# Garbage Collection

`nix-env` operations such as upgrades (`-u`) and uninstall (`-e`) never actually delete packages from the system. All they do (as shown above) is to create a new user environment that no longer contains symlinks to the “deleted” packages.

Of course, since disk space is not infinite, unused packages should be removed at some point. You can do this by running the Nix garbage collector. It will remove from the Nix store any package not used (directly or indirectly) by any generation of any profile.

Note however that as long as old generations reference a package, it will not be deleted. After all, we wouldn’t be able to do a rollback otherwise. So in order for garbage collection to be effective, you should also delete (some) old generations. Of course, this should only be done if you are certain that you will not need to roll back.

To delete all old (non-current) generations of your current profile:

    $ nix-env --delete-generations old

Instead of `old` you can also specify a list of generations, e.g.,

    $ nix-env --delete-generations 10 11 14

To delete all generations older than a specified number of days (except the current generation), use the `d` suffix. For example,

    $ nix-env --delete-generations 14d

deletes all generations older than two weeks.

After removing appropriate old generations you can run the garbage collector as follows:

    $ nix-store --gc

The behaviour of the gargage collector is affected by the `keep-derivations` (default: true) and `keep-outputs` (default: false) options in the Nix configuration file. The defaults will ensure that all derivations that are build-time dependencies of garbage collector roots will be kept and that all output paths that are runtime dependencies will be kept as well. All other derivations or paths will be collected. (This is usually what you want, but while you are developing it may make sense to keep outputs to ensure that rebuild times are quick.)

If you are feeling uncertain, you can also first view what files would be deleted:

    $ nix-store --gc --print-dead

Likewise, the option `--print-live` will show the paths that won’t be deleted.

There is also a convenient little utility `nix-collect-garbage`, which when invoked with the `-d` (`--delete-old`) switch deletes all old generations of all profiles in `/nix/var/nix/profiles`. So

    $ nix-collect-garbage -d

is a quick and easy way to clean up your system.