ccbord.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/


#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config_auto.h"
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */

#include <string.h>
#include "allheaders.h"

static const l_int32  INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE = 20;    /* n'import quoi */

    /* In ccbaGenerateSinglePath(): don't save holes
     * in c.c. with ridiculously many small holes   */
static const l_int32  NMAX_HOLES = 150;

    /*  Tables used to trace the border.
     *   - The 8 pixel positions of neighbors Q are labeled clockwise
     *     starting from the west:
     *                  1   2   3
     *                  0   P   4
     *                  7   6   5
     *     where the labels are the index offset [0, ... 7] of Q relative to P.
     *   - xpostab[] and ypostab[] give the actual x and y pixel offsets
     *     of Q relative to P, indexed by the index offset.
     *   - qpostab[pos] gives the new index offset of Q relative to P, at
     *     the time that a new P has been chosen to be in index offset
     *     position 'pos' relative to the previous P.   The relation
     *     between P and Q is always 4-connected.  */
static const l_int32   xpostab[] = {-1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1};
static const l_int32   ypostab[] = {0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1};
static const l_int32   qpostab[] = {6, 6, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4};

    /* Static function */
static l_int32 ccbaExtendArray(CCBORDA  *ccba);

#ifndef  NO_CONSOLE_IO
#define  DEBUG_PRINT   0
#endif   /* NO CONSOLE_IO */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   ccba and ccb creation and destruction             *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
CCBORDA *
ccbaCreate(PIX     *pixs,
           l_int32  n)
{
CCBORDA  *ccba;

    PROCNAME("ccbaCreate");

    if (n <= 0)
        n = INITIAL_PTR_ARRAYSIZE;

    ccba = (CCBORDA *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(CCBORDA));
    if (pixs) {
        ccba->pix = pixClone(pixs);
        ccba->w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
        ccba->h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
    }
    ccba->n = 0;
    ccba->nalloc = n;
    if ((ccba->ccb = (CCBORD **)LEPT_CALLOC(n, sizeof(CCBORD *))) == NULL) {
        ccbaDestroy(&ccba);
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("ccba ptrs not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    return ccba;
}


void
ccbaDestroy(CCBORDA  **pccba)
{
l_int32   i;
CCBORDA  *ccba;

    PROCNAME("ccbaDestroy");

    if (pccba == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("ptr address is NULL!\n", procName);
        return;
    }

    if ((ccba = *pccba) == NULL)
        return;

    pixDestroy(&ccba->pix);
    for (i = 0; i < ccba->n; i++)
        ccbDestroy(&ccba->ccb[i]);
    LEPT_FREE(ccba->ccb);
    LEPT_FREE(ccba);
    *pccba = NULL;
    return;
}


CCBORD *
ccbCreate(PIX  *pixs)
{
BOXA    *boxa;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PTA     *start;
PTAA    *local;

    PROCNAME("ccbCreate");

    if (pixs) {
        if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
            return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not binary", procName, NULL);
    }

    if ((ccb = (CCBORD *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(CCBORD))) == NULL)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("ccb not made", procName, NULL);
    ccb->refcount++;
    if (pixs)
        ccb->pix = pixClone(pixs);
    if ((boxa = boxaCreate(1)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);
    ccb->boxa = boxa;
    if ((start = ptaCreate(1)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("start pta not made", procName, NULL);
    ccb->start = start;
    if ((local = ptaaCreate(1)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("local ptaa not made", procName, NULL);
    ccb->local = local;

    return ccb;
}


void
ccbDestroy(CCBORD  **pccb)
{
CCBORD  *ccb;

    PROCNAME("ccbDestroy");

    if (pccb == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("ptr address is NULL!\n", procName);
        return;
    }

    if ((ccb = *pccb) == NULL)
        return;

    ccb->refcount--;
    if (ccb->refcount == 0) {
        if (ccb->pix)
            pixDestroy(&ccb->pix);
        if (ccb->boxa)
            boxaDestroy(&ccb->boxa);
        if (ccb->start)
            ptaDestroy(&ccb->start);
        if (ccb->local)
            ptaaDestroy(&ccb->local);
        if (ccb->global)
            ptaaDestroy(&ccb->global);
        if (ccb->step)
            numaaDestroy(&ccb->step);
        if (ccb->splocal)
            ptaDestroy(&ccb->splocal);
        if (ccb->spglobal)
            ptaDestroy(&ccb->spglobal);
        LEPT_FREE(ccb);
        *pccb = NULL;
    }
    return;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            ccba addition                            *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaAddCcb(CCBORDA  *ccba,
           CCBORD   *ccb)
{
l_int32  n;

    PROCNAME("ccbaAddCcb");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!ccb)
        return ERROR_INT("ccb not defined", procName, 1);

    n = ccbaGetCount(ccba);
    if (n >= ccba->nalloc)
        ccbaExtendArray(ccba);
    ccba->ccb[n] = ccb;
    ccba->n++;
    return 0;
}


static l_int32
ccbaExtendArray(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
    PROCNAME("ccbaExtendArray");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((ccba->ccb = (CCBORD **)reallocNew((void **)&ccba->ccb,
                                sizeof(CCBORD *) * ccba->nalloc,
                                2 * sizeof(CCBORD *) * ccba->nalloc)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("new ptr array not returned", procName, 1);

    ccba->nalloc = 2 * ccba->nalloc;
    return 0;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            ccba accessors                           *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaGetCount(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{

    PROCNAME("ccbaGetCount");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 0);

    return ccba->n;
}


CCBORD *
ccbaGetCcb(CCBORDA  *ccba,
           l_int32   index)
{
CCBORD  *ccb;

    PROCNAME("ccbaGetCcb");

    if (!ccba)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (index < 0 || index >= ccba->n)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("index out of bounds", procName, NULL);

    ccb = ccba->ccb[index];
    ccb->refcount++;
    return ccb;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Top-level border-finding routines                 *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
CCBORDA *
pixGetAllCCBorders(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32   n, i;
BOX      *box;
BOXA     *boxa;
CCBORDA  *ccba;
CCBORD   *ccb;
PIX      *pix;
PIXA     *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixGetAllCCBorders");

    if (!pixs)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not binary", procName, NULL);

    if ((boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixa, 8)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);
    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);

    if ((ccba = ccbaCreate(pixs, n)) == NULL) {
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if ((pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
            ccbaDestroy(&ccba);
            pixaDestroy(&pixa);
            boxaDestroy(&boxa);
            return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("pix not found", procName, NULL);
        }
        if ((box = pixaGetBox(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
            ccbaDestroy(&ccba);
            pixaDestroy(&pixa);
            boxaDestroy(&boxa);
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("box not found", procName, NULL);
        }
        ccb = pixGetCCBorders(pix, box);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
        boxDestroy(&box);
        if (!ccb) {
            ccbaDestroy(&ccba);
            pixaDestroy(&pixa);
            boxaDestroy(&boxa);
            return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("ccb not made", procName, NULL);
        }
/*        ptaWriteStream(stderr, ccb->local, 1); */
        ccbaAddCcb(ccba, ccb);
    }

    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return ccba;
}


CCBORD *
pixGetCCBorders(PIX      *pixs,
                BOX      *box)
{
l_int32   allzero, i, x, xh, w, nh;
l_int32   xs, ys;   /* starting hole border pixel, relative in pixs */
l_uint32  val;
BOX      *boxt, *boxe;
BOXA     *boxa;
CCBORD   *ccb;
PIX      *pixh;  /* for hole components */
PIX      *pixt;
PIXA     *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixGetCCBorders");

    if (!pixs)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!box)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("box not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not binary", procName, NULL);

    pixZero(pixs, &allzero);
    if (allzero)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("pixs all 0", procName, NULL);

    if ((ccb = ccbCreate(pixs)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("ccb not made", procName, NULL);

        /* Get the exterior border */
    pixGetOuterBorder(ccb, pixs, box);

        /* Find the holes, if any */
    if ((pixh = pixHolesByFilling(pixs, 4)) == NULL) {
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("pixh not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    pixZero(pixh, &allzero);
    if (allzero) {  /* no holes */
        pixDestroy(&pixh);
        return ccb;
    }

        /* Get c.c. and locations of the holes */
    if ((boxa = pixConnComp(pixh, &pixa, 4)) == NULL) {
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
        pixDestroy(&pixh);
        return (CCBORD *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    nh = boxaGetCount(boxa);
/*    fprintf(stderr, "%d holes\n", nh); */

        /* For each hole, find an interior pixel within the hole,
         * then march to the right and stop at the first border
         * pixel.  Save the bounding box of the border, which
         * is 1 pixel bigger on each side than the bounding box
         * of the hole itself.  Note that we use a pix of the
         * c.c. of the hole itself to be sure that we start
         * with a pixel in the hole of the proper component.
         * If we did everything from the parent component, it is
         * possible to start in a different hole that is within
         * the b.b. of a larger hole.  */
    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
    for (i = 0; i < nh; i++) {
        boxt = boxaGetBox(boxa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        ys = boxt->y;   /* there must be a hole pixel on this raster line */
        for (x = 0; x < boxt->w; x++) {  /* look for (fg) hole pixel */
            pixGetPixel(pixt, x, 0, &val);
            if (val == 1) {
                xh = x;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (x == boxt->w) {
            L_WARNING("no hole pixel found!\n", procName);
            continue;
        }
        for (x = xh + boxt->x; x < w; x++) {  /* look for (fg) border pixel */
            pixGetPixel(pixs, x, ys, &val);
            if (val == 1) {
                xs = x;
                break;
            }
        }
        boxe = boxCreate(boxt->x - 1, boxt->y - 1, boxt->w + 2, boxt->h + 2);
#if  DEBUG_PRINT
        boxPrintStreamInfo(stderr, box);
        boxPrintStreamInfo(stderr, boxe);
        fprintf(stderr, "xs = %d, ys = %d\n", xs, ys);
#endif   /* DEBUG_PRINT */
        pixGetHoleBorder(ccb, pixs, boxe, xs, ys);
        boxDestroy(&boxt);
        boxDestroy(&boxe);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }

    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    pixDestroy(&pixh);
    return ccb;
}


PTAA *
pixGetOuterBordersPtaa(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32  i, n;
BOX     *box;
BOXA    *boxa;
PIX     *pix;
PIXA    *pixa;
PTA     *pta;
PTAA    *ptaa;

    PROCNAME("pixGetOuterBordersPtaa");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not binary", procName, NULL);

    boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixa, 8);
    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);
    if (n == 0) {
        boxaDestroy(&boxa);
        pixaDestroy(&pixa);
        return (PTAA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs empty", procName, NULL);
    }

    ptaa = ptaaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        box = boxaGetBox(boxa, i, L_CLONE);
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pta = pixGetOuterBorderPta(pix, box);
        if (pta)
            ptaaAddPta(ptaa, pta, L_INSERT);
        boxDestroy(&box);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    return ptaa;
}


PTA *
pixGetOuterBorderPta(PIX  *pixs,
                     BOX  *box)
{
l_int32  allzero, x, y;
BOX     *boxt;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PTA     *ptaloc, *ptad;

    PROCNAME("pixGetOuterBorderPta");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not binary", procName, NULL);

    pixZero(pixs, &allzero);
    if (allzero)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs all 0", procName, NULL);

    if ((ccb = ccbCreate(pixs)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ccb not made", procName, NULL);
    if (!box)
        boxt = boxCreate(0, 0, pixGetWidth(pixs), pixGetHeight(pixs));
    else
        boxt = boxClone(box);

        /* Get the exterior border in local coords */
    pixGetOuterBorder(ccb, pixs, boxt);
    if ((ptaloc = ptaaGetPta(ccb->local, 0, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
        boxDestroy(&boxt);
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptaloc not made", procName, NULL);
    }

        /* Transform to global coordinates, if they are given */
    if (box) {
        boxGetGeometry(box, &x, &y, NULL, NULL);
        ptad = ptaTransform(ptaloc, x, y, 1.0, 1.0);
    } else {
        ptad = ptaClone(ptaloc);
    }

    ptaDestroy(&ptaloc);
    boxDestroy(&boxt);
    ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    return ptad;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Lower-level border-finding routines               *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixGetOuterBorder(CCBORD   *ccb,
                  PIX      *pixs,
                  BOX      *box)
{
l_int32    fpx, fpy, spx, spy, qpos;
l_int32    px, py, npx, npy;
l_int32    w, h, wpl;
l_uint32  *data;
PTA       *pta;
PIX       *pixb;  /* with 1 pixel border */

    PROCNAME("pixGetOuterBorder");

    if (!ccb)
        return ERROR_INT("ccb not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!box)
        return ERROR_INT("box not defined", procName, 1);

        /* Add 1-pixel border all around, and find start pixel */
    if ((pixb = pixAddBorder(pixs, 1, 0)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not made", procName, 1);
    if (!nextOnPixelInRaster(pixb, 1, 1, &px, &py)) {
        pixDestroy(&pixb);
        return ERROR_INT("no start pixel found", procName, 1);
    }
    qpos = 0;   /* relative to p */
    fpx = px;  /* save location of first pixel on border */
    fpy = py;

        /* Save box and start pixel in relative coords */
    boxaAddBox(ccb->boxa, box, L_COPY);
    ptaAddPt(ccb->start, px - 1, py - 1);

    pta = ptaCreate(0);
    ptaaAddPta(ccb->local, pta, L_INSERT);
    ptaAddPt(pta, px - 1, py - 1);   /* initial point */
    pixGetDimensions(pixb, &w, &h, NULL);
    data = pixGetData(pixb);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixb);

        /* Get the second point; if there is none, return */
    if (findNextBorderPixel(w, h, data, wpl, px, py, &qpos, &npx, &npy)) {
        pixDestroy(&pixb);
        return 0;
    }

    spx = npx;  /* save location of second pixel on border */
    spy = npy;
    ptaAddPt(pta, npx - 1, npy - 1);   /* second point */
    px = npx;
    py = npy;

    while (1) {
        findNextBorderPixel(w, h, data, wpl, px, py, &qpos, &npx, &npy);
        if (px == fpx && py == fpy && npx == spx && npy == spy)
            break;
        ptaAddPt(pta, npx - 1, npy - 1);
        px = npx;
        py = npy;
    }

    pixDestroy(&pixb);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixGetHoleBorder(CCBORD   *ccb,
                 PIX      *pixs,
                 BOX      *box,
                 l_int32   xs,
                 l_int32   ys)
{
l_int32    fpx, fpy, spx, spy, qpos;
l_int32    px, py, npx, npy;
l_int32    w, h, wpl;
l_uint32  *data;
PTA       *pta;

    PROCNAME("pixGetHoleBorder");

    if (!ccb)
        return ERROR_INT("ccb not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!box)
        return ERROR_INT("box not defined", procName, 1);

        /* Add border and find start pixel */
    qpos = 0;   /* orientation of Q relative to P */
    fpx = xs;  /* save location of first pixel on border */
    fpy = ys;

        /* Save box and start pixel */
    boxaAddBox(ccb->boxa, box, L_COPY);
    ptaAddPt(ccb->start, xs, ys);

    if ((pta = ptaCreate(0)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("pta not made", procName, 1);
    ptaaAddPta(ccb->local, pta, L_INSERT);
    ptaAddPt(pta, xs, ys);   /* initial pixel */

    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);

        /* Get the second point; there should always be at least 4 pts
         * in a minimal hole border!  */
    if (findNextBorderPixel(w, h, data, wpl, xs, ys, &qpos, &npx, &npy))
        return ERROR_INT("isolated hole border point!", procName, 1);

    spx = npx;  /* save location of second pixel on border */
    spy = npy;
    ptaAddPt(pta, npx, npy);   /* second pixel */
    px = npx;
    py = npy;

    while (1) {
        findNextBorderPixel(w, h, data, wpl, px, py, &qpos, &npx, &npy);
        if (px == fpx && py == fpy && npx == spx && npy == spy)
            break;
        ptaAddPt(pta, npx, npy);
        px = npx;
        py = npy;
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
findNextBorderPixel(l_int32    w,
                    l_int32    h,
                    l_uint32  *data,
                    l_int32    wpl,
                    l_int32    px,
                    l_int32    py,
                    l_int32   *pqpos,
                    l_int32   *pnpx,
                    l_int32   *pnpy)
{
l_int32    qpos, i, pos, npx, npy, val;
l_uint32  *line;

    qpos = *pqpos;
    for (i = 1; i < 8; i++) {
        pos = (qpos + i) % 8;
        npx = px + xpostab[pos];
        npy = py + ypostab[pos];
        line = data + npy * wpl;
        val = GET_DATA_BIT(line, npx);
        if (val) {
            *pnpx = npx;
            *pnpy = npy;
            *pqpos = qpostab[pos];
            return 0;
        }
    }

    return 1;
}


void
locateOutsideSeedPixel(l_int32   fpx,
                       l_int32   fpy,
                       l_int32   spx,
                       l_int32   spy,
                       l_int32  *pxs,
                       l_int32  *pys)
{
l_int32  dx, dy;

    dx = spx - fpx;
    dy = spy - fpy;

    if (dx * dy == 1) {
        *pxs = fpx + dx;
        *pys = fpy;
    } else if (dx * dy == -1) {
        *pxs = fpx;
        *pys = fpy + dy;
    } else if (dx == 0) {
        *pxs = fpx + dy;
        *pys = fpy + dy;
    } else  /* dy == 0 */ {
        *pxs = fpx + dx;
        *pys = fpy - dx;
    }

    return;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            Border conversions                       *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaGenerateGlobalLocs(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, nb, n, i, j, k, xul, yul, x, y;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PTAA    *ptaal, *ptaag;
PTA     *ptal, *ptag;

    PROCNAME("ccbaGenerateGlobalLocs");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);  /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);

            /* Get the UL corner in global coords, (xul, yul), of the c.c. */
        boxaGetBoxGeometry(ccb->boxa, 0, &xul, &yul, NULL, NULL);

            /* Make a new global ptaa, removing any old one */
        ptaal = ccb->local;
        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaal);   /* number of borders */
        if (ccb->global)   /* remove old one */
            ptaaDestroy(&ccb->global);
        if ((ptaag = ptaaCreate(nb)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("ptaag not made", procName, 1);
        ccb->global = ptaag;  /* save new one */

            /* Iterate through the borders for this c.c. */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            ptal = ptaaGetPta(ptaal, j, L_CLONE);
            n = ptaGetCount(ptal);   /* number of pixels in border */
            if ((ptag = ptaCreate(n)) == NULL)
                return ERROR_INT("ptag not made", procName, 1);
            ptaaAddPta(ptaag, ptag, L_INSERT);
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, k, &x, &y);
                ptaAddPt(ptag, x  + xul, y + yul);
            }
            ptaDestroy(&ptal);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
ccbaGenerateStepChains(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, nb, n, i, j, k;
l_int32  px, py, cx, cy, stepdir;
l_int32  dirtab[][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {0, -1, 4}, {7, 6, 5}};
CCBORD  *ccb;
NUMA    *na;
NUMAA   *naa;   /* step chain code; to be made */
PTA     *ptal;
PTAA    *ptaal;  /* local chain code */

    PROCNAME("ccbaGenerateStepChains");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);  /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);

            /* Make a new step numaa, removing any old one */
        ptaal = ccb->local;
        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaal);   /* number of borders */
        if (ccb->step)   /* remove old one */
            numaaDestroy(&ccb->step);
        if ((naa = numaaCreate(nb)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("naa not made", procName, 1);
        ccb->step = naa;  /* save new one */

            /* Iterate through the borders for this c.c. */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            ptal = ptaaGetPta(ptaal, j, L_CLONE);
            n = ptaGetCount(ptal);   /* number of pixels in border */
            if (n == 1) {  /* isolated pixel */
                na = numaCreate(1);   /* but leave it empty */
            } else {   /* trace out the boundary */
                if ((na = numaCreate(n)) == NULL)
                    return ERROR_INT("na not made", procName, 1);
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, 0, &px, &py);
                for (k = 1; k < n; k++) {
                    ptaGetIPt(ptal, k, &cx, &cy);
                    stepdir = dirtab[1 + cy - py][1 + cx - px];
                    numaAddNumber(na, stepdir);
                    px = cx;
                    py = cy;
                }
            }
            numaaAddNuma(naa, na, L_INSERT);
            ptaDestroy(&ptal);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* just decrement refcount */
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
ccbaStepChainsToPixCoords(CCBORDA  *ccba,
                          l_int32   coordtype)
{
l_int32  ncc, nb, n, i, j, k;
l_int32  xul, yul, xstart, ystart, x, y, stepdir;
BOXA    *boxa;
CCBORD  *ccb;
NUMA    *na;
NUMAA   *naa;
PTAA    *ptaan;  /* new pix coord ptaa */
PTA     *ptas, *ptan;

    PROCNAME("ccbaStepChainsToPixCoords");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);
    if (coordtype != CCB_GLOBAL_COORDS && coordtype != CCB_LOCAL_COORDS)
        return ERROR_INT("coordtype not valid", procName, 1);

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);  /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((naa = ccb->step) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("step numaa not found", procName, 1);
        if ((boxa = ccb->boxa) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("boxa not found", procName, 1);
        if ((ptas = ccb->start) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("start pta not found", procName, 1);

            /* For global coords, get the (xul, yul) of the c.c.;
             * otherwise, use relative coords. */
        if (coordtype == CCB_LOCAL_COORDS) {
            xul = 0;
            yul = 0;
        } else {  /* coordtype == CCB_GLOBAL_COORDS */
                /* Get UL corner in global coords */
            if (boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, 0, &xul, &yul, NULL, NULL))
                return ERROR_INT("bounding rectangle not found", procName, 1);
        }

            /* Make a new ptaa, removing any old one */
        nb = numaaGetCount(naa);   /* number of borders */
        if ((ptaan = ptaaCreate(nb)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("ptaan not made", procName, 1);
        if (coordtype == CCB_LOCAL_COORDS) {
            if (ccb->local)   /* remove old one */
                ptaaDestroy(&ccb->local);
            ccb->local = ptaan;  /* save new local chain */
        } else {   /* coordtype == CCB_GLOBAL_COORDS */
            if (ccb->global)   /* remove old one */
                ptaaDestroy(&ccb->global);
            ccb->global = ptaan;  /* save new global chain */
        }

            /* Iterate through the borders for this c.c. */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            na = numaaGetNuma(naa, j, L_CLONE);
            n = numaGetCount(na);   /* number of steps in border */
            if ((ptan = ptaCreate(n + 1)) == NULL)
                return ERROR_INT("ptan not made", procName, 1);
            ptaaAddPta(ptaan, ptan, L_INSERT);
            ptaGetIPt(ptas, j, &xstart, &ystart);
            x = xul + xstart;
            y = yul + ystart;
            ptaAddPt(ptan, x, y);
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                numaGetIValue(na, k, &stepdir);
                x += xpostab[stepdir];
                y += ypostab[stepdir];
                ptaAddPt(ptan, x, y);
            }
            numaDestroy(&na);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
ccbaGenerateSPGlobalLocs(CCBORDA  *ccba,
                         l_int32   ptsflag)
{
l_int32  ncc, npt, i, j, xul, yul, x, y, delx, dely;
l_int32  xp, yp, delxp, delyp;   /* prev point and increments */
CCBORD  *ccb;
PTA     *ptal, *ptag;

    PROCNAME("ccbaGenerateSPGlobalLocs");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

        /* Make sure we have a local single path representation */
    if ((ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, 0)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("no ccb", procName, 1);
    if (!ccb->splocal)
        ccbaGenerateSinglePath(ccba);
    ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* clone ref */

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);  /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);

            /* Get the UL corner in global coords, (xul, yul), of the c.c. */
        if (boxaGetBoxGeometry(ccb->boxa, 0, &xul, &yul, NULL, NULL))
            return ERROR_INT("bounding rectangle not found", procName, 1);

            /* Make a new spglobal pta, removing any old one */
        ptal = ccb->splocal;
        npt = ptaGetCount(ptal);   /* number of points */
        if (ccb->spglobal)   /* remove old one */
            ptaDestroy(&ccb->spglobal);
        if ((ptag = ptaCreate(npt)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("ptag not made", procName, 1);
        ccb->spglobal = ptag;  /* save new one */

            /* Convert local to global */
        if (ptsflag == CCB_SAVE_ALL_PTS) {
            for (j = 0; j < npt; j++) {
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, j, &x, &y);
                ptaAddPt(ptag, x  + xul, y + yul);
            }
        } else {   /* ptsflag = CCB_SAVE_TURNING_PTS */
            ptaGetIPt(ptal, 0, &xp, &yp);   /* get the 1st pt */
            ptaAddPt(ptag, xp  + xul, yp + yul);   /* save the 1st pt */
            if (npt == 2) {  /* get and save the 2nd pt  */
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, 1, &x, &y);
                ptaAddPt(ptag, x  + xul, y + yul);
            } else if (npt > 2)  {
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, 1, &x, &y);
                delxp = x - xp;
                delyp = y - yp;
                xp = x;
                yp = y;
                for (j = 2; j < npt; j++) {
                    ptaGetIPt(ptal, j, &x, &y);
                    delx = x - xp;
                    dely = y - yp;
                    if (delx != delxp || dely != delyp)
                        ptaAddPt(ptag, xp  + xul, yp + yul);
                    xp = x;
                    yp = y;
                    delxp = delx;
                    delyp = dely;
                }
                ptaAddPt(ptag, xp  + xul, yp + yul);
            }
        }

        ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* clone ref */
    }

    return 0;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Conversion to single path                     *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaGenerateSinglePath(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32   i, j, k, ncc, nb, ncut, npt, dir, len, state, lostholes;
l_int32   x, y, xl, yl, xf, yf;
BOX      *boxinner;
BOXA     *boxa;
CCBORD   *ccb;
PTA      *pta, *ptac, *ptah;
PTA      *ptahc;  /* cyclic permutation of hole border, with end pts at cut */
PTA      *ptas;  /* output result: new single path for c.c. */
PTA      *ptaf;  /* points on the hole borders that intersect with cuts */
PTA      *ptal;  /* points on outer border that intersect with cuts */
PTA      *ptap, *ptarp;   /* path and reverse path between borders */
PTAA     *ptaa;
PTAA     *ptaap;  /* ptaa for all paths between borders */

    PROCNAME("ccbaGenerateSinglePath");

    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);   /* number of c.c. */
    lostholes = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((ptaa = ccb->local) == NULL) {
            L_WARNING("local pixel loc array not found\n", procName);
            continue;
        }
        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);   /* number of borders in the c.c.  */

            /* Prepare the output pta */
        if (ccb->splocal)
            ptaDestroy(&ccb->splocal);
        ptas = ptaCreate(0);
        ccb->splocal = ptas;

            /* If no holes, just concat the outer border */
        pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, 0, L_CLONE);
        if (nb == 1 || nb > NMAX_HOLES + 1) {
            ptaJoin(ptas, pta, 0, -1);
            ptaDestroy(&pta);  /* remove clone */
            ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* remove clone */
            continue;
        }

            /* Find the (nb - 1) cut paths that connect holes
             * with outer border */
        boxa = ccb->boxa;
        ptaap = ptaaCreate(nb - 1);
        ptaf = ptaCreate(nb - 1);
        ptal = ptaCreate(nb - 1);
        for (j = 1; j < nb; j++) {
            boxinner = boxaGetBox(boxa, j, L_CLONE);

                /* Find a short path and store it */
            ptac = getCutPathForHole(ccb->pix, pta, boxinner, &dir, &len);
            if (len == 0) {  /* bad: we lose the hole! */
                lostholes++;
/*                boxPrintStreamInfo(stderr, boxa->box[0]); */
            }
            ptaaAddPta(ptaap, ptac, L_INSERT);
/*            fprintf(stderr, "dir = %d, length = %d\n", dir, len); */
/*            ptaWriteStream(stderr, ptac, 1); */

                /* Store the first and last points in the cut path,
                 * which must be on a hole border and the outer
                 * border, respectively */
            ncut = ptaGetCount(ptac);
            if (ncut == 0) {   /* missed hole; neg coords won't match */
                ptaAddPt(ptaf, -1, -1);
                ptaAddPt(ptal, -1, -1);
            } else {
                ptaGetIPt(ptac, 0, &x, &y);
                ptaAddPt(ptaf, x, y);
                ptaGetIPt(ptac, ncut - 1, &x, &y);
                ptaAddPt(ptal, x, y);
            }
            boxDestroy(&boxinner);
        }

            /* Make a single path for the c.c. using these connections */
        npt = ptaGetCount(pta);  /* outer border pts */
        for (k = 0; k < npt; k++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, k, &x, &y);
            if (k == 0) {   /* if there is a cut at the first point,
                             * we can wait until the end to take it */
                ptaAddPt(ptas, x, y);
                continue;
            }
            state = L_NOT_FOUND;
            for (j = 0; j < nb - 1; j++) {  /* iterate over cut end pts */
                ptaGetIPt(ptal, j, &xl, &yl);  /* cut point on outer border */
                if (x == xl && y == yl) {  /* take this cut to the hole */
                    state = L_FOUND;
                    ptap = ptaaGetPta(ptaap, j, L_CLONE);
                    ptarp = ptaReverse(ptap, 1);
                        /* Cut point on hole border: */
                    ptaGetIPt(ptaf, j, &xf, &yf);
                        /* Hole border: */
                    ptah = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, j + 1, L_CLONE);
                    ptahc = ptaCyclicPerm(ptah, xf, yf);
/*                    ptaWriteStream(stderr, ptahc, 1); */
                    ptaJoin(ptas, ptarp, 0, -1);
                    ptaJoin(ptas, ptahc, 0, -1);
                    ptaJoin(ptas, ptap, 0, -1);
                    ptaDestroy(&ptap);
                    ptaDestroy(&ptarp);
                    ptaDestroy(&ptah);
                    ptaDestroy(&ptahc);
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (state == L_NOT_FOUND)
                ptaAddPt(ptas, x, y);
        }

/*        ptaWriteStream(stderr, ptas, 1); */
        ptaaDestroy(&ptaap);
        ptaDestroy(&ptaf);
        ptaDestroy(&ptal);
        ptaDestroy(&pta);  /* remove clone */
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* remove clone */
    }

    if (lostholes > 0)
        L_WARNING("***** %d lost holes *****\n", procName, lostholes);

    return 0;
}


PTA *
getCutPathForHole(PIX      *pix,
                  PTA      *pta,
                  BOX      *boxinner,
                  l_int32  *pdir,
                  l_int32  *plen)
{
l_int32   w, h, nc, x, y, xl, yl, xmid, ymid;
l_uint32  val;
PTA      *ptac;

    PROCNAME("getCutPathForHole");

    if (!pix)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pix not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pta)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("pta not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!boxinner)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("boxinner not defined", procName, NULL);

    w = pixGetWidth(pix);
    h = pixGetHeight(pix);

    if ((ptac = ptaCreate(4)) == NULL)
        return (PTA *)ERROR_PTR("ptac not made", procName, NULL);
    xmid = boxinner->x + boxinner->w / 2;
    ymid = boxinner->y + boxinner->h / 2;

        /* try top first */
    for (y = ymid; y >= 0; y--) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, xmid, y, &val);
        if (val == 1) {
            ptaAddPt(ptac, xmid, y);
            break;
        }
    }
    for (y = y - 1; y >= 0; y--) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, xmid, y, &val);
        if (val == 1)
            ptaAddPt(ptac, xmid, y);
        else
            break;
    }
    nc = ptaGetCount(ptac);
    ptaGetIPt(ptac, nc - 1, &xl, &yl);
    if (ptaContainsPt(pta, xl, yl)) {
        *pdir = 1;
        *plen = nc;
        return ptac;
    }

        /* Next try bottom */
    ptaEmpty(ptac);
    for (y = ymid; y < h; y++) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, xmid, y, &val);
        if (val == 1) {
            ptaAddPt(ptac, xmid, y);
            break;
        }
    }
    for (y = y + 1; y < h; y++) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, xmid, y, &val);
        if (val == 1)
            ptaAddPt(ptac, xmid, y);
        else
            break;
    }
    nc = ptaGetCount(ptac);
    ptaGetIPt(ptac, nc - 1, &xl, &yl);
    if (ptaContainsPt(pta, xl, yl)) {
        *pdir = 3;
        *plen = nc;
        return ptac;
    }

        /* Next try left */
    ptaEmpty(ptac);
    for (x = xmid; x >= 0; x--) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, x, ymid, &val);
        if (val == 1) {
            ptaAddPt(ptac, x, ymid);
            break;
        }
    }
    for (x = x - 1; x >= 0; x--) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, x, ymid, &val);
        if (val == 1)
            ptaAddPt(ptac, x, ymid);
        else
            break;
    }
    nc = ptaGetCount(ptac);
    ptaGetIPt(ptac, nc - 1, &xl, &yl);
    if (ptaContainsPt(pta, xl, yl)) {
        *pdir = 0;
        *plen = nc;
        return ptac;
    }

        /* Finally try right */
    ptaEmpty(ptac);
    for (x = xmid; x < w; x++) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, x, ymid, &val);
        if (val == 1) {
            ptaAddPt(ptac, x, ymid);
            break;
        }
    }
    for (x = x + 1; x < w; x++) {
        pixGetPixel(pix, x, ymid, &val);
        if (val == 1)
            ptaAddPt(ptac, x, ymid);
        else
            break;
    }
    nc = ptaGetCount(ptac);
    ptaGetIPt(ptac, nc - 1, &xl, &yl);
    if (ptaContainsPt(pta, xl, yl)) {
        *pdir = 2;
        *plen = nc;
        return ptac;
    }

        /* If we get here, we've failed! */
    ptaEmpty(ptac);
    L_WARNING("no path found\n", procName);
    *plen = 0;
    return ptac;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            Border rendering                         *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
ccbaDisplayBorder(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, nb, n, i, j, k, x, y;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PIX     *pixd;
PTAA    *ptaa;
PTA     *pta;

    PROCNAME("ccbaDisplayBorder");

    if (!ccba)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(ccba->w, ccba->h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);   /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((ptaa = ccb->global) == NULL) {
            L_WARNING("global pixel loc array not found", procName);
            continue;
        }
        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);   /* number of borders in the c.c.  */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, j, L_CLONE);
            n = ptaGetCount(pta);   /* number of pixels in the border */
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                ptaGetIPt(pta, k, &x, &y);
                pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, 1);
            }
            ptaDestroy(&pta);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
ccbaDisplaySPBorder(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, npt, i, j, x, y;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PIX     *pixd;
PTA     *ptag;

    PROCNAME("ccbaDisplaySPBorder");

    if (!ccba)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(ccba->w, ccba->h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);   /* number of c.c. */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((ptag = ccb->spglobal) == NULL) {
            L_WARNING("spglobal pixel loc array not found\n", procName);
            continue;
        }
        npt = ptaGetCount(ptag);   /* number of pixels on path */
        for (j = 0; j < npt; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(ptag, j, &x, &y);
            pixSetPixel(pixd, x, y, 1);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* clone ref */
    }

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
ccbaDisplayImage1(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, i, nb, n, j, k, x, y, xul, yul, xoff, yoff, w, h;
l_int32  fpx, fpy, spx, spy, xs, ys;
BOX     *box;
BOXA    *boxa;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PIX     *pixd, *pixt, *pixh;
PTAA    *ptaa;
PTA     *pta;

    PROCNAME("ccbaDisplayImage1");

    if (!ccba)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(ccba->w, ccba->h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((boxa = ccb->boxa) == NULL) {
            pixDestroy(&pixd);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not found", procName, NULL);
        }

            /* Render border in pixt */
        if ((ptaa = ccb->local) == NULL) {
            L_WARNING("local chain array not found\n", procName);
            continue;
        }

        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);   /* number of borders in the c.c.  */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            if ((box = boxaGetBox(boxa, j, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
                pixDestroy(&pixd);
                return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("b. box not found", procName, NULL);
            }
            if (j == 0) {
                boxGetGeometry(box, &xul, &yul, &w, &h);
                xoff = yoff = 0;
            } else {
                boxGetGeometry(box, &xoff, &yoff, &w, &h);
            }
            boxDestroy(&box);

                /* Render the border in a minimum-sized pix;
                 * subtract xoff and yoff because the pixel
                 * location is stored relative to the c.c., but
                 * we need it relative to just the hole border. */
            if ((pixt = pixCreate(w, h, 1)) == NULL) {
                pixDestroy(&pixd);
                return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixt not made", procName, NULL);
            }
            pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, j, L_CLONE);
            n = ptaGetCount(pta);   /* number of pixels in the border */
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                ptaGetIPt(pta, k, &x, &y);
                pixSetPixel(pixt, x - xoff, y - yoff, 1);
                if (j > 0) {   /* need this for finding hole border pixel */
                    if (k == 0) {
                        fpx = x - xoff;
                        fpy = y - yoff;
                    }
                    if (k == 1) {
                        spx = x - xoff;
                        spy = y - yoff;
                    }
                }
            }
            ptaDestroy(&pta);

                /* Get the filled component */
            if (j == 0) {  /* if outer border, fill from outer boundary */
                if ((pixh = pixFillClosedBorders(pixt, 4)) == NULL) {
                    pixDestroy(&pixd);
                    pixDestroy(&pixt);
                    return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixh not made", procName, NULL);
                }
            } else {   /* fill the hole from inside */
                    /* get the location of a seed pixel in the hole */
                locateOutsideSeedPixel(fpx, fpy, spx, spy, &xs, &ys);

                    /* Put seed in hole and fill interior of hole,
                     * using pixt as clipping mask */
                pixh = pixCreateTemplate(pixt);
                pixSetPixel(pixh, xs, ys, 1);  /* put seed pixel in hole */
                pixInvert(pixt, pixt);  /* to make filling mask */
                pixSeedfillBinary(pixh, pixh, pixt, 4);  /* 4-fill hole */
            }

                /* XOR into the dest */
            pixRasterop(pixd, xul + xoff, yul + yoff, w, h, PIX_XOR,
                        pixh, 0, 0);
            pixDestroy(&pixt);
            pixDestroy(&pixh);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }
    return pixd;
}



PIX *
ccbaDisplayImage2(CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
l_int32  ncc, nb, n, i, j, k, x, y, xul, yul, w, h;
l_int32  fpx, fpy, spx, spy, xs, ys;
BOXA    *boxa;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PIX     *pixd, *pixc, *pixs;
PTAA    *ptaa;
PTA     *pta;

    PROCNAME("ccbaDisplayImage2");

    if (!ccba)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(ccba->w, ccba->h, 1)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
            /* Generate clipping mask from border pixels and seed image
             * from one seed for each closed border. */
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if ((boxa = ccb->boxa) == NULL) {
            pixDestroy(&pixd);
            ccbDestroy(&ccb);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not found", procName, NULL);
        }
        if (boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, 0, &xul, &yul, &w, &h)) {
            pixDestroy(&pixd);
            ccbDestroy(&ccb);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("b. box not found", procName, NULL);
        }
        pixc = pixCreate(w + 2, h + 2, 1);
        pixs = pixCreateTemplate(pixc);

        if ((ptaa = ccb->local) == NULL) {
            pixDestroy(&pixc);
            pixDestroy(&pixs);
            ccbDestroy(&ccb);
            L_WARNING("local chain array not found\n", procName);
            continue;
        }
        nb = ptaaGetCount(ptaa);   /* number of borders in the c.c.  */
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            pta = ptaaGetPta(ptaa, j, L_CLONE);
            n = ptaGetCount(pta);   /* number of pixels in the border */

                /* Render border pixels in pixc */
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                ptaGetIPt(pta, k, &x, &y);
                pixSetPixel(pixc, x + 1, y + 1, 1);
                if (k == 0) {
                    fpx = x + 1;
                    fpy = y + 1;
                } else if (k == 1) {
                    spx = x + 1;
                    spy = y + 1;
                }
            }

                /* Get and set seed pixel for this border in pixs */
            if (n > 1)
                locateOutsideSeedPixel(fpx, fpy, spx, spy, &xs, &ys);
            else  /* isolated c.c. */
                xs = ys = 0;
            pixSetPixel(pixs, xs, ys, 1);
            ptaDestroy(&pta);
        }

            /* Fill from seeds in pixs, using pixc as the clipping mask,
             * to reconstruct the c.c. */
        pixInvert(pixc, pixc);  /* to convert clipping -> filling mask */
        pixSeedfillBinary(pixs, pixs, pixc, 4);  /* 4-fill */
        pixInvert(pixs, pixs);  /* to make the c.c. */

            /* XOR into the dest */
        pixRasterop(pixd, xul, yul, w, h, PIX_XOR, pixs, 1, 1);

        pixDestroy(&pixc);
        pixDestroy(&pixs);
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);  /* ref-counted */
    }
    return pixd;
}



/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            Serialize for I/O                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaWrite(const char  *filename,
          CCBORDA     *ccba)
{
FILE  *fp;

    PROCNAME("ccbaWrite");

    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((fp = fopenWriteStream(filename, "wb+")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
    if (ccbaWriteStream(fp, ccba)) {
        fclose(fp);
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not written to stream", procName, 1);
    }

    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}



l_int32
ccbaWriteStream(FILE     *fp,
                CCBORDA  *ccba)
{
char        strbuf[256];
l_uint8     bval;
l_uint8    *datain, *dataout;
l_int32     i, j, k, bx, by, bw, bh, val, startx, starty;
l_int32     ncc, nb, n;
l_uint32    w, h;
size_t      inbytes, outbytes;
L_BBUFFER  *bbuf;
CCBORD     *ccb;
NUMA       *na;
NUMAA      *naa;
PTA        *pta;

    PROCNAME("ccbaWriteStream");

#if  !HAVE_LIBZ  /* defined in environ.h */
    return ERROR_INT("no libz: can't write data", procName, 1);
#else

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not open", procName, 1);
    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((bbuf = bbufferCreate(NULL, 1000)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("bbuf not made", procName, 1);

    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);
    snprintf(strbuf, sizeof(strbuf), "ccba: %7d cc\n", ncc);
    bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)strbuf, 18);
    w = pixGetWidth(ccba->pix);
    h = pixGetHeight(ccba->pix);
    bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&w, 4);  /* width */
    bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&h, 4);  /* height */
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i);
        if (boxaGetBoxGeometry(ccb->boxa, 0, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh)) {
            bbufferDestroy(&bbuf);
            return ERROR_INT("bounding box not found", procName, 1);
        }
        bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bx, 4);  /* ulx of c.c. */
        bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&by, 4);  /* uly of c.c. */
        bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bw, 4);  /* w of c.c. */
        bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bh, 4);  /* h of c.c. */
        if ((naa = ccb->step) == NULL) {
            ccbaGenerateStepChains(ccba);
            naa = ccb->step;
        }
        nb = numaaGetCount(naa);
        bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&nb, 4);  /* number of borders in c.c. */
        pta = ccb->start;
        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, j, &startx, &starty);
            bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&startx, 4); /* starting x in border */
            bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&starty, 4); /* starting y in border */
            na = numaaGetNuma(naa, j, L_CLONE);
            n = numaGetCount(na);
            for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
                numaGetIValue(na, k, &val);
                if (k % 2 == 0)
                    bval = (l_uint8)val << 4;
                else
                    bval |= (l_uint8)val;
                if (k % 2 == 1)
                    bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bval, 1); /* 2 border steps */
            }
            if (n % 2 == 1) {
                bval |= 0x8;
                bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bval, 1); /* end with 0xz8,   */
                                             /* where z = {0..7} */
            } else {  /* n % 2 == 0 */
                bval = 0x88;
                bbufferRead(bbuf, (l_uint8 *)&bval, 1);   /* end with 0x88 */
            }
            numaDestroy(&na);
        }
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }

    datain = bbufferDestroyAndSaveData(&bbuf, &inbytes);
    dataout = zlibCompress(datain, inbytes, &outbytes);
    fwrite(dataout, 1, outbytes, fp);

    LEPT_FREE(datain);
    LEPT_FREE(dataout);
    return 0;

#endif  /* !HAVE_LIBZ */
}


CCBORDA *
ccbaRead(const char  *filename)
{
FILE     *fp;
CCBORDA  *ccba;

    PROCNAME("ccbaRead");

    if (!filename)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", procName, NULL);

    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("stream not opened", procName, NULL);
    ccba = ccbaReadStream(fp);
    fclose(fp);

    if (!ccba)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not returned", procName, NULL);
    return ccba;
}


CCBORDA *
ccbaReadStream(FILE  *fp)
{
char      strbuf[256];
l_uint8   bval;
l_uint8  *datain, *dataout;
l_int32   i, j, startx, starty;
l_int32   offset, nib1, nib2;
l_int32   ncc, nb;
l_uint32  width, height, w, h, xoff, yoff;
size_t    inbytes, outbytes;
BOX      *box;
CCBORD   *ccb;
CCBORDA  *ccba;
NUMA     *na;
NUMAA    *step;

    PROCNAME("ccbaReadStream");

#if  !HAVE_LIBZ  /* defined in environ.h */
    return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("no libz: can't read data", procName, NULL);
#else

    if (!fp)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("stream not open", procName, NULL);

    if ((datain = l_binaryReadStream(fp, &inbytes)) == NULL)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("data not read from file", procName, NULL);
    dataout = zlibUncompress(datain, inbytes, &outbytes);
    LEPT_FREE(datain);
    if (!dataout)
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("dataout not made", procName, NULL);

    offset = 18;
    memcpy((void *)strbuf, (void *)dataout, offset);
    strbuf[17] = '\0';
    if (strncmp(strbuf, "ccba:", 5) != 0) {
        LEPT_FREE(dataout);
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("file not type ccba", procName, NULL);
    }
    sscanf(strbuf, "ccba: %7d cc\n", &ncc);
/*    fprintf(stderr, "ncc = %d\n", ncc); */
    if ((ccba = ccbaCreate(NULL, ncc)) == NULL) {
        LEPT_FREE(dataout);
        return (CCBORDA *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not made", procName, NULL);
    }

    memcpy((void *)&width, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
    offset += 4;
    memcpy((void *)&height, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
    offset += 4;
    ccba->w = width;
    ccba->h = height;
/*    fprintf(stderr, "width = %d, height = %d\n", width, height); */

    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {  /* should be ncc */
        ccb = ccbCreate(NULL);
        ccbaAddCcb(ccba, ccb);

        memcpy((void *)&xoff, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
        offset += 4;
        memcpy((void *)&yoff, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
        offset += 4;
        memcpy((void *)&w, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
        offset += 4;
        memcpy((void *)&h, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
        offset += 4;
        box = boxCreate(xoff, yoff, w, h);
        boxaAddBox(ccb->boxa, box, L_INSERT);
/*        fprintf(stderr, "xoff = %d, yoff = %d, w = %d, h = %d\n",
                xoff, yoff, w, h); */

        memcpy((void *)&nb, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
        offset += 4;
/*        fprintf(stderr, "num borders = %d\n", nb); */
        step = numaaCreate(nb);
        ccb->step = step;

        for (j = 0; j < nb; j++) {  /* should be nb */
            memcpy((void *)&startx, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
            offset += 4;
            memcpy((void *)&starty, (void *)(dataout + offset), 4);
            offset += 4;
            ptaAddPt(ccb->start, startx, starty);
/*            fprintf(stderr, "startx = %d, starty = %d\n", startx, starty); */
            na = numaCreate(0);
            numaaAddNuma(step, na, L_INSERT);

            while(1) {
                bval = *(dataout + offset);
                offset++;
                nib1 = (bval >> 4);
                nib2 = bval & 0xf;
                if (nib1 != 8)
                    numaAddNumber(na, nib1);
                else
                    break;
                if (nib2 != 8)
                    numaAddNumber(na, nib2);
                else
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
    LEPT_FREE(dataout);
    return ccba;

#endif  /* !HAVE_LIBZ */
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                                SVG Output                           *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
ccbaWriteSVG(const char  *filename,
             CCBORDA     *ccba)
{
char  *svgstr;

    PROCNAME("ccbaWriteSVG");

    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!ccba)
        return ERROR_INT("ccba not defined", procName, 1);

    if ((svgstr = ccbaWriteSVGString(filename, ccba)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("svgstr not made", procName, 1);

    l_binaryWrite(filename, "w", svgstr, strlen(svgstr));
    LEPT_FREE(svgstr);

    return 0;
}


char  *
ccbaWriteSVGString(const char  *filename,
                   CCBORDA     *ccba)
{
char    *svgstr;
char     smallbuf[256];
char     line0[] = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"iso-8859-1\"?>";
char     line1[] = "<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd\">";
char     line2[] = "<svg>";
char     line3[] = "<polygon style=\"stroke-width:1;stroke:black;\" points=\"";
char     line4[] = "\" />";
char     line5[] = "</svg>";
char     space[] = " ";
l_int32  i, j, ncc, npt, x, y;
CCBORD  *ccb;
PTA     *pta;
SARRAY  *sa;

    PROCNAME("ccbaWriteSVGString");

    if (!filename)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!ccba)
        return (char *)ERROR_PTR("ccba not defined", procName, NULL);

    sa = sarrayCreate(0);
    sarrayAddString(sa, line0, L_COPY);
    sarrayAddString(sa, line1, L_COPY);
    sarrayAddString(sa, line2, L_COPY);
    ncc = ccbaGetCount(ccba);
    for (i = 0; i < ncc; i++) {
        if ((ccb = ccbaGetCcb(ccba, i)) == NULL) {
            sarrayDestroy(&sa);
            return (char *)ERROR_PTR("ccb not found", procName, NULL);
        }
        if ((pta = ccb->spglobal) == NULL) {
            sarrayDestroy(&sa);
            ccbDestroy(&ccb);
            return (char *)ERROR_PTR("spglobal not made", procName, NULL);
        }
        sarrayAddString(sa, line3, L_COPY);
        npt = ptaGetCount(pta);
        for (j = 0; j < npt; j++) {
            ptaGetIPt(pta, j, &x, &y);
            snprintf(smallbuf, sizeof(smallbuf), "%0d,%0d", x, y);
            sarrayAddString(sa, smallbuf, L_COPY);
        }
        sarrayAddString(sa, line4, L_COPY);
        ccbDestroy(&ccb);
    }
    sarrayAddString(sa, line5, L_COPY);
    sarrayAddString(sa, space, L_COPY);

    svgstr = sarrayToString(sa, 1);
/*    fprintf(stderr, "%s", svgstr); */

    sarrayDestroy(&sa);
    return svgstr;
}