pix5.c

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/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/

#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "allheaders.h"

static const l_uint32 rmask32[] = {0x0,
    0x00000001, 0x00000003, 0x00000007, 0x0000000f,
    0x0000001f, 0x0000003f, 0x0000007f, 0x000000ff,
    0x000001ff, 0x000003ff, 0x000007ff, 0x00000fff,
    0x00001fff, 0x00003fff, 0x00007fff, 0x0000ffff,
    0x0001ffff, 0x0003ffff, 0x0007ffff, 0x000fffff,
    0x001fffff, 0x003fffff, 0x007fffff, 0x00ffffff,
    0x01ffffff, 0x03ffffff, 0x07ffffff, 0x0fffffff,
    0x1fffffff, 0x3fffffff, 0x7fffffff, 0xffffffff};

#ifndef  NO_CONSOLE_IO
#define  DEBUG_EDGES         0
#endif  /* ~NO_CONSOLE_IO */


/*-------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                 Measurement of properties                   *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixaFindDimensions(PIXA   *pixa,
                   NUMA  **pnaw,
                   NUMA  **pnah)
{
l_int32  i, n, w, h;
PIX     *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindDimensions");

    if (pnaw) *pnaw = NULL;
    if (pnah) *pnah = NULL;
    if (!pnaw && !pnah)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", procName, 1);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    if (pnaw) *pnaw = numaCreate(n);
    if (pnah) *pnah = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixGetDimensions(pixt, &w, &h, NULL);
        if (pnaw)
            numaAddNumber(*pnaw, w);
        if (pnah)
            numaAddNumber(*pnah, h);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixFindAreaPerimRatio(PIX        *pixs,
                      l_int32    *tab,
                      l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32  *tab8;
l_int32   nfg, nbound;
PIX      *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixFindAreaPerimRatio");

    if (!pfract)
        return ERROR_INT("&fract not defined", procName, 1);
    *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;

    pixt = pixErodeBrick(NULL, pixs, 3, 3);
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nfg, tab8);
    if (nfg == 0) {
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
        if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
        return 0;
    }
    pixXor(pixt, pixt, pixs);
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nbound, tab8);
    *pfract = (l_float32)nfg / (l_float32)nbound;
    pixDestroy(&pixt);

    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    return 0;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindPerimToAreaRatio(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_int32   *tab;
l_float32  fract;
NUMA      *na;
PIX       *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindPerimToAreaRatio");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    tab = makePixelSumTab8();
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixFindPerimToAreaRatio(pixt, tab, &fract);
        numaAddNumber(na, fract);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    LEPT_FREE(tab);
    return na;
}


l_int32
pixFindPerimToAreaRatio(PIX        *pixs,
                        l_int32    *tab,
                        l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32  *tab8;
l_int32   nfg, nbound;
PIX      *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixFindPerimToAreaRatio");

    if (!pfract)
        return ERROR_INT("&fract not defined", procName, 1);
    *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;

    pixCountPixels(pixs, &nfg, tab8);
    if (nfg == 0) {
        if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
        return 0;
    }
    pixt = pixErodeBrick(NULL, pixs, 3, 3);
    pixXor(pixt, pixt, pixs);
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nbound, tab8);
    *pfract = (l_float32)nbound / (l_float32)nfg;
    pixDestroy(&pixt);

    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    return 0;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindPerimSizeRatio(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_int32   *tab;
l_float32  ratio;
NUMA      *na;
PIX       *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindPerimSizeRatio");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    tab = makePixelSumTab8();
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixFindPerimSizeRatio(pixt, tab, &ratio);
        numaAddNumber(na, ratio);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    LEPT_FREE(tab);
    return na;
}


l_int32
pixFindPerimSizeRatio(PIX        *pixs,
                      l_int32    *tab,
                      l_float32  *pratio)
{
l_int32  *tab8;
l_int32   w, h, nbound;
PIX      *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixFindPerimSizeRatio");

    if (!pratio)
        return ERROR_INT("&ratio not defined", procName, 1);
    *pratio = 0.0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;

    pixt = pixErodeBrick(NULL, pixs, 3, 3);
    pixXor(pixt, pixt, pixs);
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nbound, tab8);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    *pratio = (0.5 * nbound) / (l_float32)(w + h);
    pixDestroy(&pixt);

    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    return 0;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindAreaFraction(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32    i, n;
l_int32   *tab;
l_float32  fract;
NUMA      *na;
PIX       *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindAreaFraction");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    tab = makePixelSumTab8();
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixFindAreaFraction(pixt, tab, &fract);
        numaAddNumber(na, fract);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    LEPT_FREE(tab);
    return na;
}


l_int32
pixFindAreaFraction(PIX        *pixs,
                    l_int32    *tab,
                    l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32   w, h, sum;
l_int32  *tab8;

    PROCNAME("pixFindAreaFraction");

    if (!pfract)
        return ERROR_INT("&fract not defined", procName, 1);
    *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixCountPixels(pixs, &sum, tab8);
    *pfract = (l_float32)sum / (l_float32)(w * h);

    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    return 0;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindAreaFractionMasked(PIXA    *pixa,
                           PIX     *pixm,
                           l_int32  debug)
{
l_int32    i, n, full;
l_int32   *tab;
l_float32  fract;
BOX       *box;
NUMA      *na;
PIX       *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindAreaFractionMasked");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixm undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    tab = makePixelSumTab8();
    pixaIsFull(pixa, NULL, &full);  /* check boxa */
    box = NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        if (full)
            box = pixaGetBox(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixFindAreaFractionMasked(pix, box, pixm, tab, &fract);
        numaAddNumber(na, fract);
        boxDestroy(&box);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }
    LEPT_FREE(tab);

    if (debug) {
        l_int32  w, h;
        PIX     *pix1, *pix2;
        pixGetDimensions(pixm, &w, &h, NULL);
        pix1 = pixaDisplay(pixa, w, h);  /* recover original image */
        pix2 = pixCreate(w, h, 8);  /* make an 8 bpp white image ... */
        pixSetColormap(pix2, pixcmapCreate(8));  /* that's cmapped ... */
        pixSetBlackOrWhite(pix2, L_SET_WHITE);  /* and init to white */
        pixSetMaskedCmap(pix2, pix1, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0);  /* color all fg red */
        pixRasterop(pix1, 0, 0, w, h, PIX_MASK, pixm, 0, 0);
        pixSetMaskedCmap(pix2, pix1, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0);  /* turn masked green */
        pixDisplay(pix2, 100, 100);
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
        pixDestroy(&pix2);
    }

    return na;
}


l_int32
pixFindAreaFractionMasked(PIX        *pixs,
                          BOX        *box,
                          PIX        *pixm,
                          l_int32    *tab,
                          l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32   x, y, w, h, sum, masksum;
l_int32  *tab8;
PIX      *pix1;

    PROCNAME("pixFindAreaFractionMasked");

    if (!pfract)
        return ERROR_INT("&fract not defined", procName, 1);
    *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (!pixm || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixm not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;
    x = y = 0;
    if (box)
        boxGetGeometry(box, &x, &y, NULL, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);

    pix1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
    pixRasterop(pix1, 0, 0, w, h, PIX_MASK, pixm, x, y);
    pixCountPixels(pixs, &sum, tab8);
    if (sum == 0) {
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
        if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
        return 0;
    }
    pixCountPixels(pix1, &masksum, tab8);
    *pfract = (l_float32)masksum / (l_float32)sum;

    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    return 0;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindWidthHeightRatio(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32  i, n, w, h;
NUMA    *na;
PIX     *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindWidthHeightRatio");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixGetDimensions(pixt, &w, &h, NULL);
        numaAddNumber(na, (l_float32)w / (l_float32)h);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    return na;
}


NUMA *
pixaFindWidthHeightProduct(PIXA  *pixa)
{
l_int32  i, n, w, h;
NUMA    *na;
PIX     *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixaFindWidthHeightProduct");

    if (!pixa)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    na = numaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pixt = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixGetDimensions(pixt, &w, &h, NULL);
        numaAddNumber(na, w * h);
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    }
    return na;
}


l_int32
pixFindOverlapFraction(PIX        *pixs1,
                       PIX        *pixs2,
                       l_int32     x2,
                       l_int32     y2,
                       l_int32    *tab,
                       l_float32  *pratio,
                       l_int32    *pnoverlap)
{
l_int32  *tab8;
l_int32   w, h, nintersect, nunion;
PIX      *pixt;

    PROCNAME("pixFindOverlapFraction");

    if (pnoverlap) *pnoverlap = 0;
    if (!pratio)
        return ERROR_INT("&ratio not defined", procName, 1);
    *pratio = 0.0;
    if (!pixs1 || pixGetDepth(pixs1) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs1 not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs2 || pixGetDepth(pixs2) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs2 not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!tab)
        tab8 = makePixelSumTab8();
    else
        tab8 = tab;

    pixGetDimensions(pixs2, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixt = pixCopy(NULL, pixs1);
    pixRasterop(pixt, x2, y2, w, h, PIX_MASK, pixs2, 0, 0);  /* AND */
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nintersect, tab8);
    if (pnoverlap)
        *pnoverlap = nintersect;
    pixCopy(pixt, pixs1);
    pixRasterop(pixt, x2, y2, w, h, PIX_PAINT, pixs2, 0, 0);  /* OR */
    pixCountPixels(pixt, &nunion, tab8);
    if (!tab) LEPT_FREE(tab8);
    pixDestroy(&pixt);

    if (nunion > 0)
        *pratio = (l_float32)nintersect / (l_float32)nunion;
    return 0;
}


BOXA *
pixFindRectangleComps(PIX     *pixs,
                      l_int32  dist,
                      l_int32  minw,
                      l_int32  minh)
{
l_int32  w, h, i, n, conforms;
BOX     *box;
BOXA    *boxa, *boxad;
PIX     *pix;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixFindRectangleComps");

    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return (BOXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (dist < 0)
        return (BOXA *)ERROR_PTR("dist must be >= 0", procName, NULL);
    if (minw <= 2 * dist && minh <= 2 * dist)
        return (BOXA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid parameters", procName, NULL);

    boxa = pixConnComp(pixs, &pixa, 8);
    boxad = boxaCreate(0);
    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
        if (w < minw || h < minh) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            continue;
        }
        pixConformsToRectangle(pix, NULL, dist, &conforms);
        if (conforms) {
            box = boxaGetBox(boxa, i, L_COPY);
            boxaAddBox(boxad, box, L_INSERT);
        }
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }
    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
    return boxad;
}


l_int32
pixConformsToRectangle(PIX      *pixs,
                       BOX      *box,
                       l_int32   dist,
                       l_int32  *pconforms)
{
l_int32  w, h, empty;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2;

    PROCNAME("pixConformsToRectangle");

    if (!pconforms)
        return ERROR_INT("&conforms not defined", procName, 1);
    *pconforms = 0;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (dist < 0)
        return ERROR_INT("dist must be >= 0", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (w <= 2 * dist || h <= 2 * dist) {
        L_WARNING("automatic conformation: distance too large\n", procName);
        *pconforms = 1;
        return 0;
    }

        /* Extract the region, if necessary */
    if (box)
        pix1 = pixClipRectangle(pixs, box, NULL);
    else
        pix1 = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);

        /* Invert and fill from the boundary into the interior.
         * Because we're considering the connected component in an
         * 8-connected sense, we do the background filling as 4 c.c. */
    pixInvert(pix1, pix1);
    pix2 = pixExtractBorderConnComps(pix1, 4);

        /* Mask out all pixels within a distance %dist from the box
         * boundary.  Any remaining pixels are from filling that goes
         * more than %dist from the boundary.  If no pixels remain,
         * the component conforms to the bounding rectangle within
         * a distance %dist. */
    pixSetOrClearBorder(pix2, dist, dist, dist, dist, PIX_CLR);
    pixZero(pix2, &empty);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    *pconforms = (empty) ? 1 : 0;
    return 0;
}


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                      Extract rectangular region                       *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIXA *
pixClipRectangles(PIX   *pixs,
                  BOXA  *boxa)
{
l_int32  i, n;
BOX     *box, *boxc;
PIX     *pix;
PIXA    *pixa;

    PROCNAME("pixClipRectangles");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!boxa)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("boxa not defined", procName, NULL);

    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);
    pixa = pixaCreate(n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        box = boxaGetBox(boxa, i, L_CLONE);
        pix = pixClipRectangle(pixs, box, &boxc);
        pixaAddPix(pixa, pix, L_INSERT);
        pixaAddBox(pixa, boxc, L_INSERT);
        boxDestroy(&box);
    }

    return pixa;
}


PIX *
pixClipRectangle(PIX   *pixs,
                 BOX   *box,
                 BOX  **pboxc)
{
l_int32  w, h, d, bx, by, bw, bh;
BOX     *boxc;
PIX     *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixClipRectangle");

    if (pboxc) *pboxc = NULL;
    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!box)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("box not defined", procName, NULL);

        /* Clip the input box to the pix */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if ((boxc = boxClipToRectangle(box, w, h)) == NULL) {
        L_WARNING("box doesn't overlap pix\n", procName);
        return NULL;
    }
    boxGetGeometry(boxc, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh);

        /* Extract the block */
    if ((pixd = pixCreate(bw, bh, d)) == NULL) {
        boxDestroy(&boxc);
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    }
    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyColormap(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyText(pixd, pixs);
    pixRasterop(pixd, 0, 0, bw, bh, PIX_SRC, pixs, bx, by);

    if (pboxc)
        *pboxc = boxc;
    else
        boxDestroy(&boxc);

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixClipMasked(PIX      *pixs,
              PIX      *pixm,
              l_int32   x,
              l_int32   y,
              l_uint32  outval)
{
l_int32   wm, hm, index, rval, gval, bval;
l_uint32  pixel;
BOX      *box;
PIX      *pixmi, *pixd;
PIXCMAP  *cmap;

    PROCNAME("pixClipMasked");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixm || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixm undefined or not 1 bpp", procName, NULL);

        /* Clip out the region specified by pixm and (x,y) */
    pixGetDimensions(pixm, &wm, &hm, NULL);
    box = boxCreate(x, y, wm, hm);
    pixd = pixClipRectangle(pixs, box, NULL);

        /* Paint 'outval' (or something close to it if cmapped) through
         * the pixels not masked by pixm */
    cmap = pixGetColormap(pixd);
    pixmi = pixInvert(NULL, pixm);
    if (cmap) {
        extractRGBValues(outval, &rval, &gval, &bval);
        pixcmapGetNearestIndex(cmap, rval, gval, bval, &index);
        pixcmapGetColor(cmap, index, &rval, &gval, &bval);
        composeRGBPixel(rval, gval, bval, &pixel);
        pixPaintThroughMask(pixd, pixmi, 0, 0, pixel);
    } else {
        pixPaintThroughMask(pixd, pixmi, 0, 0, outval);
    }

    boxDestroy(&box);
    pixDestroy(&pixmi);
    return pixd;
}


l_int32
pixCropToMatch(PIX   *pixs1,
               PIX   *pixs2,
               PIX  **ppixd1,
               PIX  **ppixd2)
{
l_int32  w1, h1, w2, h2, w, h;

    PROCNAME("pixCropToMatch");

    if (!ppixd1 || !ppixd2)
        return ERROR_INT("&pixd1 and &pixd2 not both defined", procName, 1);
    *ppixd1 = *ppixd2 = NULL;
    if (!pixs1 || !pixs2)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs1 and pixs2 not defined", procName, 1);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs1, &w1, &h1, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs2, &w2, &h2, NULL);
    w = L_MIN(w1, w2);
    h = L_MIN(h1, h2);

    *ppixd1 = pixCropToSize(pixs1, w, h);
    *ppixd2 = pixCropToSize(pixs2, w, h);
    if (*ppixd1 == NULL || *ppixd2 == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("cropped image failure", procName, 1);
    return 0;
}


PIX *
pixCropToSize(PIX     *pixs,
              l_int32  w,
              l_int32  h)
{
l_int32  ws, hs, wd, hd, d;
PIX     *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixCropToSize");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &ws, &hs, &d);
    if (ws <= w && hs <= h)  /* no cropping necessary */
        return pixClone(pixs);

    wd = L_MIN(ws, w);
    hd = L_MIN(hs, h);
    if ((pixd = pixCreate(wd, hd, d)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyColormap(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyText(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyInputFormat(pixd, pixs);
    pixRasterop(pixd, 0, 0, wd, hd, PIX_SRC, pixs, 0, 0);
    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixResizeToMatch(PIX     *pixs,
                 PIX     *pixt,
                 l_int32  w,
                 l_int32  h)
{
l_int32  i, j, ws, hs, d;
PIX     *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixResizeToMatch");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (!pixt && (w <= 0 || h <= 0))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("both w and h not > 0", procName, NULL);

    if (pixt)  /* redefine w, h */
        pixGetDimensions(pixt, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &ws, &hs, &d);
    if (ws == w && hs == h)
        return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);

    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w, h, d)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", procName, NULL);
    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyColormap(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyText(pixd, pixs);
    pixCopyInputFormat(pixd, pixs);
    pixRasterop(pixd, 0, 0, ws, hs, PIX_SRC, pixs, 0, 0);
    if (ws >= w && hs >= h)
        return pixd;

        /* Replicate the last column and then the last row */
    if (ws < w) {
        for (j = ws; j < w; j++)
            pixRasterop(pixd, j, 0, 1, h, PIX_SRC, pixd, ws - 1, 0);
    }
    if (hs < h) {
        for (i = hs; i < h; i++)
            pixRasterop(pixd, 0, i, w, 1, PIX_SRC, pixd, 0, hs - 1);
    }

    return pixd;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                          Make a frame mask                          *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixMakeFrameMask(l_int32    w,
                 l_int32    h,
                 l_float32  hf1,
                 l_float32  hf2,
                 l_float32  vf1,
                 l_float32  vf2)
{
l_int32  h1, h2, v1, v2;
PIX     *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixMakeFrameMask");

    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("mask size 0", procName, NULL);
    if (hf1 < 0.0 || hf1 > 1.0 || hf2 < 0.0 || hf2 > 1.0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid horiz fractions", procName, NULL);
    if (vf1 < 0.0 || vf1 > 1.0 || vf2 < 0.0 || vf2 > 1.0)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid vert fractions", procName, NULL);
    if (hf1 > hf2 || vf1 > vf2)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid relative sizes", procName, NULL);

    pixd = pixCreate(w, h, 1);

        /* Special cases */
    if (hf1 == 0.0 && vf1 == 0.0 && hf2 == 1.0 && vf2 == 1.0) {  /* full */
        pixSetAll(pixd);
        return pixd;
    }
    if (hf1 == hf2 && vf1 == vf2) {  /* empty */
        return pixd;
    }

        /* General case */
    h1 = 0.5 * hf1 * w;
    h2 = 0.5 * hf2 * w;
    v1 = 0.5 * vf1 * h;
    v2 = 0.5 * vf2 * h;
    pixRasterop(pixd, h1, v1, w - 2 * h1, h - 2 * v1, PIX_SET, NULL, 0, 0);
    if (hf2 < 1.0 && vf2 < 1.0)
        pixRasterop(pixd, h2, v2, w - 2 * h2, h - 2 * v2, PIX_CLR, NULL, 0, 0);
    return pixd;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                 Fraction of Fg pixels under a mask                  *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixFractionFgInMask(PIX        *pix1,
                    PIX        *pix2,
                    l_float32  *pfract)
{
l_int32  w1, h1, w2, h2, empty, count1, count3;
PIX     *pix3;

    PROCNAME("pixFractionFgInMask");

    if (!pfract)
        return ERROR_INT("&fract not defined", procName, 1);
    *pfract = 0.0;
    if (!pix1 || pixGetDepth(pix1) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pix1 not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (!pix2 || pixGetDepth(pix2) != 1)
        return ERROR_INT("pix2 not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    pixGetDimensions(pix1, &w1, &h1, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pix2, &w2, &h2, NULL);
    if (w1 != w2 || h1 != h2) {
        L_INFO("sizes unequal: (w1,w2) = (%d,%d), (h1,h2) = (%d,%d)\n",
               procName, w1, w2, h1, h2);
    }
    pixZero(pix1, &empty);
    if (empty) return 0;
    pixZero(pix2, &empty);
    if (empty) return 0;

    pix3 = pixCopy(NULL, pix1);
    pixAnd(pix3, pix3, pix2);
    pixCountPixels(pix1, &count1, NULL);  /* |1| */
    pixCountPixels(pix3, &count3, NULL);  /* |1 & 2| */
    *pfract = (l_float32)count3 / (l_float32)count1;
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                           Clip to Foreground                        *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixClipToForeground(PIX   *pixs,
                    PIX  **ppixd,
                    BOX  **pbox)
{
l_int32    w, h, wpl, nfullwords, extra, i, j;
l_int32    minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
l_uint32   result, mask;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
BOX       *box;

    PROCNAME("pixClipToForeground");

    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
    if (pbox) *pbox = NULL;
    if (!ppixd && !pbox)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    nfullwords = w / 32;
    extra = w & 31;
    mask = ~rmask32[32 - extra];
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);

    result = 0;
    for (i = 0, miny = 0; i < h; i++, miny++) {
        line = data + i * wpl;
        for (j = 0; j < nfullwords; j++)
            result |= line[j];
        if (extra)
            result |= (line[j] & mask);
        if (result)
            break;
    }
    if (miny == h)  /* no ON pixels */
        return 1;

    result = 0;
    for (i = h - 1, maxy = h - 1; i >= 0; i--, maxy--) {
        line = data + i * wpl;
        for (j = 0; j < nfullwords; j++)
            result |= line[j];
        if (extra)
            result |= (line[j] & mask);
        if (result)
            break;
    }

    minx = 0;
    for (j = 0, minx = 0; j < w; j++, minx++) {
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            line = data + i * wpl;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j))
                goto minx_found;
        }
    }

minx_found:
    for (j = w - 1, maxx = w - 1; j >= 0; j--, maxx--) {
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            line = data + i * wpl;
            if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, j))
                goto maxx_found;
        }
    }

maxx_found:
    box = boxCreate(minx, miny, maxx - minx + 1, maxy - miny + 1);

    if (ppixd)
        *ppixd = pixClipRectangle(pixs, box, NULL);
    if (pbox)
        *pbox = box;
    else
        boxDestroy(&box);

    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixTestClipToForeground(PIX      *pixs,
                        l_int32  *pcanclip)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, wpl, found;
l_uint32  *data, *line;

    PROCNAME("pixTestClipToForeground");

    if (!pcanclip)
        return ERROR_INT("&canclip not defined", procName, 1);
    *pcanclip = 0;
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

        /* Check top and bottom raster lines */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    found = FALSE;
    for (j = 0; found == FALSE && j < w; j++)
        found = GET_DATA_BIT(data, j);
    if (!found) {
        *pcanclip = 1;
        return 0;
    }

    line = data + (h - 1) * wpl;
    found = FALSE;
    for (j = 0; found == FALSE && j < w; j++)
        found = GET_DATA_BIT(data, j);
    if (!found) {
        *pcanclip = 1;
        return 0;
    }

        /* Check left and right edges */
    found = FALSE;
    for (i = 0, line = data; found == FALSE && i < h; line += wpl, i++)
        found = GET_DATA_BIT(line, 0);
    if (!found) {
        *pcanclip = 1;
        return 0;
    }

    found = FALSE;
    for (i = 0, line = data; found == FALSE && i < h; line += wpl, i++)
        found = GET_DATA_BIT(line, w - 1);
    if (!found)
        *pcanclip = 1;

    return 0;  /* fg pixels found on all edges */
}


l_int32
pixClipBoxToForeground(PIX   *pixs,
                       BOX   *boxs,
                       PIX  **ppixd,
                       BOX  **pboxd)
{
l_int32  w, h, bx, by, bw, bh, cbw, cbh, left, right, top, bottom;
BOX     *boxt, *boxd;

    PROCNAME("pixClipBoxToForeground");

    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
    if (pboxd) *pboxd = NULL;
    if (!ppixd && !pboxd)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

    if (!boxs)
        return pixClipToForeground(pixs, ppixd, pboxd);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    boxGetGeometry(boxs, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh);
    cbw = L_MIN(bw, w - bx);
    cbh = L_MIN(bh, h - by);
    if (cbw < 0 || cbh < 0)
        return ERROR_INT("box not within image", procName, 1);
    boxt = boxCreate(bx, by, cbw, cbh);

    if (pixScanForForeground(pixs, boxt, L_FROM_LEFT, &left)) {
        boxDestroy(&boxt);
        return 1;
    }
    pixScanForForeground(pixs, boxt, L_FROM_RIGHT, &right);
    pixScanForForeground(pixs, boxt, L_FROM_TOP, &top);
    pixScanForForeground(pixs, boxt, L_FROM_BOT, &bottom);

    boxd = boxCreate(left, top, right - left + 1, bottom - top + 1);
    if (ppixd)
        *ppixd = pixClipRectangle(pixs, boxd, NULL);
    if (pboxd)
        *pboxd = boxd;
    else
        boxDestroy(&boxd);

    boxDestroy(&boxt);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixScanForForeground(PIX      *pixs,
                     BOX      *box,
                     l_int32   scanflag,
                     l_int32  *ploc)
{
l_int32    bx, by, bw, bh, x, xstart, xend, y, ystart, yend, wpl;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
BOX       *boxt;

    PROCNAME("pixScanForForeground");

    if (!ploc)
        return ERROR_INT("&loc not defined", procName, 1);
    *ploc = 0;
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);

        /* Clip box to pixs if it exists */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &bw, &bh, NULL);
    if (box) {
        if ((boxt = boxClipToRectangle(box, bw, bh)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("invalid box", procName, 1);
        boxGetGeometry(boxt, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh);
        boxDestroy(&boxt);
    } else {
        bx = by = 0;
    }
    xstart = bx;
    ystart = by;
    xend = bx + bw - 1;
    yend = by + bh - 1;

    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    if (scanflag == L_FROM_LEFT) {
        for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x++) {
            for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y++) {
                line = data + y * wpl;
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                    *ploc = x;
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_RIGHT) {
        for (x = xend; x >= xstart; x--) {
            for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y++) {
                line = data + y * wpl;
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                    *ploc = x;
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_TOP) {
        for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y++) {
            line = data + y * wpl;
            for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x++) {
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                    *ploc = y;
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_BOT) {
        for (y = yend; y >= ystart; y--) {
            line = data + y * wpl;
            for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x++) {
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x)) {
                    *ploc = y;
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
    } else {
        return ERROR_INT("invalid scanflag", procName, 1);
    }

    return 1;  /* no fg found */
}


l_int32
pixClipBoxToEdges(PIX     *pixs,
                  BOX     *boxs,
                  l_int32  lowthresh,
                  l_int32  highthresh,
                  l_int32  maxwidth,
                  l_int32  factor,
                  PIX    **ppixd,
                  BOX    **pboxd)
{
l_int32  w, h, bx, by, bw, bh, cbw, cbh, left, right, top, bottom;
l_int32  lfound, rfound, tfound, bfound, change;
BOX     *boxt, *boxd;

    PROCNAME("pixClipBoxToEdges");

    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
    if (pboxd) *pboxd = NULL;
    if (!ppixd && !pboxd)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (lowthresh < 1 || highthresh < 1 ||
        lowthresh > highthresh || maxwidth < 1)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid thresholds", procName, 1);
    factor = L_MIN(1, factor);

    if (lowthresh == 1 && highthresh == 1)
        return pixClipBoxToForeground(pixs, boxs, ppixd, pboxd);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    if (boxs) {
        boxGetGeometry(boxs, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh);
        cbw = L_MIN(bw, w - bx);
        cbh = L_MIN(bh, h - by);
        if (cbw < 0 || cbh < 0)
            return ERROR_INT("box not within image", procName, 1);
        boxt = boxCreate(bx, by, cbw, cbh);
    } else {
        boxt = boxCreate(0, 0, w, h);
    }

    lfound = rfound = tfound = bfound = 0;
    while (!lfound || !rfound || !tfound || !bfound) {
        change = 0;
        if (!lfound) {
            if (!pixScanForEdge(pixs, boxt, lowthresh, highthresh, maxwidth,
                                factor, L_FROM_LEFT, &left)) {
                lfound = 1;
                change = 1;
                boxRelocateOneSide(boxt, boxt, left, L_FROM_LEFT);
            }
        }
        if (!rfound) {
            if (!pixScanForEdge(pixs, boxt, lowthresh, highthresh, maxwidth,
                                factor, L_FROM_RIGHT, &right)) {
                rfound = 1;
                change = 1;
                boxRelocateOneSide(boxt, boxt, right, L_FROM_RIGHT);
            }
        }
        if (!tfound) {
            if (!pixScanForEdge(pixs, boxt, lowthresh, highthresh, maxwidth,
                                factor, L_FROM_TOP, &top)) {
                tfound = 1;
                change = 1;
                boxRelocateOneSide(boxt, boxt, top, L_FROM_TOP);
            }
        }
        if (!bfound) {
            if (!pixScanForEdge(pixs, boxt, lowthresh, highthresh, maxwidth,
                                factor, L_FROM_BOT, &bottom)) {
                bfound = 1;
                change = 1;
                boxRelocateOneSide(boxt, boxt, bottom, L_FROM_BOT);
            }
        }

#if DEBUG_EDGES
        fprintf(stderr, "iter: %d %d %d %d\n", lfound, rfound, tfound, bfound);
#endif  /* DEBUG_EDGES */

        if (change == 0) break;
    }
    boxDestroy(&boxt);

    if (change == 0)
        return ERROR_INT("not all edges found", procName, 1);

    boxd = boxCreate(left, top, right - left + 1, bottom - top + 1);
    if (ppixd)
        *ppixd = pixClipRectangle(pixs, boxd, NULL);
    if (pboxd)
        *pboxd = boxd;
    else
        boxDestroy(&boxd);

    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixScanForEdge(PIX      *pixs,
               BOX      *box,
               l_int32   lowthresh,
               l_int32   highthresh,
               l_int32   maxwidth,
               l_int32   factor,
               l_int32   scanflag,
               l_int32  *ploc)
{
l_int32    bx, by, bw, bh, foundmin, loc, sum, wpl;
l_int32    x, xstart, xend, y, ystart, yend;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
BOX       *boxt;

    PROCNAME("pixScanForEdge");

    if (!ploc)
        return ERROR_INT("&ploc not defined", procName, 1);
    *ploc = 0;
    if (!pixs || (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 1))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 1 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (lowthresh < 1 || highthresh < 1 ||
        lowthresh > highthresh || maxwidth < 1)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid thresholds", procName, 1);
    factor = L_MIN(1, factor);

        /* Clip box to pixs if it exists */
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &bw, &bh, NULL);
    if (box) {
        if ((boxt = boxClipToRectangle(box, bw, bh)) == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("invalid box", procName, 1);
        boxGetGeometry(boxt, &bx, &by, &bw, &bh);
        boxDestroy(&boxt);
    } else {
        bx = by = 0;
    }
    xstart = bx;
    ystart = by;
    xend = bx + bw - 1;
    yend = by + bh - 1;

    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    foundmin = 0;
    if (scanflag == L_FROM_LEFT) {
        for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x++) {
            sum = 0;
            for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y += factor) {
                line = data + y * wpl;
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x))
                    sum++;
            }
            if (!foundmin && sum < lowthresh)
                continue;
            if (!foundmin) {  /* save the loc of the beginning of the edge */
                foundmin = 1;
                loc = x;
            }
            if (sum >= highthresh) {
#if DEBUG_EDGES
                fprintf(stderr, "Left: x = %d, loc = %d\n", x, loc);
#endif  /* DEBUG_EDGES */
                if (x - loc < maxwidth) {
                    *ploc = loc;
                    return 0;
                } else {
                  return 1;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_RIGHT) {
        for (x = xend; x >= xstart; x--) {
            sum = 0;
            for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y += factor) {
                line = data + y * wpl;
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x))
                    sum++;
            }
            if (!foundmin && sum < lowthresh)
                continue;
            if (!foundmin) {
                foundmin = 1;
                loc = x;
            }
            if (sum >= highthresh) {
#if DEBUG_EDGES
                fprintf(stderr, "Right: x = %d, loc = %d\n", x, loc);
#endif  /* DEBUG_EDGES */
                if (loc - x < maxwidth) {
                    *ploc = loc;
                    return 0;
                } else {
                  return 1;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_TOP) {
        for (y = ystart; y <= yend; y++) {
            sum = 0;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x += factor) {
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x))
                    sum++;
            }
            if (!foundmin && sum < lowthresh)
                continue;
            if (!foundmin) {
                foundmin = 1;
                loc = y;
            }
            if (sum >= highthresh) {
#if DEBUG_EDGES
                fprintf(stderr, "Top: y = %d, loc = %d\n", y, loc);
#endif  /* DEBUG_EDGES */
                if (y - loc < maxwidth) {
                    *ploc = loc;
                    return 0;
                } else {
                  return 1;
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (scanflag == L_FROM_BOT) {
        for (y = yend; y >= ystart; y--) {
            sum = 0;
            line = data + y * wpl;
            for (x = xstart; x <= xend; x += factor) {
                if (GET_DATA_BIT(line, x))
                    sum++;
            }
            if (!foundmin && sum < lowthresh)
                continue;
            if (!foundmin) {
                foundmin = 1;
                loc = y;
            }
            if (sum >= highthresh) {
#if DEBUG_EDGES
                fprintf(stderr, "Bottom: y = %d, loc = %d\n", y, loc);
#endif  /* DEBUG_EDGES */
                if (loc - y < maxwidth) {
                    *ploc = loc;
                    return 0;
                } else {
                  return 1;
                }
            }
        }
    } else {
        return ERROR_INT("invalid scanflag", procName, 1);
    }

    return 1;  /* edge not found */
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *           Extract pixel averages and reversals along lines          *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
NUMA *
pixExtractOnLine(PIX     *pixs,
                 l_int32  x1,
                 l_int32  y1,
                 l_int32  x2,
                 l_int32  y2,
                 l_int32  factor)
{
l_int32    i, w, h, d, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, npts, direction;
l_uint32   val;
l_float32  x, y;
l_float64  slope;
NUMA      *na;
PTA       *pta;

    PROCNAME("pixExtractOnLine");

    if (!pixs)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 1 && d != 8)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("d not 1 or 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs has a colormap", procName, NULL);
    if (factor < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor = 1;
    }

        /* Clip line to the image */
    x1 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(x1, w - 1));
    x2 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(x2, w - 1));
    y1 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(y1, h - 1));
    y2 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(y2, h - 1));

    if (x1 == x2 && y1 == y2) {
        pixGetPixel(pixs, x1, y1, &val);
        na = numaCreate(1);
        numaAddNumber(na, val);
        return na;
    }

    if (y1 == y2)
        direction = L_HORIZONTAL_LINE;
    else if (x1 == x2)
        direction = L_VERTICAL_LINE;
    else
        direction = L_OBLIQUE_LINE;

    na = numaCreate(0);
    if (direction == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) {  /* plot against x */
        xmin = L_MIN(x1, x2);
        xmax = L_MAX(x1, x2);
        numaSetParameters(na, xmin, factor);
        for (i = xmin; i <= xmax; i += factor) {
            pixGetPixel(pixs, i, y1, &val);
            numaAddNumber(na, val);
        }
    } else if (direction == L_VERTICAL_LINE) {  /* plot against y */
        ymin = L_MIN(y1, y2);
        ymax = L_MAX(y1, y2);
        numaSetParameters(na, ymin, factor);
        for (i = ymin; i <= ymax; i += factor) {
            pixGetPixel(pixs, x1, i, &val);
            numaAddNumber(na, val);
        }
    } else {  /* direction == L_OBLIQUE_LINE */
        slope = (l_float64)((y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1));
        if (L_ABS(slope) < 1.0) {  /* quasi-horizontal */
            xmin = L_MIN(x1, x2);
            xmax = L_MAX(x1, x2);
            ymin = (xmin == x1) ? y1 : y2;  /* pt that goes with xmin */
            ymax = (ymin == y1) ? y2 : y1;  /* pt that goes with xmax */
            pta = generatePtaLine(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
            numaSetParameters(na, xmin, (l_float32)factor);
        } else {  /* quasi-vertical */
            ymin = L_MIN(y1, y2);
            ymax = L_MAX(y1, y2);
            xmin = (ymin == y1) ? x1 : x2;  /* pt that goes with ymin */
            xmax = (xmin == x1) ? x2 : x1;  /* pt that goes with ymax */
            pta = generatePtaLine(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
            numaSetParameters(na, ymin, (l_float32)factor);
        }
        npts = ptaGetCount(pta);
        for (i = 0; i < npts; i += factor) {
            ptaGetPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
            pixGetPixel(pixs, (l_int32)x, (l_int32)y, &val);
            numaAddNumber(na, val);
        }

#if 0  /* debugging */
        pixPlotAlongPta(pixs, pta, GPLOT_PNG, NULL);
#endif

        ptaDestroy(&pta);
    }

    return na;
}


l_float32
pixAverageOnLine(PIX     *pixs,
                 l_int32  x1,
                 l_int32  y1,
                 l_int32  x2,
                 l_int32  y2,
                 l_int32  factor)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, d, direction, count, wpl;
l_uint32  *data, *line;
l_float32  sum;

    PROCNAME("pixAverageOnLine");

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 1 && d != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("d not 1 or 8 bpp", procName, 1);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs has a colormap", procName, 1);
    if (x1 > x2 || y1 > y2)
        return ERROR_INT("x1 > x2 or y1 > y2", procName, 1);

    if (y1 == y2) {
        x1 = L_MAX(0, x1);
        x2 = L_MIN(w - 1, x2);
        y1 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(y1, h - 1));
        direction = L_HORIZONTAL_LINE;
    } else if (x1 == x2) {
        y1 = L_MAX(0, y1);
        y2 = L_MIN(h - 1, y2);
        x1 = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(x1, w - 1));
        direction = L_VERTICAL_LINE;
    } else {
        return ERROR_INT("line neither horiz nor vert", procName, 1);
    }

    if (factor < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor = 1;
    }

    data = pixGetData(pixs);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    sum = 0;
    count = 0;
    if (direction == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) {
        line = data + y1 * wpl;
        for (j = x1, count = 0; j <= x2; count++, j += factor) {
            if (d == 1)
                sum += GET_DATA_BIT(line, j);
            else  /* d == 8 */
                sum += GET_DATA_BYTE(line, j);
        }
    } else if (direction == L_VERTICAL_LINE) {
        for (i = y1, count = 0; i <= y2; count++, i += factor) {
            line = data + i * wpl;
            if (d == 1)
                sum += GET_DATA_BIT(line, x1);
            else  /* d == 8 */
                sum += GET_DATA_BYTE(line, x1);
        }
    }

    return sum / (l_float32)count;
}


NUMA *
pixAverageIntensityProfile(PIX       *pixs,
                           l_float32  fract,
                           l_int32    dir,
                           l_int32    first,
                           l_int32    last,
                           l_int32    factor1,
                           l_int32    factor2)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, d, start, end;
l_float32  ave;
NUMA      *nad;
PIX       *pixr, *pixg;

    PROCNAME("pixAverageIntensityProfile");

    if (!pixs)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (fract < 0.0 || fract > 1.0)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("fract < 0.0 or > 1.0", procName, NULL);
    if (dir != L_HORIZONTAL_LINE && dir != L_VERTICAL_LINE)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid direction", procName, NULL);
    if (first < 0) first = 0;
    if (last < first)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("last must be >= first", procName, NULL);
    if (factor1 < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor1 must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor1 = 1;
    }
    if (factor2 < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor2 must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor2 = 1;
    }

        /* Use 1 or 8 bpp, without colormap */
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        pixr = pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_TO_GRAYSCALE);
    else
        pixr = pixClone(pixs);
    pixGetDimensions(pixr, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d == 1)
        pixg = pixClone(pixr);
    else
        pixg = pixConvertTo8(pixr, 0);

    nad = numaCreate(0);  /* output: samples in slow scan direction */
    numaSetParameters(nad, 0, factor2);
    if (dir == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) {
        start = (l_int32)(0.5 * (1.0 - fract) * (l_float32)w);
        end = w - start;
        if (last > h - 1) {
            L_WARNING("last > h - 1; clipping\n", procName);
            last = h - 1;
        }
        for (i = first; i <= last; i += factor2) {
            ave = pixAverageOnLine(pixg, start, i, end, i, factor1);
            numaAddNumber(nad, ave);
        }
    } else if (dir == L_VERTICAL_LINE) {
        start = (l_int32)(0.5 * (1.0 - fract) * (l_float32)h);
        end = h - start;
        if (last > w - 1) {
            L_WARNING("last > w - 1; clipping\n", procName);
            last = w - 1;
        }
        for (j = first; j <= last; j += factor2) {
            ave = pixAverageOnLine(pixg, j, start, j, end, factor1);
            numaAddNumber(nad, ave);
        }
    }

    pixDestroy(&pixr);
    pixDestroy(&pixg);
    return nad;
}


NUMA *
pixReversalProfile(PIX       *pixs,
                   l_float32  fract,
                   l_int32    dir,
                   l_int32    first,
                   l_int32    last,
                   l_int32    minreversal,
                   l_int32    factor1,
                   l_int32    factor2)
{
l_int32   i, j, w, h, d, start, end, nr;
NUMA     *naline, *nad;
PIX      *pixr, *pixg;

    PROCNAME("pixReversalProfile");

    if (!pixs)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (fract < 0.0 || fract > 1.0)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("fract < 0.0 or > 1.0", procName, NULL);
    if (dir != L_HORIZONTAL_LINE && dir != L_VERTICAL_LINE)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("invalid direction", procName, NULL);
    if (first < 0) first = 0;
    if (last < first)
        return (NUMA *)ERROR_PTR("last must be >= first", procName, NULL);
    if (factor1 < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor1 must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor1 = 1;
    }
    if (factor2 < 1) {
        L_WARNING("factor2 must be >= 1; setting to 1\n", procName);
        factor2 = 1;
    }

        /* Use 1 or 8 bpp, without colormap */
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        pixr = pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_TO_GRAYSCALE);
    else
        pixr = pixClone(pixs);
    pixGetDimensions(pixr, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d == 1) {
        pixg = pixClone(pixr);
        minreversal = 1;  /* enforce this */
    } else {
        pixg = pixConvertTo8(pixr, 0);
    }

    nad = numaCreate(0);  /* output: samples in slow scan direction */
    numaSetParameters(nad, 0, factor2);
    if (dir == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) {
        start = (l_int32)(0.5 * (1.0 - fract) * (l_float32)w);
        end = w - start;
        if (last > h - 1) {
            L_WARNING("last > h - 1; clipping\n", procName);
            last = h - 1;
        }
        for (i = first; i <= last; i += factor2) {
            naline = pixExtractOnLine(pixg, start, i, end, i, factor1);
            numaCountReversals(naline, minreversal, &nr, NULL);
            numaAddNumber(nad, nr);
            numaDestroy(&naline);
        }
    } else if (dir == L_VERTICAL_LINE) {
        start = (l_int32)(0.5 * (1.0 - fract) * (l_float32)h);
        end = h - start;
        if (last > w - 1) {
            L_WARNING("last > w - 1; clipping\n", procName);
            last = w - 1;
        }
        for (j = first; j <= last; j += factor2) {
            naline = pixExtractOnLine(pixg, j, start, j, end, factor1);
            numaCountReversals(naline, minreversal, &nr, NULL);
            numaAddNumber(nad, nr);
            numaDestroy(&naline);
        }
    }

    pixDestroy(&pixr);
    pixDestroy(&pixg);
    return nad;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                 Extract windowed variance along a line              *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixWindowedVarianceOnLine(PIX     *pixs,
                          l_int32  dir,
                          l_int32  loc,
                          l_int32  c1,
                          l_int32  c2,
                          l_int32  size,
                          NUMA   **pnad)
{
l_int32     i, j, w, h, cmin, cmax, maxloc, n, x, y;
l_uint32    val;
l_float32   norm, rootvar;
l_float32  *array;
l_float64   sum1, sum2, ave, var;
NUMA       *na1, *nad;
PTA        *pta;

    PROCNAME("pixWindowedVarianceOnLine");

    if (!pnad)
        return ERROR_INT("&nad not defined", procName, 1);
    *pnad = NULL;
    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8bpp", procName, 1);
    if (size < 2)
        return ERROR_INT("window size must be > 1", procName, 1);
    if (dir != L_HORIZONTAL_LINE && dir != L_VERTICAL_LINE)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid direction", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    maxloc = (dir == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) ? h - 1 : w - 1;
    if (loc < 0 || loc > maxloc)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid line position", procName, 1);

        /* Clip line to the image */
    cmin = L_MIN(c1, c2);
    cmax = L_MAX(c1, c2);
    maxloc = (dir == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) ? w - 1 : h - 1;
    cmin = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(cmin, maxloc));
    cmax = L_MAX(0, L_MIN(cmax, maxloc));
    n = cmax - cmin + 1;

        /* Generate pta along the line */
    pta = ptaCreate(n);
    if (dir == L_HORIZONTAL_LINE) {
        for (i = cmin; i <= cmax; i++)
            ptaAddPt(pta, i, loc);
    } else {  /* vertical line */
        for (i = cmin; i <= cmax; i++)
            ptaAddPt(pta, loc, i);
    }

        /* Get numa of pixel values on the line */
    na1 = numaCreate(n);
    numaSetParameters(na1, cmin, 1);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        pixGetPixel(pixs, x, y, &val);
        numaAddNumber(na1, val);
    }
    array = numaGetFArray(na1, L_NOCOPY);
    ptaDestroy(&pta);

        /* Compute root variance on overlapping windows */
    nad = numaCreate(n);
    *pnad = nad;
    numaSetParameters(nad, cmin + size / 2, 1);
    norm = 1.0 / (l_float32)size;
    for (i = 0; i < n - size; i++) {  /* along the line */
        sum1 = sum2 = 0;
        for (j = 0; j < size; j++) {  /* over the window */
            val = array[i + j];
            sum1 += val;
            sum2 += (l_float64)(val) * val;
        }
        ave = norm * sum1;
        var = norm * sum2 - ave * ave;
        rootvar = (l_float32)sqrt(var);
        numaAddNumber(nad, rootvar);
    }

    numaDestroy(&na1);
    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *              Extract min/max of pixel values near lines             *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixMinMaxNearLine(PIX        *pixs,
                  l_int32     x1,
                  l_int32     y1,
                  l_int32     x2,
                  l_int32     y2,
                  l_int32     dist,
                  l_int32     direction,
                  NUMA      **pnamin,
                  NUMA      **pnamax,
                  l_float32  *pminave,
                  l_float32  *pmaxave)
{
l_int32    i, j, w, h, d, x, y, n, dir, found, minval, maxval, negloc, posloc;
l_uint32   val;
l_float32  sum;
NUMA      *namin, *namax;
PTA       *pta;

    PROCNAME("pixMinMaxNearLine");

    if (pnamin) *pnamin = NULL;
    if (pnamax) *pnamax = NULL;
    if (pminave) *pminave = UNDEF;
    if (pmaxave) *pmaxave = UNDEF;
    if (!pnamin && !pnamax && !pminave && !pmaxave)
        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", procName, 1);
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
    if (d != 8 || pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 8 bpp or has colormap", procName, 1);
    dist = L_ABS(dist);
    if (direction != L_SCAN_NEGATIVE && direction != L_SCAN_POSITIVE &&
        direction != L_SCAN_BOTH)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid direction", procName, 1);

    pta = generatePtaLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);
    n = ptaGetCount(pta);
    dir = (L_ABS(x1 - x2) == n - 1) ? L_HORIZ : L_VERT;
    namin = numaCreate(n);
    namax = numaCreate(n);
    negloc = -dist;
    posloc = dist;
    if (direction == L_SCAN_NEGATIVE)
        posloc = 0;
    else if (direction == L_SCAN_POSITIVE)
        negloc = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ptaGetIPt(pta, i, &x, &y);
        minval = 255;
        maxval = 0;
        found = FALSE;
        if (dir == L_HORIZ) {
            if (x < 0 || x >= w) continue;
            for (j = negloc; j <= posloc; j++) {
                if (y + j < 0 || y + j >= h) continue;
                pixGetPixel(pixs, x, y + j, &val);
                found = TRUE;
                if (val < minval) minval = val;
                if (val > maxval) maxval = val;
            }
        } else {  /* dir == L_VERT */
            if (y < 0 || y >= h) continue;
            for (j = negloc; j <= posloc; j++) {
                if (x + j < 0 || x + j >= w) continue;
                pixGetPixel(pixs, x + j, y, &val);
                found = TRUE;
                if (val < minval) minval = val;
                if (val > maxval) maxval = val;
            }
        }
        if (found) {
            numaAddNumber(namin, minval);
            numaAddNumber(namax, maxval);
        }
    }

    n = numaGetCount(namin);
    if (n == 0) {
        numaDestroy(&namin);
        numaDestroy(&namax);
        ptaDestroy(&pta);
        return ERROR_INT("no output from this line", procName, 1);
    }

    if (pminave) {
        numaGetSum(namin, &sum);
        *pminave = sum / n;
    }
    if (pmaxave) {
        numaGetSum(namax, &sum);
        *pmaxave = sum / n;
    }
    if (pnamin)
        *pnamin = namin;
    else
        numaDestroy(&namin);
    if (pnamax)
        *pnamax = namax;
    else
        numaDestroy(&namax);
    ptaDestroy(&pta);
    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                     Rank row and column transforms                  *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
PIX *
pixRankRowTransform(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32    i, j, k, m, w, h, wpl, val;
l_int32    histo[256];
l_uint32  *datas, *datad, *lines, *lined;
PIX       *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixRankRowTransform");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs has a colormap", procName, NULL);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs);
    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
        memset(histo, 0, 1024);
        lines = datas + i * wpl;
        lined = datad + i * wpl;
        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
            val = GET_DATA_BYTE(lines, j);
            histo[val]++;
        }
        for (m = 0, j = 0; m < 256; m++) {
            for (k = 0; k < histo[m]; k++, j++)
                SET_DATA_BYTE(lined, j, m);
        }
    }

    return pixd;
}


PIX *
pixRankColumnTransform(PIX  *pixs)
{
l_int32    i, j, k, m, w, h, val;
l_int32    histo[256];
void     **lines8, **lined8;
PIX       *pixd;

    PROCNAME("pixRankColumnTransform");

    if (!pixs)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 bpp", procName, NULL);
    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs has a colormap", procName, NULL);

    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
    pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
    lines8 = pixGetLinePtrs(pixs, NULL);
    lined8 = pixGetLinePtrs(pixd, NULL);
    for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
        memset(histo, 0, 1024);
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            val = GET_DATA_BYTE(lines8[i], j);
            histo[val]++;
        }
        for (m = 0, i = 0; m < 256; m++) {
            for (k = 0; k < histo[m]; k++, i++)
                SET_DATA_BYTE(lined8[i], j, m);
        }
    }

    LEPT_FREE(lines8);
    LEPT_FREE(lined8);
    return pixd;
}