Virgo stores the bundle’s `WebApplicationContext` in the ServletContext under the attribute name "`BSN-ApplicationContext`", where `BSN` is the `Bundle-SymbolicName` of your WAR or Web Application Bundle.

Alternatively, since Virgo also stores the `WebApplicationContext` under the attribute name with the value of the `WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE` constant, you may choose to use Spring MVC’s WebApplicationContextUtils’ `getWebApplicationContext(servletContext)` or `getRequiredWebApplicationContext(servletContext)` methods to access the `WebApplicationContext` without providing an explicit attribute name.

#### Programmatic Access to the BundleContext

As required by the OSGi Web Applications specification, you can access the `BundleContext` of your WAR or Web Application Bundle via the web application’s `ServletContext`. The bundle context is stored in the `ServletContext` under the attribute name `osgi-bundlecontext`.

## 4.6 Web Application Manifest Processing

Virgo Tomcat Server generates automatic package imports (i.e., via the `Import-Package` manifest header) for certain web applications. This section lists which packages are automatically generated.

VTS supports Web Application Bundles (WABs) as defined by the OSGi Web Applications Specification and WAR files. A WAR will typically not contain any OSGi defined manifest headers. A WAB is distinguished from a WAR by the presence of one or more of the following OSGi defined headers:

- `Bundle-SymbolicName`
- `Bundle-Version`
- `Bundle-ManifestVersion`
- `Import-Package`
- `Web-ContextPath`

As required by the OSGi Web Applications specification, the following defaults are applied to a WAR:

- `Bundle-ManifestVersion` is set to `2`
- `Bundle-SymbolicName` is generated from the path from which the bundle was installed
- `Bundle-ClassPath` is set to `WEB-INF/classes` followed by the JARs in `WEB-INF/lib` in an unspecified order, followed by any transitive dependencies declared by the JARs in `WEB-INF/lib`
- `Import-Package` is extended in an implementation defined way, as described below

The following packages are automatically imported into WARs:

- `javax.servlet;version="2.5"`
- `javax.servlet.http;version="2.5"`
- `javax.servlet.jsp;version="2.1"`
- `javax.servlet.jsp.el;version="2.1"`
- `javax.servlet.jsp.tagext;version="2.1"`
- `javax.el;version="1.0"`

In addition to the above-described imports, VTS will also generate automatic imports for all of the packages that are exported by the system bundle, unless an import for the package already exists in the WAR’s manifest, or the WAR contains the package, i.e. within `WEB-INF/classes`, or in a jar file in `WEB-INF/lib`. When an import is generated, it is versioned such that it exactly matches the version or versions of the package that are exported from the system bundle. For example, a package that’s exported only at version `1.0.0` will generate an import with a version of `[1.0.0,1.0.0]`, and a package that’s exported at version `1.0.0` and version `2.0.0` will generate an import with a version of `[1.0.0,2.0.0]`.

Web Application Bundles are not subject to the above manifest processing. This is a change of behaviour compared to Virgo Web Server 2.1.x. See (see Default Web Application Bundle Headers) if you need the old behaviour until you have changed your WABs to match the new behaviour.

| System Bundle Package Exports
For further details on which packages are exported by the OSGi system bundle, consult the `java6-server.profile` file located in the `SERVER_HOME/lib` directory.

## 4.7 Working with Dependencies

Complex enterprise frameworks such a Spring and Hibernate are typically divided into many, many different packages. Traditionally, if an OSGi bundle wished to make extensive use of such a framework its manifest would have to import a huge number of different packages. This can be an error-prone and tedious process. Furthermore, application developers are used to thinking in terms of their application using a framework, such as Spring, as a whole, rather than a long list of all the different packages that comprise the framework.

The following figure provides a simple illustration of the complexity of only using `Import-Package`:

The Virgo Tomcat Server reduces the need for long lists of imported packages by introducing two new manifest headers; `Import-Bundle` and `Import-Library`. The following figure provides an illustration of the simplification that these new headers offer:

As you can see, use of `Import-Bundle` and `Import-Library` can lead to a dramatic reduction in the number of imports that you need to include in an application bundle’s manifest. Furthermore, `Import-Bundle` and `Import-Library` are simply aliases for `Import-Package`; at deployment time `Import-Bundle` and `Import-Library` header entries are automatically expanded into numerous `Import-Package` entries. This means that you retain the exact same semantics of using `Import-Package`, without having to go through the labourious process of doing so.

### Importing Libraries

A bundle in an application can declare a dependency on a library by using the Virgo Server specific `Import-Library` header. This header specifies a comma-separated list of library symbolic names and version ranges that determine which libraries are imported. By default a dependency on a library is mandatory but this can be controlled through use of the resolution directive in exactly the same way as it can with `Import-Package`.

    Import-Library: org.springframework.spring;version="[2.5.4, 3.0)",
     org.aspectj;version="[1.6.0,1.6.0]";resolution:="optional"

This example `Import-Library` header declares a mandatory dependency on the Spring library at a version from 2.5.4 inclusive to 3.0 exclusive. It also declares an optional dependency on the AspectJ library at exactly 1.6.0.

### Importing Bundles

A bundle in an application can declare a dependency on a bundle by using the Virgo Server specific `Import-Bundle` header. The header specifies a comma-separated list of bundle symbolic names, version ranges, and scope declarmations that determine which bundles are imported and the scope of their dependency. By default a dependency on a bundle is mandatory but this can be controlled through use of the resolution directive in exactly the same way as it can with `Import-Package`.

    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.apache.commons.dbcp;version="[1.2.2.osgi, 1.2.2.osgi]"

This example `Import-Bundle` header declares a mandatory dependency on the Apache Commons DBCP bundle at exactly 1.2.2.osgi.

#### Disadvantages

A disadvantage of using `Import-Bundle` or especially `Import-Library`, is that the application bundle has a greater apparent fan-out than it strictly needs. An Alternative is to use a tool such as bnd or Bundlor to generate the package imports of the bundle.

### Scoping Bundles in an Application

When working with a scoped application, such as a PAR file or a plan, you might run into a situation where one of the bundles in the application (call it `bundleA`) depends on another bundle (`bundleB`) that performs a runtime task (such as class generation) that a third bundle (`bundleC`) might need to know about, although `bundleC` does not explicitly depend on `bundleB`.

For example, Hibernate uses CGLIB (code generation library) at runtime to generate proxies for persistent classes. Assume that a domain bundle in your application uses Hibernate for its persistent objects, and thus its `Import-Bundle` manifest header includes the Hibernate bundle. Further assume that a separate Web bundle uses reflection in its data-binding code, and thus needs to reflect on the persistent classes generated by Hibernate at runtime. The Web bundle now has an indirect dependency on the Hibernate bundle because of these dynamically generated classes, although the Web bundle does not typically care about the details of how these classes are persisted. One way to solve this dependency problem is to explicitly add the Hibernate bundle to the `Import-Bundle` header of the Web bundle; however, this type of explicit-specified dependency breaks the modularity of the application and is not a programming best practice.

A better way to solve this problem is to specify that Virgo Tomcat Server itself dynamically import the bundle (Hibernate in the example above) to all bundles in the application at runtime. You do this by adding the `import-scope:=application` directive to the `Import-Bundle` header of the bundle that has the direct dependency (the domain bundle in our example). At runtime, although the Web bundle does not explicitly import the Hibernate bundle, Virgo Tomcat Server implicitly imports it and thus its classes are available to the Web bundle. This mechanism allows you to declare the dependencies you need to make your application run, without having to make changes to your application that might limit its flexibility.

The following example shows how to use the `import-scope` directive with the `Import-Bundle` header:

    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.hibernate;version="[3.2.6.ga,3.2.6.ga]";import-scope:=application

You can also set the `import-scope` directive to the (default) value `bundle`; in this case, the scope of the bundle is just the bundle itself and thus Virgo Tomcat Server does not perform any implicit importing into other bundles of the application.

Note that use of the `import-scope:=application` directive of the `Import-Bundle` header only makes sense when the bundle is part of a scoped application (PAR or plan); if the bundle is not part of a scoped application, then this directive has no effect.

Finally, because `import-scope:=application` implicitly adds a bundle import to each bundle of the PAR or plan, the impact of subsequently refreshing the imported bundle is, in general, broader than it would have been if you had not used `import-scope:=application`. This may well affect the performance of refresh.

### Defining Libraries

Libraries are defined in a simple text file, typically with a `.libd` suffix. This file identifies the library and lists all of its constituent bundles. For example, the following is the library definition for Spring 2.5.4:

    Library-SymbolicName: org.springframework.spring
    Library-Version: 2.5.4
    Library-Name: Spring Framework
    Import-Bundle: org.springframework.core;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.beans;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.context;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.aop;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.web;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.web.servlet;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.jdbc;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.orm;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.transaction;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.context.support;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     org.springframework.aspects;version="[2.5.4,2.5.5)",
     com.springsource.org.aopalliance;version="1.0"

The following table lists all of the headers that may be used in a library definition:

Table 4.4. Library definition headers

Header | Description
--- | ---
Library-SymbolicName | Identifier for the library
Library-Version | Version number for the library
Import-Bundle | A comma separated list of bundle symbolic names. Each entry may optionally specify a version (using the `version=` directive) and the scope of the import (using the `import-scope` directive).
Library-Name | Optional. The human-readable name of the library
Library-Description | Optional. A human-readable description of the library

### Installing Dependencies

Rather than encouraging the packaging of all an application’s dependencies within the application itself, Virgo Tomcat Server uses a local provisioning repository of bundles and libraries upon which an application can depend. When the Virgo Tomcat Server encounters an application with a particular dependency, it will automatically provide, from its provisioning repository, the appropriate bundle or library.

Making a dependency available for provisioning is simply a matter of copying it to the appropriate location in the VTS’s local provisioning repository. By default this is `SERVER_HOME/repository/usr`. A more detailed discussion of the provisioning repository can be found in the User Guide.

## 4.8 Application Trace

As described in the User Guide Virgo provides support for per-application trace for PARs, scoped Plans and WABs. Virgo provides SLF4J with Logback logging for Event Logging and Tracing. Application trace is configured in the `serviceability.xml` file. See the User Guide for more details.

## 4.9 Application Versioning

In much the same way that individual OSGi bundles can be versioned, Virgo Tomcat Server allows applications to be versioned. How exactly you do this depends on how you have packaged the application:

- If you package your application using a PAR, you version the application by using the `Application-Version` header in the `MANIFEST.MF` file of the PAR file.
- If you use a plan to describe the artifacts that make up your application, you version it by using the `version` attribute of the `<plan>` root element of the plan’s XML file.
- If your application consists of a single bundle, you version it in the standard OSGi way: by using the `Bundle-Version` header of the `MANIFEST.MF` file of the bundle.

Virgo Tomcat Server uses an application’s version to prevent clashes when multiple versions of the same application are deployed at the same time. For example, the application trace support described in Section 4.8, “Application Trace”, includes the application’s name and version in the file path. This ensures that each version of the same application has its own trace or logging file.

## 5. Migrating to OSGi

Taking on a new technology such as OSGi may seem a bit daunting at first, but a proven set of migration steps can help ease the journey. Teams wishing to migrate existing applications to run on the Virgo Tomcat Server will find that their applications typically fall into one of the following categories.

- Web Application: for web applications, this chapter provides an overview of the steps required to migrate from a Standard WAR to a Shared Services WAR. Furthermore, the following chapter provides a detailed case study involving the migration of the Spring 3.0 Form Tags show case application.

- Anything else: for any other type of application, you will typically either deploy your application as multiple individual bundles, as a single PAR file, or as a plan, which is the recommended approach for deploying applications on the Virgo Tomcat Server. See Section 5.2, “Migrating to a Plan or a PAR” for details.

## 5.1 Migrating Web Applications

Many applications may start with the standard WAR format for web applications and gradually migrate to a more OSGi-oriented architecture. Since the Virgo Tomcat Server offers several benefits to all supported deployment formats, it provides a smooth migration path. Of course, depending on your application’s complexity and your experience with OSGi, you may choose to start immediately with an OSGi-based architecture.

### Standard WAR

If you are not yet familiar with OSGi or simply want to deploy an existing web application on the Virgo Tomcat Server, you can deploy a standard WAR and leverage the VTS with a minimal learning curve. In fact reading the Virgo Tomcat Server User Guide is pretty much all that you need to do to get started. Furthermore, you will gain familiarity with the Virgo Tomcat Server, while preparing to take advantage of the other formats.

### Shared Libraries WAR

The Shared Libraries WAR format is the first step to reaping the benefits of OSGi. In this phase, you dip your toes into OSGi-based dependency management by removing JAR files from the WAR and declaring dependencies on corresponding OSGi bundles.

### Shared Services WAR

In this phase, you take the next step toward a fully OSGi-based architecture by separating your web artifacts (e.g., Servlets, Controllers, etc.) from the services they depend on.

### Web Migration Summary

The following diagram graphically depicts the migration path from a Standard WAR to a Shared Services WAR. As you can see, the libraries (libs) move from within the deployment artifact to the Bundle Repository. Similarly, the services move from within the WAR to external bundles and are accessed via the OSGi Service Registry. In addition, the overall footprint of the deployment artifact decreases as you move towards a Shared Services WAR.

## 5.2 Migrating to a Plan or a PAR

The first steps to migrating an existing application to a plan or a PAR are the same: deciding on the bundles that make up the application and ensuring that their `Import-Package`, `Import-Library`, and `Import-Bundle` manifest headers are correct. Once you have the list of bundles that make up your application, you then decide whether you want to JAR them all into a single application file (PAR) or create a plan that simply lists the bundles by reference. Creating a plan is the recommend way to create an application, although PARs also have benefits that might suit your needs better, as described in the section called “Plan or PAR?”.

### Creating the Application Bundles

When migrating an existing application to the PAR packaging and deployment format or a plan, you consider modularity as the prime objective. Following the ideas discussed in Section 3.4, “A Guide to Forming Bundles”, you refactor the application into multiple bundles. You may start conservatively with a small number of bundles and then further refactor those bundles.

If the original code is crafted following good software practices such as separation of concerns and use of well-defined interfaces, migration may involve modifying only configuration and packaging. In other words, your Java sources will remain unchanged. Even configuration is likely to change only slightly.

For example, the following diagram depicts a typical web application that has been refactored and packaged as a PAR. The blue elements within the Application box constitute the bundles of the application. Each of these bundles imports types from other bundles within the PAR using `Import-Package`. The green elements in the left column represent libraries installed on the VTS. The PAR’s bundles reference these libraries using `Import-Library`. The purple element in the left column represents a bundle within the VTS’s bundle repository which is imported by the DAO bundle using `Import-Bundle`. In contrast to a traditional, monolithic WAR deployment, the PAR format provides both a logical and physical application boundary and simultaneously allows the application to benefit from both the OSGi container and the Virgo Tomcat Server.

### Plan or PAR?

Once you have refactored your existing application into separate OSGi bundles, you then must decide whether to package the bundles into a single PAR file or create a plan that lists the bundles by reference. As described in more detail in preceding sections of this guides, PARs and plans have similar benefits, such as:

- Scoping
- Atomicity, or the ability to deploy and control the bundles as a single unit
- Versioning
- Improved serviceability

Plans, the method most recommended by us to create your application, has the following added benefits:

- Guaranteed order of deployment, based on the order in which they are listed in the plan’s XML file
- Ease of sharing content between plans and updating individual plans without having to physically repackage, due to the artifacts being listed by reference.
- Ability to disable scoping and atomicity, if desired.

The main benefit of PARS is that, because they physically contain all the required artifacts, you know exactly what bundles are deployed when you deploy the PAR file, in contrast to plans that allow content to be substituted or lost.

For details about creating plans and PARs, see Section 4.3, “Creating Plans” and Section 4.2, “Creating PARs and WARs”, respectively.

## 6. Case Study: Migrating the Form Tags Sample Application

In this chapter we will walk through the steps needed to migrate the Form Tags sample application from a standard Java EE WAR to a fully OSGi compliant Shared Services WAR within a PAR. The migration involves four packaging and deployment formats:

1. Standard WAR

2. Shared Libraries WAR

3. Shared Services WAR

4. PAR with a shared services WAR

Each of these migration steps will produce a web application that can be deployed and run on the VTS.

After summarising the process, an example `plan` is shown which is another way of packaging and deploying the application.

The following image displays the directory structure you should have after installing the Form Tags sample. Note however that the release tag will typically resemble `3.0.0.RELEASE`.

The `dist` directory contains the distributables, and the `projects` directory contains the source code and build scripts.

For simplicity, this chapter will focus on the distributables—which are built using Virgo-Build rather than on configuring a project in an IDE.

| Tip
Pre-packaged distributables are made available in the `dist` directory; however, if you would like to modify the samples or build them from scratch, you may do so using Virgo-Build. Take a look at the `README.TXT` file in each of the folders under the `projects` directory in the Form Tags sample for instructions.

## 6.1 Overview of the Form Tags Sample Application

The sample that we will be using is the Form Tags show case sample which was provided with Spring 2.0. The Form Tags application has been removed from the official Spring 2.5.x distributions; however, since it is relatively simple but still contains enough ingredients to demonstrate the various considerations required during a migration, we have chosen to use it for these examples.

The purpose of the Form Tags show case sample was to demonstrate how the Spring specific `form:` tags, released in Spring 2.0, make view development with JSPs and tag libraries easier. The Form Tags application consists of a single `UserService` which returns a list of `Users`. Furthermore, the application demonstrates how to list, view, and edit `Users` in a simple Spring MVC based web application using JSP and JSTL.

## 6.2 Form Tags WAR

We begin with a standard WAR deployment.

| Note
The VTS supports the standard Java EE WAR packaging and deployment format as a first-class citizen, and there are many benefits to deploying a standard WAR file on the VTS including, but not limited to: tooling support, runtime error diagnostics, FFDC (first failure data capture), etc. In addition, support for standard WAR deployment provides an easy on-ramp for trying out the VTS with existing web applications.

The following screen shot displays the directory structure of the Form Tags application using the standard WAR format. As you can see, there is no deviation from the standard structure and layout, and as you would expect, all of the web application’s third-party dependencies (for example: Spring, Commons Logging) are packaged as JARs in `WEB-INF/lib`.

To deploy this application, simply copy `dist/formtags-war-3.0.0.*.war` to the `SERVER_HOME/pickup` directory for hot deployment.

You should then see the VTS produce console output similar to the following:

| Note
The console output has been reformatted to fit this document.

    [2009-07-01 14:54:45.135] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0048I> Processing 'CREATED' event for file 'formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE.war'.
    [2009-07-01 14:54:45.797] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0010I> Deployment of 'formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE.war' version '0' completed.
    [2009-07-01 14:54:45.797] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0000I> Starting web bundle '/formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE'.
    [2009-07-01 14:54:46.380] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0001I> Started web bundle '/formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE'.

Navigate to `http://localhost:8080/` plus the web application context path, which in the above case is `formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE`. Thus navigating to `http://localhost:8080/formtags-war-3.0.0.RELEASE` should render the sample application’s welcome page, as displayed in the screen shot below.

| Tip
For WARs, the default web context path is the name of the WAR file without the `.war` extension. You can optionally specify a context path using the `Web-ContextPath` bundle manifest header, which will be described in further detail later.

## 6.3 Form Tags Shared Libraries WAR

As mentioned above, a standard WAR file typically packages of all its required dependencies in `WEB-INF/lib`. The servlet container will then add all of the JARs in `WEB-INF/lib` to the application’s classpath.

The first step of the migration towards benefiting from an OSGi container is to retrieve the dependencies from the VTS’s bundle repository at runtime. This can significantly reduce the time it takes to build and deploy the application. It also enables the enforcement of policies regarding the use of third-party libraries.

The way in which dependencies are declared in an OSGi environment is via manifest headers in a bundle’s `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`. As mentioned in Chapter 4, Developing Applications, there are three ways of expressing dependencies: `Import-Package`, `Import-Bundle` and `Import-Library`.

The Form Tags application uses JSTL standard tag libraries. Thus, you need to choose a JSTL provider, for example the Apache implementation which comes with the VTS. To use the Apache implementation of JSTL, you need to express your dependency as outlined in the following manifest listing. Because it is a single bundle, `Import-Bundle` is the simplest and therefore preferred manifest header to use.

The Form Tags application requires commons-logging and Spring. It would be very painful to have to list all the Spring packages one by one. Equally, considering the number of bundles that make up the Spring framework, it would be verbose to list each bundle. Therefore `Import-Library` is the preferred approach for expressing the dependency on the Spring framework.

| Tip
How do you determine the name of a library definition provided by the Virgo Tomcat Server? Use the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository.

Examine the `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` in `/dist/formtags-shared-libs-*.war`:

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Ant-Version: Apache Ant 1.7.0
    Created-By: 1.5.0_13-119 (Apple Inc.)
    Bundle-ManifestVersion: 2
    Bundle-SymbolicName: org.springframework.showcase.formtags-shared-libs
    Import-Library: org.springframework.spring;version="[3.0.0,4.0.0)"
    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.apache.taglibs.standard;version="1
     .1.2"

You can see the `Import-Library` and `Import-Bundle` directives that instruct the VTS to add the appropriate package imports to the bundle classpath used by this WAR file.

Deploying the shared libraries WAR onto the VTS should result in console output similar to the following:

| Note
The console output has been reformatted to fit this document.

    [2009-07-01 15:00:14.953] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0048I> Processing 'CREATED' event for file 'formtags-shared-libs-3.0.0.RELEASE.war'.
    [2009-07-01 15:00:15.363] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0010I> Deployment of 'org.springframework.showcase.formtags_shared_libs' version '2' completed.
    [2009-07-01 15:00:15.364] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0000I> Starting web bundle '/formtags-shared-libs-3.0.0.RELEASE'.
    [2009-07-01 15:00:15.816] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0001I> Started web bundle '/formtags-shared-libs-3.0.0.RELEASE'.

Navigating to `http://localhost:8080/formtags-shared-libs-BUILDTAG` should render the welcome page. Note that for the pre-packaged distributable, the `BUILDTAG` should be similar to `3.0.0.RELEASE`; whereas, for a local build the `-BUILDTAG` may be completely omitted. Please consult the console output, web-based admin console, or log to determine the exact context path under which the web application has been deployed.

## 6.4 Form Tags Shared Services WAR

The next step in the migration is to deploy the services as a separate OSGi bundle which the WAR then references. The Form Tags sample has a single service `UserManager`.

This scenario has two separate deployables, the `service` bundle and the WAR file. The following image shows the two separate source trees:

| Note
Note that the WAR does not contain the `.domain` or `.service` packages as these will be imported from the separate service bundle.

### The Service Bundle

The responsibility of the first bundle (`formtags-shared-services-service`) is to provide the API of the formtags service. This includes both the domain and the service API. In the same way that imports are defined in the `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`, so are exports. The following is the `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` listing from the service bundle.

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Ant-Version: Apache Ant 1.7.0
    Created-By: 1.5.0_13-119 (Apple Inc.)
    Bundle-ManifestVersion: 2
    Bundle-Name: FormTags Service (and implementation)
    Bundle-SymbolicName: org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service-shared-services
    Export-Package: org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service,org.spri
     ngframework.showcase.formtags.domain
    Import-Library: org.springframework.spring;version="[3.0.0,4.0.0)"

The symbolic name of this bundle is `org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service-shared-services`. Note that the name of the bundle typically describes the package that the bundle primarily exports. If you take a look at the `repository/bundles/ext` in the VTS directory, you’ll see that names are almost always indicative of the contents of the bundle. For this example, however, we have also appended "`-shared-services`" in order to avoid possible clashes with other bundle symbolic names. You will see later that the PAR also contains a service bundle.

| Note
In OSGi, the combination of `Bundle-SymbolicName` and `Bundle-Version` is used to uniquely identify a bundle within the OSGi container. Furthermore, when you deploy a bundle to the Virgo Tomcat Server, for example via the `pickup` directory, a bundle’s filename is also used to uniquely identify it for the purpose of supporting hot deployment via the file system.

As well as exporting types (i.e. the domain classes and service API), the service bundle also publishes an implementation of the `UserManager`. The actual implementation is `StubUserManager`; however, that should remain an implementation detail of this bundle.

The fact that this bundle publishes a service is not captured in the `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`, as it is a Spring-DM concept. The following image is of `src/main/resources/spring`.

As you can see there are two Spring configuration files: `module-context.xml` and `osgi-context.xml`.

| Tip
These names are abitrary; however, they follow an informal convention: `module-context.xml` typically bootstraps the Spring context (usually delegating to smaller fine grained context files inside another directory), whilst `osgi-context.xml` contains all the OSGi service exports and references.

The following is a listing of `module-context.xml`.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    	xsi:schemaLocation="
    		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

    	<bean id="userManager"
    		class="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service.internal.StubUserManager"/>

    </beans>

As you can see, this simply defines a bean called `userManager`. The following is a listing of `osgi-context.xml`.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans:beans
    	xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi"
    	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    	xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi
    		http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi/spring-osgi.xsd
    		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    	<service ref="userManager"
    		interface="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service.UserManager"/>

    </beans:beans>

This single bean definition exports the `userManager` defined in `module-context.xml` to the OSGi service registry and makes it available under the public `org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service.UserManager` API.

The service bundle should now be ready to deploy on the VTS. So copy `/dist/formtags-shared-services-services*` to the `SERVER_HOME/pickup` directory. Output similar to the following should appear in the VTS’s console:

| Note
The console output has been reformatted to fit this document.

    [2009-07-01 15:05:03.511] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0048I> Processing 'CREATED' event for file 'formtags-shared-services-service-2.0.0.RELEASE.jar'.
    [2009-07-01 15:05:03.688] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0010I> Deployment of 'org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service_shared_services' version '2.0.0.RELEASE' completed.

### Accessing the Service and Types from the WAR

The WAR file now needs to access the types and service exported by the service bundle. The following listing is the WAR’s `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` which imports the types exported by the service bundle. The `Import-Bundle` statement has also been extended to import `org.springframework.osgi.core`, which is necessary in order to load an OSGi-enabled `WebApplicationContext`.

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Ant-Version: Apache Ant 1.7.0
    Created-By: 1.5.0_13-119 (Apple Inc.)
    Bundle-ManifestVersion: 2
    Bundle-SymbolicName: org.springframework.showcase.formtags.web-shared-
     services
    Import-Package: org.springframework.showcase.formtags.domain,org.sprin
     gframework.showcase.formtags.service, org.eclipse.virgo.web.dm;version="[1.0,2.1)"
    Import-Library: org.springframework.spring;version="[2.5.4,3.1.0)"
    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.apache.taglibs.standard;version="1
     .1.2",org.springframework.osgi.core

In addition to importing the exported types of the service bundle, the WAR must also obtain a reference to the `UserManager` published by the service bundle. The following image shows the directory structure of the Shared Services WAR.

As you can see in the above image, the Form Tags Shared Services WAR’s `/WEB-INF/web.xml` directory contains a standard `web.xml` deployment descriptor, `applicationContext.xml` which defines the configuration for the root `WebApplicationContext`, and `formtags-servlet.xml` which defines the configuration specific to the configured formtags `DispatcherServlet`.

As is typical for Spring MVC based web applications, you configure a `ContextLoaderListener` in `web.xml` to load your root `WebApplicationContext`; however, to enable your `WebApplicationContext` to be able to reference services from the OSGi Service Registry, you must explicitly set the `contextClass` Servlet context parameter to the fully qualified class name of a `ConfigurableWebApplicationContext` which is OSGi-enabled. When deploying Shared Services WARs to the Virgo Tomcat Server, you should use `org.eclipse.virgo.web.dm.ServerOsgiBundleXmlWebApplicationContext`. This will then enable the use of Spring-DM’s `<reference ... />` within your root `WebApplicationContext` (i.e., in `applicationContext.xml`). The following listing is an excerpt from `/WEB-INF/web.xml`.

    	<context-param>
    		<param-name>contextClass</param-name>
    		<param-value>org.eclipse.virgo.web.dm.ServerOsgiBundleXmlWebApplicationContext</param-value>
    	</context-param>

    	<listener>
    		<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    	</listener>

The Form Tags Shared Services WAR contains a `/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml` file which is the default configuration location used to create the root `WebApplicationContext` for Spring MVC’s `ContextLoaderListener`.

| Note
As already mentioned, in the OSGi world, bundle configuration takes place in the root `/META-INF/` directory. Typically Spring-DM powered configuration files will live there as well (e.g., in `/META-INF/spring/*.xml`). In a WAR, however, the root `WebApplicationContext` loaded by `ContextLoaderListener` and the `DispatcherServlet’s` application context typically live in `/WEB-INF/`.

The following is the listing of the WAR’s `/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml`.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans:beans
       xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi
    	   http://www.springframework.org/schema/osgi/spring-osgi.xsd
    	   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    	   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    	<reference id="userManager"
    		interface="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service.UserManager"/>

    </beans:beans>

The single bean declaration is retrieving a service that implements the `org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service.UserManager` API from the OSGi Service Registry.

| Tip
You might have been expecting a reference to the service bundle, but that isn’t how OSGi works. OSGi provides a service registry, and this bean definition is accessing a service in that registry that meets the specified restriction (i.e. implements the specified interface). This leads to a very loosely coupled programming model: the WAR really doesn’t care where the implementation comes from.

| Tip
What happens if there is no service at runtime? What if there are multiple services that match the criteria? Spring-DM provides a lot of configuration options, including whether or not the reference is mandatory, how long to wait for a service reference, etc. Please consult the Spring Dynamic Modules for OSGi home page for further information.

One of the benefits of programming to interfaces is that you are decoupled from the actual implementation; Spring-DM provides a proxy. This has enormous benefits including the ability to dynamically refresh individual bundles without cascading that refresh to unrelated bundles.

To deploy the WAR, copy `/dist/formtags-shared-services-war*` to the `SERVER_HOME/pickup` directory. You should then see console output similar to the following:

| Note
The console output has been reformatted to fit this document.

    [2009-07-01 15:09:19.819] fs-watcher
        <SPDE0048I> Processing 'CREATED' event for file 'formtags-shared-services-war-3.0.0.RELEASE.war'.
    [2009-07-01 15:09:20.167] fs-watcher
        <SPDE0010I> Deployment of 'org.springframework.showcase.formtags.web_shared_services' version '3' completed.
    [2009-07-01 15:09:20.168] Thread-20
        <SPWE0000I> Starting web bundle '/formtags-shared-services-war-3.0.0.RELEASE'.
    [2009-07-01 15:09:20.647] Thread-20
        <SPWE0001I> Started web bundle '/formtags-shared-services-war-3.0.0.RELEASE'.

Navigating to the appropriate link should render the welcome page.

## 6.5 Form Tags PAR

The final step in the migration is that of a full blown OSGi application with web support. The Virgo Tomcat Server introduces a new packaging and deployment format: the PAR. A PAR is a standard JAR with a "`.par`" file extension which contains all of the modules of your application (e.g., service, domain, and infrastructure bundles as well as a WAR for web applications) in a single deployment unit. Moreover, a PAR defines both a physical and logical application boundary.

The PAR sample is comprised of four directories, as shown below.

The `formtags-par` directory is a build project that understands how to create the PAR from its constituent bundles.

### Granularity of the PAR

Achieving the appropriate level of granularity for your OSGi application is more of an art than a science. It helps to look at the different requirements:

Table 6.1. Granularity drivers

Requirement | Description
--- | ---
Domain/Technical Layering | Applications can be split either by domain (i.e., by use case or vertically) or by their technical layers (i.e., horizontally). Since the Form Tags application essentially has only a single use case, the bundles are split by technical layering (i.e., domain, service, and web).
Refreshability | A major benefit of OSGi is that of refreshability: if one bundle is changed, only bundles that have a dependency upon the exported types need to be refreshed. This has a high impact on development time costs as well as production costs. However, this can lead to lots of smaller, fine grained bundles. An example of this granularity would be to separate out the service API and implementation into two different bundles. This means that a change in the implementation wouldn’t require any other bundles to be refreshed.

Ultimately the right level of granularity will depend upon your particular application and team.

### Domain and Service Bundles

The service bundle is identical (except for the `Bundle-SymbolicName`) to that in the shared-services variation of the sample. The PAR has also separated out the domain classes into their own bundle. When layering by technical considerations, it is again somewhat of an unofficial convention to have a `.domain` bundle.

### Constructing the PAR

Finally we need to construct the PAR itself. The following are the contents of the exploded PAR.

You can see that the PAR itself doesn’t contain any resources or Java classes: it simply packages together a related set of bundles as a single, logical unit.

The PAR does however, contain its own `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`.

    Manifest-Version: 1.0
    Application-SymbolicName: org.springframework.showcase.formtags-par
    Application-Version: 3.0.0
    Application-Name: FormTags Showcase Application (PAR)

For more information on the contents of the PAR’s `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`, please consult Chapter 4, Developing Applications.

You can now deploy the PAR on the VTS, for example by copying `/dist/formtags-par*.par` to the VTS’s `pickup` directory. You should then see console output similar to the following:

| Note
The console output has been reformatted to fit this document.

    [2009-07-01 15:13:43.306] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0048I> Processing 'CREATED' event for file 'formtags-par-2.0.0.RELEASE.par'.
    [2009-07-01 15:13:44.060] fs-watcher
    	<SPDE0010I> Deployment of 'formtags-par' version '2.0.0.RELEASE' completed.
    [2009-07-01 15:13:44.068] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0000I> Starting web bundle '/formtags-par'.
    [2009-07-01 15:13:45.212] Thread-20
    	<SPWE0001I> Started web bundle '/formtags-par'.

Navigate to http://localhost:8080/formtags-par to see the welcome page.

| Tip
Note that the web application’s context path is explicitly defined via the `Web-ContextPath` manifest header in `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF` of the Web application bundle within the PAR.

## 6.6 Summary of the Form Tags Migration

The Virgo Tomcat Server provides out-of-the-box support for deploying standard Java EE WAR files. In addition support for Shared Libraries and Shared Services WAR formats provides a logical migration path away from standard, monolithic WARs toward OSGi-enable Web applications. The PAR packaging and deployment format enables truly fine-grained, loosely-coupled, and efficient application development. In general, the migration steps presented in this chapter are fairly straightforward, but developers should set aside time for some up-front design of the bundles themselves.

It is recommended that you take another sample application or indeed your own small application and go through this migration process yourself. This will help you better understand the concepts and principles at work. In addition, it is highly recommended that you familiarize yourself with the Eclipse-based Virgo Tools support which is discussed in Chapter 7, Tooling.

## 6.7 Form Tags as a Plan

Plans (see Section 4.3, “Creating Plans”) allow us to package and deploy the Form Tags application in a more flexible way. Instead of packaging all the bundles of the application into a single PAR file, each bundle can be placed in the repository and referred to in a plan.

The bundles to be placed in a repository in the chain (for example, `repository/usr`) are:

    org.springframework.showcase.formtags.domain-2.0.0.RELEASE.jar
    org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service-2.0.0.RELEASE.jar
    org.springframework.showcase.formtags.web-2.0.0.RELEASE.war

which are just those files which were part of the PAR.

Here is the contents of a suitable plan file for the Form Tags example:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <plan name="formtags.plan" version="2.0.0" scoped="true" atomic="true"
            xmlns="http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan"
    		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    		xsi:schemaLocation="
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan
    		        http://www.eclipse.org/virgo/schema/plan/eclipse-virgo-plan.xsd">

    	<artifact type="bundle" name="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.domain_par" version="[3.0,3.1)"/>
    	<artifact type="bundle" name="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.service_par" version="[3.0,3.1)"/>
    	<artifact type="bundle" name="org.springframework.showcase.formtags.web_par" version="[3.0,3.1)"/>

    </plan>

where we have chosen to use any of the artifacts in the version range [2.0,2.1). This plan (as a file called, for example, `formtags.plan`) can be deployed in any of the normal ways (for example, dropped in the `pickup` directory).

When the plan is deployed, the artifacts it references are installed from the repository and deployed in the order given in the plan file. Because this plan is scoped and atomic, the collection is given an application scope and is started and stopped as a single unit.

## 7. Tooling

SpringSource provides a set of plug-ins for the Eclipse IDE that streamline the development lifecycle of OSGi bundles and PAR applications. The Virgo Tomcat Server Tools build on top of the Eclipse Web Tools Project (WTP).

The Virgo Tomcat Server Tools support the creation of new OSGi bundle and PAR projects within Eclipse, and the conversion of existing projects into OSGi bundle projects. Projects can then be deployed and debugged on a running VTS from within Eclipse.

## 7.1 Installation

Currently the Tools support Eclipse 3.5 and Eclipse 3.6 with the corresponding version of WTP. Downloading and unzipping the Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers is the easiest way to start.

You may like to change the Eclipse launcher options to increase the values of `-XX:MaxPermSize`, `-Xms`, and `-Xmx`. Suggested values, if you have plenty of RAM, are `768m`, `500m`, and `2500m`, respectively.

Install the dm Server Tools, which include the Virgo Tools, from one of the following update sites depending on your version of Eclipse. Releases are, in general, more stable than milestones whereas nightly builds are not for the faint of heart.

- `http://dist.springsource.com/release/TOOLS/update/e3.6/`

- `http://dist.springsource.com/release/TOOLS/update/e3.5/`

- `http://dist.springsource.com/milestone/TOOLS/update/e3.6/`

- `http://dist.springsource.com/milestone/TOOLS/update/e3.5/`

- `http://dist.springsource.com/snapshot/TOOLS/nightly/e3.6/`

- `http://dist.springsource.com/snapshot/TOOLS/nightly/e3.5/`

## 7.2 Running a Virgo Tomcat Server Instance Within Eclipse

After installing the Tools from the update site outlined in the previous section, you will be able to configure an instance of the VTS inside Eclipse.

To do so bring up the WTP Servers view (i.e., Window → Show View → Other → Server → Servers). You can now right-click in the view and select "New → Server". This will bring up a "New Server" dialog. Select "Virgo Tomcat Server v2.1 Server" in the "Virgo" category and click "Next".

Within the "New Server Wizard" point to the installation directory of the Virgo Tomcat Server and finish the wizard. After finishing the wizard you should see a Virgo Tomcat Server entry in the Servers view.

To start, stop, and debug the created Virgo Tomcat Server instance use the toolbar or the context menu actions of the Servers view.

## 7.3 Bundle and Library Provisioning

After successful configuration of an instance of the Virgo Tomcat Server in Eclipse you can use the Repository Browser to very easily install bundles and libraries from the remote SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository.

To open the Repository Browser double-click a Virgo Tomcat Server instance in the Servers view and select the "Repository" tab in the server editor. Please note that opening of the Editor may take a few seconds as the contents of the local repository needs to be indexed before opening.

The left section of the Repository Browser allows the user to run searches against the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository and displays matching results. The search can take parts of bundle symbolic names, class or package names and allows wildcards such as ‘?’ and ‘*’. By selecting the checkbox left to a matching bundle and/or library and clicking the "Download" button it is very easy to install new bundles in the Virgo Tomcat Server. For your convenience JARs containing the bundle source code can be automatically downloaded as well.

Clicking the "Download" button will trigger an Eclipse background job that will download the selected repository artifacts and -- if desired -- the source JARs one after another.

The section on the right displays the currently installed bundles and libraries. Bundles with available sources are visually marked. You can very easily download missing source JARs by using the "Install Sources" button.

## 7.4 Setting up Eclipse Projects

The Virgo Tomcat Server supports different deployment units as discussed earlier in this guide. The Tools define specific project types to support the development of OSGi and PAR projects.

### Creating New Projects

There are two New Project Wizards available within Eclipse that allow for creating new OSGi bundle and PAR projects. The projects created by the wizards are deployable to the integrated VTS instance without requiring any additional steps.

Those wizards create the required `MANIFEST.MF` file and appropriate manifest headers.

### Migrating Existing Java Projects

To migrate an existing Java Project to be used with the VTS, the Tools provide a migration action that adds the required meta data to the project. The migration will not change your project’s source layout.

Use the context menu action of a project in the Package or Project Explorer and select "Spring Tools → Convert to OSGi bundle project".

### Creating Plan Projects

This is done by creating a new faceted project and then applying the OSGi Plan facet. This will give you access to features such as content completion when editing `.plan` files and deployment to configured servers from within the IDE.

## 7.5 Developing OSGi Bundles

The Tools provide functionality that makes developing OSGi bundles, especially the editing of MANIFEST.MF files, easier.

### Resolving Bundle Dependencies

While working with OSGi bundles, one of the most interesting and challenging aspects is defining the package, bundle, and library imports in the manifest and then keeping this in sync with your compile classpath either in Ant and Maven or Eclipse. In most cases you would typically be required to manually set up the Eclipse classpath. Ultimately, the Eclipse compile classpath is still different from the bundle runtime classpath, as normally an entire JAR file is being made available on the Eclipse classpath but not necessarily at runtime due to the explicit visibility rules defined in `Import-Package` headers.

The Tools address this problem by providing an Eclipse classpath container that uses an Virgo Tomcat Server-specific dependency resolution mechanism. This classpath container makes resolved dependencies available on the project’s classpath but allows only access to those package that are imported explicitly (e.g., via `Import-Package`) or implicitly by using `Import-Library` or `Import-Bundle`.

To use the automatic dependency resolution, an OSGi bundle or PAR project needs to be targeted to a configured Virgo Tomcat Server instance. This can be done from the project’s preferences by selecting the runtime on the "Targeted Runtimes" preference page.

| Note
In most scenarios it is sufficient to target the PAR project to a runtime. The nested bundles will then automatically inherit this setting.

After targeting the project or PAR you will see a "Bundle Dependencies" classpath container in your Java project. It is now safe to remove any manually configured classpath entries.

The classpath container will automatically attach Java source code to the classpath entries by looking for source JARs next to the binary JARs in the Virgo Tomcat Server’s repository. You can also manually override the source code attachment by using the properties dialog on a single JAR entry. This manual attachment will always override the convention-based attachment.

### Editing the Manifest

The Tools provide a Bundle Manifest Editor that assists the developer to create and edit MANIFEST.MF files. The editor understands the Virgo Tomcat Server specific headers like `Import-Library` and `Import-Bundle` and provides content assist features while editing source code. Furthermore a Eclipse Form-based UI is also available.

To open the Bundle Manifest Editor right click a MANIFEST.MF file and select "Bundle Manifest Editor" from the "Open With" menu.

| Note
Please note that the Virgo Tomcat Server specific manifest headers appear in green color to distinguish them from those headers defined in the OSGi specification. This also makes navigating much easier.

The content assist proposals in the source tab as well as in the UI-based tabs are resolved from the bundle and library repository of an installed and configured Virgo Tomcat Server. Therefore it is important to target the project or PAR to a specific VTS instance to indicate to the tooling which bundle repository to use.

| Note
If a OSGi bundle project is not targeted to a VTS instance, either directory or indirectly via a PAR project’s targetting, the manifest editor will not be able to provide content assist for importing packages, bundles, and libraries.

The Dependencies tab of the Bundle Manifest Editor enables the user to easily download and install bundles and libraries from the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository by using the "Download..." buttons next to the "Import Bundle" and "Import Library" sections.

## 7.6 Developing PARs

In Virgo, applications consisting of multiple bundles can be packaged as a PAR.

To create a PAR, right-click in the Package Explorer and select New → Project…. In the dialog that opens select EclipseRT → PAR Project and press Next:

In the New PAR Project dialog, ensure the Use default location option is unchecked, enter a suitable name for the project, set the location to a suitable directory, and press Next. For example, the Greenpages sample PAR project would look like this:

In the next dialog, some of the PAR properties are pre-populated. Set the Application Name and the Version as appropriate, then ensure that the Target Runtime is set to Virgo Web Server (Runtime) ... and press Next. For example:

In the next dialog, select the bundles so that they are contained in the PAR and press Finish. For example:

The PAR project is then created.

## 7.7 Deploying Applications

Currently the Tools support direct deployment of WTP Dynamic Web Projects, OSGi bundle and PAR projects to the VTS from directly within Eclipse.

To deploy an application to the Virgo Tomcat Server just bring up the context menu on the configured VTS runtime in the Servers view and choose "Add or Remove Projects...". In the dialog, select the desired project and add it to the list of "Configured projects".

| Note
Deploying and undeploying an application from the VTS certainly works while the Virgo Tomcat Server is running, but you can also add or remove projects if the VTS is not running.

Once an application is deployed on the Virgo Tomcat Server the tooling support will automatically pick up any change to source files -- for example, Java and XML context files -- and refresh the deployed application on the VTS.

The wait time between a change and the actual refresh can be configured in the configuration editor of the runtime. To bring up that editor, double-click on the configured Virgo Tomcat Server instance in the Servers view.

## 8. Working with Common Enterprise Libraries

## 8.1 Working with Hibernate

### Importing Hibernate

Hibernate uses CGLIB to dynamically create subclasses of your entity types at runtime. To guarantee that Hibernate and CGLIB can correctly see the types, you must add an `Import-Library` or `Import-Bundle` for the Hibernate library or bundle into any bundle that uses Hibernate directly.

Additionally, if other bundles in your application contain types to be persisted by Hibernate, then be sure to specify the `import-scope` directive of the `Import-Bundle` header in the bundle that uses Hibernate directly. The `import-scope` directive tells Virgo Tomcat Server to implicitly import the bundle into all other bundles that make up the application; this ensures that bundles that indirectly depend on the generated Hibernate classes have access to them, but you do not have to explicitly update their `Import-Bundle` header, ensuring modularity. For example:

    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.hibernate;version="[3.2.6.ga,3.2.6.ga]";import-scope:=application

The `import-scope` directive works only for the bundles in a scoped application (PARs or plans.)

## 8.2 Working with DataSources

Many `DataSource` implementations use the `DriverManager` class which is incompatible with typical OSGi class loading semantics. To get around this, use a `DataSource` implementation that does not rely on `DriverManager`. Versions of the following `DataSources` that are known to work in an OSGi environment are available in the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository.

- Apache Commons DBCP

- SimpleDriverDataSource available in Spring JDBC 2.5.5 and later

## 8.3 Weaving and Instrumentation

When using a library that performs bytecode weaving or instrumentation, such as AspectJ, OpenJPA or EclipseLink, any types that are woven must be able to see the library doing the weaving. This is accomplished by adding an `Import-Library` for the weaving library into all bundles that are to be woven.

Weaving is often used by JPA implementations to transform persisted types. When using a JPA provider that uses load-time weaving, an `Import-Library` for the provider is needed in the bundles containing the persisted types.

## 8.4 JSP Tag Libraries

When using tag libraries within a WAR or WAB, be sure to include an `Import-Bundle` or `Import-Library` for the tag library bundle(s). This will ensure that your WAR or WAB can see the TLD definition and implementing types. For example, to use the Apache implementation of JSTL, add the following to your bundle’s `/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`:

    Import-Bundle: com.springsource.org.apache.taglibs.standard;version="1.1.2"

`Import-Package` can also be used but it is tedious to add all the imports as there are typically lots of tld definitions in a bundle providing them.

## 9. Known Issues

## 9.1 JPA Entity Scanning

Classpath scanning for JPA entities annotated with `@Entity` does not work. Describing entities with `@Entity` will work, but the entities need to be listed explicitly.

## 9.2 `ClassNotFoundError` When Creating a Proxy

When creating proxies at runtime, there are circumstances where `ClassNotFoundErrors` can be generated. These errors happen because the proxy creating bundle does not have visibility into every type on the interface of the proxy. You can either put in import statements for all the relevant types or add use a service (with visibility of all pertinent types) to create the proxy. Please see this blog entry for more details.

## 9.3 Creating proxies with CGLIB for Package Protected Types

In traditional Java EE applications user types are loaded by the same `ClassLoader` as CGLIB. This allows CGLIB to proxy package-protected types. In OSGi environments, user types and CGLIB will most likely be packaged in separate bundles. This results in the user types and CGLIB being loaded by different `ClassLoaders`. This prevents CGLIB from proxying any package-protected types.

The workaround for this issue is to make all types that require proxying public.

## 9.4 Virgo Jetty Server Restrictions

The following Jetty features are not supported.

- Tag Libraries other than the standard Apache Tag Library.
- Jetty 7 does not support the Servlet 3.0 spec. When Jetty 8.0 is released the Virgo Jetty Server will move up in a later release.

## 9.5 Virgo Tomcat Server Restrictions

The following Tomcat features are not supported.

- `<Context>` elements.

## 9.6 Default Web Application Bundle Headers

The Gemini Web container conforms to the OSGi Web Applications specification and does not apply default values to the headers of a Web Application Bundle. However, SpringSource dm Server 2.0.x applies default values to certain headers (see Web Application Manifest Processing for details) and so Virgo Web Server 2.1.x modified the behaviour of Gemini Web so that it applied default values consistently with dm Server 2.0.x.

This behaviour is changed as of Virgo Tomcat Server 3.0. VTS now conforms strictly to the OSGi Web Applications specification.

As a migration aid, which may not be supported in a future release, users may configure the VTS Web Integration Layer to apply default values to the headers of a Web Application Bundle. See "Configuring the Web Integration Layer" in the User Guide for details.

## 9.7 Hibernate Resolution Issue

Applications using Hibernate 3.4.0.GA need to upgrade the JBoss Hibernate Entity manager fragment bundle to version 3.4.0.GA-A. The symptoms are that the application will fail to resolve due to missing imports of packages such as `org.hibernate.ejb.transaction` and JBoss Hibernate Annotations `com.springsource.org.hibernate.annotations`. See bug 335174 for details.

The JBoss Hibernate Entity manager fragment bundle `com.springsource.org.hibernate.ejb` v3.4.0.GA in the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository depends on the package `org.slf4j` with a version range that excludes the version of the package provided with Virgo. The net effect is that Hibernate EJB fragment bundle fails to attach to its host `com.springsource.org.hibernate` and the host then does not export the packages the application may need, such as `org.hibernate.ejb.transaction`.

An updated JBoss Hibernate Entity manager fragment and JBoss Hibernate Annotations with versions 3.4.0.GA-A which fixes this problem is available from the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository.

## 9.8 Scoping and Substitutable Exports

The restriction described in Plans and Scoping that no package may be exported by more than one bundle in a given scope can cause problems for bundles with substitutable exports. A substitutable export is a package which is exported and imported by the same bundle. The OSGi framework will discard either the import or the export of the package when the bundle is resolved.

However, if more than one bundle in a scope has a substitutable export of the same package, then Virgo will fail to deploy the scoped application because the above restriction appears to be broken. Virgo could only spot that the restriction was not actually being broken by second guessing the resolution behaviour of the OSGi framework, something that Virgo generally avoids because of the fragility of that approach.

It may be possible to work around this issue by omitting one of the bundles containing the substitutable export from the scoped application.

It may also be possible to work around this issue by moving the bundles containing the substitutable exports outside the scope, although this will not give correct behaviour if the bundles' exported packages need to be available for thread context class loading.

See bug 330643 for an example of this issue.

## 9.9 EclipseLink Resolution Issue

Applications using EclipseLink may fail to resolve if the `osgi.enterprise` bundle is allowed to wire its `javax.persistence` package import to other than the EclipseLink `javax.persistence` bundle.

To avoid this, install EclipseLink's `javax.persistence` bundle early. To install this bundle before any applications are deployed, list the bundle in the `initialArtifacts` property described in the User Guide.

See bug 337826 for details.