  __|__~~~~~~~~~~~	     LINUX FAQ
    |  ~~~~~~~~~~~	HELLENIC (GREEK) LINUX FAQ
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  ELLHNIKO Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions with Answers)
  Georgatos Photis <gef@ceid.upatras.gr>
  Ekdosn 0.7p1 , 10-1-1997

  Auto to keimevo (Linux-Hellenic-FAQ) eivai n ellnvikn metafrasn tns
  listas me tis pio suxves erwtnseis (Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ)
  sxetika me to Linux, eva tupou Unix leitourgiko sustnma gia
  386/486/586/686, Pentium xxx, K5, K6, Alpha, MIPS, 680x0 kai allous
  epe3ergastes.  SHMEIWSH: Parallnla me auto to keimevo uparxei to Hel-
  lenic-HOWTO pou periexei plnrofories gia tnv ru8misn tou Linux, eidika
  gia upostnri3n tns ellnvikns glwssas kai upostnri3ns twv Ellnvwv.
  WARNING: This document contains greek (ISO-8859-7).  URL: <http://stu-
  dents.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/>
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


















































  1. Eisagwgn kai gevikes plnrofories

     1.1 Ti eivai to Linux;
     1.2 Ti logismiko (software) upostnrizei;
     1.3 Trexei stov upologistn mou; Ti uliko (hardware) upostnrizei;
     1.4 Ti eidous metafores (ports) gia allous epe3ergastes uparxouv;
     1.5 Poso xwro 8elei stov sklnro mou disko;
     1.6 Exei to Linux pveumatika dikaiwmata (Copyright); Epitrepetai n avtigrafn;

  2. Pnges kai poroi evnmerwsns sto diktuo (kai mn).

     2.1 Ti keimeva uparxouv gia evnmerwsn;
     2.2 Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;
     2.3 Pou 8a preprei va ya3w sto World Wide Web gia 8emata tou Linux;
     2.4 Ti newsgroups uparxouv gia to Linux;
     2.5 Pws 8a egkatastnsw to Linux
     2.6 Pou 8a brw uliko tou Linux me FTP;
     2.7 Dev exw prosbasn se FTP. Pws va parw to Linux;
     2.8 Dev exw prosbasn stis omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet. Pws evnmerwvomai;
     2.9 Ti listes uparxouv;
     2.10 Arxeio8etouvtai oi omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet;

  3. Sumbatotnta me alla leitourgika

     3.1 Mporei to Linux va moirastei tov disko me DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; WinNT; Solaris;
     3.2 Pws prospelauvw ta arxeia mou se mia katatmnsn tou DOS;
     3.3 Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to sumpiesmevo mou DOS drive;
     3.4 Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to partition tou OS/2 (HPFS);
     3.5 ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?
     3.6 Mporw va tre3w efarmoges twv Windows katw apo Linux;
     3.7 Pws mporw va ekkivw to Linux apo tov Boot Manager tou OS/2;
     3.8 Pws mporw va moirastw tov idio xwro meta3u tou Linux kai twv Windows gia swap;

  4. Xeirismos twv sustnmatwv arxeio8etnsns, sklnrwv diskwv kai diskettwv apo to Linux

     4.1 Pws mporw va kavw to Linux va douleyei sto megalou mege8ous sklnro disko mou;
     4.2 Pws mporw va epavaferw arxeia pou exw diagrayei;
     4.3 Uparxei avasugkrotntns (defragmenter) gia to ext2fs klp;
     4.4 Pws diamorfwvw kai dnmiourgw eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns se disketta;
     4.5 Lambavw perierga mnvumata sxetika me inodes, blocks, kai diafora tetoia.
     4.6 H perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns (swap area) dev leitourgei.
     4.7 Pws diagrafw to LILO etsi, wste to sustnma mou va 3ekiva kai pali me DOS;
     4.8 Giati dev mporw va xrnsimopoinsw tnv evtoln fdformat para movo ws diaxeiristns sustnmatos (root);
     4.9 Uparxei kati sav to Stacker n to Doublespace gia to Linux;
     4.10 Oi diaireseis tou sklnrou mou diskou tupou ext2fs elegxovtai ka8e fora pou epavekkivw tov upologistn mou
     4.11 To sustnma arxeio8etnsns tou diaxeiristn diktuou (root) eivai movo avagvwsimo!
     4.12 Exw eva terastio arxeio /proc/kcore! Mporw va to diagrayw;
     4.13 H AHA1542C mou dev leitourgei me to Linux.

  5. Metafora kai metaglwttisn programmatwv

     5.1 Pws mporw va metaferw eva programma sto linux apo alla leitourgika sustnmata;
     5.2 Ti eivai to ld.so kai pou mporw va to brw;
     5.3 Exei kaveis metaferei / kavei compile / grayei kapoio XXX programma gia to linux;
     5.4 Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw se evav 386, kwdika n evav compiler pou exei givei compile se evav 486;
     5.5 Ti kavei to gcc -O6;
     5.6 Pou eivai ta linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;
     5.7 Uparxouv la8n otav dokimazw va kavw compile tov kernel.
     5.8 Pws mporw va dnmiourgnsw mia shared library;
     5.9 Ta ektelesima mou eivai (polu) megala.
     5.10 Upostnrizei to  Linux vnmatikes (threads) n lightweight epe3ergasies;
     5.11 Pou mporw va brw to `lint' gia Linux;
     5.12 Pou mporw va brw to `kermit' gia Linux;

  6. Luseis se diafora koiva problnmata.

     6.1 To free divei sfalmata leitourgikou (core).
     6.2 To roloi mou eivai polu la8os.
     6.3 Ta setuid scripts dev faivovtai va douleuouv.
     6.4 H eleu8ern mvnmn opws tnv avaferei to free suvexws meiwvetai.
     6.5 Otav pros8etw mvnmn, argoporei, ews kai servetai.
     6.6 Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.
     6.7 Orismeva programmata me afnvouv va kavw log in xwris password.
     6.8 To mnxavnma mou paei polu arga otav trexw to GCC / ta X / ...
     6.9 Mporw va kavw login movo ws root.
     6.10 H o8ovn mou eivai gematn para3evous xaraktnres avti gia grammata.
     6.11 Exw kavei xalia to sustnma mou kai dev mporw va kavw login gia va to ftia3w.
     6.12 Avakaluya eva terastio kevo asfaleias (trupa) stnv rm!
     6.13 To lpr(1) n to lpd(8) dev douleuouv.
     6.14 H wra se arxeia se katatmnseis msdos dev eivai swstn.
     6.15 Pws mporw va kavw to LILO va diabasei to vmlinux arxeio;

  7. Pws kavw auto n ma8aivw pws...

     7.1 Pws mporw va exw kulnsn pros ta pisw se mn grafiko periballov;
     7.2 Pws evallasw eikovika termatika ; Pws ta evergopoiw;
     7.3 Pws orizw tnv zwvn wras;
     7.4 Ti ekdosn (version) tou Linux kai ti ovoma mnxavnmatos xrnsimopoiw;
     7.5 Pws mporw va evergopoinsw n va apevergopoinsw ta mnvumata sfalmatos tou leitourgikou; (core dumps)
     7.6 Pws avaba8mizw /avametaglwttizw tov purnva;
     7.7 Mporw va exw pavw apo 3 seiriakes 8ures, me diamoirazomeves aitnseis diakopwv;
     7.8 Pws dnmiourgw mia disketta ekkivnsns;
     7.9 Pws epavaprosdiorizw to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko klp.;
     7.10 Pws mporw va exw to lampaki NUM LOCK va eivai avammevo e3' orismou ;
     7.11 Pws mporw va exw pavw apo 128Mb proswrivou xwrou evallagns (swap);

  8. Diafores plnrofories kai apavtnseis

     8.1 Pws programmatizw to XYZ sto Linux;
     8.2 Ti eivai auta gia to ELF;
     8.3 Ti eivai eva arxeio .gz ; Kai eva .tgz ; Kai ... ;
     8.4 Ti snmaivouv ta arxika VFS;
     8.5 Ti eivai to BogoMip;
     8.6 Ti eivai to Linux Journal kai pou mporw va to brw;
     8.7 Posoi av8rwpoi xrnsimopoiouv Linux;
     8.8 Pws 8a eprepe va proferw to Linux;

  9. ***Frequently encountered error messages.

     9.1 Unknown terminal type linux and similar.
     9.2 During linking I get Undefined symbol [lowbar]mcount
     9.3 lp1 on fire
     9.4 INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP[lowbar]SET[lowbar]DEV) called!
     9.5 ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
     9.6 GCC says Internal compiler error.
     9.7 make says Error 139
     9.8 shell-init: permission denied when I log in.
     9.9 No utmp entry.  You must exec ... when I log in.
     9.10 Warning -- bdflush not running.
     9.11 Warning: obsolete routing request made.
     9.12 EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.
     9.13 EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.
     9.14 EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.
     9.15 df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.
     9.16 fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...
     9.17 fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
     9.18 fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.
     9.19 mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ
     9.20 At the start of booting: Memory tight
     9.21 You don't exist. Go away.

  10. X Windows
     10.1 Upostnrizei to Linux X Windows?
     10.2 Pws mporw va brw eva XF86Config arxeio gia to sustnma mou;
     10.3 xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.
     10.4 Dev mporw va ru8misw ta X Windows va douleyouv swsta.

  11. Erwtnseis gia polu palia programmata.

     11.1 To Emacs petaei core.
     11.2 To fdisk leei oti dev mporei va xrnsimopoinsei nnn sectors apo auto to partition.
     11.3 O GCC merikes fores xrnsimopoiei terastia posa eikovikns mvnmns kai kremaei.
     11.4 To plnktrologio mou trelevetai otav allazw Virtual Consoles.

  12. Pws mporw va exw epipros8etn bon8eia;

     12.1 H erwtnsn mou dev exei akoma apavtn8ei.
     12.2 Ti va pw otav zntaw bon8eia.
     12.3 8elw va steilw mail se kapoiov sxetika me to problnma mou.

  13. Plnrofories gia to FAQ, adeia xrnsns kai upomvnseis.

     13.1 Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta
     13.2 Morfes pou to FAQ eivai dia8esimo.
     13.3 ***Authorship and acknowledgements.
     13.4 ***Disclaimer and Copyright.

  14. Gia tnv Ellnvikn metafrasn

     14.1 TODO
     14.2 Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta
     14.3 Morfes stis opoies diati8etai auto to keimevo


  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Eisagwgn kai gevikes plnrofories


  1.1.  Ti eivai to Linux;

  To Linux eivai o purnvas evos klwvou tou Unix, grammevos apo to mndev
  apo tov Linus Torvalds, me bon8eia apo mia diaspartn omada hackers apo
  to Internet.  Snmera otav leme Linux, evooume pleov olo to leitourgiko
  sustnma.  To Linux teivei va exei POSIX sumbatotnta, kai exei oles tis
  eukolies pou 8a perimeve kaveis se eva movtervo plnrws e3oplismevo
  Unix, sumperilambavomevwv:

  o  pragmatikn proekxwrntikn poluepe3ergasia (preemptitive
     multitasking),

  o  ideatn mvnmn (virtual memory),

  o  diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes (shared libraries),

  o  fortwma kat' apaitnsn (demand loading),

  o  diamoirazomeva ektelesima (shared copy-on-write executables),

  o  apodotikn diaxeirnsn mvnmns (proper memory management) kai

  o  diktuwsn TCP/IP

     Epipros8eta, to Linux upostnrizei:

  o  poluepe3ergastika sustnmata (SMP)


  o  poluvnmatikn epe3ergasia (multithreading),

  o  ektelesn Java efarmogwv apo tov purnva

  o  diktuwsn IPX/SPX, bridging, routing, masquerading, tunneling

  Trexei kuriws se 386/486/586/686, Pentium PCs, xrnsimopoiwvtas tis
  eukolies pou parexei n oikogeveia tou 386 gia tnv upostnri3n
  katastasns prostasias (protected mode).  Metafores (ports) tou Linux
  givovtai gia olo kai pio pollous epe3ergastes.  (Bl. ``'')

  { Idiaiterotnta tou Linux eivai oti dev eivai emporiko proiov kai
  mporei va diavemn8ei (avtigrafei) eukola. To Linux diavemetai me basn
  tnv adeia avtigrafns kata GNU (GPL, General Public License).  (bl. 1.6
  kai http://www.cs.pdx.edu/ trent/gnu/ ) }

  Gia perissoteres plnrofories gevika gia to Linux (bl. 2.X)

  ----------------------------------------------------------------


  1.2.  Ti logismiko (software) upostnrizei;

  To Linux exei GCC (metaglwttistns gia C++), Emacs (Epe3ergastns
  keimevou), X-Windows (GUI), ola ta suvn8ismeva ergaleia tou Unix,
  TCP/IP (SLIP,PPP), kai ekatovtades efarmoges gia UNIX pou exouv
  metaglwttistei n metafer8ei.

  Oi efarmoges pou uparxouv kaluptouv kai tis pio eidikes avagkes, opws:

  o  epe3ergastes keimevou

  o  logistika fulla

  o  baseis dedomevwv

  o  BBS

  o  3D renderers (pov)

  o  Ma8nmatika (px Octave)

  o  WinNT-like & Netware-like file/printer servers

  o  WWW, FTP, NEWS, SENDMAIL-POP,NFS servers eivai autovonta...

  Omws oi duvatotntes dev stamatouv edw. To Linux mporei va trexei
  efarmoges allwv leitourgikwv, kai malista me megaln a3iopistia:

  Uparxei evas polu kalos e3omeiwtns tou DOS, to DOSEMU
  (tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu), pou mporei va tre3ei to DOS
  kai tis pio polles efarmoges tou. Mporei va tre3ei kai Windows 3.1 se
  enhanced mode. (???)

  Evas e3omeiwtns iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard) gia SVR4
  ELF kai SVR3.2 COFF ektelesima, brisketai sta teleutaia stadia
  avaptu3ns.  (bl. tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README).

  To WINE (WINdows Emulator) eivai e3omeiwtns gia Windows efarmoges.
  Eivai freeware, alla dev exei apodwsei akoma kapoio kalo apotelesma.
  To WABI tns SUN kavei akribws to idio, omws ta katafervei polu
  kalutera.  Trexei sxedov oles tis efarmoges twv Windows, avamesa tous
  to MS-Office, CorelDraw, Video/Audio players, klp.  Stoixizei omws
  199$, giati eivai emporiko proiov.


  Merika emporika proiovta pou uparxouv gia to Linux eivai:

  o  Netscape Navigator Gold 3.01/Communicator (0$)

  o  Corel Draw (---)

  o  Oracle Relational Database

  o  Motif Libraries 2.0 (100$) (???)

  o  c-tree Plus

  o  Executor 2

  o  Mathematica 3.0

  o  Maple V Release 4

  o  Applixware Office Suite for Linux

  o  AcceleratedX CDE Business Desktop

  ----------------------------------------------------------------


  1.3.  Trexei stov upologistn mou; Ti uliko (hardware) upostnrizei;

  Xreiazetai toulaxistov 386 me 2MB RAM kai evav odngo eukamptns
  disketas, gia mia apln dokimn. Gia mia kavovikn egkatastasn
  xreiazovtai 4MB RAM, evw gia va douleyei kaveis me Xwindows 8MB. Evas
  sklnros diskos me xwro 10MB/300MB/600MB (minimum/typical/enough) eivai
  aparaitntos.  Proteivetai eva sustnma Pentium me 32mb, gia aproskoptn
  apodosn.

  Oi topikoi diauloi VESA kai PCI exouv plnrn upostnri3n.

  MCA (Diaulos tns IBM) kai oi ESDI sklnroi diskoi tis pio polles fores
  upostnrizovtai. Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite:
  http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca.

  To Linux se suvdiasmo me ta Xwindows, trexei stnv pleioynfia forntwv
  upologistwv. Deite sxetika:
  http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/.

  Gia va deite avalutika av to uliko sas (karta grafikwv, diktuou,
  elegktes sklnrwv diskwv, karta nxou) upostnrizetai, koita3te to INFO-
  SHEET kai to Hardware-HOWTO (Bl. ``'')

  Uparxei mia metafora tou leitourgikou stov 8086 me to ovoma:
  Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS). Auto eivai eva 16mpito
  uposuvolo tou Linux, gia va xrnsimopoin8ei se eidikes efarmoges.
  Fusika autn n ekdosn, pote dev 8a upostnri3ei prostateumevn mvnmn n
  preemptitive multitasking.  Bl.
  http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html.

  Nees ekdoseis tou Linux upostnrizouv kai poluepe3ergastika sustnmata
  (SMP).  Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite to arxeio
  Documentation/smp.tex, stov pngaio kwdika tou purnva /usr/src/linux.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  1.4.  Ti eidous metafores (ports) gia allous epe3ergastes uparxouv;

  Uparxei port (beta) gia tov 68000 (xrnsimopoieitai apo Amiga, Atari),
  me Xserver.  Uparxei sxetikn lista. To FAQ, ftp kai selida gia pio
  polles plnrofories eivai: ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ
  ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k

  { http://pfah.informatik.uni-kl.de:8000/pers/jmayer/linux68k-faq
  http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ hn/linux68k.html    }

  ====================================================================

  To Linux se PowerPC, apektnse prosfata diko tou kombo sto Internet:
  http://www.linuxppc.org Otidnpote afora tov PowerPC 8a to breite sto
  ftp site: ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc.

  H Apple kai to OSF suvergazovtai gia tnv metafora tou Linux,
  basizomevoi sto OSF kai Mach microkernel. Bl.
  http://www.mklinux.apple.com.

  O polla uposxomevos Alpha (64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP) exei ndn to Linux:
  http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/.  Uparxei kai lista sto
  vger.rutgers.edu.

  O Ralf Baechle ergazetai gia metafora se MIPS (R4600 se Deskstation
  Tyne).  To FAQ eivai sto ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips kai
  ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux.  Oi evdiaferomevoi mporouv va
  epikoivwvnsouv sto <linux@waldorf-gmbh.de>.

  { There is also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mailserver and a
  linux-mips mailing list.  (See ````'''') }

  H oikogeveia twv ARM (Acorn A5000, Acorn Risc PC) exei duo projects
  autnv tnv stigmn se e3eli3n, eva gia ARM3 (Acorn A5000, me upostnri3n
  odngwv gia 82710/11) kai eva gia ARM610 (gia Acorn Risc PC). Osoi
  mporouv va suveisferouv as epikoivwvnsouv me tov Martin Ebourne
  <mje@soton.ac.uk>.

  Uparxei sav omada suzntnsewv to comp.sys.acorn.misc, FAQ:
  ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq kai homepage:
  http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html.

  O David Miller asxoleitai me metafora se Sparc. Osoi evdiaferovtai kai
  mporouv va bon8nsouv, as epikoivwvnsouv me to
  <davem@caip.rutgers.edu>.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  1.5.  Poso xwro 8elei stov sklnro mou disko;


  10Mb eivai to katw fragma gia mia egkatastasn, n opoia dev
  perilambavei efarmoges. Se 80Mb mporei va xwresei isa-isa mia
  egkatastasn me Xwindows.  Se 250Mb eivai mia kaln epilogn prwtn fora.
  Perilambavei tupikes efarmoges.  500Mb eivai aparaitnta gia eva
  kavoviko sustnma me 1 xrnstn. Eav uparxouv apo tnv prwtn stigmn, mnv
  lupn8eite va ta dia8esete.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  1.6.  Exei to Linux pveumatika dikaiwmata (Copyright); Epitrepetai n
  avtigrafn;


  Ta pveumatika dikaiwmata (copyright) gia tov purnva tou Linux, avnkouv
  stov Linus Torvalds, pou ka8orise oti eivai upo to GPL. Auto me apla
  logia snmaivei oti eivai eleu8ern n avtigrafn, metatropn n diavomn tou
  kwdika, alla dev eivai duvatn n pros8nkn allwv periorismwv diavomns,
  kai eivai upoxrewtikn n paroxn tou veou pngaiou kwdika.  To Linux DEN
  EINAI public domain, EINAI GPLed.  Bl. sxetika to Copyright FAQ,
  ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.

  Epakribeis leptomereies uparxouv sto arxeio COPYING sta Linux kernel
  sources (/usr/src/linux).

  H adeia xrnsns gia ta programmata pou uparxouv stis egkatastaseis me
  Linux, mporei va eivai diaforetikn. O perissoteros kwdikas omws, eivai
  upo to GNU Project tns Free Software Foundation, kai eivai episns me
  adeia GPL.

  { Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should
  be posted to gnu.misc.discuss and not to the comp.os.linux groups.  }

  =====================================================================


  2.  Pnges kai poroi evnmerwsns sto diktuo (kai mn).


  2.1.  Ti keimeva uparxouv gia evnmerwsn;

  Ta kuriotera eidn eivai:

     MANual pages
        Ta suvn8ismeva online egxeiridia (manual) evos Unix.  Sto Linux
        eivai arketa plnrn kai exouv polla 8emata.  Des man man. (To man
        eivai sav help).

     INFO
        Oi INFO selides diabazovtai me eidiko tropo.  Dev eivai polu
        euxrnstes. { ???Verify }

     FAQ
        Frequently Asked Questions. Ta FAQ eivai sullogn apo
        suvn8ismeves erwtnseis gurw apo eva 8ema. Suvn8ws uparxouv sto
        /usr/doc/faq.

     HOWTO
        Ta HOWTO eivai keimeva pou perigrafouv tnv diadikasia gia va
        ftiaxtei kati. Eivai kati sav egxeiridia xrnsns tou Linux.
        /usr/doc/faq/howto

     MINI-HOWTO
        To idio me priv, movo pou ta keimeva eivai pio mikra.

     LDP
        Linux Documentation Project:Perilambavei sxedov ola ta parapavw.
        Eivai mia prospa8eia va sugkevtrw8ei oln n tekmnriwsn mazi.
        Deite sto http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.2.  Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;

  Oi parakatw komboi exouv ola ta HOWTO:

  o  ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO

  o  tsx-11.mit.edu (18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux/docs/HOWTO

  o  sunsite.unc.edu (152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO


  Gia plnrn lista kombwv, deite {````''''}

  Eav dev exete prosbasn se ftp, mporeite va xrnsimopoinsete tous
  <ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com>, <ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk> <ftp-
  mailer@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.>.

  To arxeio auto exei mia lista me ola ta uparxovta HOWTO:
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html.  Auta eivai
  merika:


  AX25-HOWTO                             Access-HOWTO
  Assembly-HOWTO                         Benchmarking-HOWTO
  BootPrompt-HOWTO                       Bootdisk-HOWTO
  CD-Writing-HOWTO                       CDROM-HOWTO
  Chinese-HOWTO                          Commercial-HOWTO
  Consultants-HOWTO                      Cyrillic-HOWTO
  DNS-HOWTO                              DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO
  DOSEMU-HOWTO                           Danish-HOWTO
  Distribution-HOWTO                     ELF-HOWTO
  Emacspeak-HOWTO                        Ethernet-HOWTO
  Finnish-HOWTO                          Firewall-HOWTO
  Ftape-HOWTO                            GCC-HOWTO
  German-HOWTO                           HAM-HOWTO
  HOWTO-INDEX                            Hardware-HOWTO
  Hebrew-HOWTO                           IPX-HOWTO
  ISP-Hookup-HOWTO                       Installation-HOWTO
  Intranet-Server-HOWTO                  Italian-HOWTO
  Java-CGI-HOWTO                         Kernel-HOWTO
  Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO             MGR-HOWTO
  MILO-HOWTO                             Mail-HOWTO
  NET-3-HOWTO                            NFS-HOWTO
  NIS-HOWTO                              News-HOWTO
  Optical-Disk-HOWTO                     PCI-HOWTO
  PCMCIA-HOWTO                           PPP-HOWTO
  Pilot-HOWTO                            Polish-HOWTO
  Printing-HOWTO                         Printing-Usage-HOWTO
  RPM-HOWTO                              Reading-List-HOWTO
  SCSI-HOWTO                             SCSI-Programming-HOWTO
  SMB-HOWTO                              Serial-HOWTO
  Serial-Programming-HOWTO               Shadow-Password-HOWTO
  Slovenian-HOWTO                        Sound-HOWTO
  Sound-Playing-HOWTO                    Spanish-HOWTO
  TeTeX-HOWTO                            Thai-HOWTO
  Tips-HOWTO                             UMSDOS-HOWTO
  UPS-HOWTO                              UUCP-HOWTO
  User-Group-HOWTO                       VAR-HOWTO
  VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO                     XFree86-HOWTO
  XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO            3-Button-Mouse



  Ta akolou8a Mini-HOWTO, kaluptouv pio eidika 8emata kai uparxouv sto
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini:












  ADSM-Backup                            AI-Alife
  Advocacy                               Backup-With-MSDOS
  Battery-Powered                        Boca
  BogoMips                               Bridge
  Bridge+Firewall                        Clock
  Colour-ls                              Comeau-C++
  DHCPd                                  Dial-On-Demand
  Diald                                  Dip+SLiRP+CSLIP
  Diskless                               Dynamic-IP-Hacks
  Ext2fs-Undeletion                      GTEK-BBS-550
  HTML-Validation                        IO-Port-Programming
  IP-Alias                               IP-Masquerade
  IP-Subnetworking                       JE
  Jaz-Drive                              Kerneld
  Key-Setup                              LBX
  LILO                                   Large-Disk
  Linux+DOS+Win95                        Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2
  Linux+NT-Loader                        Linux+OS2+DOS
  Linux+Win95                            Loadlin+Win95
  Locales                                MIDI+SB
  Mail-Queue                             Mail2News
  Man-Page                               Multiple-Disks-Layout
  Multiple-Ethernet                      NFS-Root
  NFS-Root-Client                        Netscape+Proxy
  Offline-Mailing                        Online-Support
  PLIP                                   PPP-over-minicom
  Pager                                  Partition
  Print2Win                              Process-Accounting
  Proxy-ARP                              Public-Web-Browser
  Qmail+MH                               Quota
  RCS                                    Remote-Boot
  Remote-X-Apps                          SLIP+proxyARP
  SLIP-PPP-Emulator                      Sendmail+UUCP
  Software-Building                      Software-RAID
  Soundblaster-16                        Soundblaster-AWE64
  StarOffice                             Swap-Space
  Term-Firewall                          Tiny-News
  Token-Ring                             Upgrade
  VPN                                    Virtual-wu-ftpd
  Visual-Bell                            Win95+Win+Linux
  Windows-Modem-Sharing                  WordPerfect
  X-Big-Cursor                           XFree86-XInside
  Xterm-Title                            Xterminal
  ZIP-Drive                              ZIP-Install



  Epipros8eta, metafraseis twv HOWTO uparxouv sto
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations.  Oi metafraseis
  uparxouv autn tnv stigmn stis e3ns glwsses:


  Gallika  (fr)                      Germavika(de)
  Italika  (it)                      Iapwvika (jp)
  Polwvika (pl)                      Ispavika (es)
  Soundika (sv)                      Tourkika (tr)



  Ta HOWTO's episns uparxouv sto Web, stnv selida tou Linux
  Documentation Project http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP, kai stelvovtai
  mnviaia sto Usenet newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers.

  Ta pio polla apo auta ta keimeva eivai upo suvexn e3eli3n.  Parakalw,
  elate se epafn me tov Greg Hankins, <gregh@cc.gatech.edu>, suvtovistn
  twv HOWTO, eav evdiafereste va grayete kapoio. To arxeio
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX periexei odngies gia to
  grayimo evos HOWTO.

  H Seira Egxeridiwv (Guide Series) pou paragetai apo to Linux
  Documentation Project eivai dia8esimn apo to
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP. Parakaloume diabaste ta eav eiste arxarios
  sto Unix kai sto Linux. Edw eivai mia lista twv dia8esimwv:


  o  The Linux Documentation Project Manifesto, apo tov Matt Welsh.

  o  Installation and Getting Started Guide, apo tov Matt Welsh.

  o  The Linux Kernel, apo tov David Rusling.

  o  The Network Administrator's Guide, apo tov Olaf Kirch.

  o  The Linux Programmer's Guide, apo tov Sven Goldt, Sven van der
     Meer, Scott Burkett, kai Matt Welsh.

  o  The Linux System Administrator's Guide, Version 0.5, apo tov Lars
     Wirzenius.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.3.  Pou 8a preprei va ya3w sto World Wide Web gia 8emata tou Linux;

  O Greg Hankins, gregh@cc.gatech.edu, suvtnrei tnv selida tou Linux
  Documentation Project, sto http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP.

  Autn n selida eivai avaferetai se ola ta FAQ kai HOWTO, kai se auta
  pou eivai se HTML (WWW) format, kai se auta pou dev eivai.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.4.  Ti newsgroups uparxouv gia to Linux;

  Uparxouv deka die8vn Usenet newsgroups (omades suzntnsewv) afierwmeva
  sto Linux.  Ta newsgroups eivai polu xrnsima, giati opoiodnpote
  problnma prokuptei, mporei kaveis va rwtnsei ekei, gia va brei tnv
  apavtnsn.

  comp.os.linux.announce eivai eva epopteuomevo (moderated) kavali
  avakoivwsewv, pou 8a prepei va parakalou8eite eav skopeuete va
  xrnsimopoinsete to Linux.  Muvnmata gia auto to kavali 8a prepei va
  stelvovtai sto <linux-announce@news.ornl.gov>.

  comp.os.linux.answers perriexei ola ta FAQs, HOWTOs kai alles
  snmavtikes plnrofories. 8a prepei va grafteite kai edw.

  A3izei va diabasete kai ta alla groups stnv ierarxia comp.os.linux.*
  -- mporei va breite polla koiva problnmata pou eivai polu prosfata gia
  va ta breite se auto to FAQ, alla ekei apavtwvtai.Auta ta newsgroups
  eivai:

  comp.os.linux.setup
  comp.os.linux.hardware
  comp.os.linux.networking
  comp.os.linux.x
  comp.os.linux.development.apps
  comp.os.linux.development.system
  comp.os.linux.advocacy
  comp.os.linux.misc

  Exete up' oyiv sas episns, oti ka8ws to Linux eivai Unix klwvos,
  sxedov olo to uliko sta comp.unix.* kai comp.windows.x.* groups 8a
  eivai sxetiko.

  Ektos apo 8emata hardware, kai kapoia {obscure} n polu texvika low-
  level snmeia, 8a avakaluyete oti auta ta kavalia eivai to swsto meros
  va 3ekivnsete.

  Please read ````'''' before posting, and make sure you post to the
  right newsgroup -- see `Welcome to the comp.os.linux.* hierarchy'
  which is posted every two weeks to comp.os.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, and other groups.

  H pollapln apostoln (Crossposting) meta3u twv kavaliwv
  comp.os.linux.*, spavia eivai kaln idea.

  Mporei va uparxouv Linux groups, topika, stnv perioxn sou. -- eleg3e
  prwta auta.  S.T.M. Kai ovtws uparxouv: news://edessa.topo.auth.gr

  Ta comp.os.linux.development, comp.os.linux.admin, kai
  comp.os.linux.help, eivai upo aposursn... 8a prepei va mnv
  xrnsimopoiouvtai.

  See also ````''''

  Other regional and local newsgroups also exist -- you may find the
  traffic more manageable there.  The French Linux newsgroup is
  fr.comp.os.linux. The German one is de.comp.os.linux.  In Australia,
  try aus.computers.linux.  In Croatia there is the moderated group
  hr.comp.linux.m.  In Italy, it.comp.linux.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.5.  Pws 8a egkatastnsw to Linux

  Uparxouv diafores proepilegmeves diavomes tou Linux, perilambavwvtas
  kuriws tnv Debian, Red Hat kai Slackware. Ka8e mia periexei olo to
  logismiko pou xreiazetai gia va tre3ei kaveis to Linux, etoimo pros
  egkatastasn kai xrnsn. Oi akribeis leptomereies tou ti logismiko
  perilambavetai kai pws va to egkatastnsei kaveis, diaferouv apo ekdosn
  se ekdosn.

  8a prepei va diabasete to Installation-HOWTO gia perissoteres
  leptomereies sxetika me tnv egkatastasn tou Slackware. Oi diavomes Red
  Hat kai Debian exouv pio eukoln egkatastasn, alla exouv mikrotero
  ari8mo etoimwv gia egkatastasn efarmogwv.

  Oles autes oi diavomes eivai dia8esimes me anonymous FTP, apo
  diaforous kombous. Blepe ``'' Uparxei akomn evas megalos ari8mos apo
  alles diavomes pou eivai ligotero diadedomeves, pou diapragmateuovtai
  eidikotera problnmata ( gia paradeigma kalutern upostnri3n glwssas )

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.6.  Pou 8a brw uliko tou Linux me FTP;

  Autoi edw eivai oi treis kurioi komboi gia to Linux:

  o  ftp.funet.fi (Finland, 128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux

  o  sunsite.unc.edu (US, 152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux

  o  tsx-11.mit.edu (US, 18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux

     To kalutero meros gia va parei kaveis tov purnva tou Linux eivai:
     ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel.  O Linus Torvalds stelvei tis
     pio teleutaies ekdoseis tou purnva ekei.  {www.kernel.org}

  H diavomn Debian uparxei edw: ftp.debian.org/pub/debian, kai n Red Hat
  sto ftp.redhat.com.

  Ta periexomeva autwv twv kombwv ka8reptizovtai (mirror, avtigrafovtai
  peripou nmernsia) apo eva ari8mo allwv kombwv.  Parakaloume va
  xrnsimopoinsete kapoio pou brisketai kovta se esas wste va eivai pio
  grngoro kai eukolo, alla kai mnv spatalate askopa tous porous tou
  diktuou.

  o  ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

  o  ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

  o  ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

  o  ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

  o  ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Japan)

  o  ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/ (Korea)

  o  ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/ (Malaysia)

  o  ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/ (Singapore)

  o  ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/ (Thailand)

  o  ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

  o  sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

  o  ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

  o  ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

  o  ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/ (Austria)

  o  ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/ (Czech Republic)

  o  ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Finland)

  o  ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/ (France)

  o  ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr (France)

  o  ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

  o  ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

  o  ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/

  o  ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)


  o  ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  tp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/
     (Germany)

  o  ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

  o  ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/ (Hungary)

  o  linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

  o  ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Italy)

  o  giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/ (Italy)

  o  cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

  o  ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Italy)

  o  ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (Netherlands)

  o  ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Netherlands)

  o  ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Norway)

  o  ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Poland)

  o  ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/ (Spain)

  o  sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/ (Spain)

  o  ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/ (Spain)

  o  ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/ (Spain)

  o  ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/ (Spain)

  o  ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/ (Spain)

  o  ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/ (Switzerland)

  o  ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Turkey)

  o  unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/ (UK)

  o  ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

  o  ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

  o  sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

  o  ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/ (UK)

  o  ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Canada)

  o  ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/ (US)

  o  ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)


  o  ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/ (US)

  o  ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

  o  ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (US)

  o  linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ (Brazil)

  o  farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/ (Brazil)

  Merikoi komboi mporei va mnv exouv to plnres periexomevo apo tous
  arxikous kombous, evw alloi mporei va exouv epipros8eto uliko.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.7.  Dev exw prosbasn se FTP. Pws va parw to Linux;

  O pio aplos tropos eivai va breite eva filo pou va exei to CDROM n
  prosbasn FTP.  Eav uparxei Linux User Group episns kovta sas,
  evdexetai va mporouv va bon8nsouv.

  Eav exete polu kaln suvdesn email, mporeite va dokimasete FTP-by-mail
  servers sto <ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se>, <ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi> or
  <ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de>.

  Episns to Linux eivai dia8esimo me paradosiako taxudromeio me disketa,
  se CDROM kai se kaseta (efedreias).  To arxeio
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO, kai to
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions/Distribution-HOWTO
  periexouv sxetikes plnrofories.

  Pleov o pio diademevos alla kai o pio apodotikos tropos va
  egkatastnsei kaveis to Linux, eivai va to promn8eutei se CDROM. Auto
  va to exete up' 'oyiv sas eav bazete to Linux gia prwtn fora.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.8.  Dev exw prosbasn stis omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet. Pws evnmer-
  wvomai;

  Ta digest ( suvoyeis ) tou comp.os.linux.announce eivai dia8esima me
  nlektroviko taxudromeio stelvovtas tnv le3n subscribe sto swma tou
  mnvumatos sto <mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu>.
  Sas sumbouleuoume va grafteite stnv lista autn, ka8ws  metaferei
  snmavtika vea kai avakoivwseis gia to Linux.

  Episns  va xrnsimopoieite tnv dieu8uvsn -request gia tnv
  eggrafn/apeggrafn apo tnv lista.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.9.  Ti listes uparxouv;

  Autoi pou avaptussouv to Linux twra xrnsimopoiouv tov e3upnretn
  Majordomo sto: <majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu>.  Steilte mnvumame tn le3n
  lists sto swma tou mnvumatos gia va parete mia lista me tis listes
  ekei.  Balete kai mia grammn me tnv la3n help, gia va parete tis
  odngies xrnsns tou Majordomo, gia eggrafn/apeggrafn kai alla.

  Snmeiwste oti oi perissoteres apo autes tis listes xrnsimopoiouvtai
  apo autous pou avaptussouv to Linux, gia va suzntouv gia txevika
  8emata kai mellovtikes epektaseis. Dev proorizovtai gia erwtnseis vewv
  xrnstwv.
  Uparxei mia lista pou "kamia erwtnsn dev eivai polu xazn". Dustuxws
  autn n lista dev diabazetai apo empeirous xrnstes kai n kivnsn eivai
  xamnln.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  2.10.  Arxeio8etouvtai oi omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet;

  To sunsite.unc.edu periexei arxeio8etnmeva ta mnvumata tou
  comp.os.linux.announce, sto /pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive.
  Auta ka8reptizovtai apo to /usenet sto src.doc.ic.ac.uk.

  Uparxei eva eukolo stn xrnsn arxeio twv mnvumatwv tou
  comp.os.linux.announce sto World Wide Web sto
  http://www.leo.org/archiv/linux/archiv/ann_index.html.  Upostnrizei
  ya3imo kai emfavisn.

  Oi upoloipes omades suzntnsewv dev eivai gvwsto va exouv
  arxeio8etnmeva ta periexomeva tous.

  =====================================================================


  3.  Sumbatotnta me alla leitourgika



  3.1.  Mporei to Linux va moirastei tov disko me DOS; OS/2; 386BSD;
  Win95; WinNT; Solaris;

  NAI. To Linux xrnsimopoiei to tupopoinmevo sxnma gia partitions twv
  PC, etsi mporei va moirastei tov disko me alla leitourgika sustnmata.
  Snmeiwste par' ola auta, oti ta alla leitourgika sustnmata, merikes
  fores dnmiourgouv problnmata, logw bugs.  Eidika to FDISK kai to
  FORMAT tou DOS mporei merikes fores va pavwgrayouv dedomeva tou Linux,
  giati merikes fores xrnsimopoiouv dedomeva apo tov tomea ekkivnsns tns
  katatmnsns (partition boot sector), avti tou pivaka katatmnsewv
  (partition table), pou brisketai stov tomea ekkivnsns diskou (Master
  Boot Record, MBR). Gia to logo auto, eivai asfales otav dnmiourgeite
  partition apo to Linux, va mndevizete tnv arxn tns veas katatmisns,
  priv to morfoponsete apo to MSDOS n opoudnpote allou. Autn evtoln
  kavei akribws auto: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1 opou
  XU eivai to sxetiko partition, px hda1=1os diskos, 1n katatmnsn.

  To Linux, mporei va diabasei kai va grayei arxeia se sustnma arxeiwv
  (filesystem) toso tou DOS (FAT), oso OS/2 (HPFS). Upostnrizei episns
  filesystems pou xrnsimopoiouvtai apo ta Windows opws: VFAT (megala
  ovomata), FAT32 (to veo protupo tns M$), alla kai NTFS (twv NT).

  Alla leitourgika mporouv va diabasouv arxeia apo to Linux (px OS/2).
  Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite:
  http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/ gef/fs

  { See Q1.2 `What software does it support?' for details and status of
  the emulators for DOS, MS Windows and System V programs.

  See also Q3.5 `Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc
  filesystems?'.  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  3.2.  Pws prospelauvw ta arxeia mou se mia katatmnsn tou DOS;

  To DOS (FAT) upostnrizetai apo to Linux, mesw tou MSDOS filesystem
  driver.  Grayte apla: (Upoti8etai oti to DOS eivai sto trito partition
  tou prwtou diskou)

          mkdir /dos
          mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos


  n avtistoixa:

          mkdir /floppyA
          mount -t msdos -o /dev/fd0 /floppyA
          ls -als /floppyA
          umount /dev/fd0


  MHN 3EXNATE NA KANETE UMOUNT, OTAN BGAZETE THN DISKETA

  Oi proairetikes parametroi conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn
  and gid=nnn bon8ouv wste va givetai automata n metatropn arxeiwv
  keimevou apo DOS morfn ( CR/LF -> LF ) kai gia apodosn tautotntas
  xrnstn kai omadas kai permissions sta arxeia tou DOS, otav faivovtai
  katw apo Linux.  To mount mporei va givei pio eukolo eav uparxouv ndn
  oi swstes parametroi sto arxeio /etc/fstab. Gia perissotera ekteleste
  man 8 mount, man fstab.

  To paketo mtools mporei va xrnsimeusei episns gia grngorn prosbasn:
  kavei kaveis px "mdir a:" kai diabazei tnv prwtn disketa, klp.

  Eva kernel patch (gvwsto ws fd-patches) pou uparxei epitrepei tnv
  avagvwsn disketwv me asuvn8istn orgavwsn tracks kai/n sectors


  3.3.  Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to sumpiesmevo mou DOS drive;

  Me duskolia. Av kai mesa apo tov DOS emulator (Q1.2 `What software
  does it support?') givetai gia Stacked kai DBLSPC, eivai polu pio
  duskolo va givei mesa apo filesystem driver. Uparxei eva paketo pou
  upostnrizei read-only prospelasn gia doublespaced volumes: Bl.
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems, gia to "ths".


  3.4.  Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to partition tou OS/2 (HPFS);

  Nai, alla movo avagvwsn eivai duvatn akoma. Gia va to xrnsimopoinseis,
  prepei va kaveis compile tov kernel (purnva) sou, afou evergopoinseis
  tnv avtistoixn epilogn.  Gia perissoteres plnrofories, des {(Q7.6)}.
  Meta arkei va to prosartnseis sto root filesystem:

          mkdir /hpfs
          mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs



  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  3.5.  ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?

  I'm told that there is a primitive, alpha test read-only Amiga
  filesystem on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/patches/amigaffs.tar.Z.
  More information is in affs-readme in the tarfile.

  Recent kernels contain support for the UFS filesystem used by System
  V, Coherent and Xenix.

  There is alpha kernel support, readonly for the moment, for the 4.2BSD
  UFS, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs.
  There is a set of user-level programs that provides read-only access
  to the Macintosh hierarchical filing system (HFS). It is available on
  sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/hfs0_36.tgz.  This
  is being turned into a kernel module, which is available on sunsite.

  A suite of programs called Samba provide support for Windows for
  Workgroups networked filesystems (provided it's configured to use
  TCP/IP).  Information is available at
  http://lake.canberra.edu.au/samba/samba.html.  There is alpha kernel
  support for mounting such filesystems, on sunsite.unc.edu in
  /pub/Linux/ALPHA/smbfs.

  There is no support for the rest of those yet; I have not heard of any
  recent work on providing some.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  3.6.  Mporw va tre3w efarmoges twv Windows katw apo Linux;

  Uparxei mia prospa8eia, pou omws dev exei apodwsei akoma karpous, to
  WINE Kapoies (aples) farmoges trexouv, omws oxi oi pio polles.  Gia
  perissoteres plnrofories deite comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine

  Episns, n Sun, pou edw kai kairo eixe bgalei to WABI gia alla Unices,
  prosfata to dia8etei kai gia to Linux mesw tns Caldera. To WABI eivai
  evas polu kalos kai a3iologos e3omeiwtns, pou trexei oles tis gvwstes
  souites grafeiou, sxediastika klp.

  Epeidn to WINE dev douleuei kala, kai to WABI dev eivai dwreav, n
  kalutern lusn eivai va exete kai ta Windows kai to Linux kai va
  allazete avaloga me tnv periptwsn, kavwvtas reboot.  Auto mporei va
  givei mesw tou LILO (LInux LOader), pou upostnrizei BOOT MENU. {***}

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  3.7.  Pws mporw va ekkivw to Linux apo tov Boot Manager tou OS/2;

  To OS/2 apatei eidikn diadikasia gia va suvergastei.

  1. Me to fdisk tou OS/2 (kai movo me auto) dnmiourgeiste mia katatmnsn
     gia to Linux.  Eav xreiazete, ftia3te kai to swap partition.

  2. Formarete tnv katatmnsn me HPFS n FAT. (Auto dev xreiazetai katw
     apo OS/2 WARP)

  3. Pros8este to stov Boot Manager.

  4. Me tnv evtoln mkfs -t ext2 n mke2fs formarete to veo partition me
     ext2 domn, pou eivai katallnln gia to Linux. Episns me to fdisk tou
     Linux dwste tov swsto tupo sto ka8e partition (kavovika 83, n 82
     gia swap).

  5. Egkatestnse to Linux stn vea katatmnsn.

  6. Egkatestnse to LILO stov BOOT SECTOR (Linux partition), OXI pavw
     sto Master Boot Record (MBR), giati alliws 8a apevergopoinseis tov
     Boot Manager. Auto kavei to LILO va eivai evas fortwtns B' epipedou
     gia to leitourgiko, pavw stnv idia tnv katatmnsn me to sustnma
     arxeiwv, pou ekkivei tov purnva pou orizetai sto /etc/lilo.conf me
     tnv evtoln boot = /dev/hda2

  7. Epibebaiwste oti n katatmnsn tou Boot Manager eivai evergn
     (active), wste va xrnsimopoieisete tov Boot Manager gia va
     epile3ete ti 8a ekkivnsete.
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  3.8.  Pws mporw va moirastw tov idio xwro meta3u tou Linux kai twv
  Windows gia swap;

  Des to Mini-HOWTO apo tov H. Peter Anvin,  <hpa@yggdrasil.com>:
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space


  =====================================================================


  4.  Xeirismos twv sustnmatwv arxeio8etnsns, sklnrwv diskwv kai disket-
  twv apo to Linux

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.1.  sklnro disko mou; Pws mporw va kavw to Linux va douleyei sto
  megalou mege8ous

  Av o sklnros diskos sas eivai tupou IDE n EIDE 8a prepei va diabasete
  to arxeio /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (eivai meros tou
  pngaiou kwdika tou purnva tou Linux).  Auto to arxeio periexei polles
  xrnsimes sumboules sxetika me tous sklnrous diksous tupou IDE. Polloi
  sugxrovoi elegktes IDE kavouv tn metatropn meta3u `fusikwv' kai
  `logikwv' kulivdrwv/kefalwv/tomewv.

  Stous sklnrous diskous tupou SCSI n prosbasn givetai me grammikous
  ari8mous evotntwv (linear block numbers). To BIOS dnmiourgei kapoious
  skiwdeis `logikous' kulivdrous/kefales/tomeis gia va upostnri3ei to
  DOS.

  Suvn8ws to DOS dev 8a mporei va exei prosbasn se diaireseis tou diskou
  (partitions) pou ekteivovtai perav twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv, kai
  stnv kalutern periptwsn n evar3n tou purnva tou Linux apo tetoies
  diaireseis sklnrwv diskwv me xrnsn tou LILO 8a eivai problnmatikn.

  Par' ol' auta mporeite va xrnsimopoieite tetoies diaireseis sklnrwv
  diskwv gia to Linux n alla leitourgika sustnmata pou exouv apeu8eias
  prosbasn stov elegktn.

  8a suvistousa va dnmiourgnsete toulaxistov mia diairesn sklnrou diskou
  tupou Linux e3 oloklnrou katw apo to orio twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv
  kai va kavete tnv evar3n tou sustnmatos apo ekei. Se autn tnv
  periptwsn oi upoloipes diaireseis sklnrou diskou dev 8a exouv
  problnma.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.2.  Pws mporw va epavaferw arxeia pou exw diagrayei;

  Gevika, auto eivai polu duskolo va givei se sustnmata Unix e3aitias
  tns poludiergasiakns (multitasking) fusews tous. H leitourgia
  epavaforas gia to ext2fs brisketai sta skaria, alla mnv perimevete va
  tn deite suvtoma stov upologistn sas.

  Uparxei evas ari8mos logismikwv paketwv pou eivai dia8esima kai
  ektelouv tnv ergasia autn prosferovtas vees evtoles gia diagrafn kai,
  merikes fores, avtigrafn oi opoies metaferouv ta pros diagrafn arxeia
  se evav eidiko fakelo pou eivai gvwstos ws `kados axrnstwv'. Katopiv
  eivai epavaktnsima mexri va diagrafouv automata apo deutereuouses
  epe3ergasies.

  Ws evallaktikn lusn, mporeite va ereuvnsete amesa tov idio to sklnro
  disko pavw stov opoio brisketai to sxetiko sustnma arxeio8etnsns. Auto
  proupo8etei polu douleia kai xreiazetai va eiste o diaxeiristns tou
  sustnmatos (root) gia va tnv kavete.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.3.  Uparxei avasugkrotntns (defragmenter) gia to ext2fs klp;

  Nai. Evas avasugkrotntns tou sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns Linux gia to
  ext2, to minix kai ta palaiou tupou sustnmata arxeio8etnsns ext eivai
  dia8esimos sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo system/Filesystems ws
  defrag-0.6.tar.gz.

  Oi xrnstes tou sustnmatos arxeiwv ext2 pi8avotata dev xreiazovtai
  avasugkrotntn ka8ws to ext2 periexei evav epipleov kwdika gia va
  diatnrei tnv katatmnsn tou sklnrou diskou (fragmentation) se xamnla
  epipeda akomn kai se ogkwdn sustnmata arxeiwv.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.4.  Pws diamorfwvw kai dnmiourgw eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns se
  disketta;

  Gia mia disketta pukvns eggrafns 3,5 ivtswv:

     fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
     mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440


  Gia mia disketta 5,25 ivtswv xrnsimopoinste fd0h1200 kai 1200 avaloga
  me tnv periptwsn. Gia tov odngo diskettwv `B' xrnsmopoinste fd1 avti
  gia fd0. Plnreis odngies sxetika me tn xrnsn twv diaforwv suskeuwv
  diskettwv mporouv va bre8ouv stn Lista Suskeuwv tou Linux { Q2.1 `Pou
  mporw va brw ta HOWTO kai peraiterw bibliografikn evnmerwsn' }. Isws
  xreiastei va tre3ete apeu8eias to mke2fs avti gia to mkfs -t ext2. H
  epilogn -m 0 leei sto mkfs.ext2 va mnv kratnsei ka8olou xwro stn
  disketta gia tov diaxeiristn tou sustnmatos. Suvn8ws to teleutaio 10%
  tns diskettas fulattetai pros xrnsn tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root).

  H prwtn evtoln kavei tn basikn diamorfwsn tns diskettas evw n deutern
  dnmiourgei eva adeio sustnma arxeio8etnsns pavw s' autn. Katopiv
  mporeite va fortwsete (mount) tn disketta sav va ntav diairesn sklnrou
  diskou (partition) kai apla va avtigrayete (cp) kai va metakivnsete
  (mv) arxeia, klp.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.5.  tetoia.  Lambavw perierga mnvumata sxetika me inodes, blocks,
  kai diafora

  Mallov exete eva alloiwmevo sustnma arxeio8etnsns pou pi8avov
  ofeiletai sto gegovos oti to Linux dev termatise tn leitourgia tou
  kavovika priv va diakoyete tnv trofodosia n priv va epavaferete
  (reset) tov upologistn sas. Xreiazetai va xrnsimopoinsete eva sugxrovo
  programma termatismou leitourgias gia va dior8wsete to la8os. Gia
  paradeigma, to programma pou perilambavetai to logismiko paketo util-
  linux, to opoio eivai dia8esimo sto sunsite kai sto tsx-11.

  Av eiste tuxeros to programma fsck (n e2fsck n xfsck kata periptwsn av
  dev exete to automato empros8omeres tou fsck [automatic fsck front-
  end]) 8a mporesei va episkeuasei to sustnma arxeio8etnsns sas. Av
  eiste atuxos to sustnma arxeio8etnsns exei katastrafei kai 8a prepei
  va to ftia3ete apo tnv arxn me mkfs (n mke2fs, mkxfs klp) kai va to
  epavaferete apo kapoio avtigrafo asfaleias.

  Snm.: Mnv prospa8nsete va eleg3ete eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns to opoio
  exei fortw8ei (mount) ws avagvwsimo/eggrayimo. Auto perilambavei tn
  diairesn sklnrou diskou tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root) av kata tn
  diarkeia tns evar3ns tou purnva tou Linux dev deite to mnvuma:


     VFS: mounted root ... read-only



  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.6.  H perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns (swap area) dev leitourgei.

  Otav kavete evar3n (boot) tou purnva tou Linux (n otav me dikn sas
  evtoln epitrepete tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) 8a prepei va deite to
  mnvuma:

          Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space


  Av dev deite kaveva mnvuma pi8avotata n evtoln swapon -av (n opoia
  epitrepei tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) dev uparxei sto arxeio
  /etc/rc.local n /etc/rc.d/* (ta sxedia evar3ews sustnmatos) n exete
  3exasei va kavete tn swstn kataxwrnsn sto arxeio /etc/fstab, px:

          /dev/hda2       none       swap       sw



  Av deite to mnvuma:

          Unable to find swap-space signature


  exete 3exasei va tre3ete to mkswap. Deite tis selides egxeiridiwv gia
  leptomereies. Leitourgei omoia me to mkfs.

  Eleg3te to Installation-HOWTO (Egkatastasns) gia leptomereis odngies
  sxetika me to pws va stnsete mia perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.7.  me DOS; Pws diagrafw to LILO etsi, wste to sustnma mou va 3ekiva
  kai pali

  Xrnsimopoiwvtas DOS (MS-DOS 5.0 n metagevestero, n OS/2),
  plnktrolognste FDISK /MBR (dev uparxei stis odngies xrnsews). Autn n
  evtoln 8a epavaferei mia tupikn kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (Master Boot
  Record) tou MS-DOS. Av exete DR-DOS 6.0, pngaivete sto FDISK kai
  epile3te "Re-write Master Boot Record".

  Av dev exete DOS 5 n DR-DOS xreiazeste tov tomea evar3ews (boot
  sector) pou to LILO eswse otav to prwtoegkatastnsate. Elpizw va
  kratnsate ekeivo to arxeio, etsi dev eivai; Kata pasa pi8avotnta
  ovomazetai boot.0301 n kati tetoio.  Plnktrolognste:


     dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1


  (n sda av xrnsimopoieite sklnro disko tupou SCSI). Auto mporei va sbn-
  sei tov pivaka diairesewv (partition table) tou sklnrou sas diskou,
  gi' auto prosoxn! Av exete ftasei se apogvwsn, 8a prepei va xrnsi-
  mopoinsete tnv evtoln:

     dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1


  n opoia 8a diagrayei tov pivaka diairesewv opws kai tov tomea evar3ews
  (boot sector) tou sklnrou sas diskou. Katopiv mporeite va epavadiomor-
  fwsete (format) to sklnro sas disko me to logismiko tns protimnsns
  sas. Pavtws, n evtoln autn 8a katastnsei ta periexomeva tou sklnrou
  sas diskou aprospelasta.  8a ta xasete gia pavta ektos av eiste eidn-
  mwv twv nlektrovikwv upologistwv.

  Snmeiwste oti n kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (MBR) tou DOS 3ekiva apo
  opoiadnpote diairesn diskou exei prosnmav8ei ws `evergos' (alla movo
  apo mia). Mporei va xreiastei va xrnsimopoinsete to fdisk gia va
  8esete kai va ka8arisete tis evergeis prosnmavseis apo tis diaireseis
  tou sklnrou sas diskou kata periptwsn.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.8.  diaxeiristns sustnmatos (root); Giati dev mporw va xrnsimopoinsw
  tnv evtoln fdformat para movo ws

  H evtoln diamorfwsns mias diskettas mporei va kln8ei movo apo to
  diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root), ave3artnta apo tis e3ousiodotnseis
  (permissions) tou /dev/fd0*. Av 8elete opoiosdnpote xrnstns va mporei
  va diamorfwvei (format) diskettes prospa8eiste va breite to programma
  fdformat2 to opoio 3eperva ta problnmata auta allazovtas to se setuid
  (chmod u+s fdformat2).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.9.  Uparxei kati sav to Stacker n to Doublespace gia to Linux;

  Snmera kaveva apo ta sustnmata arxeio8etnsns tou Linux dev mporei va
  kavei sumpiesn mesa sto sustnma arxeio8etnsns.

  Uparxei eva programma pou ovomazetai Zlibc kai to opoio epitrepei stis
  uparxouses efarmoges va diabazouv sumpiesmeva (GNU zipped) arxeia sav
  va mnv ntav sumpiesmeva. Afou to egkatastnsete mporeite va sumpiezete
  arxeia xrnsimopoiwvtas to gzip kai oi efarmoges sas 8a e3akolou8ouv va
  ta briskouv xwris va xreiazetai va alla3ete ta programmata sas.
  Koita3te sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo /pub/Linux/libs. O dnmiourgos
  tou eivai o < Alain.Knaff@imag.fr>.

  Uparxei evas odngos suskeuwv sumpiesews evotntwv (compressing block
  device driver) pou mporei va parexei amesn sumpiesn tou sklnrou diskou
  mesa stov purnva ave3artntws sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns. Ovomazetai
  `DouBle'. O pngaios kwdikas diati8etai sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo
  /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives. O dnmiourgos tou eivai o Jean-
  Marc Verbavatz <jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu>.  Snmeiwste oti, efosov
  o odngos autos sumpiezei tous desmous plnroforiwv (inodes -
  plnrofories diaxeirnsns) kai tous fakelous opws episns kai ta
  periexomeva twv arxeiwv, n emfavisn opoiasdnpote alloiwsns eivai polu
  pi8avov va eivai sobarn.

  Uparxei episns eva logismiko paketo gvwsto ws tcx (Transparently
  Compressed Executables - Diafavws Sumpiesmeva Ektelesima Arxeia) pou
  sas epitrepei va tnreite ektelesima arxeia ta opoia spavia xreiazeste
  se sumpiesmevn morfn kai va ta aposumpiezete proswriva movo otav ta
  xrnsimopoieite. 8a to breite stis baseis dedomevwv tupou FTP tou Linux
  (Q2.5 `Pou mporw va brw uliko gia to Linux me FTP;'). Sxetikes
  plnrofories eixav episns avakoivw8ei sto comp.os.linux.announce.
  Snmeiwsn - dev eivai to idio pragma me to gzexe, to opoio eivai
  katwterns poiotntas efarmogn tns autns ideas.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.10.  Oi diaireseis tou sklnrou mou diskou tupou ext2fs elegxovtai
  ka8e fora pou epavekkivw tov upologistn mou

  Blepe Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.11.  movo avagvwsimo!  To sustnma arxeio8etnsns tou diaxeiristn dik-
  tuou (root) eivai

  Fortwste to (mount) kai pali. Av to arxeio /etc/fstab eivai swsto
  mporeite apla va plnktrolognsete mount -n -o remount /. Av to arxeio
  /etc/fstab exei la8n prepei va dwsete to ovoma tns suskeuns kai
  pi8avws kai tov tupo tns: p.x. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2
  /. Gia va katalabete pws ftasate se autn tnv katastasn diabaste to
  Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.12.  Exw eva terastio arxeio /proc/kcore! Mporw va to diagrayw;

  Kaveva apo ta arxeia stov fakelo /proc dev eivai stnv pragmatikotnta
  ekei - eivai ola `plasta' arxeia pou dnmiourgouvtai apo tov purnva
  (kernel) gia va sas divouv plnrofories sxetika me to sustnma evw dev
  katalambavouv xwro sto sklnro disko.

  To arxeio /proc/kcore eivai sav eva `yeudwvumo' tns mvnmns tou
  upologistn sas. To mege8os tou eivai to idio me to suvolo tns RAM pou
  exete kai, av zntnsete va to diabasete sav arxeio, o purnvas diabazei
  tn mvnmn.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  4.13.  H AHA1542C mou dev leitourgei me to Linux.

  H epilogn pou epitrepei tn xrnsn sklnrwv diskwv me perissoterous apo
  1024 kulivdrous apaiteitai movo ws tropos apofugns mias para3evias tou
  DOS kai 8a eprepe va apevergopoieitai otav xrnsimopoieite to Linux.
  Gia palaioterous purnves tou Linux xreiazetai va apevergopoieite tis
  perissoteres apo tis epiloges `advanced BIOS' (prongmevou BIOS) - oles
  ektos apo ekeivn pou  afora tnv ereuva tou agwgou (bus) gia suskeues
  apo tis opoies mporei va givei evar3n tou sustnmatos.

  =====================================================================


  5.  Metafora kai metaglwttisn programmatwv

  Please see also the Linux GCC-FAQ, available in HTML format by FTP
  from www.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk in /pub/linux/GCC-FAQ.html.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------



  5.1.  Pws mporw va metaferw eva programma sto linux apo alla lei-
  tourgika sustnmata;

  Gevika ta programmata se eva unix sustnma xreiazovtai liges allages
  gia va metafer8ouv se eva allo unix. Apla akolou8nste tis odngies
  egkatastasns. Eav dev 3erete pws va apavtnsete se merikes erwtnseis
  kata tnv diadikasia tns egkatastasns mporeite va mavteyete apla, alla
  autn n avtimetwpisn mporei va odngnsei se programmata me bugs. Se
  autnv tnv periptwsn to kalutero pou exete va kavete eivai va balete
  kapoiov allov va kavei to porting tou programmatos gia esas.

  Eav exete programmata apo to bsd prepei va dokimasete va
  xrnsimopoinsete sta katallnla snmeia twv grammwv tou compile tis
  parametrous: -I/usr/include/bsd kai -lbsd

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.2.  Ti eivai to ld.so kai pou mporw va to brw;

  To ld.so eivai o dynamic libary loader. Ka8e diadiko arxeio pou
  xrnsimopoiei shared libraries paliotera eixe peripou 3K kwdika stnv
  arxn tou, pou to bon8ouse stnv aveuresn kai to fortwma twv shared
  libraries. Twra autos o kwdikas exei topo8etn8ei se mia eidikn shared
  library, /lib/ld.so, opou kai ola ta diadika arxeia mporouv va tov
  brouv. Etsi ta binaries spatalouv ligotero xwro stov disko kai mporouv
  va avaba8mistouv eukolotera.

  Mporei kaveis va to katebasei apo to tsx-11.mit.edu apo to directory
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC kai sta mirror site tou. Tn stigmn pou
  grafetai auto to faq n teleutaia version tou ld.so eivai n
  ld.so.1.7.11.tar.gz. Evw to /lib/ld-linux.so.1 eivai to idio pragma
  gia ta ELF binaries kai pngaivei me to idio paketo me tov a.out
  loader.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.3.  Exei kaveis metaferei / kavei compile / grayei kapoio XXX pro-
  gramma gia to linux;

  Prwta ap'ola, koita3te sto Linux Software Map (LSM) --- eivai sto
  directory docs sto sunsite.unc.edu, kai se alla ftp sites. Mia mnxavn
  avazntnsns eivai dia8esimn stov web server http://www.boutell.com/lsm.

  Elev3te ta ftp sites (deite to Q2.5 'Pou mporw va brw programmata gia
  to linux mesw ftp ;') prwta --- elev3te ta find-ls n index arxeia gia
  ta katallnla strings. Elev3te kai to Linux Projects Map (LPM), sto
  ftp.ix.de sto /pub/Linux/docs/Projects-Map.gz.

  Eav dev breite tipota, mporeite n va katebasete tov kwdika tou
  programmatos kai va tov kavete compile movoi sas -- deite to Q5.1 'Pws
  mporw va metaferw eva programma sto Linux ;' -- n, eav eivai megalo
  paketo pou mporei va xreiazetai allages stov kwdika, steilte eva
  mnvuma sto newsgroup : comp.os.linux.development.apps.

  Eav kavete compile eva megalo programma parakalw avebaste to se eva n
  kai perissotera ftp sites kai steilte eva mail sto
  comp.os.linux.announce (steilte to mnvuma sto linux-
  announce@news.ornl.gov).

  Eav yaxvete gia eva efarmogns-tupou programma tote polles pi8avotntes
  uparxouv va exei grayei kapoios mia dwreav ekdosn. Dokimaste va
  diabasete to FAQ sto comp.sources.wanted gia odngies sto pws 8a breite
  kwdikes programmatwv.

  8a prepei episns va elev3ete to Projects-FAQ, pou brisketai sto
  directory /pub/Linux/docs/faqs/Projects-FAQ sto sunsite.unc.edu.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.4.  Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw se evav 386, kwdika n evav compiler pou
  exei givei compile se evav 486;

  Gevika vai, ektos eav eivai o kernel.

  H epilogn -m486 tou GCC, n opoia xrnsimopoieitai gia va dnmiourgn8ouv
  diadika arxeia gia 486 upologistes odngei stnv dnmiourgia arxeiwv ligo
  megaluterwv pou ektelouvtai grngorotera sta 486. Omws douleuouv
  kavovika kai se eva 386, me mia mikrn ptwsn tns apodosns opws eivai
  fusiko.

  Omws apo tnv ekdosn 1.3.35 o kernel xrnsimopoiei kwdika tou 486 n kai
  tou pentium eav eivai ru8mismevos gia evav 486 n eva pentium
  avtistoixa, etsi givetai axrnstos gia eva 386.

  To GCC mporei va ru8mistei gia evav 386 n 486. H movn diafora eivai
  oti eav ru8mistei gia 386 n arxikn epilogn 8a eivai to -m386 evw eav
  exei ru8mistei gia 486 8a eivai to -m486. Se ka8e periptwsn auto
  mporei va 3eperastei me tnv katallnln parametro se ka8e compile n eav
  allax8ei katallnla to arxeio : /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/n.n.n/specs.

  Uparxei mia alpha ekdosn tou GCC n opoia gvwrizei pws 8a epitaxuvei to
  binary gia tov pentium, alla eivai ligo asta8ns, eidika eav dnlw8ouv
  parametroi gia uynln epitaxuvsn. To pentium GCC mporei va bre8ei sto
  tsx-11.mit.edu sto directory /pub/linux/ALPHA/pentium-gcc. Sustnvw tnv
  xrnsn tou kavovikou 486 GCC stn 8esn tou. Eivai protimotero va
  xrnsimopoieitai to -m386 sta pentium giati prokuptei kwdikas pou eivai
  kaluteros, n to elaxisto ligo mikroteros.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.5.  Ti kavei to gcc -O6;

  Autn tn stigmn eivai to idio me to -O2 (GCC 2.5) n -O3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7)
  n me ka8e ari8mo megalutero apo autous kavei to idio pragma. Ta
  Makefiles twv kaivouriwv kernel xrnsimopoiouv to -O2, eseis prepei va
  kavete to idio.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.6.  Pou eivai ta linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;

  Auta ta arxeia eivai sta directories /usr/include/linux kai
  /usr/include/asm.

  Ta directories auta prepei va eivai symbolic links stov kwdika tou
  kernel sto /usr/src/linux kai oxi aln8iva directories.

  Eav dev exete tov kwdika tou kernel katebaste tov --- deite tnv
  (Erwtnsn 7.6 "Pws mporw va avaba8misw / kavw compile 3ava tov kernel
  mou ;").

  Xrnsimopoinste tnv rm gia va apomakruvete peritta arxeia, kai ln gia
  va dnmiourgnsete ta links :




  rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm


  Stis meres mas to /usr/src/linux/include/asm eivai eva symbolic link
  se eva sugkekrimevo asm-$ARCH (???) directory - eav exete evav pros-
  fata 3esumpiesmevo kwdika tou kernel prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv
  evtoln make symlinks. 8a breite episns oti mporei va xreiastei va
  kavete eva make config se evav tetoio kernel, gia va dnmiourgn8ei to
  <linux/autoconf.h>.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.7.  Uparxouv la8n otav dokimazw va kavw compile tov kernel.

  Sigoureuteite oti ta /usr/include/linux kai /usr/include/asm dev eivai
  kavovika directories alla symbolic links sta
  /usr/src/linux/include/linux kai /usr/src/linux/include/asm
  avtistoixa.

  Eav xreiazetai, sbnste ta xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv rm kai meta tnv ln -s
  gia va dnmiourgnsete ta links opws stnv Erwtnsn 5.6 'Pou eivai ta
  arxeia linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;'.

  8umn8eite oti otav xrnsimopoieite eva patch stov kernel prepei va
  xrnsimopoinsete tnv parametro -p0 n tnv -p1. Alliws to patch mporei va
  topo8etn8ei la8os. Deite tnv selida tou man gia tnv evtoln patch gia
  perissoteres leptomereies.

  Eav kavete patch gia evav kernel poio prosfato apo tov 1.1.44 prepei
  va breite oti uparxouv vea directories /usr/src/linux/include/asm-
  i386. To directory asm ekei prepei va sbnstei. H evtoln make symlinks
  8a dnmiourgnsei auta sav symbolic links sta asm-i36 kai arch/i386/boot
  avtistoixa. O poio eukolos tropos gia va eiste sigouroi oti n
  diadikasia exei givei swsta eivai va mnv pate stov kernel 1.1.45 me
  patch apo tov 1.1.44, alla va katebasete tov linux-1.1.45.tar.gz.

  To mnvuma ld: unrecognised option `-qmagic' snmaivei oti prepei va
  parete evav kaivourio linker, apo to tsx-11.mit.edu sto
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC, sto arxeio binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.8.  Pws mporw va dnmiourgnsw mia shared library;

  Gia ta ELF executables :

     gcc -fPIC -c *.c
     gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o


  Gia ta a.out, parte to paketo tools-n.nn.tar.gz apo to tsx-11.mit.edu,
  sto /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src. Erxetai mazi me odngies oi opoies 8a
  sas pouv ti va kavete. Prose3te oti oi koives biblio8nkes gia a.out
  eivai mia mallov duskoln upo8esn.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.9.  Ta ektelesima mou eivai (polu) megala.

  Me eva metaglwttistn gia ELF (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?')
  n suxvotern aitia megalwv ektelesimwv eivai n elleiyn evos katallnlou
  suvdesmou se .so library gia mia apo tis biblio8nkes pou
  xrnsimopoieite. Prepei va uparxouv suvdesmoi opws to libc.so gia ka8e
  biblio8nkn opws n libc.so.5.2.18.  Me evav metaglwttistn gia a.out
  (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?') n suxvotern aitia megalwv
  eketelesimwv eivai o orismos tou metaglwttistn -g. Auto paragei (ektos
  apo mnvumata la8ous sto arxeio e3odou) eva programma statika
  suvdedemevo, dnladn eva to opoio sumperilambavei eva avtigrafo tns
  biblio8nkes tns C avti va xrnsimopoiei eva duvamika suvdedemevo
  avtigrafo.  Alla pragmata ta opoia a3izei tov kopo va ereuvnsete eivai
  ta -O kai -O2 ta opoia evergopoiouv tnv beltistopoinsn (eleg3te tis
  odngies tou GCC ) kai to  -s (n tnv evtoln strip ) n opoia bgazei oles
  tis plnrofories sumbolwv apo to ektelesimo (kavovtas tov elegxo la8wv
  - debugging - evtelws aduvato).  Mporei va 8elete va xrnsimopoinsete
  to -N se polu mikra ektelesima (mikrotera apo 8K me to -N), alla dev
  8a eprepe va to kavete auto ektos eav katalabaivete ta  8emata
  apodosns, kai pote me daemons.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.10.  Upostnrizei to  Linux vnmatikes (threads) n lightweight
  epe3ergasies;

  Opws to poluepe3ergastiko movtelo tou Unix sumperilambavei baries
  epe3ergasies, to opoio eivai fusika meros tou stavtarvt purnva tou
  Linux, uparxouv diafores ulopoinseis elafriwv epe3ergasiwv n
  vnmatikwv, oi perissoteres ek twv opoiwv eivai gevika paketa gia Unix:

  o  Sto sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread n
     ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. H tekmnriwsn dev
     sumperilambavetai sto paketo alla eivai dia8esimn sto World Wide
     Web stn dieu8uvsn
     http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/home_page.html. Oi vewteres
     biblio8nkes Linux libcs periexouv tov kwdika pthreads source; o GNU
     Ada metaglwttistns sto sunsite.unc.edu stov katalogo
     /pub/Linux/devel/lang/ada/gnat-3.01-linux+elf.tar.gz periexei
     ektelesima pou ftiaxtnkav apo autov tov kwdika.

  o  Sto ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z eivai to  QuickThreads.
     Perissoteres plnrofories mporouv va bre8ouv stnv texvikn avafora,
     dia8esimn sto idio site ws /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z.

  o  Sto gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk:/rex eivai to lwp, mia polu periorismevn
     ulopoinsn.

  o  Sto ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART, mia ulopoinsn Ada. Auto eivai
     xrnsimo, kuriws epeidn exei polla PostScript eggrafa ta opoia 8a
     breite xrnsima gia va ma8ete perissotera sxetika me ta vnmata.
     Auto dev eivai amesa xrnsimopoinsimo katw apo Linux.

  Parakalw epikoivwvnste me tous dnmiourgous twv paketwv gia
  plnrofories.

  H ekdosn 1.3.35 tou purnva periexei kapoia upostnri3n gia vnmata tou
  purnva, alla o kwdikas dev exei elegx8ei kala.

  S.t.M.: Me tov oro vnmata upo8etw oti o suggrafes evvoei vnmatikn
  epe3ergasia. H metafrasn egive me auto sav basn.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.11.  Pou mporw va brw to `lint' gia Linux;

  Peripou idia leitourgikotnta sumperilambavetai sto GNU C metaglwttistn
  (gcc) o opoios xrnsimopoieitai apo ta sustnmata Linux. Xrnsimopoieiste
  tnv epilogn -Wall gia va evergopoinsete tis perissoteres apo tis
  xrnsimes e3tra proeidopoinseis. Eleg3te tis odngies xrnsns gia to GCC
  gia perissoteres plnrofories. (patnste control-h askolou8oumevo apo i
  sto Emacs kai epile3te tnv kataxwrisn gia to GCC).

  Uparxei eva eleu8era dia8esimo programma pou legetai `lclint' pou
  kavei peripou ta idia pragmata opws to paradosiako lint. H avakoivwsn
  kai o pngaios kwdikas eivai dia8esima sto larch.lcs.mit.edu in
  /pub/Larch/lclint sto World Wide Web koita3te sto http://larch-
  www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  5.12.  Pou mporw va brw to `kermit' gia Linux;

  To austnro copyright tou Kermit exei amvagkasei tous perissoterous
  diavomeis va to afairesouve apo tis tupikes Linux diavomes. O kwdikas
  kai merika ektelesima eivai dia8esima sto kermit.columbia.edu ws

  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.i386.rpm         # RedHat
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.sparc.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.alpha.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.src.rpm
  kermit/archives/cku192.debian.tar                  # Debian
  kermit/archives/cku192.slackware-i386.tgz                           # Slackware


  Ektelesima gia alla Linux eivai dia8esima sta

  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0-alpha
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.27-sparc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.28-mklinux-mach3.0-ppc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-1.2.13-i386-elf
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.1.13-i386-elf


  Ta arxeia /kermit/bin/READ.ME kai /kermit/archive/READ.ME exouv
  peraiterw plnrofories.

  =====================================================================


  6.  Luseis se diafora koiva problnmata.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.1.  To free divei sfalmata leitourgikou (core).

  Sto Linux 1.3.57 kai metepeita n morfn tou /proc/meminfo exei alla3ei
  kata evav tropo pou n ulopoinsn tou free dev katalabaivei.

  Parte tnv teleutaia ekdosn, apo to sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.2.  To roloi mou eivai polu la8os.

  Uparxouv duo rologia sto computer sas. To mnxaviko (CMOS) roloi
  douleuei pavta, akoma kai otav to computer eivai sbnsto, kai
  xrnsimopoieitai otav to sustnma 3ekivaei, kai apo to DOS (av to
  xrnsimopoieite). H suvn8ns wra sustnmatos, pou faivetai kai ru8mizetai
  apo tnv evtoln date, diatnreitai apo tov purnva oso to Linux trexei.
  Mporeite va deite tnv wra tou rologiou tou CMOS, n va 8esete kapoio
  roloi apo to allo, me to programma /sbin/clock deite to man 8 clock.

  Uparxouv diafora alla programmata ta opoia mporouv va dior8wsouv  eva
  n kai ta duo rologia gia sustnmatikn poreia n metafora tns wras mesa
  sto sustnma.Merika apo auta mporei va eivai ndn egkatestnmeva sto
  sustnma sas. Ya3te gia ta adjtimex (dior8wvei poreia), netdate kai
  getdate (apla pairvei tnv wra apo to diktuo) n xntp (akribns plnrns
  leitourgiwv daemon gia wra diktuou).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.3.  Ta setuid scripts dev faivovtai va douleuouv.

  Swsta. Autn n duvatotnta exei epitndes apevergopoin8ei stov purnva tou
  Linux epeidn ta setuid scripts eivai sxedov pavta mia trupa asfaleias.
  Av 8elete va ma8ete giati, diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.4.  H eleu8ern mvnmn opws tnv avaferei to free suvexws meiwvetai.

  To voumero `free' pou divetai apo tnv evtoln free dev sumperilambavei
  tn mvnmn pou xrnsimopoieitai ws disk buffer cache - n opoia faivetai
  stn stnln `buffers'. Av 8elete va 3erete posn mvnmn eivai pragmati
  eleu8ern, pros8eset to poso tou `buffers' se auto tou `free' -
  vewteres ekdoseis tou free deixvouv mia akoma grammn me autn tnv
  plnroforia.

  To disk buffer cache teivei va au3avetai amesws meta tnv ekkivnsn tou
  Linux, ka8ws fortwvete preissotera programmata kai xrnsimopoieite
  perissotera arxeia, kai ta periexomeva mpaivouv stnv cache. Auto
  sta8eropoieitai meta apo eva diastnma.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.5.  Otav pros8etw mvnmn, argoporei, ews kai servetai.

  Auto eivai eva koivo sumptwma apotuxias va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa
  gia tnv parapavw mvnmn.  To akribes problnma e3artatai apo tn mntrikn
  plaketa (motherboard) pou exete.

  Merikes fores prepei va evergopoinsete to caching sugkekrimevwv
  tmnmatwv sto BIOS setup. Deite sto CMOS setup kai eleg3te av uparxei
  epilogn va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa gia tn vea mvnmn n opoia eivai
  apevergopoinmevn (S.t.M. n epilogn). Auto eivai pio suvn8ismevo se
  486.

  Merikes fores n mvnmn prepei va eivai se sugkekrimeves 8ures gia va
  xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa.

  Merikes fores prepei va ru8misete braxukuklwtnres (jumpers) gia va
  evergopoinsete tn xrnsn lav8avousas.

  Merikes mntrikes plaketes dev xrnsimopoiouv lav8avousa gia oln tnv RAM
  av exete perissotern RAM ava lav8avousa apo oti perimevouv. Suvn8ws
  mia lav8avousa tns ta3ns twv 256K 8a lusei auto to problnma.

  Av exete amfibolia, eleg3te to biblio odngiwv xrnsns tns mntrikns
  plaketas. Av akoma dev mporeite va to ftia3ete epeidn n tekmnriwsn
  eivai aveparkns, isws prepei va steilete eva mnvuma sto
  comp.os.linux.hardware divovtas *oles* ties plnrofories - marka,
  ari8mos movtelou kwdikos nmeromnvias klp. etsi wste alloi xrnstes
  Linux va mporouv va tnv apofugouv.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.6.  Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.

  Mallov xrnsimopoieite non-shadow-password programmata, alla
  xrnsimopoieite shadow passwords.

  Av eivai etsi, prepei va parete n va metaglwttisete mia shadow-
  password ekdosn twv ev logw programmatwv. To paketo shadow password
  brisketai sto (meta3u allwv):
  tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Auto eivai o
  kwdikas. Mallov 8a breite ektelesima sto .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.7.  Orismeva programmata me afnvouv va kavw log in xwris password.

  Mallov exete to idio problnma opws sto '' Orismeva programmata (p.x.
  xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.'', se mia akoma ptuxn:

  Av xrnsimopoieite shadow passords prepei va balete eva gramma x n evav
  asterisko sto pedio tou password tou arxeiou /etc/passwd gia ka8e
  logariasmo, etsi wste av eva programma dev gvwrizei gia ta shadow
  passwords va mnv afnvei tov ka8eva va kavei login vomizovtas oti eivai
  evas logiariasmos xwris password.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.8.  To mnxavnma mou paei polu arga otav trexw to GCC / ta X / ...

  Mallov dev exete xwro avtallagns dedomevwv (swap) evergopoinmevo.
  Prepei va evergopoinsete tnv avtallagn dedomevwv gia va epitreyete sto
  Linux va topo8etnsei kommatia dedomevwv - programmatwv pou dev
  xrnsimopoiei autn tn stigmn sto disko, gia va exei pio polu xwro gia
  alla programmata kai dedomeva. Av dev to kavete, to Linux prepei va
  krataei ta dedomeva stn mvnmn kai va exei oloklnra avtigrafa twv
  programmatwv stn mvnmn (ta opoia topo8etouvati ekei ap' eu8eias apo to
  sustnma arxeiwv) kai etsi olo kai perissotera programmata briskovtai
  stn mvnmn kai ta pavta pave pio arga.

  Deite to Installation HOWTO kai to Installation and Getting Started
  Guide ( Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn; ) gia
  plnrofories sto pws 8a stnsete mia katatmnsn avtallagns dedomevwv
  (swap partition) n eva arxeio avtallagns dedomevwv (swapfile) deite
  episns to `` H perioxn mou avtallagns dedomevwv dev leitourgei.''.

  Episns, mporei va exete polu lign pragmatikn mvnmn. Av exete ligotern
  RAM ap' oti ola ta programmata pou trexete tautoxrova, to Linux 8a
  xrnsimopoiei to sklnro disko avt' autns kai 8a eivai tromero. H lusn
  se autn tnv periptwsn eivai va mnv trexete tosa programmata tautoxrova
  n va agorasete perissotern mvnmn. Mporeite episns va apoktnsete lign
  parapavw mvnmn metaglwttizovtas kai xrnsimopoiwvtas evav purnva me
  ligoteres epiloges evergopoinmeves.  Deite to `` Pws
  avaba8mizw/avametaglwttizw tov purnva mou;''.

  Mporeite va 3erete posn mvnmn kai / n xwro avtallagns xrnsimopoieite,
  me tnv evtoln free n plnktrologwvtas

      cat /proc/meminfo


  Av o purnvas sas exei  dnmiourgn8ei me epilogn gia disko mvnmns
  (ramdisk) auto mallov eivai xamevos xwros kai 8a prokalei mia
  ka8usternsn. Xrnsimopoinste to LILO n to rdev gia va evnmerwsete tov
  purnva va mnv xrnsimopoinsei disko mvnmns (deite tnv tekmnriwsn tou
  LILO n plnktrolognste  man rdev).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.9.  Mporw va kavw login movo ws root.

  Mallov exete kapoia problnmata egkrisns prosbasns n exete eva arxeio
  /etc/nologin.

  Av eivai to teleutaio, topo8etnste tn grammn rm -f /etc/nologin sto
  /etc/rc.local n to  /etc/rc.d/* arxeio.

  Alliws, eleg3te tis egkriseis sto kelufos sas, kai ta ovomata twv
  arxeiwv pou emfavizovtai sta mnvumata la8ous, kai episns tous
  upokatalogous pou periexouv auta ta arxeia, mexri tnv korufn, mexri
  kai to root katalogo.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.10.  H o8ovn mou eivai gematn para3evous xaraktnres avti gia gram-
  mata.

  Mallov steilate kapoia duadika dedomeva stnv o8ovn kata la8os.
  Plnktrolognste echo '\033c' gia va to dior8wsete. Polles diavomes
  Linux exouv mia evtoln reset pou kavei auto to pragma.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.11.  Exw kavei xalia to sustnma mou kai dev mporw va kavw login gia
  va to ftia3w.

  Ekkivnste tov upologistn apo mia disketa avagkns (n apo zeugos
  disketwv, p.x. Slackware boot- kai root- disketes) (stov upokatalogo
  install twv Slackware mirrors) n to MCC boot floppy egkatastasns.
  Uparxouv episns duo kave-to-movos-sou paketa dnmiourgias disketwv
  avagkns sto sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. Auta eivai
  kalutera ka8ws exouv tov diko sas purnva, kai etsi dev diakivduveuete
  va "mnv exete" suskeues, sustnmata arxeiwv k.o.k.

  Sto kelufos, kavte mount to disko sas me kati sav

  >   mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt



  Tote to sustnma arxeiwv sas eivai dia8esimo katw apo tov katalogo /mnt
  kai mporeite va dior8wsete to problnma.  8umn8eite va kavete unmount
  to disko sas prnv epavekkivnsete (alla3te katalogo sto / prwta, alliws
  8a leei oti eivai apasxolnmevo).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.12.  Avakaluya eva terastio kevo asfaleias (trupa) stnv rm!

  Oxi, dev avakaluyate. Eiste profavws veos sto Unix kai prepei va
  diabasete eva kalo biblio gia va ma8ete pws leitourgouv orismeva
  pragmata. Stoixeio: n duvatotnta va sbnsete arxeia katw apo to Unix
  e3artatai apo to av exete tnv egkrisn va grayete stov katalogo stov
  opoio auta briskovtai.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.13.  To lpr(1) n to lpd(8) dev douleuouv.

  Eles3te to Printing-HOWTO ``''.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.14.  H wra se arxeia se katatmnseis msdos dev eivai swstn.

  Uparxei eva sfalma (bug) sto programma clock(8) (to opoio suxva
  brisketai sto /sbin) -- metraei la8os to peri8wrio, mperdeuovtas ta
  deuterolepta me ta lepta. Parte mia vewtern ekdosn tou programmatos
  autou.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  6.15.  Pws mporw va kavw to LILO va diabasei to vmlinux arxeio;

  Se purnves ekdosns 1.1.80 kai metagevesterous, to sumpiesmevo
  avtigrafo tou purnva, to opoio to LILO yaxvei va brei, exei metafer8ei
  sto arch/i386/boot/zImage. To vmlinux arxeio stov root katalogo eivai
  o asumpiestos purnvas, kai dev 8a eprepe va dokimasete va 3ekivnsete
  me auto.

  Autn n allagn exei givei gia va eivai eukolotero va ftia3ete ekdoseis
  gia diaforous epe3ergastes, katw ap' tov idio pngaio kwdika.

  =====================================================================


  7.  Pws kavw auto n ma8aivw pws...

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.1.  Pws mporw va exw kulnsn pros ta pisw se mn grafiko periballov;

  Me tnv e3' orismou Amerikavikn (US) diata3n plnktrologiou mporeite va
  xrnsimopoinsete to Shift me ta PageUp kai PageDown plnktra. (Snm: Auta
  prepei va eivai ta gkri, oxi auta tou ari8mntikou plnktrologiou). Me
  alles diata3eis plnktrologiou, eleg3te tis avtistoixies sto
  /usr/lib/keytables mporeite va epavaprosdiorisete ta plnktra "kulnsn
  epavw" kai "kulnsn katw" va eivai opoia 8elete, gia paradeigma, wste
  va ta epavaprosdiorisete se plnktra ta opoia uparxouv se eva
  plnktrologio AT 84 plnktrwv. * Dev mporeite va au3nsete to poso
  keimevo 8a krateitai gia tnv kulnsn e3 aitias tou tropou ulopoinsns,
  xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv mvnmn o8ovns gia va apo8nkeu8ei perasmevo keimevo,
  wstoso isws va mporeite va exete perissotern apo8nkeusn se ka8e
  eikoviko termatiko meiwvovtas tov oliko ari8mo twv eikovikwv
  termatikwv, deite to <linux/tty.h>.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.2.  Pws evallasw eikovika termatika ; Pws ta evergopoiw;

  Se mn grafiko periballov, pieste Aristero Alt-F1 ews Alt-F12 gia va
  epile3ete ta eikovika termatika (E.T.) tty1 ews tty12, De3i Alt-F1
  divei to tty13 kai outw ka8' e3ns.  Gia tnv evallagn sta X windows
  prepei va piesete Ctrl-Alt-F1 k.o.k. Alt-F5 n o,tidnpote allo 8a sas
  gurisei pisw.  Av 8elete va xrnsimopoinsete eva E.T. gia kavovikn
  prosbasn prepei va to sumperilabete sto /etc/inittab, to opoio elegxei
  poia termatika kai E.T. exouv duvatotnta prosbasns.  Snm: Ta X
  xreiazovtai toulaxistov eva E.T. gia va 3ekivnsouv.  Purnves (kernels)
  priv tov 1.1.59 exouv eva evswmatwmevo orio stov ari8mo twv E.T., to
  opoio e3' orismou eivai 8. Deite to NR_CONSOLES sto
  linux/include/linux/tty.h.  Newteroi purnves tous evergopoiouv
  duvamika, ews 63 pou eivai kai o megistos ari8mos.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.3.  Pws orizw tnv zwvn wras;

  Pngaivte stov katalogo (directory) /usr/lib/zoneinfo av dev exete
  autov tov katalogo 8a xreiasteite to timezone. O kwdikas brisketai sto
  sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Admin/timesrc-1.2.tar.gz.  Kavte
  mia sumbolikn suvdesn (symbolic link) me ovoma localtime se eva apo ta
  arxeia se autov tov katalogo (n upokatalogo), kai alln mia me ovoma
  posixrules sto arxeio localtime.  Gia paradeigma:

     ln -sf US/Mountain localtime
     ln -sf localtime posixrules


  Autn n allagn 8a evergopoin8ei amesa - dokimaste tnv evtoln date.  Mnv
  dokimasete va xrnsimopoinsete tnv metablntn TZ - afnste tnv kevn
  (unset) Prepei episns va sigoureuteite oti to roloi tou purnva tou
  Linux eivai wrismevo stnv swstn wra GMT - plnktrolognste date -u kai
  bebaiw8eite oti emfavizetai n swstn wra.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.4.  Ti ekdosn (version) tou Linux kai ti ovoma mnxavnmatos xrnsi-
  mopoiw;

  Plnktrolognste:

     uname -a



  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.5.  Pws mporw va evergopoinsw n va apevergopoinsw ta mnvumata sfal-
  matos tou leitourgikou; (core dumps)

  To Linux twra exei e3' orismou apevergopoinmeva ta corefiles gia oles
  tis ergasies (processes). Mporeite va ta evergopoinsete n va ta
  apevergopoinsete xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv evtoln ulimit sto bash, tnv limit
  sto tcsh, n tnv rlimit sto ksh. Deite tis selides bon8eias gia to
  kelufos (shell) gia perissoteres plnrofories.  H evtoln epnrreazei
  movo ola ta programmata pou ektelouvtai apo auto to kelufos (amesa n
  emmesa), oxi olo to sustnma.  Av 8elete va evergopoinsete n va
  apevergopoinsete to coredumping gia oles tis ergasies e3' orismou,
  mporeite va alla3ete tnv proepilegmevn ru8misn (default setting) sto
  <linux/sched.h> - deite tov orismo tou INIT_TASK, kai episns deite sto
  <linux/resource.h>.  O purnvas 1.2.13 8a paragei a.out core dumps
  [E8.2 `Ti eivai auta gia to ELF ;'].

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------



  7.6.  Pws avaba8mizw /avametaglwttizw tov purnva;

  Deite to Kernel HOWTO n to arxeio README to opoio avaferetai stnv
  ekdosn tou purnva sto ftp.cs.helsinki.fi, in
  /pub/Software/Linux/Kernel kai sta and mirrors [E2.5 `Where can I get
  Linux material by FTP ?'].  Mporei va exete ndn mia ekdosn tou kwdika
  tou purnva egkatestnmevn sto sustnma sas, alla av tov pnrate ws meros
  mias diavomns (standard distribution) eivai pi8avo va eivai ligo
  aparxaiwmevos.  (Auto dev eivai problnma av 8elete movo eva purnva
  ru8mismevo gia tis avagkes sas (custom-configured), alla isws va eivai
  av 8elete va tov avaba8misete.)  8umn8eite oti gia va avagkasete tov
  veo purnva va 3ekivnsei prepei va tre3ete to LILO meta pou 8a
  avtigrayete tov purnva sto root partition -- to Makefile se prosfatous
  purnves exei eva eidiko zlilo stoxo (target) gi' auto plnktrolognste
  make zlilo.  Ekdoseis purnva me movn upoekdosn (minor version) (p.x.,
  1.1.x, 1.3.x) eivai oi dokimastikes ekdoseis oi sta8eroi purnves
  paragwgns exouv zugn upoekdosn (1.0.x, 1.2.x). Av 8elete va dokimasete
  tous dokimastikous purnves, 8a prepei mallov va eggrafeite stnv linux-
  kernel lista (mailing list) [E2.8 `What mailing lists are there ?'].
  O Russel Nelson stelvei perilnyeis apo to ti allages se prosfatous
  purnves exouv givei sto comp.os.linux.development, kai autes eivai
  sugkevtrwmeves sto ftp.emlist.com in /pub/kchanges.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.7.  Mporw va exw pavw apo 3 seiriakes 8ures, me diamoirazomeves
  aitnseis diakopwv;

  Nai, alla mallov dev 8a mporeite va xrnsimopoinsete tautoxrovws duo
  suvn8ismeves 8ures oi opoies moirazovtai mia aitnsn diakopns (xwris
  kapoia kolpa).  Autos eivai evas periorismos tns arxitektovikns
  diaulou ISA.  Deite to Serial HOWTO gia plnrofories sxetika me pi8aves
  luseis kai tropous parakamyns tou problnmatos autou.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.8.  Pws dnmiourgw mia disketta ekkivnsns;

  Ftia3te eva sustnma arxeiwv (filesystem) se autn me tous katalogous
  bin, etc, lib kai dev -- ola osa xreiazeste. Egkatastnste eva purnva
  se autnv kai kavoviste va balete to LILO va tov 3ekivnsei apo tn
  disketta. (deite tnv tekmnriwsn (dosumentation) tou LILO, sto
  lilo.u.*.ps).  Av ftia3ete tov purnva (n peite sto LILO va pei stov
  purnva) va exei eva disko stn mvnmn (ramdisk) tou idiou mege8ous opws
  n disketta, o diskos mvnmns 8a fortw8ei kata tnv ekkivnsn kai 8a
  xrnsimopoin8ei (mounted ??) ** ws root avti gia tn disketta. Deite to
  Bootdisk HOWTO.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.9.  Pws epavaprosdiorizw to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko
  klp.;

  Gia prosfatous purnves, parte to
  /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz apo to sunsite.unc.edu.
  Sigoureuteite oti pnrate tnv swstn ekdosn prepei va xrnsimopoinsete
  tnv swstn diata3n plnktrologiou pou va tairiazei me tov purnva sas. H
  ekdosn 0.90 prepei va douleuei me purnves apo 1.0 kai pavw.  Gia
  palaioterous purnves prepei va epe3ergasteite to pavw-pavw Makefile
  gia tov purnva (top-level kernel Makefile), sto /usr/src/linux.
  Mporeite va breite perissoteres plnrofories sto Keystroke HOWTO, sto
  sunsite.unc.edu to /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Keystroke-HOWTO.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.10.  Pws mporw va exw to lampaki NUM LOCK va eivai avammevo e3'
  orismou ;

  Xrnsimopoinste to programma setleds, gia paradeigma (sto /etc/rc.local
  n eva ap' ta /etc/rc.d/* arxeia):

     for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
     do
          setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null
     done


  To setleds eivai meros tou kbd (deite E7.9 `Pws epavaprosdiorizw
  (remap) to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko klp ;').  Evallaktika,
  tropopoinste (patch) tov purnva. Prepei va orisete to KBD_DEFLEDS va
  orizetai se (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) otav metaglwttizete to drivers/char/key-
  board.c.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  7.11.  Pws mporw va exw pavw apo 128Mb proswrivou xwrou evallagns
  (swap);

  Xrnsimopoinste polles swap partitions ws arxeia evallagns (swapfiles)
  - To Linux upostnrizei mexri 16 perioxes avallagns, n ka8e mia mexri
  128Mb.  Polu palioi purnves upostnrizav movo perioxes *** avtalagns
  mexri 16Mb.

  =====================================================================


  8.  Diafores plnrofories kai apavtnseis

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.1.  Pws programmatizw to XYZ sto Linux;

  Diabaste ta biblia odngiwv xrnsns (manuals), n eva kalo biblio gia to
  Unix.  Oi selides bon8eias (manpages) (plnktrolognste man man) eivai
  suvn8ws mia kaln pngn avaforas plnroforiwv gia tov akribn tropo xrnsns
  mias sugkekrimevns evtolns n mias suvartnsns Uparxei episns kai polln
  evnmerwtikn bibliografia GNU n opoia eivai suxva pio xrnsimn ws
  ekpaideusn-e3asknsn (tutorial). Tre3te tov Emacs kai plnktrolognste C-
  h i, n plnktrolognste info info av dev exete n dev sas aresei o Emacs.
  Snmeiwste oti oi plnrofories tou Emacs gia tov libc (Emacs libc node)
  dev perigrafouv akribws tnv libc tou Linux (n opoia eivai perissotero
  sav mia libc paradosiakou Unix , xwris va exei kapoies apo tis
  idaiterotntes tou GNU), alla eivai arketa kaln gia mia ekpaideusn sto
  programmatismo tns C gia Unix.  H teleutaia ekdosn twv selidwv
  bon8eias (manpages) gia to Linux kai mia sullogn xrnsimns
  bibliografias GNU kai diafores alles plnrofories sxetikes me tov
  programmatismo se Linux mporouv va bre8ouv sto sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.2.  Ti eivai auta gia to ELF;

  Deite to ELF HOWTO apo tov Daniel Barlow - snmeiwsn, auto dev eivai to
  arxeio alla3te se elf, to opoio eivai eva bnma pros bnma ma8nma gia to
  pws va avaba8misete se ELF movoi sas.  To Linux allazei se diaforetikn
  morfn gia ta ektelesima, ta avtikeimeva kai tis biblio8nkes
  avtikeimevwv, gvwstn ws `ELF' (n palia morfn legetai `a.out'). Autn n
  morfn 8a exei polla pleovektnmata, sumperilambavomevns kaluterns
  upostnri3ns gia diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes (shared libraries) kai
  duvamikn suvdesn (dynamic linking).  Kai oi duo morfes duadikwv, n
  a.out kai n ELF mporouv va suvuparxouv se eva sustnma.  Wstoso,
  xrnsimopoiouv diaforetikes diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes C, pou 8a
  prepei va eivai kai oi duo egkatestnmeves.  Av 8elete va ma8ete av tov
  sustnma sas mporei va ektelesei duadika arxeia ELF, kota3te sto /lib
  gia eva arxeio me ovoma libc.so.5. Av auto uparxei, pi8avotata mporei.
  Av 8elete va ma8ete av n egkatastasn sas eivai ELF mporeite va
  diale3ete eva avtiproswpeutiko programma, sav to ls, kai va tre3te to
  file se auto:

     -chiark:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped

     valour:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped



  Uparxei eva dior8wtiko (patch) gia va kavete tov purnva 1.2.x va
  metaglwttizei xrnsimopoiwvtas tous mettaglwtistes (compilers) ELF kai
  va paragei ELF coredumps, sto tsx-11.mit.edu sto /pub/packages/GCC.
  Dev xreiazeste auto to dior8wtiko gia va trexete ELF ektelesima. O
  purnvas 1.3.x kai metagevesteroi dev xreiazovtai ka8olou dior8wtiko.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.3.  Ti eivai eva arxeio .gz ; Kai eva .tgz ; Kai ... ;

  Ta .gz (kai .z) arxeia exouv sumpiesti xrnsimopoiwvtas to GNU gzip.
  Prepei va xrnsimopoinsete sto gunzip (to opoio eivai evas sumbolikos
  suvdesmos stnv evtoln gzip pou sumperilambavetai me tis perissoteres
  egkatastaseis Linux ) gia va aposumpiesete to arxeio.  Ta .taz kai .tz
  eivai arxeia kasettas (pou ftiaxtnkav me to Unix tar) sumpiesmeva
  xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv evtoln tou Unix compress.  Ta .tgz (n .tpz) eivai
  arxeia kasetas sumpiesmeva me to gzip.  To .lsm eivai eva stoixeio
  Xartn Logismikou Linux (Linux Software Map entry), se morfn evos
  suvtomou arxeiou keimevou. Plnrofories gia ta LSM kai o idios o xartns
  eivai dia8esima stov upokatalogo docs sto sunsite.unc.edu.  To .deb
  eivai eva duadiko paketo Debian - n morfn duadikwv paketwv pou
  xrnimopoieitai apo tn diavomn Debian GNU/Linux. Xrnsimopoieitai me to
  dpkg kai to dpkg-deb (dia8eseima sta sustnmata Debian kai apo to
  ftp.debian.org).  To .rpm eivai eva paketo Red Hat, to opoio
  xrnsimopoieitai apo tis diavomes Red Hat.  Auta briskovtai sto
  ftp.redhat.com.  H evtoln file mporei suxva va sas pei ti eivai eva
  arxeio Av blepete oti to gzip parapovietai otav prospa8eite va
  aposumpiesete eva gzipped arxeio, mallov to katebasate (downloaded) se
  morfn ASCII kata la8os.  Prepei va katebazete ta perissotera arxeia se
  duadikn morfn (binary) - va 8umaste va plnktrologeite tnv evtoln
  binary sto FTP priv xrnsimopoieite to get gia va katebasete to arxeio.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.4.  Ti snmaivouv ta arxika VFS;

  Eikoviko sustnma arxeiwv (Virtual File System).  Eivai to afairetiko
  epipedo avamesa sto xrnstn kai to pragmatiko sustnma arxeiwv opws ta
  ext2, minix kai msdos. Meta3u allwv n douleia tou eivai va adeiazei
  tnv proswrivn evdiamesn mvnmn (buffer) avagvwsns otav avtilambavetai
  allagn diskou se eva odngo eukamptns diskettas:
     VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0


  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.5.  Ti eivai to BogoMip;

  To `BogoMips' eivai mia parafrasn tou `Bogus MIPS'.  MIPS snmaivei
  (avaloga me tov poiov akoute) Ekatommuria Evtolwv ava Deuterolepto
  -Millions of Instructions per Second-, n Avousia Evdei3n Taxutntas tou
  Epe3ergastn -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-.  O ari8mos
  pou emfavizetai kata tnv ekkivnsn eivai to apotelesma mias
  ba8movomisns sugxrovismou tou purnva, pou xrnsimopoieitai gia polu
  suvtomous brogxous ka8usternsns apo orismevous odngous suskeuwv.
  Xovtrika to BogoMips 8a eivai peripou:

       386SX              clock * 0.14
       386DX              clock * 0.18
       486Cyrix/IBM       clock * 0.33
       486SX/DX/DX2       clock * 0.50
       586                clock * 0.39


  Av o ari8mos pou blepete eivai polu xamnloteros apo autov, isws exete
  piesei to koumpi Turbo n exete ru8misei tnv taxutnta tns CPU la8os, n
  exete kapoio problnma lav8avousas mvnmns [opws perigrafetai sto Q6.5
  `When I add more memory it slows to a crawl.'.]

  Gia times pou exouv dei av8rwpoi me allous, spavioterous epe3ergastes
  deite to BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, sto sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips.


  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.6.  Ti eivai to Linux Journal kai pou mporw va to brw;

  To Linux Journal eivai eva mnviaio periodiko (evtupo) pou diati8etai
  sta periptera (!)  (newsstands) kai mesw suvdromwv se olo tov kosmo.
  Steilte eva e-mail sto linux@ssc.com gia leptomereies.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.7.  Posoi av8rwpoi xrnsimopoiouv Linux;

  To Linux diati8etai dwreav kai kaveis dev eivai upoxrewmevos va
  katagrayei ta avtigrafa pou katexei se kapoia kevtrikn upnresia, etsi
  eivai duskolo va 3eroume.  Polles epixeirnseis epibiwvouv apokleistika
  apo pwlnsn kai upostnri3n Linux, kai polu ligoi xrnstes tous Linux
  xrnsimopoiouv autes tis epixeirnseis, kat' avalogia.  Ta newsgroups
  gia to Linux eivai apo ta pio poludiabasmeva sto diktuo, etsi o
  ari8mos eivai mallov stis ekatovtades xiladwv, alla swsta stoixeia
  eivai duskolo va bre8ouv.  Wstoso, evas gevvaios tupos, o Harald T.
  Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no, apofasise va prospa8nsei,
  kai zntaei va tou steilete eva mnvuma sto linux-counter@uninett.no av
  xrnsimopoieite Linux, me eva apo ta akolou8a 8emata: `I use Linux at
  home' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti), `I use Linux at work'
  (xrnsimopoiw to Linux stn douleia), n `I use Linux at home and at
  work' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti kai stn douleia).  Episns
  dexetai kataxwrnseis apo allous - rwtnste tov gia plnrofories. ask him
  for details.  Evallaktika mporeite va kataxwrn8eite xrnsimopoiwvtas
  tis formes WWW sto http://domen.uninett.no/ hta/linux/counter.html.
  Stelvei tis metrnseis tou sto comp.os.linux.misc ka8e mnva,
  evallaktika koita3te sto aun.uninett.no sto /pub/misc/linux-counter n
  stnv proavafer8eisa web selida.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  8.8.  Pws 8a eprepe va proferw to Linux;

  Auto sigoura eivai eva 8ema "8rnskeutikou polemou"!  Av 8elete va
  akousete tov Linus va leei pws to proferei katebaste to english.au n
  to swedish.au apo ftp.funet.fi (sto
  /pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds).  Av exete karta nxou n tov
  odngo gia to megafwvaki tou PC mporeite va tous akousete
  plnktrologwvtas:

     cat english.au >/dev/audio


  H diafora dev eivai stnv profora tou Linux alla stnv glwssa stnv opoia
  o Linus leei hello.  H agglikn ekdosn exei diakwmwdn8ei polu kala apo
  tov Jin Choi ws "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce
  Leenooks as Leenooks." Gia esas pou dev exete ta aparaitnta gia va to
  akousete: O Linus proferei to Linux sxedov sav Leenus, opou to ee
  eivai opws sto feet alla mallov braxutero kai to u eivai mia polu
  braxutern ekdosn tou eu sto peur (av to proferete opws to u sto put
  mallov pervaei).  1/4tav o Ian Jackson milaei agglika to proferi Lie-
  nucks (u opws sto bucket) --- autn eivai mia agglopoinmevn profora pou
  basizetai stnv avalogia me to ovoma tou Linus, to opoio sta agglika
  proferetai ws Lie-nus (u opws sto put). Eivai fusika paradekto kai
  suvn8ismevo va metatrepetai n profora kapoias le3ns otav allazei
  glwsses.  O Ian Jackson vomizei oti n profora Linnucks (braxu i opws
  sto pit, braxu u opws sto bucket) eivai la8os sta agglika, ka8ws dev
  eivai n prwtotupn soundikn profora, dev eivai mia logikn agg-
  likopoinsns autns kai dev stnrizetai stnv agglopoinmevn morfn tou ovo-
  matos tou Linus.

  =====================================================================


  9.  ***Frequently encountered error messages.


  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.1.  Unknown terminal type linux and similar.

  In an early 1.3.x kernel the default console terminal type has changed
  from console to linux.  You must edit /etc/termcap to change the line
  reading:

     console|con80x25:\


  to

     linux|console|con80x25:\


  (there may be an additional dumb in there -- if so it should be
  removed.)

  In order to get the editor to work you may need say TERM=console (for
  bash and ksh) or setenv TERM console (csh, tcsh) first.


  Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap.  For
  these programs you should upgrade your terminfo, which is part of
  ncurses.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.2.  During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount

  This is usually due to a bad interaction between a brokenness in SLS
  and the C library release notes.  Your libc.a has been replaced by the
  profiling library.  You should remove libc.a, libg.a and libc_p.a and
  once again install the new libraries (following the release notes, of
  course).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.3.  lp1 on fire

  This is a joke/traditional error message indicating that some sort of
  error is being reported by your printer, but that the error status
  isn't a valid one.  It may be that you have some kind of I/O or IRQ
  conflict - check your cards' settings.  Some people report that they
  get this message when their printer is switched off.  Hopefully it
  isn't really on fire ...

  In newer kernels this message reads lp1 reported invalid error status
  (on fire, eh?).

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.4.  INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called!

  You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities; the new
  ones can be found on ftp.linux.org.uk in
  /pub/linux/Networking/PROGRAMS/NetTools (source only, I'm afraid).

  Note that they cannot be used just like the old-style programs; see
  the NET-2 HOWTO for instructions on how to set up networking
  correctly.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.5.  ld: unrecognized option '-m486'

  You have an old version of ld.  Install a newer binutils package --
  this will contain an updated ld.  Look on tsx-11.mit.edu in
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC for binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.6.  GCC says Internal compiler error.

  If the fault is repeatable (ie, it always happens at the same place in
  the same file -- even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable
  kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC.  See the GCC Info
  documentation (type Control-h i in Emacs, and select GCC from the
  menu) for details on how to report this -- make sure you have the
  latest version though.

  Note that this is probably not a Linux-specific problem; unless you
  were compiling a program many other Linux users also compile you
  should not post your bug report to any of the comp.os.linux groups.

  If the problem is not repeatable you are very probably experiencing
  memory corruption -- see Q9.7 `make says Error 139'.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.7.  make says Error 139

  Your compiler driver (gcc) dumped core.  You probably have a
  corrupted, buggy or old version of GCC -- get the latest release.
  Alternatively you may be running out of swap space -- see Q6.8 `My
  machine runs very slowly when I run GCC / X / ...' for more info.

  If this doesn't fix the problem you are probably having problems with
  memory or disk corruption.  Check that the clock rate, wait states and
  refresh timing for your SIMMs and cache are correct (hardware manuals
  are sometimes wrong, too).  If so you may have some dodgy SIMMs or a
  faulty motherboard or hard disk or controller.

  Linux, like any Unix, is a very good memory tester --- much better
  than DOS-based memory test programs.

  Reportedly some clone x87 maths coprocessors can cause problems; try
  compiling a kernel with maths emulation [Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?']; you may need to use the no387 kernel
  command line flag on the LILO prompt to force the kernel to use it, or
  it may be able to work and still use the 387, with the maths emulation
  compiled in but mainly unused.

  Much more information about this problem is available on the WWW at
  http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/ wolff/sig11/.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.8.  shell-init: permission denied when I log in.

  Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory
  must be readable and executable by everybody.  See the manpage for
  chmod or a book on Unix for how to fix the problem.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.9.  No utmp entry.  You must exec ... when I log in.

  Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up.  You should have

     > /var/run/utmp


  in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*.  See Q6.11 `I have screwed up my
  system and can't log in to fix it.' for how to be able to do this.
  Note that utmp may also be found in /var/adm/utmp or /etc/utmp on some
  older systems.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.10.  Warning -- bdflush not running.

  Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks.
  In addition to the kernel changes, this involves replacing the old
  update program which used to write everything every 30 seconds with a
  more subtle daemon (actually a pair), known as bdflush.

  Get bdflush-n.n.tar.gz from the same place as the kernel source code
  (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?') and compile and
  install it; it should be started before the usual boot-time filesystem
  checks.  It will work fine with older kernels as well, so there's no
  need to keep the old update around.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.11.  Warning: obsolete routing request made.

  This is nothing to worry about; it just means that the version of
  route you have is a little out of date compared to the kernel.  You
  can make the message go away by getting a new version of route from
  the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.12.  EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.

  You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front-end
  program) with the -a option to get it to clear the `dirty' flag, and
  then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown.

  The easiest way to do this is to get the latest fsck, umount and
  shutdown commands, available in Rik Faith's util-linux package (Q2.5
  `Where can I get Linux material by FTP?').  You have to make sure that
  your /etc/rc* scripts use them correctly.

  NB: don't try to check a filesystem that's mounted read-write -- this
  includes the root partition if you don't see

     VFS: mounted root ... read-only


  at boot time.  You must arrange to mount the root filesystem readonly
  to start with, check it if necessary, and then remount it read-write.
  Read the documentation that comes with util-linux to find out how to
  do this.

  Note that you need to specify the -n option to mount to get it not to
  try to update /etc/mtab, since the root filesystem is still read-only
  and this will otherwise cause it to fail!

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.13.  EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.

  This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a filesystem
  that's marked as clean, but whose `number of mounts since check'
  counter has reached the predefined value.  The solution is to get the
  latest version of the ext2fs utilities (e2fsprogs-0.5b.tar.gz at the
  time of writing) from the usual sites (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux
  material by FTP ?').

  The maximal number of mounts value can be examined and changed using
  the tune2fs program from this package.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.14.  EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.

  Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a filesystem based on the
  elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts.
  Get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (see Q9.13 `EXT2-fs
  warning: maximal count reached').

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.15.  df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.

  There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab
  files.  If you have a reasonably new version of mount, /etc/mtab
  should be emptied or deleted at boot time (in /etc/rc.local or
  /etc/rc.d/*), using something like

     rm -f /etc/mtab*



  Some versions of SLS have an entry for the root partition in /etc/mtab
  made in /etc/rc* by using rdev.  This is incorrect -- the newer
  versions of mount do this automatically.

  Other versions of SLS have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like:

      /dev/sdb1   /root   ext2   defaults


  This is wrong.  /root should read simply /.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.16.  fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...

  If the partition number (X, above) is 1 this is the same problem as
  Q9.17 `fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary'.

  If the partition begins or ends on a cylinder numbered beyond 1024
  this is because standard DOS disk geometry information format in the
  partition table can't cope with cylinder numbers with more than 10
  bits.  You should see Q4.1 `How can I get Linux to work with my large
  disk ?'.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.17.  fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary

  The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates
  partitions that fail its own validity checking.  Unfortunately if
  you've already installed your system there's not much you can do about
  this, apart from copying the data off the partition, deleting and
  remaking it, and copying the data back.

  You can avoid the problem by getting the latest version of fdisk, from
  Rik Faith's util-linux package (available on all good FTP sites).
  Alternatively, if you are creating a new partition 1 that starts in
  the first cylinder, you can do the following to get a partition that
  fdisk likes.

  1. Create partition 1 in the normal way.  A p listing will produce the
  mismatch complaint.

  2. Type u to set sector mode and do p again.  Copy down the number
  from the "End" column.

  3. Delete partition 1.

  4. While still in sector mode recreate partition 1.  Set the first
  sector to match the number of sectors per track.  This is the sector
  number in the first line of the p output.  Set the last sector to the
  value noted in 2. above.

  5. Type u to reset cylinder mode and continue with other partitions.

  Ignore the message about unallocated sectors - they refer to the
  sectors on the first track apart from the Master Boot Record, which
  are not used if you start the first partition in track 2.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.18.  fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.

  The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux
  uses 1K blocks.  If you have a partition with an odd number of sectors
  the last sector is wasted.  Ignore the message.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.19.  mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ

  This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive.  This
  can be due to several things.

  Often this is due to the permissions on floppy drive devices
  (/dev/fd0* and /dev/fd1*) being incorrect -- the user running mtools
  must have the appropriate access.  See the manpage for chmod for
  details.

  Most versions of mtools distributed with Linux systems (not the
  standard GNU version) use the contents of a file /etc/mtools to
  discover which devices and densities to use, in place of having this
  information compiled into the binary.  Mistakes in this file often
  cause problems.  There is often no documentation about this --
  distribution packagers please note that this is *evil*.

  For the easiest way to access your DOS files (especially those on a
  hard disk partition) see Q3.2 `How do I access files on my DOS
  partition or floppy ?'.  Note -- you should never use mtools to access
  files on an msdosfs mounted partition or disk !

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  9.20.  At the start of booting: Memory tight

  This means that you have an extra large kernel that means that Linux
  has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot
  itself from the BIOS.  It isn't related to the amount of physical
  memory in your machine.  Ignore the message, or compile a kernel
  containing only the drivers and features you need (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------



  9.21.  You don't exist. Go away.

  This is not a viral infection :-).  It comes from various programs
  such as write, talk and wall, if your invoking uid doesn't correspond
  to a valid user (probably due to /etc/passwd being corrupted), or if
  the session (pseudoterminal, specifically) you're using isn't properly
  registered in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a
  funny way).

  =====================================================================


  10.  X Windows

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  10.1.  Upostnrizei to Linux X Windows?

  Nai.To Linux xrnsimopoiei ta XFree86 (n trexousa ekdosn eivai 3.3.1 n
  opoia eivai basismevn sta X11R6).  Prepei va exeis mia karta o8ovns
  pou va upostnrizetai apo ta XFree86.  Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO gia
  perissoteres leptomeries.

  Oi perissoteres ekdoseis tou Linux snmera suvodeuovtai me egkatastasn
  twv X.

  Wstoso, mporeis va ta egkatastnseis n va ta avaba8miseis movos sou,
  apo to /pub/Linux/X11/Xfree86-* sto sunsite.unc.edu kai sta mirror
  sites.Diabase to XFree86 HOWTO gia odngies egkatastasns.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  10.2.  Pws mporw va brw eva XF86Config arxeio gia to sustnma mou;

  Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO.

  8a xreiastei va diamorfwseis to diko sou XF86Config arxeio,giati
  e3artatai apo tov akribn suvdiasmo tns kartas o8ovns kai tns o8ovns
  pou exeis.  Dev eivai toso duskolo va to kaveis -- diabase tis odngies
  pou eivai mazi me ta XFree, sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/etc.  To arxeio pou
  mallov xreiazetai va koita3eis eivai to README.Config.

  Gia grngoro ru8misma mporeis va tre3eis to programma xf86config.
  Prosexe oti to ConfigXF86 eivai 3eperasmevo  kai dev eivai kalo va to
  xrnsimopoieis.

  Parakalw mnv stelvete erwtnseis stn lista comp.os.linux.x sxetika me
  arxeia XF86Config, kai mnv apavtate se tetoies erwtnseis.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  10.3.  xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.

  To xterm pou erxetai mazi me ta XFree86 2.1 kai metepeita ekdoseis dev
  katalabaivei swsta  tn domn pou xrnsimopoiei to  Linux gia to
  /var/adm/utmp arxeio, sto opoio to sustnma katagrafei poios  eivai
  suvdedemevos. Etsi dev deixvei swsta  oles tis plnrofories.

  Me tnv ekdosn twv XFree86 3.1 kai meta dev uparxei auto to problnma.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  10.4.  Dev mporw va ru8misw ta X Windows va douleyouv swsta.

  Diabase to XFree86  HOWTO -- prose3e tov tomea erwtnsewv kai
  apavtnsewv.

  Prospa8nse va diabaseis tn lista comp.windows.x.i386unix -- eidika to
  FAQ gia tn sugkrimevn lista.

  Parakalw mnv stelvete erwtnseis sxetika me X Windows n XFree86 stn
  lista comp.os.linux.x ektos av eivai Linux-specific.

  =====================================================================


  11.  Erwtnseis gia polu palia programmata.

  Oi erwtnseis se auto tov tomea eivai xrnsimo se xrnstes pou exouv
  logismiko treis  mnves palio.

  Please let me know if you find the answer to a problem you had here,
  as unused questions in this section will eventually disappear (Q13.1
  `Feedback is invited').


  11.1.  To Emacs petaei core.

  Pi8avov exeis ekdosn tou Emacs n opoia eixe metaglwttistei etsi wste
  va douleuei me ta X11; auto apaitei tis biblio8nkes gia va douleyei.
  Av xrnsimopoieis to Slackware mporeis va alla3eis to /usr/bin/emacs
  symbolic link  va deixvei sto emacs-19.29-no-x11 (des man ln).Auto
  eivai sto arxeio Slackware 3.0's E6 disk.


  11.2.  To fdisk leei oti dev mporei va xrnsimopoinsei nnn sectors apo
  auto to partition.

  Arxika to Linux upostnrize movo to Minix filesystem, to opoio dev
  mporei va xrnsimopoinsei perissotera apo 64Mb se eva partition. Autos
  o periorismos dev uparxei sta poio aveptugmeva filesystems pou
  uparxouv autn tn stigmn, opws to ext2fs (n deutern ekdosn tou
  Extended Filesystem, to stavtar filesystem tou Linux).

  Av sxediazeis va  xrnsimopoieiseis to ext2fs agvonse to mnvuma.


  11.3.  O GCC merikes fores xrnsimopoiei terastia posa eikovikns mvnmns
  kai kremaei.

  Palioteres ekdoseis tou GCC eixav eva  problnma to opoio tis ekave va
  xrnsimopoiouv polln mvnmn av prospa8ouses va metaglwttiseis eva
  programma  pou eixe polla dedomeva tupou  static.

  Mporeis va  avaba8miseis tnv  ekdosn  tou  GCC stnv teleutaia 2.7.X, n
  va pros8eseis  perissotern swap mvnmn.


  11.4.  To plnktrologio mou trelevetai otav allazw Virtual Consoles.

  Auto eivai eva la8os tou Kernel priv apo to 0.99pl14-alpha-n. Merikes
  fores to Linux  mperdeuei poia modifier plnktra (Shift, Alt, Control
  ktl.) eivai patnmeva n oxi kai pisteuei oti  eva n perissotera eivai
  patnmeva evw dev eivai. H lusn eivai va patnseis kai va eleu8erwseis
  ka8e eva  apo auta ta plnktra (xwris va patas ta alla) --  auto 8a
  bebaiwsei oti to Linux 3erei se poia katastasn brisketai to
  plnktrologio.

  Auto to problnma sumbaivei  suxva  otav allazoume  kovsola  apo ta X
  Windows.  Merikes fores mporei va apofeux8ei afnvovtas  Ctrl kai Alt
  polu grngora molis piesoume to F-key tns VC pou 8eloume va alla3oume.

  =====================================================================


  12.  Pws mporw va exw epipros8etn bon8eia;



  12.1.  H erwtnsn mou dev exei akoma apavtn8ei.

  Parakalw diabase oln autn tnv  apavtnsn priv  steileis erwtnsn. 3erw
  oti eivai ligo  megaln,alla mporei va geloiopoin8eis se polu kosmo kai
  8a tous kaveis va 3odeyouv polutimn wra. Dev vomizeis oti a3izei va
  3odeyeis lign  apo tnv  wra sou gia va diabaseis  kai va akolou8nseis
  autes tis odngies ;

  Av  vomizeis oti mia erwtnsn dev eivai oloklnromevn n eivai avakribns,
  steile mail If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please
  mail Robert Kiesling at <kiesling@terracom.net.

  Diabaste tis katallnles avafores gia to Linux -- deite Q2.1 Read the
  appropriate Linux Documentation Project books -- see Q2.1 `Where can I
  get the HOWTOs and other documentation ?'.

  Av eiste kaivourgioi sto Unix diabaste to FAQ gia to
  comp.unix.questions, kai apo ka8e alln omada comp.unix.* to opoio
  mporei va eivai sxetiko.

  To Linux eivai evas klovos tou Unix, opote otidnpote diabaste ekei 8a
  isxuei kai gia to Linux. Auta ta FAQs mporouv, opws kai alla FAQs
  mporouv va bre8ouv sto rtfm.mit.edu sto /pub/usenet/news.answers (to
  <mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu> mporei va sas steilei auta ta arxeia, gi'
  autous pou dev exouv FTP prosbasn).  Uparxouv mirrors twv rtfm's FAQ
  archives se diafora sites-deite tnv Eisagwgn sto *.answers
  posting,posted, n koita3te sto news-answers/introduction stov parapavw
  katalogo.

  Koita3te ta sxetika HOWTO me to avtikeimevo tns erwtnsns Check the
  relevant HOWTO for the subject in question, if there is one, or an
  appropriate old-style sub-FAQ document.  Check the FTP sites.

  Prospa8eiste va peiramatisteite -- Autos eivai o kaluteros tropos va
  gvwrisete to Unix kai to Linux.

  Diabaste tis avafores. Deite tis manpages (grayte man man av dev
  3erete gia tis manpages. Dokimaste man -k <subject>-- suxva deivei mia
  lista apo xrnsimes kai sxetikes manpages.

  Deite tis avafores se Info morfn (grayte C-h i, p.x. Control H pou
  akolou8eite apo I stov Emacs) -- NB: auto dev isxuei movo gia tov
  Emacs; gia paradeigma oi avafores gia tov GCC uparxei episns se autn
  tnv morfn.

  Suvn8ws eva paketo suvodeuetai apo eva README arxeio, to opoio
  periexei odngies egkatastasns kai xrnsns.

  Sigoureuteite oti dev exete eva xalasmevo n palio programma. Av eivai
  duvato katebaste to kai 3avaegkatastnste to -- pi8avov va exete kavei
  tnv prwtn fora.

  Diabaste to comp.os.linux.announce -- auto suxva periexei polu
  sumavtikes plnrofories gia olous tous xrnstes tou Linux.

  Gevika oi erwtnseis sxetika me to linux avnkouv sto
  comp.windows.x.i386unix, kai oxi sto comp.os.linux.x. Alla diabaste
  autn tn lista prwta (kai to FAQ), priv steilete tnv avakoivwsn sas.

  Movo av exete kavei ola auta kai eiste akoma kollnmevoi steilte
  avakoivwsn sto katallnlo comp.os.linux.* newsgroup. Sigoureuteite oti
  exete diabasei tnv epomevn erwtnsn, Q12.2 `Ti va pw otav zntaw
  bon8eia',prwta.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  12.2.  Ti va pw otav zntaw bon8eia.

  Diabase prosektika tnv parakatw sumbouln sxetika me to pws va grafeis
  avakoivwseis n email. Exovtas auto upoynv sou au3avovtai oi
  pi8avotntes kapoios allos xrnstns pou to diabazei va exei arketes
  plnrofories kai kivntro va apavtnsei.

  Autn n sumbouln isxuei kai gia avakoivwseis zntwvtas gia bon8eia kai
  gia proswpika muvnmata se allous xrnstes.

  Na eisai sigouros oti diveis oles tis leptomereies tou problnmatos,
  sumperibalomevou :

  o  Me poio programma akribws exeis problnmata. Dwse tov ari8mo ekdosns
     av tov 3ereis kai pes pou to brnkes. Polles standard evtoles
     mporouv va sou dei3ouv tov ari8mo ekdosns av dwseis tnv parametro
     --version.

  o  Poia release tou Linux xrnsimopoieis (MCC, Slackware, Debian n
     otidnpote) kai poia ekdosn.

  o  To akribes kai oloklnro keimevo apo opoiodnpote muvnma la8ous.

  o  Poia akribws sumperifora perimeves, kai ti akribws sumperifora
     paratnreis.  A transcript of an example session is a good way of
     showing this.

  o  To periexomevo ka8e configuration arxeio pou xrnsimopoieitai apo to
     programma kai ka8e allo sxetiko programma.

  o  Poia ekdosn tou kernel kai tns biblio8nkns pou xrnsimpoieis.  H
     ekdosn tou kernel mporei va bre8ei grafovtas uname -a kai n
     biblio8nkn grafovtas ls -l /lib/libc.so.4.

  o  Leptomereies gia to  hardware pou exete, av eivai katallnlo.

     Mpaiveis se ligo kivduvo va grayeis megalo  mail ektos kai av
     perilambaveis megala komatia pngaiou kwdika, opote prosoxn wste va
     mnv diveis parapavnsies leptomeries.

  Na xrnsimopoieis eva 3eka8aro kai leptomeres titlo. Mnv bazete
  pragmata opws `Dev douleuei' `Linux', `bon8eia' n `erwtnsn' --auto to
  3eroume ndn. Krata xwro gia to ovoma tou programmatos, eva kommati apo
  to  muvnma la8ous, perigrafn tns asuvn8nstns sumperiforas, ktl.

  Av avaferete eva mnvuma tou tupou `unable to handle kernel paging
  request' akolou8nste tis odngies pou briskovtai sto Linux kernel
  sources README gia tnv metatropn twv ari8mwv se kati pou eivai pio
  katavonto.Av dev to kavete auto kaveis dev 8a mporei va to kavei gia
  seva mia pou n avtistoixia twv ari8mwv me ta ovomata suvartnsewv
  poikilei apo eva kernel se allo.

  Topo8etnste mia perilnptikn paragrafo stnv korufn tns avakoivwsns.

  Sto telos, zntnste gia avtapokriseis mesw mail kai peite oti 8a
  avakoivwsete mia perilnyn. Parte eva avtigrafo autou xrnsimopoiwvtas
  Followup-To: apostolea.  Epeita steilte mia perilnyn se liges meres n
  mia bdomada.Mnv evwvetai aplws ta mail--kavte perilnyn.To va balete
  tnv le3n PERILHYH( perilnyns eivai mia kaln idea.Skeftnte va steilete
  tnv perilnyn stn comp.os.linux.announce.

  Prosexete oti to mail sas exei swstn epikefalida. Auto katngoriopoiei
  to ar8ro sou sav meros ar8rou to opoio avaferetai, gegovos to opoio
  exei apotelesma va 8ewrn8ei axrnsto apo tous avagvwstes me to upoloipo
  evws baretou komatiou.

  Mporeite va avaferete oti exete diabasei auto to FAQ kai ta katallnla
  HOWTOs-- auto divei stous allous evausma va mnv aporiyouv to mail sas.

  8umn8eite oti dev prepei va koivopoieite email ta opoia stal8nkav
  proswpika se esas xwris tnv adeia tou apostolea.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  12.3.  8elw va steilw mail se kapoiov sxetika me to problnma mou.

  Prospa8nse va breis tov sugrafea n tov programmatistn opoioudnpote
  programmatos n meros tou se duskoleuei. Av exeis kapoio snmeio epafns
  gia to Linux distribution pou xrnsimopoieis, 8a prepei va to
  xrnsimopoinseis.

  Parakalw bale otidnpote sto mail sou pou 8a ebazes se avakoivwsn
  zntwvtas bon8eia.

  Telika, 8umnsou oti para to gegovos oti oi perissoteroi stnv koivotnta
  tou Linux eivai pro8umoi va bon8nsouv,8a zntas bon8eia apo kapoiov pou
  to kavei oikio8elws, wste dev prepei va perimeveis oposdnpote
  apavtnsn.

  =====================================================================

  13.  Plnrofories gia to FAQ, adeia xrnsns kai upomvnseis.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  13.1.  Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta

  Steilte mou ta sxolia gia auto to FAQ.

  Dexomai ka8e suveisfora gia to FAQ se opoiodnpote morfn. Ola ta sxolia
  kai oi dior8wseis eivai dektes.

  Please send them to <kiesling@terracom.net>.

  Av epi8umeite va avafer8eite se erwtnsn(eis) gia to FAQ eivai pio
  boliko gia meva av avafereste stov titlo tns erwtnsns para stov
  ari8mo, mia pou oi ari8moi dnmiourgouvtai automata kai dev tous blepw
  sto pngaio arxeio to opoio douleuw.

  I prefer comments in English to patchfiles -- I write the FAQ in a
  different internal format anyway, so I can't use a patchfile.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------





  13.2.  Morfes pou to FAQ eivai dia8esimo.

  Auto to keimevo (to aggliko) eivai dia8esimo se arxeio keimevou
  ASCII,se arxeio tupou Emacs Info, se HTML World Wide Web selida,
  PostScript kai sav USENET news posting.

  To ASCII,Emacs Info, HTML kai posted ekdoseis kai eva Lout typesetter
  arxeio (apo to opoio pronx8e to PostScript) pronx8av automata apo eva
  programma se Perl to opoio pairvei sav eisodo arxeia se morfn Bizarre
  with No Name.

  Ta arxeia e3odou linux-faq.ascii, .info kai .ps kai eva arxeio tupou
  tar linux-faq.source.tar.gz, ta opoioa periexouv ta BFNN pngaia arxeia
  kai to programma metartopns grammevo se Perl, eivai dia8esima se
  katalogous sxetika me avafores,se megala Linux FTP sites.

  The HTML version of this FAQ is available as
  http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/linux-faq/index.html and is
  mirrored at www.li.org and other sites.

  H USENET ekdosn avakoivwvetai taktika sto comp.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, comp.answers kai news.answers.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  13.3.  ***Authorship and acknowledgements.

  This FAQ is compiled by Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>, with
  assistance and comments from others too numerous to mention.

  Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated
  comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.answers, used to coordinate
  the HOWTOs and has written substantial portions of many of them, to
  Greg Hankins, who currently coordinates the HOWTOS, to Lars Wirzenius,
  who currently moderates comp.os.linux.announce, to Marc-Michel
  Corsini, who wrote the original Linux FAQ, and to Ian Jackson, the
  previous FAQ-maintainer.

  Thanks also to the many people who have sent comments and suggestions;
  they are too numerous to list here, but their input has been
  invaluable.

  Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other
  contributors to Linux for giving us something to write about !

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  13.4.  ***Disclaimer and Copyright.

  Note that this document is provided ``as is''.  The information in it
  is *not* warranted to be correct.  Use it at your own risk.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers is copyright (C) 1997 by
  Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>. Portions are Copyright 1994,
  1995, 1996 by Ian Jackson, the previous Linux FAQ maintainer.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers may be reproduced and
  distributed in its entirety (including this authorship, copyright, and
  permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document
  itself, without the author's consent.  Portions may be reproduced for
  such purposes as reviews, advertising, and derivative works like
  translations, with the author's consent.


  Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for
  the service of printing or copying a document supplied by your
  customer.

  Exceptions to these rules may be granted.  I would be happy to answer
  any questions about this copyright. Email me at
  <kiesling@terracom.net>.  These restrictions are here to protect the
  contributors, not to restrict you as educators and learners.

  =====================================================================


  14.  Gia tnv Ellnvikn metafrasn


  H Ellnvikn metafrasn eivai basismevn sto Linux-FAQ, tou Robert
  Kiesling.  To Linux-Hellenic-FAQ 8a prepei va diabazetai se suvdiasmo
  me to Hellenic-HOWTO, pou epiluei leptomerws problnmata Ellnvwv
  xrnstwv.

  To aggliko keimevo dev eivai oti kalutero uparxei, giati exei meivei
  gia megalo kairo e3w apo tis e3eli3eis, alla kai giati dev mporei va
  dwsei logikes apavtnseis se Ellnves xrnstes. Auto sumbaivei idiaitera
  se 8emata me FTP sites, listes klp. Gia auto to logo, se polla snmeia
  uparxei to "S.t.M." dnladn sxolia tou metafrastn pou exouv skopo va
  upodei3ouv tnv swstn apavtnsn/ermnveia.

  Gia to keimevo auto suvergastnkav oi:

   1,2,3          gef@ceid.upatras.gr, Ekkivnsn tou FAQ kai suvtnrnsn.
   4              emav@
   5              louther@/mike@
   6,7,8          mike@
   10,11,12,13    sakalis@
   14             gef@




  14.1.  TODO

  Autes eivai oi douleies pou mevouv va givouv:

   3.6 Metafrasn (gef?)
   9 louther@
   13.3, 13.4 (gef)
   14 +credits (gef)
   Elegxos or8ografias (muvnma, suvdiasmos?), tovismos klp.
   Diabasma olou tou FAQ, euresn avakribeiwv/problnmatwv.
   Ka8ierwsn orologias.
   Sugxrovismos me to Aggliko keimevo.




  14.2.  Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta


  Parakalw steilte ta sxolia sas gia tnv metafrasn tou FAQ.

  Oles oi suvdromes, sxolia, paratnrnseis kai dior8wseis eivai dektes.
  Parakalw steilte tis sto <gef@ceid.upatras.gr>.

  Eav 8elete va avafer8eite se kapoia erwtnsn tou keimevou, eivai pio
  xrnsimn n avafora tous me basn tov titlo kai oxi me basn to voumero,
  giati ta voumera paragovtai automata kai dev faivovtai kav sto arxiko
  keimevo.

  Mnv stelvete patchfiles, HTML n allo formarismevo keimevo, giati to
  FAQ grafetai etsi kai alliws se SGML.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------


  14.3.  Morfes stis opoies diati8etai auto to keimevo

  Auto to keimevo eivai dia8esimo sav arxeio ASCII, Emacs Info arxeio,
  HTML selida, Postscript kai sav news sto USENET
  (comp.os.linux.answers)

  Oi ASCII, Emacs Info, HTML ekdoseis dnmiourgouvtai automata me xrnsn
  tou paketou SGMLTOOLS, kai evos Makefile pou 8a breite mazi me tov
  pngaio SGML kwdika tou FAQ.

  To FAQ auto uparxei stis e3ns morfes:

  o  Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html html me Ellnvika 928 (moiazouv me ta
     windows-1253)

  o  Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html html, alla eivai greeklish kai
     eivai xrnsimo priv stn8ouv ta ellnvika

  o  Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt txt, greeklish Auto eivai episns
     greeklish, kai eivai eva arxeio 70Kb.

  o  Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml sgml, Eivai o pngaios kwdikas tou
     FAQ, pou se suvdiasmo me to Makefile kai ta sgml-tools paragei ola
     ta upoloipa.


































