writefile.c

/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/

/*
 * writefile.c
 *
 *     High-level procedures for writing images to file:
 *        l_int32     pixaWriteFiles()
 *        l_int32     pixWrite()    [behavior depends on WRITE_AS_NAMED]
 *        l_int32     pixWriteAutoFormat()
 *        l_int32     pixWriteStream()
 *        l_int32     pixWriteImpliedFormat()
 *
 *     Selection of output format if default is requested
 *        l_int32     pixChooseOutputFormat()
 *        l_int32     getImpliedFileFormat()
 *        l_int32     pixGetAutoFormat()
 *        const char *getFormatExtension()
 *
 *     Write to memory
 *        l_int32     pixWriteMem()
 *
 *     Image display for debugging
 *        l_int32     l_fileDisplay()
 *        l_int32     pixDisplay()
 *        l_int32     pixDisplayWithTitle()
 *        l_int32     pixSaveTiled()
 *        l_int32     pixSaveTiledOutline()
 *        l_int32     pixSaveTiledWithText()
 *        void        l_chooseDisplayProg()
 *
 *     Deprecated pix output for debugging
 *        l_int32     pixDisplayWrite()
 *        l_int32     pixDisplayWriteFormat()
 *        l_int32     pixDisplayMultiple()
 *
 *  Supported file formats:
 *  (1) Writing is supported without any external libraries:
 *          bmp
 *          pnm   (including pbm, pgm, etc)
 *          spix  (raw serialized)
 *  (2) Writing is supported with installation of external libraries:
 *          png
 *          jpg   (standard jfif version)
 *          tiff  (including most varieties of compression)
 *          gif
 *          webp
 *          jp2 (jpeg2000)
 *  (3) Writing is supported through special interfaces:
 *          ps (PostScript, in psio1.c, psio2.c):
 *              level 1 (uncompressed)
 *              level 2 (g4 and dct encoding: requires tiff, jpg)
 *              level 3 (g4, dct and flate encoding: requires tiff, jpg, zlib)
 *          pdf (PDF, in pdfio.c):
 *              level 1 (g4 and dct encoding: requires tiff, jpg)
 *              level 2 (g4, dct and flate encoding: requires tiff, jpg, zlib)
 */

#include <string.h>
#include "allheaders.h"

    /*   Special flag for pixWrite().  The default for both unix and     */
    /*   windows is to use whatever filename is given, as opposed to     */
    /*   insuring the filename extension matches the image compression.  */
#define  WRITE_AS_NAMED    1

    /* Display program (xv, xli, xzgv, open) to be invoked by pixDisplay()  */
#ifdef _WIN32
static l_int32  var_DISPLAY_PROG = L_DISPLAY_WITH_IV;  /* default */
#elif  defined(__APPLE__)
static l_int32  var_DISPLAY_PROG = L_DISPLAY_WITH_OPEN;  /* default */
#else
static l_int32  var_DISPLAY_PROG = L_DISPLAY_WITH_XZGV;  /* default */
#endif  /* _WIN32 */

static const l_int32  L_BUF_SIZE = 512;
static const l_int32  MAX_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1000;
static const l_int32  MAX_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 800;
static const l_int32  MAX_SIZE_FOR_PNG = 200;

    /* PostScript output for printing */
static const l_float32  DEFAULT_SCALING = 1.0;

    /* Global array of image file format extension names.                */
    /* This is in 1-1 corrspondence with format enum in imageio.h.       */
    /* The empty string at the end represents the serialized format,     */
    /* which has no recognizable extension name, but the array must      */
    /* be padded to agree with the format enum.                          */
    /* (Note on 'const': The size of the array can't be defined 'const'  */
    /* because that makes it static.  The 'const' in the definition of   */
    /* the array refers to the strings in the array; the ptr to the      */
    /* array is not const and can be used 'extern' in other files.)      */
LEPT_DLL l_int32  NumImageFileFormatExtensions = 19;  /* array size */
LEPT_DLL const char *ImageFileFormatExtensions[] =
         {"unknown",
          "bmp",
          "jpg",
          "png",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "tif",
          "pnm",
          "ps",
          "gif",
          "jp2",
          "webp",
          "pdf",
          "default",
          ""};

    /* Local map of image file name extension to output format */
struct ExtensionMap
{
    char     extension[8];
    l_int32  format;
};
static const struct ExtensionMap extension_map[] =
                            { { ".bmp",  IFF_BMP       },
                              { ".jpg",  IFF_JFIF_JPEG },
                              { ".jpeg", IFF_JFIF_JPEG },
                              { ".png",  IFF_PNG       },
                              { ".tif",  IFF_TIFF      },
                              { ".tiff", IFF_TIFF      },
                              { ".pnm",  IFF_PNM       },
                              { ".gif",  IFF_GIF       },
                              { ".jp2",  IFF_JP2       },
                              { ".ps",   IFF_PS        },
                              { ".pdf",  IFF_LPDF      },
                              { ".webp", IFF_WEBP      } };


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *           Top-level procedures for writing images to file           *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixaWriteFiles(const char  *rootname,
               PIXA        *pixa,
               l_int32      format)
{
char     bigbuf[L_BUF_SIZE];
l_int32  i, n, pixformat;
PIX     *pix;

    PROCNAME("pixaWriteFiles");

    if (!rootname)
        return ERROR_INT("rootname not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", procName, 1);
    if (format < 0 || format == IFF_UNKNOWN ||
        format >= NumImageFileFormatExtensions)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid format", procName, 1);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        pix = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        if (format == IFF_DEFAULT)
            pixformat = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);
        else
            pixformat = format;
        snprintf(bigbuf, L_BUF_SIZE, "%s%03d.%s", rootname, i,
                 ImageFileFormatExtensions[pixformat]);
        pixWrite(bigbuf, pix, pixformat);
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixWrite(const char  *fname,
         PIX         *pix,
         l_int32      format)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;

    PROCNAME("pixWrite");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!fname)
        return ERROR_INT("fname not defined", procName, 1);

#if  WRITE_AS_NAMED  /* Default */

    if ((fp = fopenWriteStream(fname, "wb+")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);

#else  /* Add an extension to the output name if none exists */

    {l_int32  extlen;
     char    *extension, *filebuf;
        splitPathAtExtension(fname, NULL, &extension);
        extlen = strlen(extension);
        LEPT_FREE(extension);
        if (extlen == 0) {
            if (format == IFF_DEFAULT || format == IFF_UNKNOWN)
                format = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);

            filebuf = (char *)LEPT_CALLOC(strlen(fname) + 10, sizeof(char));
            if (!filebuf)
                return ERROR_INT("filebuf not made", procName, 1);
            strncpy(filebuf, fname, strlen(fname));
            strcat(filebuf, ".");
            strcat(filebuf, ImageFileFormatExtensions[format]);
        } else {
            filebuf = (char *)fname;
        }

        fp = fopenWriteStream(filebuf, "wb+");
        if (filebuf != fname)
            LEPT_FREE(filebuf);
        if (fp == NULL)
            return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", procName, 1);
    }

#endif  /* WRITE_AS_NAMED */

    ret = pixWriteStream(fp, pix, format);
    fclose(fp);
    if (ret)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not written to stream", procName, 1);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixWriteAutoFormat(const char  *filename,
                   PIX         *pix)
{
l_int32  format;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteAutoFormat");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);

    if (pixGetAutoFormat(pix, &format))
        return ERROR_INT("auto format not returned", procName, 1);
    return pixWrite(filename, pix, format);
}


l_int32
pixWriteStream(FILE    *fp,
               PIX     *pix,
               l_int32  format)
{
    PROCNAME("pixWriteStream");

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);

    if (format == IFF_DEFAULT)
        format = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);

    switch(format)
    {
    case IFF_BMP:
        pixWriteStreamBmp(fp, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JFIF_JPEG:   /* default quality; baseline sequential */
        return pixWriteStreamJpeg(fp, pix, 75, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_PNG:   /* no gamma value stored */
        return pixWriteStreamPng(fp, pix, 0.0);
        break;

    case IFF_TIFF:           /* uncompressed */
    case IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS:  /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_RLE:       /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G3:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G4:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_LZW:       /* compressed, all depths */
    case IFF_TIFF_ZIP:       /* compressed, all depths */
        return pixWriteStreamTiff(fp, pix, format);
        break;

    case IFF_PNM:
        return pixWriteStreamPnm(fp, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_PS:
        return pixWriteStreamPS(fp, pix, NULL, 0, DEFAULT_SCALING);
        break;

    case IFF_GIF:
        return pixWriteStreamGif(fp, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JP2:
        return pixWriteStreamJp2k(fp, pix, 34, 4, 0, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_WEBP:
        return pixWriteStreamWebP(fp, pix, 80, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_LPDF:
        return pixWriteStreamPdf(fp, pix, 0, NULL);
        break;

    case IFF_SPIX:
        return pixWriteStreamSpix(fp, pix);
        break;

    default:
        return ERROR_INT("unknown format", procName, 1);
        break;
    }

    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixWriteImpliedFormat(const char  *filename,
                      PIX         *pix,
                      l_int32      quality,
                      l_int32      progressive)
{
l_int32  format;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteImpliedFormat");

    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 1);

        /* Determine output format */
    format = getImpliedFileFormat(filename);
    if (format == IFF_UNKNOWN) {
        format = IFF_PNG;
    } else if (format == IFF_TIFF) {
        if (pixGetDepth(pix) == 1)
            format = IFF_TIFF_G4;
        else
#ifdef _WIN32
            format = IFF_TIFF_LZW;  /* poor compression */
#else
            format = IFF_TIFF_ZIP;  /* native windows tools can't handle this */
#endif  /* _WIN32 */
    }

    if (format == IFF_JFIF_JPEG) {
        quality = L_MIN(quality, 100);
        quality = L_MAX(quality, 0);
        if (progressive != 0 && progressive != 1) {
            progressive = 0;
            L_WARNING("invalid progressive; setting to baseline\n", procName);
        }
        if (quality == 0)
            quality = 75;
        pixWriteJpeg (filename, pix, quality, progressive);
    } else {
        pixWrite(filename, pix, format);
    }

    return 0;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *          Selection of output format if default is requested         *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixChooseOutputFormat(PIX  *pix)
{
l_int32  d, format;

    PROCNAME("pixChooseOutputFormat");

    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 0);

    d = pixGetDepth(pix);
    format = pixGetInputFormat(pix);
    if (format == IFF_UNKNOWN) {  /* output lossless */
        if (d == 1)
            format = IFF_TIFF_G4;
        else
            format = IFF_PNG;
    }

    return format;
}


l_int32
getImpliedFileFormat(const char  *filename)
{
char    *extension;
int      i, numext;
l_int32  format = IFF_UNKNOWN;

    if (splitPathAtExtension (filename, NULL, &extension))
        return IFF_UNKNOWN;

    numext = sizeof(extension_map) / sizeof(extension_map[0]);
    for (i = 0; i < numext; i++) {
        if (!strcmp(extension, extension_map[i].extension)) {
            format = extension_map[i].format;
            break;
        }
    }

    LEPT_FREE(extension);
    return format;
}


l_int32
pixGetAutoFormat(PIX      *pix,
                 l_int32  *pformat)
{
l_int32   d;
PIXCMAP  *cmap;

    PROCNAME("pixGetAutoFormat");

    if (!pformat)
        return ERROR_INT("&format not defined", procName, 0);
    *pformat = IFF_UNKNOWN;
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", procName, 0);

    d = pixGetDepth(pix);
    cmap = pixGetColormap(pix);
    if (d == 1 && !cmap) {
        *pformat = IFF_TIFF_G4;
    } else if ((d == 8 && !cmap) || d == 24 || d == 32) {
        *pformat = IFF_JFIF_JPEG;
    } else {
        *pformat = IFF_PNG;
    }

    return 0;
}


const char *
getFormatExtension(l_int32  format)
{
    PROCNAME("getFormatExtension");

    if (format < 0 || format >= NumImageFileFormatExtensions)
        return (const char *)ERROR_PTR("invalid format", procName, NULL);

    return ImageFileFormatExtensions[format];
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                            Write to memory                          *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixWriteMem(l_uint8  **pdata,
            size_t    *psize,
            PIX       *pix,
            l_int32    format)
{
l_int32  ret;

    PROCNAME("pixWriteMem");

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", procName, 1 );
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("&pix not defined", procName, 1 );

    if (format == IFF_DEFAULT)
        format = pixChooseOutputFormat(pix);

    switch(format)
    {
    case IFF_BMP:
        ret = pixWriteMemBmp(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JFIF_JPEG:   /* default quality; baseline sequential */
        ret = pixWriteMemJpeg(pdata, psize, pix, 75, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_PNG:   /* no gamma value stored */
        ret = pixWriteMemPng(pdata, psize, pix, 0.0);
        break;

    case IFF_TIFF:           /* uncompressed */
    case IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS:  /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_RLE:       /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G3:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_G4:        /* compressed, binary only */
    case IFF_TIFF_LZW:       /* compressed, all depths */
    case IFF_TIFF_ZIP:       /* compressed, all depths */
        ret = pixWriteMemTiff(pdata, psize, pix, format);
        break;

    case IFF_PNM:
        ret = pixWriteMemPnm(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_PS:
        ret = pixWriteMemPS(pdata, psize, pix, NULL, 0, DEFAULT_SCALING);
        break;

    case IFF_GIF:
        ret = pixWriteMemGif(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    case IFF_JP2:
        ret = pixWriteMemJp2k(pdata, psize, pix, 34, 0, 0, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_WEBP:
        ret = pixWriteMemWebP(pdata, psize, pix, 80, 0);
        break;

    case IFF_LPDF:
        ret = pixWriteMemPdf(pdata, psize, pix, 0, NULL);
        break;

    case IFF_SPIX:
        ret = pixWriteMemSpix(pdata, psize, pix);
        break;

    default:
        return ERROR_INT("unknown format", procName, 1);
        break;
    }

    return ret;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                      Image display for debugging                    *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
l_fileDisplay(const char  *fname,
              l_int32      x,
              l_int32      y,
              l_float32    scale)
{
PIX  *pixs, *pixd;

    PROCNAME("l_fileDisplay");

    if (scale == 0.0)
        return 0;

    if (scale < 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid scale factor", procName, 1);
    if ((pixs = pixRead(fname)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not read", procName, 1);

    if (scale == 1.0) {
        pixd = pixClone(pixs);
    } else {
        if (scale < 1.0 && pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1)
            pixd = pixScaleToGray(pixs, scale);
        else
            pixd = pixScale(pixs, scale, scale);
    }
    pixDisplay(pixd, x, y);
    pixDestroy(&pixs);
    pixDestroy(&pixd);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixDisplay(PIX     *pixs,
           l_int32  x,
           l_int32  y)
{
    return pixDisplayWithTitle(pixs, x, y, NULL, 1);
}


l_int32
pixDisplayWithTitle(PIX         *pixs,
                    l_int32      x,
                    l_int32      y,
                    const char  *title,
                    l_int32      dispflag)
{
char           *tempname;
char            buffer[L_BUF_SIZE];
static l_int32  index = 0;  /* caution: not .so or thread safe */
l_int32         w, h, d, spp, maxheight, opaque, threeviews, ignore;
l_float32       ratw, rath, ratmin;
PIX            *pix0, *pix1, *pix2;
PIXCMAP        *cmap;
#ifndef _WIN32
l_int32         wt, ht;
#else
char           *pathname;
char            fullpath[_MAX_PATH];
#endif  /* _WIN32 */

    PROCNAME("pixDisplayWithTitle");

    if (dispflag != 1) return 0;
    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (var_DISPLAY_PROG != L_DISPLAY_WITH_XZGV &&
        var_DISPLAY_PROG != L_DISPLAY_WITH_XLI &&
        var_DISPLAY_PROG != L_DISPLAY_WITH_XV &&
        var_DISPLAY_PROG != L_DISPLAY_WITH_IV &&
        var_DISPLAY_PROG != L_DISPLAY_WITH_OPEN) {
        return ERROR_INT("no program chosen for display", procName, 1);
    }

        /* Display with three views if either spp = 4 or if colormapped
         * and the alpha component is not fully opaque */
    opaque = TRUE;
    if ((cmap = pixGetColormap(pixs)) != NULL)
        pixcmapIsOpaque(cmap, &opaque);
    spp = pixGetSpp(pixs);
    threeviews = (spp == 4 || !opaque) ? TRUE : FALSE;

        /* If colormapped and not opaque, remove the colormap to RGBA */
    if (!opaque)
        pix0 = pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_WITH_ALPHA);
    else
        pix0 = pixClone(pixs);

        /* Scale if necessary; this will also remove a colormap */
    pixGetDimensions(pix0, &w, &h, &d);
    maxheight = (threeviews) ? MAX_DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 3 : MAX_DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
    if (w <= MAX_DISPLAY_WIDTH && h <= maxheight) {
        if (d == 16)  /* take MSB */
            pix1 = pixConvert16To8(pix0, 1);
        else
            pix1 = pixClone(pix0);
    } else {
        ratw = (l_float32)MAX_DISPLAY_WIDTH / (l_float32)w;
        rath = (l_float32)maxheight / (l_float32)h;
        ratmin = L_MIN(ratw, rath);
        if (ratmin < 0.125 && d == 1)
            pix1 = pixScaleToGray8(pix0);
        else if (ratmin < 0.25 && d == 1)
            pix1 = pixScaleToGray4(pix0);
        else if (ratmin < 0.33 && d == 1)
            pix1 = pixScaleToGray3(pix0);
        else if (ratmin < 0.5 && d == 1)
            pix1 = pixScaleToGray2(pix0);
        else
            pix1 = pixScale(pix0, ratmin, ratmin);
    }
    pixDestroy(&pix0);
    if (!pix1)
        return ERROR_INT("pix1 not made", procName, 1);

        /* Generate the three views if required */
    if (threeviews)
        pix2 = pixDisplayLayersRGBA(pix1, 0xffffff00, 0);
    else
        pix2 = pixClone(pix1);

    if (index == 0) {  /* erase any existing images */
        lept_rmdir("lept/disp");
        lept_mkdir("lept/disp");
    }

    index++;
    if (pixGetDepth(pix2) < 8 || pixGetColormap(pix2) ||
        (w < MAX_SIZE_FOR_PNG && h < MAX_SIZE_FOR_PNG)) {
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE, "/tmp/lept/disp/write.%03d.png", index);
        pixWrite(buffer, pix2, IFF_PNG);
    } else {
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE, "/tmp/lept/disp/write.%03d.jpg", index);
        pixWrite(buffer, pix2, IFF_JFIF_JPEG);
    }
    tempname = genPathname(buffer, NULL);

#ifndef _WIN32

        /* Unix */
    if (var_DISPLAY_PROG == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XZGV) {
            /* no way to display title */
        pixGetDimensions(pix2, &wt, &ht, NULL);
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
                 "xzgv --geometry %dx%d+%d+%d %s &", wt + 10, ht + 10,
                 x, y, tempname);
    } else if (var_DISPLAY_PROG == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XLI) {
        if (title) {
            snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
               "xli -dispgamma 1.0 -quiet -geometry +%d+%d -title \"%s\" %s &",
               x, y, title, tempname);
        } else {
            snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
               "xli -dispgamma 1.0 -quiet -geometry +%d+%d %s &",
               x, y, tempname);
        }
    } else if (var_DISPLAY_PROG == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XV) {
        if (title) {
            snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
                     "xv -quit -geometry +%d+%d -name \"%s\" %s &",
                     x, y, title, tempname);
        } else {
            snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
                     "xv -quit -geometry +%d+%d %s &", x, y, tempname);
        }
    } else if (var_DISPLAY_PROG == L_DISPLAY_WITH_OPEN) {
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE, "open %s &", tempname);
    }
#ifndef OS_IOS /* iOS 11 does not support system() */
    ignore = system(buffer);
#endif /* !OS_IOS */

#else  /* _WIN32 */

        /* Windows: L_DISPLAY_WITH_IV */
    pathname = genPathname(tempname, NULL);
    _fullpath(fullpath, pathname, sizeof(fullpath));
    if (title) {
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE,
                 "i_view32.exe \"%s\" /pos=(%d,%d) /title=\"%s\"",
                 fullpath, x, y, title);
    } else {
        snprintf(buffer, L_BUF_SIZE, "i_view32.exe \"%s\" /pos=(%d,%d)",
                 fullpath, x, y);
    }
    ignore = system(buffer);
    LEPT_FREE(pathname);

#endif  /* _WIN32 */

    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    LEPT_FREE(tempname);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixSaveTiled(PIX       *pixs,
             PIXA      *pixa,
             l_float32  scalefactor,
             l_int32    newrow,
             l_int32    space,
             l_int32    dp)
{
        /* Save without an outline */
    return pixSaveTiledOutline(pixs, pixa, scalefactor, newrow, space, 0, dp);
}


l_int32
pixSaveTiledOutline(PIX       *pixs,
                    PIXA      *pixa,
                    l_float32  scalefactor,
                    l_int32    newrow,
                    l_int32    space,
                    l_int32    linewidth,
                    l_int32    dp)
{
l_int32  n, top, left, bx, by, bw, w, h, depth, bottom;
BOX     *box;
PIX     *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4;

    PROCNAME("pixSaveTiledOutline");

    if (scalefactor == 0.0) return 0;

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", procName, 1);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    if (n == 0) {
        bottom = 0;
        if (dp != 8 && dp != 32) {
            L_WARNING("dp not 8 or 32 bpp; using 32\n", procName);
            depth = 32;
        } else {
            depth = dp;
        }
    } else {  /* extract the depth and bottom params from the first pix */
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, 0, L_CLONE);
        depth = pixGetDepth(pix1);
        bottom = pixGetInputFormat(pix1);  /* not typical usage! */
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
    }

        /* Remove colormap if it exists; otherwise a copy.  This
         * guarantees that pix4 is not a clone of pixs. */
    pix1 = pixRemoveColormapGeneral(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_BASED_ON_SRC, L_COPY);

        /* Scale and convert to output depth */
    if (scalefactor == 1.0) {
        pix2 = pixClone(pix1);
    } else if (scalefactor > 1.0) {
        pix2 = pixScale(pix1, scalefactor, scalefactor);
    } else {  /* scalefactor < 1.0) */
        if (pixGetDepth(pix1) == 1)
            pix2 = pixScaleToGray(pix1, scalefactor);
        else
            pix2 = pixScale(pix1, scalefactor, scalefactor);
    }
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    if (depth == 8)
        pix3 = pixConvertTo8(pix2, 0);
    else
        pix3 = pixConvertTo32(pix2);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);

        /* Add black outline */
    if (linewidth > 0)
        pix4 = pixAddBorder(pix3, linewidth, 0);
    else
        pix4 = pixClone(pix3);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);

        /* Find position of current pix (UL corner plus size) */
    if (n == 0) {
        top = 0;
        left = 0;
    } else if (newrow == 1) {
        top = bottom + space;
        left = 0;
    } else {  /* n > 0 */
        pixaGetBoxGeometry(pixa, n - 1, &bx, &by, &bw, NULL);
        top = by;
        left = bx + bw + space;
    }

    pixGetDimensions(pix4, &w, &h, NULL);
    bottom = L_MAX(bottom, top + h);
    box = boxCreate(left, top, w, h);
    pixaAddPix(pixa, pix4, L_INSERT);
    pixaAddBox(pixa, box, L_INSERT);

        /* Save the new bottom value */
    pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, 0, L_CLONE);
    pixSetInputFormat(pix1, bottom);  /* not typical usage! */
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixSaveTiledWithText(PIX         *pixs,
                     PIXA        *pixa,
                     l_int32      outwidth,
                     l_int32      newrow,
                     l_int32      space,
                     l_int32      linewidth,
                     L_BMF       *bmf,
                     const char  *textstr,
                     l_uint32     val,
                     l_int32      location)
{
PIX  *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pix4;

    PROCNAME("pixSaveTiledWithText");

    if (outwidth == 0) return 0;

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", procName, 1);

    pix1 = pixConvertTo32(pixs);
    if (linewidth > 0)
        pix2 = pixAddBorder(pix1, linewidth, 0);
    else
        pix2 = pixClone(pix1);
    if (bmf && textstr)
        pix3 = pixAddSingleTextblock(pix2, bmf, textstr, val, location, NULL);
    else
        pix3 = pixClone(pix2);
    pix4 = pixScaleToSize(pix3, outwidth, 0);
    pixSaveTiled(pix4, pixa, 1.0, newrow, space, 32);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);
    pixDestroy(&pix2);
    pixDestroy(&pix3);
    pixDestroy(&pix4);
    return 0;
}


void
l_chooseDisplayProg(l_int32  selection)
{
    if (selection == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XLI ||
        selection == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XZGV ||
        selection == L_DISPLAY_WITH_XV ||
        selection == L_DISPLAY_WITH_IV ||
        selection == L_DISPLAY_WITH_OPEN) {
        var_DISPLAY_PROG = selection;
    } else {
        L_ERROR("invalid display program\n", "l_chooseDisplayProg");
    }
    return;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                Deprecated pix output for debugging                  *
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
l_int32
pixDisplayWrite(PIX     *pixs,
                l_int32  reduction)
{
    return pixDisplayWriteFormat(pixs, reduction, IFF_DEFAULT);
}


l_int32
pixDisplayWriteFormat(PIX     *pixs,
                      l_int32  reduction,
                      l_int32  format)
{
char            buf[L_BUF_SIZE];
char           *fname;
l_float32       scale;
PIX            *pix1, *pix2;
static l_int32  index = 0;  /* caution: not .so or thread safe */

    PROCNAME("pixDisplayWriteFormat");

    if (reduction == 0) return 0;

    if (reduction < 0) {  /* initialize */
        lept_rmdir("lept/display");
        index = 0;
        return 0;
    }

    if (!pixs)
        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", procName, 1);
    if (format != IFF_DEFAULT && format != IFF_PNG) {
        L_INFO("invalid format; using default\n", procName);
        format = IFF_DEFAULT;
    }

    if (index == 0)
        lept_mkdir("lept/display");
    index++;

    if (reduction == 1) {
        pix1 = pixClone(pixs);
    } else {
        scale = 1. / (l_float32)reduction;
        if (pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1)
            pix1 = pixScaleToGray(pixs, scale);
        else
            pix1 = pixScale(pixs, scale, scale);
    }

    if (pixGetDepth(pix1) == 16) {
        pix2 = pixMaxDynamicRange(pix1, L_LOG_SCALE);
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.png", index);
        fname = pathJoin("/tmp/lept/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pix2, IFF_PNG);
        pixDestroy(&pix2);
    } else if (pixGetDepth(pix1) < 8 || pixGetColormap(pix1) ||
               format == IFF_PNG) {
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.png", index);
        fname = pathJoin("/tmp/lept/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pix1, IFF_PNG);
    } else {
        snprintf(buf, L_BUF_SIZE, "file.%03d.jpg", index);
        fname = pathJoin("/tmp/lept/display", buf);
        pixWrite(fname, pix1, format);
    }
    LEPT_FREE(fname);
    pixDestroy(&pix1);

    return 0;
}


l_int32
pixDisplayMultiple(l_int32      res,
                   l_float32    scalefactor,
                   const char  *fileout)
{
    PROCNAME("pixDisplayMultiple");

    if (res <= 0)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid res", procName, 1);
    if (scalefactor <= 0.0)
        return ERROR_INT("invalid scalefactor", procName, 1);
    if (!fileout)
        return ERROR_INT("fileout not defined", procName, 1);

    convertFilesToPdf("/tmp/lept/display", "file.", res, scalefactor, 0, 0,
                      NULL, fileout);
    return 0;
}