                                 Index

  1. General Questions:

   1.1 What is Wireshark?

   1.2 What's up with the name change? Is Wireshark a fork?

   1.3 Where can I get help?

   1.4 What kind of shark is Wireshark?

   1.5 How is Wireshark pronounced, spelled and capitalized?

   1.6 How much does Wireshark cost?

   1.7 But I just paid someone on eBay for a copy of Wireshark! Did I
   get ripped off?

   1.8 Can I use Wireshark commercially?

   1.9 Can I use Wireshark as part of my commercial product?

   1.10 What protocols are currently supported?

   1.11 Are there any plans to support {your favorite protocol}?

   1.12 Can Wireshark read capture files from {your favorite network
   analyzer}?

   1.13 What devices can Wireshark use to capture packets?

   1.14 Does Wireshark work on Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008?

  2. Downloading Wireshark:

   2.1 Why do I get an error when I try to run the Win32 installer?

  3. Installing Wireshark:

   3.1 I installed the Wireshark RPM (or other package); why did it
   install TShark but not Wireshark?

  4. Building Wireshark:

   4.1 I have libpcap installed; why did the configure script not
   find pcap.h or bpf.h?

   4.2 Why do I get the error

     dftest_DEPENDENCIES was already defined in condition TRUE, which
     implies condition HAVE_PLUGINS_TRUE

   when I try to build Wireshark from SVN or a SVN snapshot?

   4.3 Why does the linker fail with a number of "Output line too
   long." messages followed by linker errors when I try to build
   Wireshark?

   4.4 When I try to build Wireshark on Solaris, why does the link
   fail complaining that plugin_list is undefined?

   4.5 When I try to build Wireshark on Windows, why does the build
   fail because of conflicts between winsock.h and winsock2.h?

  5. Starting Wireshark:

   5.1 Why does Wireshark crash with a Bus Error when I try to run it
   on Solaris 8?

   5.2 When I try to run Wireshark, why does it complain about
   sprint_realloc_objid being undefined?

   5.3 I've installed Wireshark from Fink on Mac OS X; why is it very
   slow to start up?

  6. Crashes and other fatal errors:

   6.1 I have an XXX network card on my machine; if I try to capture
   on it, why does my machine crash or reset itself?

   6.2 Why does my machine crash or reset itself when I select
   "Start" from the "Capture" menu or select "Preferences" from the
   "Edit" menu?

  7. Capturing packets:

   7.1 When I use Wireshark to capture packets, why do I see only
   packets to and from my machine, or not see all the traffic I'm
   expecting to see from or to the machine I'm trying to monitor?

   7.2 When I capture with Wireshark, why can't I see any TCP packets
   other than packets to and from my machine, even though another
   analyzer on the network sees those packets?

   7.3 Why am I only seeing ARP packets when I try to capture
   traffic?

   7.4 Why am I not seeing any traffic when I try to capture traffic?

   7.5 Can Wireshark capture on (my T1/E1 line, SS7 links, etc.)?

   7.6 How do I put an interface into promiscuous mode?

   7.7 I can set a display filter just fine; why don't capture
   filters work?

   7.8 I'm entering valid capture filters; why do I still get "parse
   error" errors?

   7.9 How can I capture packets with CRC errors?

   7.10 How can I capture entire frames, including the FCS?

   7.11 I'm capturing packets on a machine on a VLAN; why don't the
   packets I'm capturing have VLAN tags?

   7.12 Why does Wireshark hang after I stop a capture?

  8. Capturing packets on Windows:

   8.1 I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why does some network
   interface on my machine not show up in the list of interfaces in
   the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up by
   "Capture->Start", and/or why does Wireshark give me an error if I
   try to capture on that interface?

   8.2 I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why do no network interfaces
   show up in the list of interfaces in the "Interface:" field in the
   dialog box popped up by "Capture->Start"?

   8.3 I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why doesn't my serial
   port/ADSL modem/ISDN modem show up in the list of interfaces in
   the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up by
   "Capture->Start"?

   8.4 I'm running Wireshark on Windows NT 4.0/Windows 2000/Windows
   XP/Windows Server 2003; my machine has a PPP (dial-up POTS, ISDN,
   etc.) interface, and it shows up in the "Interface" item in the
   "Capture Options" dialog box. Why can no packets be sent on or
   received from that network while I'm trying to capture traffic on
   that interface?

   8.5 I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why am I not seeing any
   traffic being sent by the machine running Wireshark?

   8.6 When I capture on Windows in promiscuous mode, I can see
   packets other than those sent to or from my machine; however,
   those packets show up with a "Short Frame" indication, unlike
   packets to or from my machine. What should I do to arrange that I
   see those packets in their entirety?

   8.7 I'm trying to capture 802.11 traffic on Windows; why am I not
   seeing any packets?

   8.8 I'm trying to capture 802.11 traffic on Windows; why am I
   seeing packets received by the machine on which I'm capturing
   traffic, but not packets sent by that machine?

   8.9 I'm trying to capture Ethernet VLAN traffic on Windows, and
   I'm capturing on a "raw" Ethernet device rather than a "VLAN
   interface", so that I can see the VLAN headers; why am I seeing
   packets received by the machine on which I'm capturing traffic,
   but not packets sent by that machine?

  9. Capturing packets on UN*Xes:

   9.1 I'm running Wireshark on a UNIX-flavored OS; why does some
   network interface on my machine not show up in the list of
   interfaces in the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up
   by "Capture->Start", and/or why does Wireshark give me an error if
   I try to capture on that interface?

   9.2 I'm running Wireshark on a UNIX-flavored OS; why do no network
   interfaces show up in the list of interfaces in the "Interface:"
   field in the dialog box popped up by "Capture->Start"?

   9.3 I'm capturing packets on Linux; why do the time stamps have
   only 100ms resolution, rather than 1us resolution?

  10. Capturing packets on wireless LANs:

   10.1 How can I capture raw 802.11 frames, including non-data
   (management, beacon) frames?

   10.2 How do I capture on an 802.11 device in monitor mode?

  11. Viewing traffic:

   11.1 Why am I seeing lots of packets with incorrect TCP checksums?

   11.2 I've just installed Wireshark, and the traffic on my local
   LAN is boring. Where can I find more interesting captures?

   11.3 Why doesn't Wireshark correctly identify RTP packets? It
   shows them only as UDP.

   11.4 Why doesn't Wireshark show Yahoo Messenger packets in
   captures that contain Yahoo Messenger traffic?

  12. Filtering traffic:

   12.1 I saved a filter and tried to use its name to filter the
   display; why do I get an "Unexpected end of filter string" error?

   12.2 How can I search for, or filter, packets that have a
   particular string anywhere in them?

   12.3 How do I filter a capture to see traffic for virus XXX?

  1. General Questions

   Q 1.1: What is Wireshark?

   A: Wireshark® is a network protocol analyzer. It lets you capture
   and interactively browse the traffic running on a computer
   network. It has a rich and powerful feature set and is world's
   most popular tool of its kind. It runs on most computing platforms
   including Windows, OS X, Linux, and UNIX. Network professionals,
   security experts, developers, and educators around the world use
   it regularly. It is freely available as open source, and is
   released under the GNU General Public License version 2.
   It is developed and maintained by a global team of protocol
   experts, and it is an example of a disruptive technology.
   Wireshark used to be known as Ethereal®. See the next question for
   details about the name change. If you're still using Ethereal, it
   is strongly recommended that you upgrade to Wireshark.
   For more information, please see the About Wireshark page.

   Q 1.2: What's up with the name change? Is Wireshark a fork?

   A: In May of 2006, Gerald Combs (the original author of Ethereal)
   went to work for CACE Technologies (best known for WinPcap).
   Unfortunately, he had to leave the Ethereal trademarks behind.
   This left the project in an awkward position. The only reasonable
   way to ensure the continued success of the project was to change
   the name. This is how Wireshark was born.
   Wireshark is almost (but not quite) a fork. Normally a "fork" of
   an open source project results in two names, web sites,
   development teams, support infrastructures, etc. This is the case
   with Wireshark except for one notable exception -- every member of
   the core development team is now working on Wireshark. There has
   been no active development on Ethereal since the name change.
   Several parts of the Ethereal web site (such as the mailing lists,
   source code repository, and build farm) have gone offline.
   More information on the name change can be found here:

     * Original press release
     * NewsForge article
     * Many other articles in our bibliography

   Q 1.3: Where can I get help?

   A: Community support is available on the Q&A site and on the
   wireshark-users mailing list. Subscription information and
   archives for all of Wireshark's mailing lists can be found at
   https://www.wireshark.org/mailman/listinfo. An IRC channel
   dedicated to Wireshark can be found at
   irc://irc.freenode.net/wireshark.
   Self-paced and instructor-led training is available at Wireshark
   University. Wireshark University also offers certification via the
   Wireshark Certified Network Analyst program.

   Q 1.4: What kind of shark is Wireshark?

   A: carcharodon photoshopia.

   Q 1.5: How is Wireshark pronounced, spelled and capitalized?

   A: Wireshark is pronounced as the word wire followed immediately
   by the word shark. Exact pronunciation and emphasis may vary
   depending on your locale (e.g. Arkansas).
   It's spelled with a capital W, followed by a lower-case ireshark.
   It is not a CamelCase word, i.e., WireShark is incorrect.

   Q 1.6: How much does Wireshark cost?

   A: Wireshark is "free software"; you can download it without
   paying any license fee. The version of Wireshark you download
   isn't a "demo" version, with limitations not present in a "full"
   version; it is the full version.
   The license under which Wireshark is issued is the GNU General
   Public License version 2. See the GNU GPL FAQ for some more
   information.

   Q 1.7: But I just paid someone on eBay for a copy of Wireshark!
   Did I get ripped off?

   A: That depends. Did they provide any sort of value-added product
   or service, such as installation support, installation media,
   training, trace file analysis, or funky-colored shark-themed
   socks? Probably not.
   Wireshark is available for anyone to download, absolutely free, at
   any time. Paying for a copy implies that you should get something
   for your money.

   Q 1.8: Can I use Wireshark commercially?

   A: Yes, if, for example, you mean "I work for a commercial
   organization; can I use Wireshark to capture and analyze network
   traffic in our company's networks or in our customer's networks?"
   If you mean "Can I use Wireshark as part of my commercial
   product?", see the next entry in the FAQ.

   Q 1.9: Can I use Wireshark as part of my commercial product?

   A: As noted, Wireshark is licensed under the GNU General Public
   License, version 2. The GPL imposes conditions on your use of
   GPL'ed code in your own products; you cannot, for example, make a
   "derived work" from Wireshark, by making modifications to it, and
   then sell the resulting derived work and not allow recipients to
   give away the resulting work. You must also make the changes
   you've made to the Wireshark source available to all recipients of
   your modified version; those changes must also be licensed under
   the terms of the GPL. See the GPL FAQ for more details; in
   particular, note the answer to the question about modifying a
   GPLed program and selling it commercially, and the question about
   linking GPLed code with other code to make a proprietary program.
   You can combine a GPLed program such as Wireshark and a commercial
   program as long as they communicate "at arm's length", as per this
   item in the GPL FAQ.
   We recommend keeping Wireshark and your product completely
   separate, communicating over sockets or pipes. If you're loading
   any part of Wireshark as a DLL, you're probably doing it wrong.

   Q 1.10: What protocols are currently supported?

   A: There are currently hundreds of supported protocols and media.
   Details can be found in the wireshark(1) man page.

   Q 1.11: Are there any plans to support {your favorite protocol}?

   A: Support for particular protocols is added to Wireshark as a
   result of people contributing that support; no formal plans for
   adding support for particular protocols in particular future
   releases exist.

   Q 1.12: Can Wireshark read capture files from {your favorite
   network analyzer}?

   A: Support for particular capture file formats is added to
   Wireshark as a result of people contributing that support; no
   formal plans for adding support for particular capture file
   formats in particular future releases exist.
   If a network analyzer writes out files in a format already
   supported by Wireshark (e.g., in libpcap format), Wireshark may
   already be able to read them, unless the analyzer has added its
   own proprietary extensions to that format.
   If a network analyzer writes out files in its own format, or has
   added proprietary extensions to another format, in order to make
   Wireshark read captures from that network analyzer, we would
   either have to have a specification for the file format, or the
   extensions, sufficient to give us enough information to read the
   parts of the file relevant to Wireshark, or would need at least
   one capture file in that format AND a detailed textual analysis of
   the packets in that capture file (showing packet time stamps,
   packet lengths, and the top-level packet header) in order to
   reverse-engineer the file format.
   Note that there is no guarantee that we will be able to
   reverse-engineer a capture file format.

   Q 1.13: What devices can Wireshark use to capture packets?

   A: Wireshark can read live data from Ethernet, Token-Ring, FDDI,
   serial (PPP and SLIP) (if the OS on which it's running allows
   Wireshark to do so), 802.11 wireless LAN (if the OS on which it's
   running allows Wireshark to do so), ATM connections (if the OS on
   which it's running allows Wireshark to do so), and the "any"
   device supported on Linux by recent versions of libpcap.
   See the list of supported capture media on various OSes for
   details (several items in there say "Unknown", which doesn't mean
   "Wireshark can't capture on them", it means "we don't know whether
   it can capture on them"; we expect that it will be able to capture
   on many of them, but we haven't tried it ourselves - if you try
   one of those types and it works, please update the wiki page
   accordingly.
   It can also read a variety of capture file formats, including:

     * AG Group/WildPackets
       EtherPeek/TokenPeek/AiroPeek/EtherHelp/Packet Grabber captures
     * AIX's iptrace captures
     * Accellent's 5Views LAN agent output
     * Cinco Networks NetXRay captures
     * Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System IPLog output
     * CoSine L2 debug output
     * DBS Etherwatch VMS text output
     * Endace Measurement Systems' ERF format captures
     * EyeSDN USB S0 traces
     * HP-UX nettl captures
     * ISDN4BSD project i4btrace captures
     * Linux Bluez Bluetooth stack hcidump -w traces
     * Lucent/Ascend router debug output
     * Microsoft Network Monitor captures
     * Network Associates Windows-based Sniffer captures
     * Network General/Network Associates DOS-based Sniffer
       (compressed or uncompressed) captures
     * Network Instruments Observer version 9 captures
     * Novell LANalyzer captures
     * RADCOM's WAN/LAN analyzer captures
     * Shomiti/Finisar Surveyor captures
     * Toshiba's ISDN routers dump output
     * VMS TCPIPtrace/TCPtrace/UCX$TRACE output
     * Visual Networks' Visual UpTime traffic capture
     * libpcap, tcpdump and various other tools using tcpdump's
       capture format
     * snoop and atmsnoop output

   so that it can read traces from various network types, as captured
   by other applications or equipment, even if it cannot itself
   capture on those network types.

   Q 1.14: Does Wireshark work on Windows Vista or Windows Server
   2008?

   A: Yes, but if you want to capture packets as a normal user, you
   must make sure npf.sys is loaded. Wireshark's installer enables
   this by default. This is not a concern if you run Wireshark as
   Administrator, but this is discouraged. See the CapturePrivileges
   page on the wiki for more details.

  2. Downloading Wireshark

   Q 2.1: Why do I get an error when I try to run the Win32
   installer?

   A: The program you used to download it may have downloaded it
   incorrectly. Web browsers and download accelerators sometimes may
   do this.
   Try downloading it with, for example:

     * Wget, for which Windows binaries are available from
       Christopher Lewis or wGetGUI, which offers a GUI interface
       that uses wget;
     * WS_FTP from Ipswitch,
     * the ftp command that comes with Windows.

   If you use the ftp command, make sure you do the transfer in
   binary mode rather than ASCII mode, by using the binary command
   before transferring the file.

  3. Installing Wireshark

   Q 3.1: I installed the Wireshark RPM (or other package); why did
   it install TShark but not Wireshark?

   A: Many distributions have separate Wireshark packages, one for
   non-GUI components such as TShark, editcap, dumpcap, etc. and one
   for the GUI. If this is the case on your system, there's probably
   a separate package named wireshark-gnome or wireshark-gtk+. Find
   it and install it.

  4. Building Wireshark

   Q 4.1: I have libpcap installed; why did the configure script not
   find pcap.h or bpf.h?

   A: Are you sure pcap.h and bpf.h are installed? The official
   distribution of libpcap only installs the libpcap.a library file
   when "make install" is run. To install pcap.h and bpf.h, you must
   run "make install-incl". If you're running Debian or Redhat, make
   sure you have the "libpcap-dev" or "libpcap-devel" packages
   installed.
   It's also possible that pcap.h and bpf.h have been installed in a
   strange location. If this is the case, you may have to tweak
   aclocal.m4.

   Q 4.2: Why do I get the error

     dftest_DEPENDENCIES was already defined in condition TRUE, which
     implies condition HAVE_PLUGINS_TRUE

   when I try to build Wireshark from SVN or a SVN snapshot?

   A: You probably have automake 1.5 installed on your machine (the
   command automake --version will report the version of automake on
   your machine). There is a bug in that version of automake that
   causes this problem; upgrade to a later version of automake (1.6
   or later).

   Q 4.3: Why does the linker fail with a number of "Output line too
   long." messages followed by linker errors when I try to build
   Wireshark?

   A: The version of the sed command on your system is incapable of
   handling very long lines. On Solaris, for example, /usr/bin/sed
   has a line length limit too low to allow libtool to work;
   /usr/xpg4/bin/sed can handle it, as can GNU sed if you have it
   installed.
   On Solaris, changing your command search path to search
   /usr/xpg4/bin before /usr/bin should make the problem go away; on
   any platform on which you have this problem, installing GNU sed
   and changing your command path to search the directory in which it
   is installed before searching the directory with the version of
   sed that came with the OS should make the problem go away.

   Q 4.4: When I try to build Wireshark on Solaris, why does the link
   fail complaining that plugin_list is undefined?

   A: This appears to be due to a problem with some versions of the
   GTK+ and GLib packages from www.sunfreeware.org; un-install those
   packages, and try getting the 1.2.10 versions from that site, or
   the versions from The Written Word, or the versions from Sun's
   GNOME distribution, or the versions from the supplemental software
   CD that comes with the Solaris media kit, or build them from
   source from the GTK Web site. Then re-run the configuration
   script, and try rebuilding Wireshark. (If you get the 1.2.10
   versions from www.sunfreeware.org, and the problem persists,
   un-install them and try installing one of the other versions
   mentioned.)

   Q 4.5: When I try to build Wireshark on Windows, why does the
   build fail because of conflicts between winsock.h and winsock2.h?

   A: As of Wireshark 0.9.5, you must install WinPcap 2.3 or later,
   and the corresponding version of the developer's pack, in order to
   be able to compile Wireshark; it will not compile with older
   versions of the developer's pack. The symptoms of this failure are
   conflicts between definitions in winsock.h and in winsock2.h;
   Wireshark uses winsock2.h, but pre-2.3 versions of the WinPcap
   developer's packet use winsock.h. (2.3 uses winsock2.h, so if
   Wireshark were to use winsock.h, it would not be able to build
   with current versions of the WinPcap developer's pack.)
   Note that the installed version of the developer's pack should be
   the same version as the version of WinPcap you have installed.

  5. Starting Wireshark

   Q 5.1: Why does Wireshark crash with a Bus Error when I try to run
   it on Solaris 8?

   A: Some versions of the GTK+ library from www.sunfreeware.org
   appear to be buggy, causing Wireshark to drop core with a Bus
   Error. Un-install those packages, and try getting the 1.2.10
   version from that site, or the version from The Written Word, or
   the version from Sun's GNOME distribution, or the version from the
   supplemental software CD that comes with the Solaris media kit, or
   build it from source from the GTK Web site. Update the GLib
   library to the 1.2.10 version, from the same source, as well. (If
   you get the 1.2.10 versions from www.sunfreeware.org, and the
   problem persists, un-install them and try installing one of the
   other versions mentioned.)
   Similar problems may exist with older versions of GTK+ for earlier
   versions of Solaris.

   Q 5.2: When I try to run Wireshark, why does it complain about
   sprint_realloc_objid being undefined?

   A: Wireshark can only be linked with version 4.2.2 or later of UCD
   SNMP. Your version of Wireshark was dynamically linked with such a
   version of UCD SNMP; however, you have an older version of UCD
   SNMP installed, which means that when Wireshark is run, it tries
   to link to the older version, and fails. You will have to replace
   that version of UCD SNMP with version 4.2.2 or a later version.

   Q 5.3: I've installed Wireshark from Fink on Mac OS X; why is it
   very slow to start up?

   A: When an application is installed on OS X, prior to 10.4, it is
   usually "prebound" to speed up launching the application. (That's
   what the "Optimizing" phase of installation is.)
   Fink normally performs prebinding automatically when you install a
   package. However, in some rare cases, for whatever reason the
   prebinding caches get corrupt, and then not only does prebinding
   fail, but startup actually becomes much slower, because the system
   tries in vain to perform prebinding "on the fly" as you launch the
   application. This fails, causing sometimes huge delays.
   To fix the prebinding caches, run the command

         sudo /sw/var/lib/fink/prebound/update-package-prebinding.pl -f

  6. Crashes and other fatal errors

   Q 6.1: I have an XXX network card on my machine; if I try to
   capture on it, why does my machine crash or reset itself?

   A: This is almost certainly a problem with one or more of:

     * the operating system you're using;
     * the device driver for the interface you're using;
     * the libpcap/WinPcap library and, if this is Windows, the
       WinPcap device driver;

   so:

     * if you are using Windows, see the WinPcap support page - check
       the "Submitting bugs" section;
     * if you are using some Linux distribution, some version of BSD,
       or some other UNIX-flavored OS, you should report the problem
       to the company or organization that produces the OS (in the
       case of a Linux distribution, report the problem to whoever
       produces the distribution).

   Q 6.2: Why does my machine crash or reset itself when I select
   "Start" from the "Capture" menu or select "Preferences" from the
   "Edit" menu?

   A: Both of those operations cause Wireshark to try to build a list
   of the interfaces that it can open; it does so by getting a list
   of interfaces and trying to open them. There is probably an OS,
   driver, or, for Windows, WinPcap bug that causes the system to
   crash when this happens; see the previous question.

  7. Capturing packets

   Q 7.1: When I use Wireshark to capture packets, why do I see only
   packets to and from my machine, or not see all the traffic I'm
   expecting to see from or to the machine I'm trying to monitor?

   A: This might be because the interface on which you're capturing
   is plugged into an Ethernet or Token Ring switch; on a switched
   network, unicast traffic between two ports will not necessarily
   appear on other ports - only broadcast and multicast traffic will
   be sent to all ports.
   Note that even if your machine is plugged into a hub, the "hub"
   may be a switched hub, in which case you're still on a switched
   network.
   Note also that on the Linksys Web site, they say that their
   auto-sensing hubs "broadcast the 10Mb packets to the port that
   operate at 10Mb only and broadcast the 100Mb packets to the ports
   that operate at 100Mb only", which would indicate that if you
   sniff on a 10Mb port, you will not see traffic coming sent to a
   100Mb port, and vice versa. This problem has also been reported
   for Netgear dual-speed hubs, and may exist for other
   "auto-sensing" or "dual-speed" hubs.
   Some switches have the ability to replicate all traffic on all
   ports to a single port so that you can plug your analyzer into
   that single port to sniff all traffic. You would have to check the
   documentation for the switch to see if this is possible and, if
   so, to see how to do this. See the switch reference page on the
   Wireshark Wiki for information on some switches. (Note that it's a
   Wiki, so you can update or fix that information, or add additional
   information on those switches or information on new switches,
   yourself.)
   Note also that many firewall/NAT boxes have a switch built into
   them; this includes many of the "cable/DSL router" boxes. If you
   have a box of that sort, that has a switch with some number of
   Ethernet ports into which you plug machines on your network, and
   another Ethernet port used to connect to a cable or DSL modem, you
   can, at least, sniff traffic between the machines on your network
   and the Internet by plugging the Ethernet port on the router going
   to the modem, the Ethernet port on the modem, and the machine on
   which you're running Wireshark into a hub (make sure it's not a
   switching hub, and that, if it's a dual-speed hub, all three of
   those ports are running at the same speed.
   If your machine is not plugged into a switched network or a
   dual-speed hub, or it is plugged into a switched network but the
   port is set up to have all traffic replicated to it, the problem
   might be that the network interface on which you're capturing
   doesn't support "promiscuous" mode, or because your OS can't put
   the interface into promiscuous mode. Normally, network interfaces
   supply to the host only:

     * packets sent to one of that host's link-layer addresses;
     * broadcast packets;
     * multicast packets sent to a multicast address that the host
       has configured the interface to accept.

   Most network interfaces can also be put in "promiscuous" mode, in
   which they supply to the host all network packets they see.
   Wireshark will try to put the interface on which it's capturing
   into promiscuous mode unless the "Capture packets in promiscuous
   mode" option is turned off in the "Capture Options" dialog box,
   and TShark will try to put the interface on which it's capturing
   into promiscuous mode unless the -p option was specified. However,
   some network interfaces don't support promiscuous mode, and some
   OSes might not allow interfaces to be put into promiscuous mode.
   If the interface is not running in promiscuous mode, it won't see
   any traffic that isn't intended to be seen by your machine. It
   will see broadcast packets, and multicast packets sent to a
   multicast MAC address the interface is set up to receive.
   You should ask the vendor of your network interface whether it
   supports promiscuous mode. If it does, you should ask whoever
   supplied the driver for the interface (the vendor, or the supplier
   of the OS you're running on your machine) whether it supports
   promiscuous mode with that network interface.
   In the case of token ring interfaces, the drivers for some of
   them, on Windows, may require you to enable promiscuous mode in
   order to capture in promiscuous mode. See the Wireshark Wiki item
   on Token Ring capturing for details.
   In the case of wireless LAN interfaces, it appears that, when
   those interfaces are promiscuously sniffing, they're running in a
   significantly different mode from the mode that they run in when
   they're just acting as network interfaces (to the extent that it
   would be a significant effort for those drivers to support for
   promiscuously sniffing and acting as regular network interfaces at
   the same time), so it may be that Windows drivers for those
   interfaces don't support promiscuous mode.

   Q 7.2: When I capture with Wireshark, why can't I see any TCP
   packets other than packets to and from my machine, even though
   another analyzer on the network sees those packets?

   A: You're probably not seeing any packets other than unicast
   packets to or from your machine, and broadcast and multicast
   packets; a switch will normally send to a port only unicast
   traffic sent to the MAC address for the interface on that port,
   and broadcast and multicast traffic - it won't send to that port
   unicast traffic sent to a MAC address for some other interface -
   and a network interface not in promiscuous mode will receive only
   unicast traffic sent to the MAC address for that interface,
   broadcast traffic, and multicast traffic sent to a multicast MAC
   address the interface is set up to receive.
   TCP doesn't use broadcast or multicast, so you will only see your
   own TCP traffic, but UDP services may use broadcast or multicast
   so you'll see some UDP traffic - however, this is not a problem
   with TCP traffic, it's a problem with unicast traffic, as you also
   won't see all UDP traffic between other machines.
   I.e., this is probably the same question as this earlier one; see
   the response to that question.

   Q 7.3: Why am I only seeing ARP packets when I try to capture
   traffic?

   A: You're probably on a switched network, and running Wireshark on
   a machine that's not sending traffic to the switch and not being
   sent any traffic from other machines on the switch. ARP packets
   are often broadcast packets, which are sent to all switch ports.
   I.e., this is probably the same question as this earlier one; see
   the response to that question.

   Q 7.4: Why am I not seeing any traffic when I try to capture
   traffic?

   A: Is the machine running Wireshark sending out any traffic on the
   network interface on which you're capturing, or receiving any
   traffic on that network, or is there any broadcast traffic on the
   network or multicast traffic to a multicast group to which the
   machine running Wireshark belongs?
   If not, this may just be a problem with promiscuous sniffing,
   either due to running on a switched network or a dual-speed hub,
   or due to problems with the interface not supporting promiscuous
   mode; see the response to this earlier question.
   Otherwise, on Windows, see the response to this question and, on a
   UNIX-flavored OS, see the response to this question.

   Q 7.5: Can Wireshark capture on (my T1/E1 line, SS7 links, etc.)?

   A: Wireshark can only capture on devices supported by
   libpcap/WinPcap. On most OSes, only devices that can act as
   network interfaces of the type that support IP are supported as
   capture devices for libpcap/WinPcap, although the device doesn't
   necessarily have to be running as an IP interface in order to
   support traffic capture.
   On Linux and FreeBSD, libpcap 0.8 and later support the API for
   Endace Measurement Systems' DAG cards, so that a system with one
   of those cards, and its driver and libraries, installed can
   capture traffic with those cards with libpcap-based applications.
   You would either have to have a version of Wireshark built with
   that version of libpcap, or a dynamically-linked version of
   Wireshark and a shared libpcap library with DAG support, in order
   to do so with Wireshark. You should ask Endace whether that could
   be used to capture traffic on, for example, your T1/E1 link.
   See the SS7 capture setup page on the Wireshark Wiki for current
   information on capturing SS7 traffic on TDM links.

   Q 7.6: How do I put an interface into promiscuous mode?

   A: By not disabling promiscuous mode when running Wireshark or
   TShark.
   Note, however, that:

     * the form of promiscuous mode that libpcap (the library that
       programs such as tcpdump, Wireshark, etc. use to do packet
       capture) turns on will not necessarily be shown if you run
       ifconfig on the interface on a UNIX system;
     * some network interfaces might not support promiscuous mode,
       and some drivers might not allow promiscuous mode to be turned
       on - see this earlier question for more information on that;
     * the fact that you're not seeing any traffic, or are only
       seeing broadcast traffic, or aren't seeing any non-broadcast
       traffic other than traffic to or from the machine running
       Wireshark, does not mean that promiscuous mode isn't on - see
       this earlier question for more information on that.

   I.e., this is probably the same question as this earlier one; see
   the response to that question.

   Q 7.7: I can set a display filter just fine; why don't capture
   filters work?

   A: Capture filters currently use a different syntax than display
   filters. Here's the corresponding section from the wireshark(1)
   man page:
   "Display filters in Wireshark are very powerful; more fields are
   filterable in Wireshark than in other protocol analyzers, and the
   syntax you can use to create your filters is richer. As Wireshark
   progresses, expect more and more protocol fields to be allowed in
   display filters.
   Packet capturing is performed with the pcap library. The capture
   filter syntax follows the rules of the pcap library. This syntax
   is different from the display filter syntax."
   The capture filter syntax used by libpcap can be found in the
   tcpdump(8) man page.

   Q 7.8: I'm entering valid capture filters; why do I still get
   "parse error" errors?

   A: There is a bug in some versions of libpcap/WinPcap that cause
   it to report parse errors even for valid expressions if a previous
   filter expression was invalid and got a parse error.
   Try exiting and restarting Wireshark; if you are using a version
   of libpcap/WinPcap with this bug, this will "erase" its memory of
   the previous parse error. If the capture filter that got the
   "parse error" now works, the earlier error with that filter was
   probably due to this bug.
   The bug was fixed in libpcap 0.6; 0.4[.x] and 0.5[.x] versions of
   libpcap have this bug, but 0.6[.x] and later versions don't.
   Versions of WinPcap prior to 2.3 are based on pre-0.6 versions of
   libpcap, and have this bug; WinPcap 2.3 is based on libpcap 0.6.2,
   and doesn't have this bug.
   If you are running Wireshark on a UNIX-flavored platform, run
   "wireshark -v", or select "About Wireshark..." from the "Help"
   menu in Wireshark, to see what version of libpcap it's using. If
   it's not 0.6 or later, you will need either to upgrade your OS to
   get a later version of libpcap, or will need to build and install
   a later version of libpcap from the tcpdump.org Web site and then
   recompile Wireshark from source with that later version of
   libpcap.
   If you are running Wireshark on Windows with a pre-2.3 version of
   WinPcap, you will need to un-install WinPcap and then download and
   install WinPcap 2.3.

   Q 7.9: How can I capture packets with CRC errors?

   A: Wireshark can capture only the packets that the packet capture
   library - libpcap on UNIX-flavored OSes, and the WinPcap port to
   Windows of libpcap on Windows - can capture, and libpcap/WinPcap
   can capture only the packets that the OS's raw packet capture
   mechanism (or the WinPcap driver, and the underlying OS networking
   code and network interface drivers, on Windows) will allow it to
   capture.
   Unless the OS always supplies packets with errors such as invalid
   CRCs to the raw packet capture mechanism, or can be configured to
   do so, invalid CRCs to the raw packet capture mechanism, Wireshark
   - and other programs that capture raw packets, such as tcpdump -
   cannot capture those packets. You will have to determine whether
   your OS needs to be so configured and, if so, can be so
   configured, configure it if necessary and possible, and make
   whatever changes to libpcap and the packet capture program you're
   using are necessary, if any, to support capturing those packets.
   Most OSes probably do not support capturing packets with invalid
   CRCs on Ethernet, and probably do not support it on most other
   link-layer types. Some drivers on some OSes do support it, such as
   some Ethernet drivers on FreeBSD; in those OSes, you might always
   get those packets, or you might only get them if you capture in
   promiscuous mode (you'd have to determine which is the case).
   Note that libpcap does not currently supply to programs that use
   it an indication of whether the packet's CRC was invalid (because
   the drivers themselves do not supply that information to the raw
   packet capture mechanism); therefore, Wireshark will not indicate
   which packets had CRC errors unless the FCS was captured (see the
   next question) and you're using Wireshark 0.9.15 and later, in
   which case Wireshark will check the CRC and indicate whether it's
   correct or not.

   Q 7.10: How can I capture entire frames, including the FCS?

   A: Wireshark can only capture data that the packet capture library
   - libpcap on UNIX-flavored OSes, and the WinPcap port to Windows
   of libpcap on Windows - can capture, and libpcap/WinPcap can
   capture only the data that the OS's raw packet capture mechanism
   (or the WinPcap driver, and the underlying OS networking code and
   network interface drivers, on Windows) will allow it to capture.
   For any particular link-layer network type, unless the OS supplies
   the FCS of a frame as part of the frame, or can be configured to
   do so, Wireshark - and other programs that capture raw packets,
   such as tcpdump - cannot capture the FCS of a frame. You will have
   to determine whether your OS needs to be so configured and, if so,
   can be so configured, configure it if necessary and possible, and
   make whatever changes to libpcap and the packet capture program
   you're using are necessary, if any, to support capturing the FCS
   of a frame.
   Most OSes do not support capturing the FCS of a frame on Ethernet,
   and probably do not support it on most other link-layer types.
   Some drivres on some OSes do support it, such as some (all?)
   Ethernet drivers on NetBSD and possibly the driver for Apple's
   gigabit Ethernet interface in Mac OS X; in those OSes, you might
   always get the FCS, or you might only get the FCS if you capture
   in promiscuous mode (you'd have to determine which is the case).
   Versions of Wireshark prior to 0.9.15 will not treat an Ethernet
   FCS in a captured packet as an FCS. 0.9.15 and later will attempt
   to determine whether there's an FCS at the end of the frame and,
   if it thinks there is, will display it as such, and will check
   whether it's the correct CRC-32 value or not.

   Q 7.11: I'm capturing packets on a machine on a VLAN; why don't
   the packets I'm capturing have VLAN tags?

   A: You might be capturing on what might be called a "VLAN
   interface" - the way a particular OS makes VLANs plug into the
   networking stack might, for example, be to have a network device
   object for the physical interface, which takes VLAN packets,
   strips off the VLAN header and constructs an Ethernet header, and
   passes that packet to an internal network device object for the
   VLAN, which then passes the packets onto various higher-level
   protocol implementations.
   In order to see the raw Ethernet packets, rather than
   "de-VLANized" packets, you would have to capture not on the
   virtual interface for the VLAN, but on the interface corresponding
   to the physical network device, if possible. See the Wireshark
   Wiki item on VLAN capturing for details.

   Q 7.12: Why does Wireshark hang after I stop a capture?

   A: The most likely reason for this is that Wireshark is trying to
   look up an IP address in the capture to convert it to a name (so
   that, for example, it can display the name in the source address
   or destination address columns), and that lookup process is taking
   a very long time.
   Wireshark calls a routine in the OS of the machine on which it's
   running to convert of IP addresses to the corresponding names.
   That routine probably does one or more of:

     * a search of a system file listing IP addresses and names;
     * a lookup using DNS;
     * on UNIX systems, a lookup using NIS;
     * on Windows systems, a NetBIOS-over-TCP query.

   If a DNS server that's used in an address lookup is not
   responding, the lookup will fail, but will only fail after a
   timeout while the system routine waits for a reply.
   In addition, on Windows systems, if the DNS lookup of the address
   fails, either because the server isn't responding or because there
   are no records in the DNS that could be used to map the address to
   a name, a NetBIOS-over-TCP query will be made. That query involves
   sending a message to the NetBIOS-over-TCP name service on that
   machine, asking for the name and other information about the
   machine. If the machine isn't running software that responds to
   those queries - for example, many non-Windows machines wouldn't be
   running that software - the lookup will only fail after a timeout.
   Those timeouts can cause the lookup to take a long time.
   If you disable network address-to-name translation - for example,
   by turning off the "Enable network name resolution" option in the
   "Capture Options" dialog box for starting a network capture - the
   lookups of the address won't be done, which may speed up the
   process of reading the capture file after the capture is stopped.
   You can make that setting the default by selecting "Preferences"
   from the "Edit" menu, turning off the "Enable network name
   resolution" option in the "Name resolution" options in the
   preferences disalog box, and using the "Save" button in that
   dialog box; note that this will save all your current preference
   settings.
   If Wireshark hangs when reading a capture even with network name
   resolution turned off, there might, for example, be a bug in one
   of Wireshark's dissectors for a protocol causing it to loop
   infinitely. If you're not running the most recent release of
   Wireshark, you should first upgrade to that release, as, if
   there's a bug of that sort, it might've been fixed in a release
   after the one you're running. If the hang occurs in the most
   recent release of Wireshark, the bug should be reported to the
   Wireshark developers' mailing list at wireshark-dev@wireshark.org.
   On UNIX-flavored OSes, please try to force Wireshark to dump core,
   by sending it a SIGABRT signal (usually signal 6) with the kill
   command, and then get a stack trace if you have a debugger
   installed. A stack trace can be obtained by using your debugger
   (gdb in this example), the Wireshark binary, and the resulting
   core file. Here's an example of how to use the gdb command
   backtrace to do so.

         $ gdb wireshark core
         (gdb) backtrace
         ..... prints the stack trace
         (gdb) quit
         $

   The core dump file may be named "wireshark.core" rather than
   "core" on some platforms (e.g., BSD systems).
   Also, if at all possible, please send a copy of the capture file
   that caused the problem. When capturing packets, Wireshark
   normally writes captured packets to a temporary file, which will
   probably be in /tmp or /var/tmp on UNIX-flavored OSes, \TEMP on
   the main system disk (normally \Documents and Settings\your login
   name \Local Settings\Temp on the main system disk on Windows
   Windows XP and Server 2003, and \Users\your login
   name\AppData\Local\Temp on the main system disk on Windows Vista
   and later, so the capture file will probably be there. If you are
   capturing on a single interface, it will have a name of the form,
   wireshark_<fmt>_<iface>_YYYYmmddHHMMSS_XXXXXX, where <fmt> is the
   capture file format (pcap or pcapng), and <iface> is the actual
   name of the interface you are capturing on; otherwise, if you are
   capturing on multiple interfaces, it will have a name of the form,
   wireshark_<N>_interfaces_YYYYmmddHHMMSS_XXXXXX, where <N> is the
   number of simultaneous interfaces you are capturing on. Please
   don't send a trace file greater than 1 MB when compressed;
   instead, make it available via FTP or HTTP, or say it's available
   but leave it up to a developer to ask for it. If the trace file
   contains sensitive information (e.g., passwords), then please do
   not send it.

  8. Capturing packets on Windows

   Q 8.1: I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why does some network
   interface on my machine not show up in the list of interfaces in
   the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up by
   "Capture->Start", and/or why does Wireshark give me an error if I
   try to capture on that interface?

   A: If you are running Wireshark on Windows XP, or Windows Server
   2003, and this is the first time you have run a WinPcap-based
   program (such as Wireshark, or TShark, or WinDump, or Analyzer,
   or...) since the machine was rebooted, you need to run that
   program from an account with administrator privileges; once you
   have run such a program, you will not need administrator
   privileges to run any such programs until you reboot.
   If you are running on Windows Windows XP or Windows Server 2003
   and have administrator privileges or a WinPcap-based program has
   been run with those privileges since the machine rebooted, this
   problem might clear up if you completely un-install WinPcap and
   then re-install it.
   If that doesn't work, then note that Wireshark relies on the
   WinPcap library, on the WinPcap device driver, and on the
   facilities that come with the OS on which it's running in order to
   do captures.
   Therefore, if the OS, the WinPcap library, or the WinPcap driver
   don't support capturing on a particular network interface device,
   Wireshark won't be able to capture on that device.
   * WinPcap 2.3 has problems supporting PPP WAN interfaces on
     Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server
     2003, and, to avoid those problems, support for PPP WAN
     interfaces on those versions of Windows has been disabled in
     WinPcap 3.0. Regular dial-up lines, ISDN lines, ADSL connections
     using PPPoE or PPPoA, and various other lines such as T1/E1
     lines are all PPP interfaces, so those interfaces might not show
     up on the list of interfaces in the "Capture Options" dialog on
     those OSes.
     On Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003, but not
     Windows NT 4.0 or Windows Vista Beta 1, you should be able to
     capture on the "GenericDialupAdapter" with WinPcap 3.1. (3.1
     beta releases called it the "NdisWanAdapter"; if you're using a
     3.1 beta release, you should un-install it and install the final
     3.1 release.) See the Wireshark Wiki item on PPP capturing for
     details.
   * WinPcap prior to 3.0 does not support multiprocessor machines
     (note that machines with a single multi-threaded processor, such
     as Intel's new multi-threaded x86 processors, are multiprocessor
     machines as far as the OS and WinPcap are concerned), and recent
     2.x versions of WinPcap refuse to operate if they detect that
     they're running on a multiprocessor machine, which means that
     they may not show any network interfaces. You will need to use
     WinPcap 3.0 to capture on a multiprocessor machine.
     If an interface doesn't show up in the list of interfaces in the
     "Interface:" field, and you know the name of the interface, try
     entering that name in the "Interface:" field and capturing on
     that device.
     If the attempt to capture on it succeeds, the interface is
     somehow not being reported by the mechanism Wireshark uses to
     get a list of interfaces. Try listing the interfaces with
     WinDump; see the WinDump Web site for information on using
     WinDump.
     You would run WinDump with the -D flag; if it lists the
     interface, please report this to wireshark-dev@wireshark.org
     giving full details of the problem, including

       * the operating system you're using, and the version of that
         operating system;
       * the type of network device you're using;
       * the output of WinDump.

     If WinDump does not list the interface, this is almost certainly
     a problem with one or more of:

       * the operating system you're using;
       * the device driver for the interface you're using;
       * the WinPcap library and/or the WinPcap device driver;

     so first check the WinPcap FAQ or the Wiretapped.net mirror of
     that FAQ, to see if your problem is mentioned there. If not,
     then see the WinPcap support page - check the "Submitting bugs"
     section.
     If you are having trouble capturing on a particular network
     interface, first try capturing on that device with WinDump; see
     the WinDump Web site for information on using WinDump.
     If you can capture on the interface with WinDump, send mail to
     wireshark-users@wireshark.org giving full details of the
     problem, including

       * the operating system you're using, and the version of that
         operating system;
       * the type of network device you're using;
       * the error message you get from Wireshark.

     If you cannot capture on the interface with WinDump, this is
     almost certainly a problem with one or more of:

       * the operating system you're using;
       * the device driver for the interface you're using;
       * the WinPcap library and/or the WinPcap device driver;

     so first check the WinPcap FAQ or the Wiretapped.net mirror of
     that FAQ, to see if your problem is mentioned there. If not,
     then see the WinPcap support page - check the "Submitting bugs"
     section.
     You may also want to ask the wireshark-users@wireshark.org and
     the winpcap-users@winpcap.org mailing lists to see if anybody
     happens to know about the problem and know a workaround or fix
     for the problem. (Note that you will have to subscribe to that
     list in order to be allowed to mail to it; see the WinPcap
     support page for information on the mailing list.) In your mail,
     please give full details of the problem, as described above, and
     also indicate that the problem occurs with WinDump, not just
     with Wireshark.

   Q 8.2: I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why do no network
   interfaces show up in the list of interfaces in the "Interface:"
   field in the dialog box popped up by "Capture->Start"?

   A: This is really the same question as a previous one; see the
   response to that question.

   Q 8.3: I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why doesn't my serial
   port/ADSL modem/ISDN modem show up in the list of interfaces in
   the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up by
   "Capture->Start"?

   A: Internet access on those devices is often done with the
   Point-to-Point (PPP) protocol; WinPcap 2.3 has problems supporting
   PPP WAN interfaces on Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP,
   and Windows Server 2003, and, to avoid those problems, support for
   PPP WAN interfaces on those versions of Windows has been disabled
   in WinPcap 3.0.
   On Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003, but not
   Windows NT 4.0 or Windows Vista Beta 1, you should be able to
   capture on the "GenericDialupAdapter" with WinPcap 3.1. (3.1 beta
   releases called it the "NdisWanAdapter"; if you're using a 3.1
   beta release, you should un-install it and install the final 3.1
   release.) See the Wireshark Wiki item on PPP capturing for
   details.

   Q 8.4: I'm running Wireshark on Windows NT 4.0/Windows
   2000/Windows XP/Windows Server 2003; my machine has a PPP (dial-up
   POTS, ISDN, etc.) interface, and it shows up in the "Interface"
   item in the "Capture Options" dialog box. Why can no packets be
   sent on or received from that network while I'm trying to capture
   traffic on that interface?

   A: Some versions of WinPcap have problems with PPP WAN interfaces
   on Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server
   2003; one symptom that may be seen is that attempts to capture in
   promiscuous mode on the interface cause the interface to be
   incapable of sending or receiving packets. You can disable
   promiscuous mode using the -p command-line flag or the item in the
   "Capture Preferences" dialog box, but this may mean that outgoing
   packets, or incoming packets, won't be seen in the capture.
   On Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003, but not
   Windows NT 4.0 or Windows Vista Beta 1, you should be able to
   capture on the "GenericDialupAdapter" with WinPcap 3.1. (3.1 beta
   releases called it the "NdisWanAdapter"; if you're using a 3.1
   beta release, you should un-install it and install the final 3.1
   release.) See the Wireshark Wiki item on PPP capturing for
   details.

   Q 8.5: I'm running Wireshark on Windows; why am I not seeing any
   traffic being sent by the machine running Wireshark?

   A: If you are running some form of VPN client software, it might
   be causing this problem; people have seen this problem when they
   have Check Point's VPN software installed on their machine. If
   that's the cause of the problem, you will have to remove the VPN
   software in order to have Wireshark (or any other application
   using WinPcap) see outgoing packets; unfortunately, neither we nor
   the WinPcap developers know any way to make WinPcap and the VPN
   software work well together.
   Also, some drivers for Windows (especially some wireless network
   interface drivers) apparently do not, when running in promiscuous
   mode, arrange that outgoing packets are delivered to the software
   that requested that the interface run promiscuously; try turning
   promiscuous mode off.

   Q 8.6: When I capture on Windows in promiscuous mode, I can see
   packets other than those sent to or from my machine; however,
   those packets show up with a "Short Frame" indication, unlike
   packets to or from my machine. What should I do to arrange that I
   see those packets in their entirety?

   A: In at least some cases, this appears to be the result of PGPnet
   running on the network interface on which you're capturing; turn
   it off on that interface.

   Q 8.7: I'm trying to capture 802.11 traffic on Windows; why am I
   not seeing any packets?

   A: At least some 802.11 card drivers on Windows appear not to see
   any packets if they're running in promiscuous mode. Try turning
   promiscuous mode off; you'll only be able to see packets sent by
   and received by your machine, not third-party traffic, and it'll
   look like Ethernet traffic and won't include any management or
   control frames, but that's a limitation of the card drivers.
   See MicroLogix's list of cards supported with WinPcap for
   information on support of various adapters and drivers with
   WinPcap.

   Q 8.8: I'm trying to capture 802.11 traffic on Windows; why am I
   seeing packets received by the machine on which I'm capturing
   traffic, but not packets sent by that machine?

   A: This appears to be another problem with promiscuous mode; try
   turning it off.

   Q 8.9: I'm trying to capture Ethernet VLAN traffic on Windows, and
   I'm capturing on a "raw" Ethernet device rather than a "VLAN
   interface", so that I can see the VLAN headers; why am I seeing
   packets received by the machine on which I'm capturing traffic,
   but not packets sent by that machine?

   A: The way the Windows networking code works probably means that
   packets are sent on a "VLAN interface" rather than the "raw"
   device, so packets sent by the machine will only be seen when you
   capture on the "VLAN interface". If so, you will be unable to see
   outgoing packets when capturing on the "raw" device, so you are
   stuck with a choice between seeing VLAN headers and seeing
   outgoing packets.

  9. Capturing packets on UN*Xes

   Q 9.1: I'm running Wireshark on a UNIX-flavored OS; why does some
   network interface on my machine not show up in the list of
   interfaces in the "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up
   by "Capture->Start", and/or why does Wireshark give me an error if
   I try to capture on that interface?

   A: You may need to run Wireshark from an account with sufficient
   privileges to capture packets, such as the super-user account, or
   may need to give your account sufficient privileges to capture
   packets. Only those interfaces that Wireshark can open for
   capturing show up in that list; if you don't have sufficient
   privileges to capture on any interfaces, no interfaces will show
   up in the list. See the Wireshark Wiki item on capture privileges
   for details on how to give a particular account or account group
   capture privileges on platforms where that can be done.
   If you are running Wireshark from an account with sufficient
   privileges, then note that Wireshark relies on the libpcap
   library, and on the facilities that come with the OS on which it's
   running in order to do captures. On some OSes, those facilities
   aren't present by default; see the Wireshark Wiki item on adding
   capture support for details.
   And, even if you're running with an account that has sufficient
   privileges to capture, and capture support is present in your OS,
   if the OS or the libpcap library don't support capturing on a
   particular network interface device or particular types of
   devices, Wireshark won't be able to capture on that device.
   On Solaris, note that libpcap 0.6.2 and earlier didn't support
   Token Ring interfaces; the current version, 0.7.2, does support
   Token Ring, and the current version of Wireshark works with
   libpcap 0.7.2 and later.
   If an interface doesn't show up in the list of interfaces in the
   "Interface:" field, and you know the name of the interface, try
   entering that name in the "Interface:" field and capturing on that
   device.
   If the attempt to capture on it succeeds, the interface is somehow
   not being reported by the mechanism Wireshark uses to get a list
   of interfaces; please report this to wireshark-dev@wireshark.org
   giving full details of the problem, including

     * the operating system you're using, and the version of that
       operating system (for Linux, give both the version number of
       the kernel and the name and version number of the distribution
       you're using);
     * the type of network device you're using.

   If you are having trouble capturing on a particular network
   interface, and you've made sure that (on platforms that require
   it) you've arranged that packet capture support is present, as per
   the above, first try capturing on that device with tcpdump.
   If you can capture on the interface with tcpdump, send mail to
   wireshark-users@wireshark.org giving full details of the problem,
   including

     * the operating system you're using, and the version of that
       operating system (for Linux, give both the version number of
       the kernel and the name and version number of the distribution
       you're using);
     * the type of network device you're using;
     * the error message you get from Wireshark.

   If you cannot capture on the interface with tcpdump, this is
   almost certainly a problem with one or more of:

     * the operating system you're using;
     * the device driver for the interface you're using;
     * the libpcap library;

   so you should report the problem to the company or organization
   that produces the OS (in the case of a Linux distribution, report
   the problem to whoever produces the distribution).
   You may also want to ask the wireshark-users@wireshark.org and the
   tcpdump-workers@lists.tcpdump.org mailing lists to see if anybody
   happens to know about the problem and know a workaround or fix for
   the problem. In your mail, please give full details of the
   problem, as described above, and also indicate that the problem
   occurs with tcpdump not just with Wireshark.

   Q 9.2: I'm running Wireshark on a UNIX-flavored OS; why do no
   network interfaces show up in the list of interfaces in the
   "Interface:" field in the dialog box popped up by
   "Capture->Start"?

   A: This is really the same question as the previous one; see the
   response to that question.

   Q 9.3: I'm capturing packets on Linux; why do the time stamps have
   only 100ms resolution, rather than 1us resolution?

   A: Wireshark gets time stamps from libpcap/WinPcap, and
   libpcap/WinPcap get them from the OS kernel, so Wireshark - and
   any other program using libpcap, such as tcpdump - is at the mercy
   of the time stamping code in the OS for time stamps.
   At least on x86-based machines, Linux can get high-resolution time
   stamps on newer processors with the Time Stamp Counter (TSC)
   register; for example, Intel x86 processors, starting with the
   Pentium Pro, and including all x86 processors since then, have had
   a TSC, and other vendors probably added the TSC at some point to
   their families of x86 processors. The Linux kernel must be
   configured with the CONFIG_X86_TSC option enabled in order to use
   the TSC. Make sure this option is enabled in your kernel.
   In addition, some Linux distributions may have bugs in their
   versions of the kernel that cause packets not to be given
   high-resolution time stamps even if the TSC is enabled. See, for
   example, bug 61111 for Red Hat Linux 7.2. If your distribution has
   a bug such as this, you may have to run a standard kernel from
   kernel.org in order to get high-resolution time stamps.

  10. Capturing packets on wireless LANs

   Q 10.1: How can I capture raw 802.11 frames, including non-data
   (management, beacon) frames?

   A: That depends on the operating system on which you're running,
   and on the 802.11 interface on which you're capturing.
   This would probably require that you capture in promiscuous mode
   or in the mode called "monitor mode" or "RFMON mode". On some
   platforms, or with some cards, this might require that you capture
   in monitor mode - promiscuous mode might not be sufficient. If you
   want to capture traffic on networks other than the one with which
   you're associated, you will have to capture in monitor mode.
   Not all operating systems support capturing non-data packets and,
   even on operating systems that do support it, not all drivers, and
   thus not all interfaces, support it. Even on those that do,
   monitor mode might not be supported by the operating system or by
   the drivers for all interfaces.
   NOTE: an interface running in monitor mode will, on most if not
   all platforms, not be able to act as a regular network interface;
   putting it into monitor mode will, in effect, take your machine
   off of whatever network it's on as long as the interface is in
   monitor mode, allowing it only to passively capture packets.
   This means that you should disable name resolution when capturing
   in monitor mode; otherwise, when Wireshark (or TShark, or tcpdump)
   tries to display IP addresses as host names, it will probably
   block for a long time trying to resolve the name because it will
   not be able to communicate with any DNS or NIS servers.
   See the Wireshark Wiki item on 802.11 capturing for details.

   Q 10.2: How do I capture on an 802.11 device in monitor mode?

   A: Whether you will be able to capture in monitor mode depends on
   the operating system, adapter, and driver you're using. See the
   previous question for information on monitor mode, including a
   link to the Wireshark Wiki page that gives details on 802.11
   capturing.

  11. Viewing traffic

   Q 11.1: Why am I seeing lots of packets with incorrect TCP
   checksums?

   A: If the packets that have incorrect TCP checksums are all being
   sent by the machine on which Wireshark is running, this is
   probably because the network interface on which you're capturing
   does TCP checksum offloading. That means that the TCP checksum is
   added to the packet by the network interface, not by the OS's
   TCP/IP stack; when capturing on an interface, packets being sent
   by the host on which you're capturing are directly handed to the
   capture interface by the OS, which means that they are handed to
   the capture interface without a TCP checksum being added to them.
   The only way to prevent this from happening would be to disable
   TCP checksum offloading, but

    1. that might not even be possible on some OSes;
    2. that could reduce networking performance significantly.

   However, you can disable the check that Wireshark does of the TCP
   checksum, so that it won't report any packets as having TCP
   checksum errors, and so that it won't refuse to do TCP reassembly
   due to a packet having an incorrect TCP checksum. That can be set
   as an Wireshark preference by selecting "Preferences" from the
   "Edit" menu, opening up the "Protocols" list in the left-hand pane
   of the "Preferences" dialog box, selecting "TCP", from that list,
   turning off the "Check the validity of the TCP checksum when
   possible" option, clicking "Save" if you want to save that setting
   in your preference file, and clicking "OK".
   It can also be set on the Wireshark or TShark command line with a
   -o tcp.check_checksum:false command-line flag, or manually set in
   your preferences file by adding a tcp.check_checksum:false line.

   Q 11.2: I've just installed Wireshark, and the traffic on my local
   LAN is boring. Where can I find more interesting captures?

   A: We have a collection of strange and exotic sample capture files
   at http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures

   Q 11.3: Why doesn't Wireshark correctly identify RTP packets? It
   shows them only as UDP.

   A: Wireshark can identify a UDP datagram as containing a packet of
   a particular protocol running atop UDP only if

    1. The protocol in question has a particular standard port
       number, and the UDP source or destination port number is that
       port
    2. Packets of that protocol can be identified by looking for a
       "signature" of some type in the packet - i.e., some data that,
       if Wireshark finds it in some particular part of a packet,
       means that the packet is almost certainly a packet of that
       type.
    3. Some other traffic earlier in the capture indicated that, for
       example, UDP traffic between two particular addresses and
       ports will be RTP traffic.

   RTP doesn't have a standard port number, so 1) doesn't work; it
   doesn't, as far as I know, have any "signature", so 2) doesn't
   work.
   That leaves 3). If there's RTSP traffic that sets up an RTP
   session, then, at least in some cases, the RTSP dissector will set
   things up so that subsequent RTP traffic will be identified.
   Currently, that's the only place we do that; there may be other
   places.
   However, there will always be places where Wireshark is simply
   incapable of deducing that a given UDP flow is RTP; a mechanism
   would be needed to allow the user to specify that a given
   conversation should be treated as RTP. As of Wireshark 0.8.16,
   such a mechanism exists; if you select a UDP or TCP packet, the
   right mouse button menu will have a "Decode As..." menu item,
   which will pop up a dialog box letting you specify that the source
   port, the destination port, or both the source and destination
   ports of the packet should be dissected as some particular
   protocol.

   Q 11.4: Why doesn't Wireshark show Yahoo Messenger packets in
   captures that contain Yahoo Messenger traffic?

   A: Wireshark only recognizes as Yahoo Messenger traffic packets to
   or from TCP port 3050 that begin with "YPNS", "YHOO", or "YMSG".
   TCP segments that start with the middle of a Yahoo Messenger
   packet that takes more than one TCP segment will not be recognized
   as Yahoo Messenger packets (even if the TCP segment also contains
   the beginning of another Yahoo Messenger packet).

  12. Filtering traffic

   Q 12.1: I saved a filter and tried to use its name to filter the
   display; why do I get an "Unexpected end of filter string" error?

   A: You cannot use the name of a saved display filter as a filter.
   To filter the display, you can enter a display filter expression -
   not the name of a saved display filter - in the "Filter:" box at
   the bottom of the display, and type the key or press the "Apply"
   button (that does not require you to have a saved filter), or, if
   you want to use a saved filter, you can press the "Filter:"
   button, select the filter in the dialog box that pops up, and
   press the "OK" button.

   Q 12.2: How can I search for, or filter, packets that have a
   particular string anywhere in them?

   A: If you want to do this when capturing, you can't. That's a
   feature that would be hard to implement in capture filters without
   changes to the capture filter code, which, on many platforms, is
   in the OS kernel and, on other platforms, is in the libpcap
   library.
   After capture, you can search for text by selecting Edit→Find
   Packet... and making sure String is selected. Alternately, you can
   use the "contains" display filter operator or "matches" operator
   if it's supported on your system.

   Q 12.3: How do I filter a capture to see traffic for virus XXX?

   A: For some viruses/worms there might be a capture filter to
   recognize the virus traffic. Check the CaptureFilters page on the
   Wireshark Wiki to see if anybody's added such a filter.
   Note that Wireshark was not designed to be an intrusion detection
   system; you might be able to use it as an IDS, but in most cases
   software designed to be an IDS, such as Snort or Prelude, will
   probably work better.
   The Bleeding Edge of Snort has a collection of signatures for
   Snort to detect various viruses, worms, and the like.
