  ELLHNIKO Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions with Answers)
  Georgatos Photis <gef@hellug.gr>
  Ekdosh 0.7p1 , 10-1-1997

  Ayto to keimeno (Linux-Hellenic-FAQ) einai h ellhnikh metafrash ths
  listas me tis pio syxnes erwthseis (Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ)
  sxetika me to Linux, ena tupoy Unix leitoyrgiko susthma gia
  386/486/586/686, Pentium xxx, K5, K6, Alpha, MIPS, 680x0 kai alloys
  epejergastes.  SHMEIWSH: Parallhla me ayto to keimeno yparxei to Hel
  lenic-HOWTO poy periexei plhrofories gia thn ru8mish toy Linux, eidika
  gia yposthrijh ths ellhnikhs glwssas kai yposthrijhs twn Ellhnwn.
  WARNING: This document contains greek (ISO-8859-7).  URL: <http://stu
  dents.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/>
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


















































  1. Eisagwgh kai genikes plhrofories

     1.1 Ti einai to Linux
     1.2 Ti logismiko (software) yposthrizei;
     1.3 Trexei ston ypologisth moy; Ti yliko (hardware) yposthrizei;
     1.4 Ti eidoys metafores (ports) gia alloys epejergastes yparxoyn;
     1.5 Poso xwro 8elei ston sklhro moy disko;
     1.6 Exei to Linux pneymatika dikaiwmata (Copyright); Epitrepetai h antigrafh;

  2. Phges kai poroi enhmerwshs sto diktyo (kai mh).

     2.1 Ti keimena yparxoyn gia enhmerwsh;
     2.2 Apo poy mporw na parw ta HOWTO kai loiph tekmhriwsh
     2.3 Pou 8a preprei na cajw sto World Wide Web gia 8emata toy Linux;
     2.4 Ti newsgroups yparxoyn gia to Linux;
     2.5 Pws 8a egkatasthsw to Linux
     2.6 Poy 8a brw yliko toy Linux me FTP;
     2.7 Den exw prosbash se FTP. Pws na parw to Linux
     2.8 Den exw prosbash stis omades syzhthsewn toy Usenet. Pws enhmerwnomai;
     2.9 Ti listes yparxoyn;
     2.10 Arxeio8etountai oi omades syzhthsewn toy Usenet;

  3. Symbatothta me alla leitoyrgika

     3.1 Mporei to Linux na moirastei ton disko me DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; WinNT; Solaris;
     3.2 Pws prospelaunw ta arxeia moy se mia katatmhsh toy DOS;
     3.3 Mporw na xrhsimopoihsw to sympiesmeno moy DOS drive;
     3.4 Mporw na xrhsimopoihsw to partition toy OS/2 (HPFS);
     3.5 ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?
     3.6 Mporw na trejw efarmoges twn Windows katw apo Linux
     3.7 Pws mporw na ekkinw to Linux apo ton Boot Manager toy OS/2;
     3.8 Pws mporw na moirastw ton idio xwro metaju toy Linux kai twn Windows gia swap;

  4. Xeirismos twn systhmatwn arxeio8ethshs, sklhrwn diskwn kai diskettwn apo to Linux

     4.1 Pws mporw na kanw to Linux na doylecei sto megaloy mege8oys sklhro disko moy;
     4.2 Pws mporw na epanaferw arxeia poy exw diagracei;
     4.3 Yparxei anasygkrothths (defragmenter) gia to ext2fs klp;
     4.4 Pws diamorfwnw kai dhmioyrgw ena susthma arxeio8ethshs se disketta;
     4.5 Lambanw perierga mhnumata sxetika me inodes, blocks, kai diafora tetoia.
     4.6 H perioxh proswrinhs apo8hkeyshs (swap area) den leitoyrgei.
     4.7 Pws diagrafw to LILO etsi, wste to susthma moy na jekina kai pali me DOS;
     4.8 Giati den mporw na xrhsimopoihsw thn entolh fdformat para mono ws diaxeirisths systhmatos (root);
     4.9 Yparxei kati san to Stacker h to Doublespace gia to Linux;
     4.10 Oi diaireseis toy sklhrou moy diskoy tupoy ext2fs elegxontai ka8e fora poy epanekkinw ton ypologisth moy
     4.11 To susthma arxeio8ethshs toy diaxeiristh diktuoy (root) einai mono anagnwsimo!
     4.12 Exw ena terastio arxeio /proc/kcore! Mporw na to diagracw;
     4.13 H AHA1542C moy den leitoyrgei me to Linux.

  5. Metafora kai metaglwttish programmatwn

     5.1 Pws mporw na metaferw ena programma sto linux apo alla leitoyrgika systhmata;
     5.2 Ti einai to ld.so kai pou mporw na to brw;
     5.3 Exei kaneis metaferei / kanei compile / gracei kapoio XXX programma gia to linux;
     5.4 Mporw na xrhsimopoihsw se enan 386, kwdika h enan compiler poy exei ginei compile se enan 486;
     5.5 Ti kanei to gcc -O6;
     5.6 Pou einai ta linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;
     5.7 Yparxoyn la8h otan dokimazw na kanw compile ton kernel.
     5.8 Pws mporw na dhmioyrghsw mia shared library;
     5.9 Ta ektelesima moy einai (polu) megala.
     5.10 Yposthrizei to  Linux nhmatikes (threads) h lightweight epejergasies;
     5.11 Poy mporw na brw to `lint' gia Linux
     5.12 Poy mporw na brw to `kermit' gia Linux

  6. Luseis se diafora koina problhmata.

     6.1 To free dinei sfalmata leitoyrgikou (core).
     6.2 To roloi moy einai polu la8os.
     6.3 Ta setuid scripts den fainontai na doyleuoyn.
     6.4 H eleu8erh mnhmh opws thn anaferei to free synexws meiwnetai.
     6.5 Otan pros8etw mnhmh, argoporei, ews kai sernetai.
     6.6 Orismena programmata (p.x. xdm) den me afhnoyn na kanw login.
     6.7 Orismena programmata me afhnoyn na kanw log in xwris password.
     6.8 To mhxanhma moy paei polu arga otan trexw to GCC / ta X / ...
     6.9 Mporw na kanw login mono ws root.
     6.10 H o8onh moy einai gemath parajenoys xarakthres anti gia grammata.
     6.11 Exw kanei xalia to susthma moy kai den mporw na kanw login gia na to ftiajw.
     6.12 Anakalyca ena terastio keno asfaleias (trupa) sthn rm!
     6.13 To lpr(1) h to lpd(8) den doyleuoyn.
     6.14 H wra se arxeia se katatmhseis msdos den einai swsth.
     6.15 Pws mporw na kanw to LILO na diabasei to vmlinux arxeio;

  7. Pws kanw ayto h ma8ainw pws...

     7.1 Pws mporw na exw kulhsh pros ta pisw se mh grafiko periballon;
     7.2 Pws enallasw eikonika termatika ; Pws ta energopoiw;
     7.3 Pws orizw thn zwnh wras;
     7.4 Ti ekdosh (version) toy Linux kai ti onoma mhxanhmatos xrhsimopoiw;
     7.5 Pws mporw na energopoihsw h na apenergopoihsw ta mhnumata sfalmatos toy leitoyrgikou; (core dumps)
     7.6 Pws anaba8mizw /anametaglwttizw ton pyrhna;
     7.7 Mporw na exw panw apo 3 seiriakes 8ures, me diamoirazomenes aithseis diakopwn;
     7.8 Pws dhmioyrgw mia disketta ekkinhshs;
     7.9 Pws epanaprosdiorizw to plhktrologio moy se Aggliko, Galliko klp.;
     7.10 Pws mporw na exw to lampaki NUM LOCK na einai anammeno ej' orismou ;
     7.11 Pws mporw na exw panw apo 128Mb proswrinou xwroy enallaghs (swap);

  8. Diafores plhrofories kai apanthseis

     8.1 Pws programmatizw to XYZ sto Linux
     8.2 Ti einai ayta gia to ELF;
     8.3 Ti einai ena arxeio .gz ; Kai ena .tgz ; Kai ... ;
     8.4 Ti shmainoyn ta arxika VFS;
     8.5 Ti einai to BogoMip;
     8.6 Ti einai to Linux Journal kai poy mporw na to brw
     8.7 Posoi an8rwpoi xrhsimopoioun Linux
     8.8 Pws 8a eprepe na proferw to Linux

  9. Frequently encountered error messages.

     9.1 Unknown terminal type linux and similar.
     9.2 During linking I get Undefined symbol [lowbar]mcount
     9.3 lp1 on fire
     9.4 INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP[lowbar]SET[lowbar]DEV) called!
     9.5 ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
     9.6 GCC says Internal compiler error.
     9.7 make says Error 139
     9.8 shell-init: permission denied when I log in.
     9.9 No utmp entry.  You must exec ... when I log in.
     9.10 Warning -- bdflush not running.
     9.11 Warning: obsolete routing request made.
     9.12 EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.
     9.13 EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.
     9.14 EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.
     9.15 df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.
     9.16 fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...
     9.17 fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
     9.18 fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.
     9.19 mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ
     9.20 At the start of booting: Memory tight
     9.21 You don't exist. Go away.

  10. X Windows
     10.1 Yposthrizei to Linux X Windows?
     10.2 Pws mporw na brw ena XF86Config arxeio gia to susthma moy;
     10.3 xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.
     10.4 Den mporw na ry8misw ta X Windows na doylecoyn swsta.

  11. Erwthseis gia polu palia programmata.

     11.1 To Emacs petaei core.
     11.2 To fdisk leei oti den mporei na xrhsimopoihsei nnn sectors apo ayto to partition.
     11.3 O GCC merikes fores xrhsimopoiei terastia posa eikonikhs mnhmhs kai kremaei.
     11.4 To plhktrologio moy trelenetai otan allazw Virtual Consoles.

  12. Pws mporw na exw epipros8eth boh8eia;

     12.1 H erwthsh moy den exei akoma apanth8ei.
     12.2 Ti na pw otan zhtaw boh8eia.
     12.3 8elw na steilw mail se kapoion sxetika me to problhma moy.

  13. Plhrofories gia to FAQ, adeia xrhshs kai ypomnhseis.

     13.1 Ta sxolia einai eyprosdekta
     13.2 Morfes poy to FAQ einai dia8esimo.
     13.3 Authorship and acknowledgements.
     13.4 ***Disclaimer and Copyright.

  14. Gia thn Ellhnikh metafrash

     14.1 TODO
     14.2 Ta sxolia einai eyprosdekta
     14.3 Morfes stis opoies diati8etai ayto to keimeno


  ______________________________________________________________________

  11..  EEiissaaggwwgghh kkaaii ggeenniikkeess ppllhhrrooffoorriieess


  11..11..  TTii eeiinnaaii ttoo LLiinnuuxx

  To Linux einai o pyrhnas enos klwnoy toy Unix, grammenos apo to mhden
  apo ton Linus Torvalds, me boh8eia apo mia diasparth omada hackers apo
  to Internet.  Shmera otan leme Linux, enooume pleon olo to leitoyrgiko
  susthma.  To Linux teinei na exei POSIX symbatothta, kai exei oles tis
  eykolies poy 8a perimene kaneis se ena monterno plhrws ejoplismeno
  Unix, symperilambanomenwn:

    pragmatikh proekxwrhtikh polyepejergasia (preemptitive
     multitasking),

    ideath mnhmh (virtual memory),

    diamoirazomenes biblio8hkes (shared libraries),

    fortwma kat' apaithsh (demand loading),

    diamoirazomena ektelesima (shared copy-on-write executables),

    apodotikh diaxeirhsh mnhmhs (proper memory management) kai

    diktuwsh TCP/IP

     Epipros8eta, to Linux yposthrizei:

    polyepejergastika systhmata (SMP)


    polynhmatikh epejergasia (multithreading),

    ektelesh Java efarmogwn apo ton pyrhna

    diktuwsh IPX/SPX, bridging, routing, masquerading, tunneling

     Trexei kyriws se 386/486/586/686, Pentium PCs, xrhsimopoiwntas tis
     eykolies poy parexei h oikogeneia toy 386 gia thn yposthrijh
     katastashs prostasias (protected mode).  Metafores (ports) toy
     Linux ginontai gia olo kai pio pollous epejergastes.

  (Bl. ``'')

  ( Idiaiterothta toy Linux einai oti den einai emporiko proion kai
  mporei na dianemh8ei (antigrafei) eukola. To Linux dianemetai me bash
  thn adeia antigrafhs kata GNU (GPL, General Public License).  (bl. 1.6
  kai http://www.cs.pdx.edu/ trent/gnu/ ) )

  Gia perissoteres plhrofories genika gia to Linux (bl. 2.X)



  11..22..  TTii llooggiissmmiikkoo ((ssooffttwwaarree)) yyppoosstthhrriizzeeii;;

  To Linux exei GCC (metaglwttisths gia C++), Emacs (Epejergasths
  keimenoy), X-Windows (GUI), ola ta synh8ismena ergaleia toy Unix,
  TCP/IP (SLIP,PPP), kai ekatontades efarmoges gia UNIX poy exoyn
  metaglwttistei h metafer8ei.

  Oi efarmoges poy yparxoyn kaluptoyn kai tis pio eidikes anagkes, opws:

    epejergastes keimenoy

    logistika fulla

    baseis dedomenwn

    BBS

    3D renderers (pov)

    Ma8hmatika (px Octave)

    WinNT-like & Netware-like file/printer servers

    WWW, FTP, NEWS, SENDMAIL-POP,NFS servers einai aytonohta...

  Omws oi dynatothtes den stamatoun edw. To Linux mporei na trexei
  efarmoges allwn leitoyrgikwn, kai malista me megalh ajiopistia:

  Yparxei enas polu kalos ejomeiwths toy DOS, to DOSEMU
  (tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu), poy mporei na trejei to DOS
  kai tis pio polles efarmoges toy. Mporei na trejei kai Windows 3.1 se
  enhanced mode.

  Enas ejomeiwths iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard) gia SVR4
  ELF kai SVR3.2 COFF ektelesima, brisketai sta teleytaia stadia
  anaptyjhs.  (bl. tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README).

  To WINE (WINdows Emulator) einai ejomeiwths gia Windows efarmoges.
  Einai freeware, alla den exei apodwsei akoma kapoio kalo apotelesma.
  To WABI ths SUN kanei akribws to idio, omws ta katafernei polu
  kalutera.  Trexei sxedon oles tis efarmoges twn Windows, anamesa toys
  to MS-Office, CorelDraw, Video/Audio players, klp.  Stoixizei omws
  199$, giati einai emporiko proion.

  Merika emporika proionta poy yparxoyn gia to Linux einai:

    Netscape Navigator Gold 3.01/Communicator (0$)

    Corel Draw

    Oracle Relational Database

    Motif Libraries 2.0 (100$)

    c-tree Plus

    Executor 2

    Mathematica 3.0

    Maple V Release 4

    Applixware Office Suite for Linux

    AcceleratedX CDE Business Desktop



  11..33..  TTrreexxeeii ssttoonn yyppoollooggiisstthh mmooyy;; TTii yylliikkoo ((hhaarrddwwaarree)) yyppoosstthhrriizzeeii;;

  Xreiazetai toylaxiston 386 me 2MB RAM kai enan odhgo eukampths
  disketas, gia mia aplh dokimh. Gia mia kanonikh egkatastash
  xreiazontai 4MB RAM, enw gia na doylecei kaneis me Xwindows 8MB. Enas
  sklhros diskos me xwro 10MB/300MB/600MB (minimum/typical/enough) einai
  aparaithtos.  Proteinetai ena susthma Pentium me 32mb, gia aproskopth
  apodosh.

  Oi topikoi diayloi VESA kai PCI exoyn plhrh yposthrijh.

  MCA (Diaylos ths IBM) kai oi ESDI sklhroi diskoi tis pio polles fores
  yposthrizontai. Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite:
  http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca.

  To Linux se syndiasmo me ta Xwindows, trexei sthn pleiochfia forhtwn
  ypologistwn. Deite sxetika:
  http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/.

  Gia na deite analytika an to yliko sas (karta grafikwn, diktuoy,
  elegktes sklhrwn diskwn, karta hxoy) yposthrizetai, koitajte to INFO-
  SHEET kai to Hardware-HOWTO (Bl. ``'')

  Yparxei mia metafora toy leitoyrgikou ston 8086 me to onoma:
  Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS). Ayto einai ena 16mpito
  yposunolo toy Linux, gia na xrhsimopoih8ei se eidikes efarmoges.
  Fysika ayth h ekdosh, pote den 8a yposthrijei prostateymenh mnhmh h
  preemptitive multitasking.  Bl.
  http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html.

  Nees ekdoseis toy Linux yposthrizoyn kai polyepejergastika systhmata
  (SMP).  Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite to arxeio
  Documentation/smp.tex, ston phgaio kwdika toy pyrhna /usr/src/linux.



  11..44..  TTii eeiiddooyyss mmeettaaffoorreess ((ppoorrttss)) ggiiaa aallllooyyss eeppeejjeerrggaasstteess yyppaarrxxooyynn;;

  Yparxei port (beta) gia ton 68000 (xrhsimopoieitai apo Amiga, Atari),
  me Xserver.  Yparxei sxetikh lista. To FAQ, ftp kai selida gia pio
  polles plhrofories einai: ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ
  ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k
  ( http://pfah.informatik.uni-kl.de:8000/pers/jmayer/linux68k-faq
  http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ hn/linux68k.html  )


  To Linux se PowerPC, apekthse prosfata diko toy kombo sto Internet:
  http://www.linuxppc.org Otidhpote afora ton PowerPC 8a to breite sto
  ftp site: ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc.

  H Apple kai to OSF synergazontai gia thn metafora toy Linux,
  basizomenoi sto OSF kai Mach microkernel. Bl.
  http://www.mklinux.apple.com.

  O polla yposxomenos Alpha (64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP) exei hdh to Linux:
  http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/.  Yparxei kai lista sto
  vger.rutgers.edu.

  O Ralf Baechle ergazetai gia metafora se MIPS (R4600 se Deskstation
  Tyne).  To FAQ einai sto ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips kai
  ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux.  Oi endiaferomenoi mporoun na
  epikoinwnhsoyn sto <linux@waldorf-gmbh.de>.

  ( There is also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mailserver and a
  linux-mips mailing list.  (See ````'''') )

  H oikogeneia twn ARM (Acorn A5000, Acorn Risc PC) exei duo projects
  aythn thn stigmh se ejelijh, ena gia ARM3 (Acorn A5000, me yposthrijh
  odhgwn gia 82710/11) kai ena gia ARM610 (gia Acorn Risc PC). Osoi
  mporoun na syneisferoyn as epikoinwnhsoyn me ton Martin Ebourne
  <mje@soton.ac.uk>.

  Yparxei san omada syzhthsewn to comp.sys.acorn.misc

  FAQ: ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq

  kai homepage: http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html.

  O David Miller asxoleitai me metafora se Sparc. Osoi endiaferontai kai
  mporoun na boh8hsoyn, as epikoinwnhsoyn me to
  <davem@caip.rutgers.edu>.



  11..55..  PPoossoo xxwwrroo 88eelleeii ssttoonn sskkllhhrroo mmooyy ddiisskkoo;;


  10Mb einai to katw fragma gia mia egkatastash, h opoia den
  perilambanei efarmoges. Se 80Mb mporei na xwresei isa-isa mia
  egkatastash me Xwindows.  Se 250Mb einai mia kalh epilogh prwth fora.
  Perilambanei typikes efarmoges.  500Mb einai aparaithta gia ena
  kanoniko susthma me 1 xrhsth. Ean yparxoyn apo thn prwth stigmh, mhn
  lyph8eite na ta dia8esete.



  11..66..  EExxeeii ttoo LLiinnuuxx ppnneeyymmaattiikkaa ddiikkaaiiwwmmaattaa ((CCooppyyrriigghhtt));; EEppiittrreeppeettaaii hh
  aannttiiggrraaffhh;;


  Ta pneymatika dikaiwmata (copyright) gia ton pyrhna toy Linux, anhkoyn
  ston Linus Torvalds, poy ka8orise oti einai ypo to GPL. Ayto me apla
  logia shmainei oti einai eley8erh h antigrafh, metatroph h dianomh toy
  kwdika, alla den einai dynath h pros8hkh allwn periorismwn dianomhs,
  kai einai ypoxrewtikh h paroxh toy neoy phgaioy kwdika.  To Linux DEN
  EINAI public domain, EINAI GPLed.  Bl. sxetika to Copyright FAQ,
  ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.

  Epakribeis leptomereies yparxoyn sto arxeio COPYING sta Linux kernel
  sources (/usr/src/linux).

  H adeia xrhshs gia ta programmata poy yparxoyn stis egkatastaseis me
  Linux, mporei na einai diaforetikh. O perissoteros kwdikas omws, einai
  ypo to GNU Project ths Free Software Foundation, kai einai epishs me
  adeia GPL.

  ( Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should
  be posted to gnu.misc.discuss and not to the comp.os.linux groups.  )


  22..  PPhhggeess kkaaii ppoorrooii eennhhmmeerrwwsshhss ssttoo ddiikkttyyoo ((kkaaii mmhh))..


  22..11..  TTii kkeeiimmeennaa yyppaarrxxooyynn ggiiaa eennhhmmeerrwwsshh;;

  Ta kyriotera eidh einai:

     MMAANNuuaall ppaaggeess
        Ta synh8ismena online egxeiridia (manual) enos Unix.  Sto Linux
        einai arketa plhrh kai exoyn polla 8emata.  Des man man. (To man
        einai san help).

     IINNFFOO
        Oi INFO selides diabazontai me eidiko tropo.  Den einai polu
        euxrhstes.

     FFAAQQ
        Frequently Asked Questions. Ta FAQ einai syllogh apo
        synh8ismenes erwthseis gurw apo ena 8ema. Synh8ws yparxoyn sto
        /usr/doc/faq.

     HHOOWWTTOO
        Ta HOWTO einai keimena poy perigrafoyn thn diadikasia gia na
        ftiaxtei kati. Einai kati san egxeiridia xrhshs toy Linux.
        /usr/doc/faq/howto

     MMIINNII--HHOOWWTTOO
        To idio me prin, mono poy ta keimena einai pio mikra.

     LLDDPP
        Linux Documentation Project:Perilambanei sxedon ola ta parapanw.
        Einai mia prospa8eia na sygkentrw8ei olh h tekmhriwsh mazi.
        Deite sto http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP



  22..22..  AAppoo ppooyy mmppoorrww nnaa ppaarrww ttaa HHOOWWTTOO kkaaii llooiipphh tteekkmmhhrriiwwsshh

  Oi parakatw komboi exoyn ola ta HOWTO:

    ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO

    tsx-11.mit.edu (18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux/docs/HOWTO

    sunsite.unc.edu (152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO

  Gia plhrh lista kombwn, deite ````''''

  Ean den exete prosbash se ftp, mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete toys
  <ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com>, <ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk> <ftp-
  mailer@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.>.

  To arxeio ayto exei mia lista me ola ta yparxonta HOWTO:
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html.  Ayta einai
  merika:


  AX25-HOWTO                             Access-HOWTO
  Assembly-HOWTO                         Benchmarking-HOWTO
  BootPrompt-HOWTO                       Bootdisk-HOWTO
  CD-Writing-HOWTO                       CDROM-HOWTO
  Chinese-HOWTO                          Commercial-HOWTO
  Consultants-HOWTO                      Cyrillic-HOWTO
  DNS-HOWTO                              DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO
  DOSEMU-HOWTO                           Danish-HOWTO
  Distribution-HOWTO                     ELF-HOWTO
  Emacspeak-HOWTO                        Ethernet-HOWTO
  Finnish-HOWTO                          Firewall-HOWTO
  Ftape-HOWTO                            GCC-HOWTO
  German-HOWTO                           HAM-HOWTO
  HOWTO-INDEX                            Hardware-HOWTO
  Hebrew-HOWTO                           IPX-HOWTO
  ISP-Hookup-HOWTO                       Installation-HOWTO
  Intranet-Server-HOWTO                  Italian-HOWTO
  Java-CGI-HOWTO                         Kernel-HOWTO
  Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO             MGR-HOWTO
  MILO-HOWTO                             Mail-HOWTO
  NET-3-HOWTO                            NFS-HOWTO
  NIS-HOWTO                              News-HOWTO
  Optical-Disk-HOWTO                     PCI-HOWTO
  PCMCIA-HOWTO                           PPP-HOWTO
  Pilot-HOWTO                            Polish-HOWTO
  Printing-HOWTO                         Printing-Usage-HOWTO
  RPM-HOWTO                              Reading-List-HOWTO
  SCSI-HOWTO                             SCSI-Programming-HOWTO
  SMB-HOWTO                              Serial-HOWTO
  Serial-Programming-HOWTO               Shadow-Password-HOWTO
  Slovenian-HOWTO                        Sound-HOWTO
  Sound-Playing-HOWTO                    Spanish-HOWTO
  TeTeX-HOWTO                            Thai-HOWTO
  Tips-HOWTO                             UMSDOS-HOWTO
  UPS-HOWTO                              UUCP-HOWTO
  User-Group-HOWTO                       VAR-HOWTO
  VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO                     XFree86-HOWTO
  XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO            3-Button-Mouse



  Ta akoloy8a Mini-HOWTO, kaluptoyn pio eidika 8emata kai yparxoyn sto
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini:




















  ADSM-Backup                            AI-Alife
  Advocacy                               Backup-With-MSDOS
  Battery-Powered                        Boca
  BogoMips                               Bridge
  Bridge+Firewall                        Clock
  Colour-ls                              Comeau-C++
  DHCPd                                  Dial-On-Demand
  Diald                                  Dip+SLiRP+CSLIP
  Diskless                               Dynamic-IP-Hacks
  Ext2fs-Undeletion                      GTEK-BBS-550
  HTML-Validation                        IO-Port-Programming
  IP-Alias                               IP-Masquerade
  IP-Subnetworking                       JE
  Jaz-Drive                              Kerneld
  Key-Setup                              LBX
  LILO                                   Large-Disk
  Linux+DOS+Win95                        Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2
  Linux+NT-Loader                        Linux+OS2+DOS
  Linux+Win95                            Loadlin+Win95
  Locales                                MIDI+SB
  Mail-Queue                             Mail2News
  Man-Page                               Multiple-Disks-Layout
  Multiple-Ethernet                      NFS-Root
  NFS-Root-Client                        Netscape+Proxy
  Offline-Mailing                        Online-Support
  PLIP                                   PPP-over-minicom
  Pager                                  Partition
  Print2Win                              Process-Accounting
  Proxy-ARP                              Public-Web-Browser
  Qmail+MH                               Quota
  RCS                                    Remote-Boot
  Remote-X-Apps                          SLIP+proxyARP
  SLIP-PPP-Emulator                      Sendmail+UUCP
  Software-Building                      Software-RAID
  Soundblaster-16                        Soundblaster-AWE64
  StarOffice                             Swap-Space
  Term-Firewall                          Tiny-News
  Token-Ring                             Upgrade
  VPN                                    Virtual-wu-ftpd
  Visual-Bell                            Win95+Win+Linux
  Windows-Modem-Sharing                  WordPerfect
  X-Big-Cursor                           XFree86-XInside
  Xterm-Title                            Xterminal
  ZIP-Drive                              ZIP-Install



  Epipros8eta, metafraseis twn HOWTO yparxoyn sto
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations.  Oi metafraseis
  yparxoyn ayth thn stigmh stis ejhs glwsses:


  Gallika  (fr)                      Germanika(de)
  Italika  (it)                      Iapwnika (jp)
  Polwnika (pl)                      Ispanika (es)
  Soyhdika (sv)                      Toyrkika (tr)



  Ta HOWTO's epishs yparxoyn sto Web, sthn selida toy Linux
  Documentation Project http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP, kai stelnontai
  mhniaia sto Usenet newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers.

  Ta pio polla apo ayta ta keimena einai ypo synexh ejelijh.  Parakalw,
  elate se epafh me ton Greg Hankins, <gregh@cc.gatech.edu>, syntonisth
  twn HOWTO, ean endiafereste na gracete kapoio. To arxeio
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX periexei odhgies gia to
  gracimo enos HOWTO.

  H Seira Egxeridiwn (Guide Series) poy paragetai apo to Linux
  Documentation Project einai dia8esimh apo to
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP. Parakaloume diabaste ta ean eiste arxarios
  sto Unix kai sto Linux. Edw einai mia lista twn dia8esimwn:


    The Linux Documentation Project Manifesto, apo ton Matt Welsh.

    Installation and Getting Started Guide, apo ton Matt Welsh.

    The Linux Kernel, apo ton David Rusling.

    The Network Administrator's Guide, apo ton Olaf Kirch.

    The Linux Programmer's Guide, apo ton Sven Goldt, Sven van der
     Meer, Scott Burkett, kai Matt Welsh.

    The Linux System Administrator's Guide, Version 0.5, apo ton Lars
     Wirzenius.



  22..33..  PPoouu 88aa pprreepprreeii nnaa ccaajjww ssttoo WWoorrlldd WWiiddee WWeebb ggiiaa 88eemmaattaa ttooyy LLiinnuuxx;;

  O Greg Hankins, gregh@cc.gatech.edu, synthrei thn selida toy Linux
  Documentation Project, sto http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP.

  Ayth h selida einai anaferetai se ola ta FAQ kai HOWTO, kai se ayta
  poy einai se HTML (WWW) format, kai se ayta poy den einai.



  22..44..  TTii nneewwssggrroouuppss yyppaarrxxooyynn ggiiaa ttoo LLiinnuuxx;;

  Yparxoyn deka die8nh Usenet newsgroups (omades syzhthsewn) afierwmena
  sto Linux.  Ta newsgroups einai polu xrhsima, giati opoiodhpote
  problhma prokuptei, mporei kaneis na rwthsei ekei, gia na brei thn
  apanthsh.

  comp.os.linux.announce einai ena epopteyomeno (moderated) kanali
  anakoinwsewn, poy 8a prepei na parakaloy8eite ean skopeuete na
  xrhsimopoihsete to Linux.  Mynhmata gia ayto to kanali 8a prepei na
  stelnontai sto <linux-announce@news.ornl.gov>.

  comp.os.linux.answers periexei ola ta FAQs, HOWTOs kai alles
  shmantikes 123plhrofories. 8a prepei na grafteite kai edw.

  Ajizei na diabasete kai ta alla groups sthn ierarxia comp.os.linux.
  mporei na breite polla koina problhmata poy einai polu prosfata gia na
  ta breite se ayto to FAQ, allaekei apantwntai.Ayta ta newsgroups
  einai:

  comp.os.linux.setup
  comp.os.linux.hardware
  comp.os.linux.networking
  comp.os.linux.x
  comp.os.linux.development.apps
  comp.os.linux.development.system
  comp.os.linux.advocacy
  comp.os.linux.misc



  Exete yp' ocin sas epishs, oti ka8ws to Linux einai Unix klwnos,
  sxedon olo to yliko sta comp.unix.* kai comp.windows.x.* groups 8a
  einai sxetiko.

  Ektos apo 8emata hardware, kai kapoia ejwfrenika  h polu texnika low-
  level shmeia, 8a anakalucete oti ayta ta kanalia einai to swsto meros
  na jekinhsete.

  Please read ````'''' before posting, and make sure you post to the
  right newsgroup -- see `Welcome to the comp.os.linux.* hierarchy'
  which is posted every two weeks to comp.os.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, and other groups.

  H pollaplh apostolh (Crossposting) metaju twn kanaliwn
  comp.os.linux.*, spania einai kalh idea.

  Mporei na yparxoyn Linux groups, topika, sthn perioxh soy. -- elegje
  prwta ayta.  S.T.M. Kai ontws yparxoyn: news://edessa.topo.auth.gr

  Ta comp.os.linux.development, comp.os.linux.admin, kai
  comp.os.linux.help, einai ypo aposyrsh... 8a prepei na mhn
  xrhsimopoiountai.

  See also ````''''

  Other regional and local newsgroups also exist -- you may find the
  traffic more manageable there.  The French Linux newsgroup is
  fr.comp.os.linux. The German one is de.comp.os.linux.  In Australia,
  try aus.computers.linux.  In Croatia there is the moderated group
  hr.comp.linux.m.  In Italy, it.comp.linux.



  22..55..  PPwwss 88aa eeggkkaattaasstthhssww ttoo LLiinnuuxx

  Yparxoyn diafores proepilegmenes dianomes toy Linux, perilambanwntas
  kyriws thn Debian, Red Hat kai Slackware. Ka8e mia periexei olo to
  logismiko poy xreiazetai gia na trejei kaneis to Linux, etoimo pros
  egkatastash kai xrhsh. Oi akribeis leptomereies toy ti logismiko
  perilambanetai kai pws na to egkatasthsei kaneis, diaferoyn apo ekdosh
  se ekdosh.

  8a prepei na diabasete to Installation-HOWTO gia perissoteres
  leptomereies sxetika me thn egkatastash toy Slackware. Oi dianomes Red
  Hat kai Debian exoyn pio eukolh egkatastash, alla exoyn mikrotero
  ari8mo etoimwn gia egkatastash efarmogwn.

  Oles aytes oi dianomes einai dia8esimes me anonymous FTP, apo
  diaforoys komboys. Blepe ``'' Yparxei akomh enas megalos ari8mos apo
  alles dianomes poy einai ligotero diadedomenes, poy diapragmateuontai
  eidikotera problhmata ( gia paradeigma kaluterh yposthrijh glwssas )



  22..66..  PPooyy 88aa bbrrww yylliikkoo ttooyy LLiinnuuxx mmee FFTTPP;;

  Aytoi edw einai oi treis kurioi komboi gia to Linux:

    ftp.funet.fi (Finland, 128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux

    sunsite.unc.edu (US, 152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux

    tsx-11.mit.edu (US, 18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux

     To kalutero meros gia na parei kaneis ton pyrhna toy Linux einai:
     ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel.  O Linus Torvalds stelnei tis
     pio teleytaies ekdoseis toy pyrhna ekei.  (www.kernel.org)

  H dianomh Debian yparxei edw: ftp.debian.org/pub/debian, kai h Red Hat
  sto ftp.redhat.com.

  Ta periexomena aytwn twn kombwn ka8reptizontai (mirror, antigrafontai
  peripoy hmerhsia) apo ena ari8mo allwn kombwn.  Parakaloume na
  xrhsimopoihsete kapoio poy brisketai konta se esas wste na einai pio
  grhgoro kai eukolo, alla kai mhn spatalate askopa toys poroys toy
  diktuoy.

    ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

    ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

    ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

    ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

    ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Japan)

    ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/ (Korea)

    ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/ (Malaysia)

    ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/ (Singapore)

    ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/ (Thailand)

    ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/ (Austria)

    ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/ (Czech Republic)

    ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Finland)

    ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/ (France)

    ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr (France)

    ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

    ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

    ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/

    ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/ (Germany)

    ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)


    ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Germany)

    ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    tp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/
     (Germany)

    ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/ (Hungary)

    linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

    ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Italy)

    giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/ (Italy)

    cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

    ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Italy)

    ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (Netherlands)

    ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Netherlands)

    ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Norway)

    ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Poland)

    ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/ (Spain)

    sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/ (Spain)

    ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/ (Spain)

    ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/ (Switzerland)

    ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Turkey)

    unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/ (UK)

    ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Canada)

    ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/ (US)

    ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/ (US)


    ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ (Brazil)

    farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/ (Brazil)

  Merikoi komboi mporei na mhn exoyn to plhres periexomeno apo toys
  arxikous komboys, enw alloi mporei na exoyn epipros8eto yliko.



  22..77..  DDeenn eexxww pprroossbbaasshh ssee FFTTPP.. PPwwss nnaa ppaarrww ttoo LLiinnuuxx

  O pio aplos tropos einai na breite ena filo poy na exei to CDROM h
  prosbash FTP.  Ean yparxei Linux User Group epishs konta sas,
  endexetai na mporoun na boh8hsoyn.

  Ean exete polu kalh sundesh email, mporeite na dokimasete FTP-by-mail
  servers sto <ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se>, <ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi> or
  <ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de>.

  Epishs to Linux einai dia8esimo me paradosiako taxydromeio me disketa,
  se CDROM kai se kaseta (efedreias).  To arxeio
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO, kai to
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions/Distribution-HOWTO
  periexoyn sxetikes plhrofories.

  Pleon o pio diademenos alla kai o pio apodotikos tropos na
  egkatasthsei kaneis to Linux, einai na to promh8eytei se CDROM. Ayto
  na to exete yp' 'ocin sas ean bazete to Linux gia prwth fora.



  22..88..  DDeenn eexxww pprroossbbaasshh ssttiiss oommaaddeess ssyyzzhhtthhsseewwnn ttooyy UUsseenneett.. PPwwss eennhhmmeerr
  wwnnoommaaii;;

  Ta digest ( synoceis ) toy comp.os.linux.announce einai dia8esima me
  hlektroniko taxydromeio stelnontas thn lejh subscribe sto swma toy
  mhnumatos sto <mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu>.
  Sas symboyleuoyme na grafteite sthn lista ayth, ka8ws  metaferei
  shmantika nea kai anakoinwseis gia to Linux.

  Epishs  na xrhsimopoieite thn dieu8ynsh -request gia thn
  eggrafh/apeggrafh apo thn lista.



  22..99..  TTii lliisstteess yyppaarrxxooyynn;;

  Aytoi poy anaptussoyn to Linux twra xrhsimopoioun ton ejyphreth
  Majordomo sto: <majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu>.  Steilte mhnymame th lejh
  lists sto swma toy mhnumatos gia na parete mia lista me tis listes
  ekei.  Balete kai mia grammh me thn lajh help, gia na parete tis
  odhgies xrhshs toy Majordomo, gia eggrafh/apeggrafh kai alla.

  Shmeiwste oti oi perissoteres apo aytes tis listes xrhsimopoiountai
  apo aytous poy anaptussoyn to Linux, gia na syzhtoun gia txenika
  8emata kai mellontikes epektaseis. Den proorizontai gia erwthseis newn
  xrhstwn.

  Yparxei mia lista poy "kamia erwthsh den einai polu xazh". Dystyxws
  ayth h lista den diabazetai apo empeiroys xrhstes kai h kinhsh einai
  xamhlh.

  22..1100..  AArrxxeeiioo88eettoouunnttaaii ooii oommaaddeess ssyyzzhhtthhsseewwnn ttooyy UUsseenneett;;

  To sunsite.unc.edu periexei arxeio8ethmena ta mhnumata toy
  comp.os.linux.announce, sto /pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive.
  Ayta ka8reptizontai apo to /usenet sto src.doc.ic.ac.uk.

  Yparxei ena eukolo sth xrhsh arxeio twn mhnymatwn toy
  comp.os.linux.announce sto World Wide Web sto
  http://www.leo.org/archiv/linux/archiv/ann_index.html.  Yposthrizei
  cajimo kai emfanish.

  Oi ypoloipes omades syzhthsewn den einai gnwsto na exoyn
  arxeio8ethmena ta periexomena toys.



  33..  SSyymmbbaattootthhttaa mmee aallllaa lleeiittooyyrrggiikkaa



  33..11..  MMppoorreeii ttoo LLiinnuuxx nnaa mmooiirraasstteeii ttoonn ddiisskkoo mmee DDOOSS;; OOSS//22;; 338866BBSSDD;;
  WWiinn9955;; WWiinnNNTT;; SSoollaarriiss;;

  NAI. To Linux xrhsimopoiei to typopoihmeno sxhma gia partitions twn
  PC, etsi mporei na moirastei ton disko me alla leitoyrgika systhmata.
  Shmeiwste par' ola ayta, oti ta alla leitoyrgika systhmata, merikes
  fores dhmioyrgoun problhmata, logw bugs.  Eidika to FDISK kai to
  FORMAT toy DOS mporei merikes fores na panwgracoyn dedomena toy Linux,
  giati merikes fores xrhsimopoioun dedomena apo ton tomea ekkinhshs ths
  katatmhshs (partition boot sector), anti toy pinaka katatmhsewn
  (partition table), poy brisketai ston tomea ekkinhshs diskoy (Master
  Boot Record, MBR). Gia to logo ayto, einai asfales otan dhmioyrgeite
  partition apo to Linux, na mhdenizete thn arxh ths neas katatmishs,
  prin to morfopohsete apo to MSDOS h opoydhpote allou. Ayth entolh
  kanei akribws ayto: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1 opoy
  XY einai to sxetiko partition, px hda1=1os diskos, 1h katatmhsh.

  To Linux, mporei na diabasei kai na gracei arxeia se susthma arxeiwn
  (filesystem) toso toy DOS (FAT), oso OS/2 (HPFS). Yposthrizei epishs
  filesystems poy xrhsimopoiountai apo ta Windows opws: VFAT (megala
  onomata), FAT32 (to neo protypo ths M$), alla kai NTFS (twn NT).

  Alla leitoyrgika mporoun na diabasoyn arxeia apo to Linux (px OS/2).
  Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite:
  http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/ gef/fs

  ( See Q1.2 `What software does it support?' for details and status of
  the emulators for DOS, MS Windows and System V programs.  See also
  Q3.5 `Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?'.
  )


  33..22..  PPwwss pprroossppeellaauunnww ttaa aarrxxeeiiaa mmooyy ssee mmiiaa kkaattaattmmhhsshh ttooyy DDOOSS;;

  To DOS (FAT) yposthrizetai apo to Linux, mesw toy MSDOS filesystem
  driver.  Gracte apla: (Ypoti8etai oti to DOS einai sto trito partition
  toy prwtoy diskoy)

          mkdir /dos
          mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos


  h antistoixa:



          mkdir /floppyA
          mount -t msdos -o /dev/fd0 /floppyA
          ls -als /floppyA
          umount /dev/fd0


  MMHHNN 33EEXXNNAATTEE NNAA KKAANNEETTEE UUMMOOUUNNTT,, OOTTAANN BBGGAAZZEETTEE TTHHNN DDIISSKKEETTAA

  Oi proairetikes parametroi conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn
  and gid=nnn boh8oun wste na ginetai aytomata h metatroph arxeiwn
  keimenoy apo DOS morfh ( CR/LF -> LF ) kai gia apodosh taytothtas
  xrhsth kai omadas kai permissions sta arxeia toy DOS, otan fainontai
  katw apo Linux.  To mount mporei na ginei pio eukolo ean yparxoyn hdh
  oi swstes parametroi sto arxeio /etc/fstab. Gia perissotera ekteleste
  man 8 mount, man fstab.

  To paketo mtools mporei na xrhsimeusei epishs gia grhgorh prosbash:
  kanei kaneis px "mdir a:" kai diabazei thn prwth disketa, klp.

  Ena kernel patch (gnwsto ws fd-patches) poy yparxei epitrepei thn
  anagnwsh disketwn me asynh8isth organwsh tracks kai/h sectors


  33..33..  MMppoorrww nnaa xxrrhhssiimmooppooiihhssww ttoo ssyymmppiieessmmeennoo mmooyy DDOOSS ddrriivvee;;

  Me dyskolia. An kai mesa apo ton DOS emulator (Q1.2 `What software
  does it support?') ginetai gia Stacked kai DBLSPC, einai polu pio
  duskolo na ginei mesa apo filesystem driver. Yparxei ena paketo poy
  yposthrizei read-only prospelash gia doublespaced volumes: Bl.
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems, gia to "ths".


  33..44..  MMppoorrww nnaa xxrrhhssiimmooppooiihhssww ttoo ppaarrttiittiioonn ttooyy OOSS//22 ((HHPPFFSS));;

  Nai, alla mono anagnwsh einai dynath akoma. Gia na to xrhsimopoihseis,
  prepei na kaneis compile ton kernel (pyrhna) soy, afou energopoihseis
  thn antistoixh epilogh.  Gia perissoteres plhrofories, des (Q7.6).
  Meta arkei na to prosarthseis sto root filesystem:

          mkdir /hpfs
          mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs





  33..55..  ******CCaann II aacccceessss BBSSDD FFFFSS,, SSyyssVV UUFFSS,, MMaacc,, AAmmiiggaa,, eettcc ffiilleessyysstteemmss??

  I'm told that there is a primitive, alpha test read-only Amiga
  filesystem on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/patches/amigaffs.tar.Z.
  More information is in affs-readme in the tarfile.

  Recent kernels contain support for the UFS filesystem used by System
  V, Coherent and Xenix.

  There is alpha kernel support, readonly for the moment, for the 4.2BSD
  UFS, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs.

  There is a set of user-level programs that provides read-only access
  to the Macintosh hierarchical filing system (HFS). It is available on
  sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/hfs0_36.tgz.  This
  is being turned into a kernel module, which is available on sunsite.

  A suite of programs called Samba provide support for Windows for
  Workgroups networked filesystems (provided it's configured to use
  TCP/IP).  Information is available at
  http://lake.canberra.edu.au/samba/samba.html.  There is alpha kernel
  support for mounting such filesystems, on sunsite.unc.edu in
  /pub/Linux/ALPHA/smbfs.

  There is no support for the rest of those yet; I have not heard of any
  recent work on providing some.



  33..66..  MMppoorrww nnaa ttrreejjww eeffaarrmmooggeess ttwwnn WWiinnddoowwss kkaattww aappoo LLiinnuuxx

  Yparxei mia prospa8eia, poy omws den exei apodwsei akoma karpous, to
  WINE Kapoies (aples) farmoges trexoyn, omws oxi oi pio polles.  Gia
  perissoteres plhrofories deite comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine

  Epishs, h Sun, poy edw kai kairo eixe bgalei to WABI gia alla Unices,
  prosfata to dia8etei kai gia to Linux mesw ths Caldera. To WABI einai
  enas polu kalos kai ajiologos ejomeiwths, poy trexei oles tis gnwstes
  soyites grafeioy, sxediastika klp.

  Epeidh to WINE den doyleuei kala, kai to WABI den einai dwrean, h
  kaluterh lush einai na exete kai ta Windows kai to Linux kai na
  allazete analoga me thn periptwsh, kanwntas reboot.  Ayto mporei na
  ginei mesw toy LILO (LInux LOader), poy yposthrizei BOOT MENU.



  33..77..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eekkkkiinnww ttoo LLiinnuuxx aappoo ttoonn BBoooott MMaannaaggeerr ttooyy OOSS//22;;

  To OS/2 apatei eidikh diadikasia gia na synergastei.

  1. Me to fdisk toy OS/2 (kai mono me ayto) dhmioyrgeiste mia katatmhsh
     gia to Linux.  Ean xreiazete, ftiajte kai to swap partition.

  2. Formarete thn katatmhsh me HPFS h FAT. (Ayto den xreiazetai katw
     apo OS/2 WARP)

  3. Pros8este to ston Boot Manager.

  4. Me thn entolh mkfs -t ext2 h mke2fs formarete to neo partition me
     ext2 domh, poy einai katallhlh gia to Linux. Epishs me to fdisk toy
     Linux dwste ton swsto tupo sto ka8e partition (kanonika 83, h 82
     gia swap).

  5. Egkatesthse to Linux sth nea katatmhsh.

  6. Egkatesthse to LILO ston BOOT SECTOR (Linux partition), OXI panw
     sto Master Boot Record (MBR), giati alliws 8a apenergopoihseis ton
     Boot Manager. Ayto kanei to LILO na einai enas fortwths B' epipedoy
     gia to leitoyrgiko, panw sthn idia thn katatmhsh me to susthma
     arxeiwn, poy ekkinei ton pyrhna poy orizetai sto /etc/lilo.conf me
     thn entolh boot = /dev/hda2

  7. Epibebaiwste oti h katatmhsh toy Boot Manager einai energh
     (active), wste na xrhsimopoieisete ton Boot Manager gia na
     epilejete ti 8a ekkinhsete.



  33..88..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa mmooiirraassttww ttoonn iiddiioo xxwwrroo mmeettaajjuu ttooyy LLiinnuuxx kkaaii ttwwnn
  WWiinnddoowwss ggiiaa sswwaapp;;

  Des to Mini-HOWTO apo ton H. Peter Anvin,  <hpa@yggdrasil.com>:
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space


  44..  XXeeiirriissmmooss ttwwnn ssyysstthhmmaattwwnn aarrxxeeiioo88eetthhsshhss,, sskkllhhrrwwnn ddiisskkwwnn kkaaii ddiisskkeett
  ttwwnn aappoo ttoo LLiinnuuxx



  44..11..  sskkllhhrroo ddiisskkoo mmooyy;; PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa kkaannww ttoo LLiinnuuxx nnaa ddooyylleecceeii ssttoo
  mmeeggaallooyy mmeeggee88ooyyss

  An o sklhros diskos sas einai tupoy IDE h EIDE 8a prepei na diabasete
  to arxeio /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (einai meros toy
  phgaioy kwdika toy pyrhna toy Linux).  Ayto to arxeio periexei polles
  xrhsimes symboyles sxetika me toys sklhrous diksoys tupoy IDE. Polloi
  sugxronoi elegktes IDE kanoyn th metatroph metaju `fysikwn' kai
  `logikwn' kylindrwn/kefalwn/tomewn.

  Stoys sklhrous diskoys tupoy SCSI h prosbash ginetai me grammikous
  ari8mous enothtwn (linear block numbers). To BIOS dhmioyrgei kapoioys
  skiwdeis `logikous' kylindroys/kefales/tomeis gia na yposthrijei to
  DOS.

  Synh8ws to DOS den 8a mporei na exei prosbash se diaireseis toy diskoy
  (partitions) poy ekteinontai peran twn 1024 logikwn kylindrwn, kai
  sthn kaluterh periptwsh h enarjh toy pyrhna toy Linux apo tetoies
  diaireseis sklhrwn diskwn me xrhsh toy LILO 8a einai problhmatikh.

  Par' ol' ayta mporeite na xrhsimopoieite tetoies diaireseis sklhrwn
  diskwn gia to Linux h alla leitoyrgika systhmata poy exoyn apey8eias
  prosbash ston elegkth.

  8a synistousa na dhmioyrghsete toylaxiston mia diairesh sklhrou diskoy
  tupoy Linux ej oloklhroy katw apo to orio twn 1024 logikwn kylindrwn
  kai na kanete thn enarjh toy systhmatos apo ekei. Se ayth thn
  periptwsh oi ypoloipes diaireseis sklhrou diskoy den 8a exoyn
  problhma.



  44..22..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eeppaannaaffeerrww aarrxxeeiiaa ppooyy eexxww ddiiaaggrraacceeii;;

  Genika, ayto einai polu duskolo na ginei se systhmata Unix ejaitias
  ths polydiergasiakhs (multitasking) fusews toys. H leitoyrgia
  epanaforas gia to ext2fs brisketai sta skaria, alla mhn perimenete na
  th deite suntoma ston ypologisth sas.

  Yparxei enas ari8mos logismikwn paketwn poy einai dia8esima kai
  ekteloun thn ergasia ayth prosferontas nees entoles gia diagrafh kai,
  merikes fores, antigrafh oi opoies metaferoyn ta pros diagrafh arxeia
  se enan eidiko fakelo poy einai gnwstos ws `kados axrhstwn'. Katopin
  einai epanakthsima mexri na diagrafoun aytomata apo deytereuoyses
  epejergasies.

  Ws enallaktikh lush, mporeite na ereynhsete amesa ton idio to sklhro
  disko panw ston opoio brisketai to sxetiko susthma arxeio8ethshs. Ayto
  proupo8etei polu doyleia kai xreiazetai na eiste o diaxeirisths toy
  systhmatos (root) gia na thn kanete.



  44..33..  YYppaarrxxeeii aannaassyyggkkrrootthhtthhss ((ddeeffrraaggmmeenntteerr)) ggiiaa ttoo eexxtt22ffss kkllpp;;

  Nai. Enas anasygkrothths toy systhmatos arxeio8ethshs Linux gia to
  ext2, to minix kai ta palaiou tupoy systhmata arxeio8ethshs ext einai
  dia8esimos sto sunsite.unc.edu ston fakelo system/Filesystems ws
  defrag-0.6.tar.gz.


  Oi xrhstes toy systhmatos arxeiwn ext2 pi8anotata den xreiazontai
  anasygkrothth ka8ws to ext2 periexei enan epipleon kwdika gia na
  diathrei thn katatmhsh toy sklhrou diskoy (fragmentation) se xamhla
  epipeda akomh kai se ogkwdh systhmata arxeiwn.



  44..44..  PPwwss ddiiaammoorrffwwnnww kkaaii ddhhmmiiooyyrrggww eennaa ssuusstthhmmaa aarrxxeeiioo88eetthhsshhss ssee
  ddiisskkeettttaa;;

  Gia mia disketta pyknhs eggrafhs 3,5 intswn:

     fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
     mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440


  Gia mia disketta 5,25 intswn xrhsimopoihste fd0h1200 kai 1200 analoga
  me thn periptwsh. Gia ton odhgo diskettwn `B' xrhsmopoihste fd1 anti
  gia fd0. Plhreis odhgies sxetika me th xrhsh twn diaforwn syskeywn
  diskettwn mporoun na bre8oun sth Lista Syskeywn toy Linux ( Q2.1 `Pou
  mporw na brw ta HOWTO kai peraiterw bibliografikh enhmerwsh') . Isws
  xreiastei na trejete apey8eias to mke2fs anti gia to mkfs -t ext2. H
  epilogh -m 0 leei sto mkfs.ext2 na mhn krathsei ka8oloy xwro sth
  disketta gia ton diaxeiristh toy systhmatos. Synh8ws to teleytaio 10%
  ths diskettas fylattetai pros xrhsh toy diaxeiristh systhmatos (root).

  H prwth entolh kanei th basikh diamorfwsh ths diskettas enw h deuterh
  dhmioyrgei ena adeio susthma arxeio8ethshs panw s' ayth. Katopin
  mporeite na fortwsete (mount) th disketta san na htan diairesh sklhrou
  diskoy (partition) kai apla na antigracete (cp) kai na metakinhsete
  (mv) arxeia, klp.



  44..55..  tteettooiiaa..  LLaammbbaannww ppeerriieerrggaa mmhhnnuummaattaa ssxxeettiikkaa mmee iinnooddeess,, bblloocckkss,,
  kkaaii ddiiaaffoorraa

  Mallon exete ena alloiwmeno susthma arxeio8ethshs poy pi8anon
  ofeiletai sto gegonos oti to Linux den termatise th leitoyrgia toy
  kanonika prin na diakocete thn trofodosia h prin na epanaferete
  (reset) ton ypologisth sas. Xreiazetai na xrhsimopoihsete ena sugxrono
  programma termatismou leitoyrgias gia na dior8wsete to la8os. Gia
  paradeigma, to programma poy perilambanetai to logismiko paketo util-
  linux, to opoio einai dia8esimo sto sunsite kai sto tsx-11.

  An eiste tyxeros to programma fsck (h e2fsck h xfsck kata periptwsh an
  den exete to aytomato empros8omeres toy fsck [automatic fsck front-
  end]) 8a mporesei na episkeyasei to susthma arxeio8ethshs sas. An
  eiste atyxos to susthma arxeio8ethshs exei katastrafei kai 8a prepei
  na to ftiajete apo thn arxh me mkfs (h mke2fs, mkxfs klp) kai na to
  epanaferete apo kapoio antigrafo asfaleias.

  Shm.: Mhn prospa8hsete na elegjete ena susthma arxeio8ethshs to opoio
  exei fortw8ei (mount) ws anagnwsimo/eggracimo. Ayto perilambanei th
  diairesh sklhrou diskoy toy diaxeiristh systhmatos (root) an kata th
  diarkeia ths enarjhs toy pyrhna toy Linux den deite to mhnyma:


     VFS: mounted root ... read-only







  44..66..  HH ppeerriiooxxhh pprroosswwrriinnhhss aappoo88hhkkeeyysshhss ((sswwaapp aarreeaa)) ddeenn lleeiittooyyrrggeeii..

  Otan kanete enarjh (boot) toy pyrhna toy Linux (h otan me dikh sas
  entolh epitrepete thn proswrinh apo8hkeysh) 8a prepei na deite to
  mhnyma:

          Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space


  An den deite kanena mhnyma pi8anotata h entolh swapon -av (h opoia
  epitrepei thn proswrinh apo8hkeysh) den yparxei sto arxeio
  /etc/rc.local h /etc/rc.d/* (ta sxedia enarjews systhmatos) h exete
  jexasei na kanete th swsth kataxwrhsh sto arxeio /etc/fstab, px:

          /dev/hda2       none       swap       sw



  An deite to mhnyma:

          Unable to find swap-space signature


  exete jexasei na trejete to mkswap. Deite tis selides egxeiridiwn gia
  leptomereies. Leitoyrgei omoia me to mkfs.

  Elegjte to Installation-HOWTO (Egkatastashs) gia leptomereis odhgies
  sxetika me to pws na sthsete mia perioxh proswrinhs apo8hkeyshs.



  44..77..  mmee DDOOSS;; PPwwss ddiiaaggrraaffww ttoo LLIILLOO eettssii,, wwssttee ttoo ssuusstthhmmaa mmooyy nnaa jjeekkiinnaa
  kkaaii ppaallii

  Xrhsimopoiwntas DOS (MS-DOS 5.0 h metagenestero, h OS/2),
  plhktrologhste FDISK /MBR (den yparxei stis odhgies xrhsews). Ayth h
  entolh 8a epanaferei mia typikh kuria kataxwrhsh enarjhs (Master Boot
  Record) toy MS-DOS. An exete DR-DOS 6.0, phgainete sto FDISK kai
  epilejte "Re-write Master Boot Record".

  An den exete DOS 5 h DR-DOS xreiazeste ton tomea enarjews (boot
  sector) poy to LILO eswse otan to prwtoegkatasthsate. Elpizw na
  krathsate ekeino to arxeio, etsi den einai; Kata pasa pi8anothta
  onomazetai boot.0301 h kati tetoio.  Plhktrologhste:


     dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1


  (h sda an xrhsimopoieite sklhro disko tupoy SCSI). Ayto mporei na sbh
  sei ton pinaka diairesewn (partition table) toy sklhrou sas diskoy,
  gi' ayto prosoxh! An exete ftasei se apognwsh, 8a prepei na xrhsi
  mopoihsete thn entolh:

     dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1


  h opoia 8a diagracei ton pinaka diairesewn opws kai ton tomea enarjews
  (boot sector) toy sklhrou sas diskoy. Katopin mporeite na epanadiomor
  fwsete (format) to sklhro sas disko me to logismiko ths protimhshs
  sas. Pantws, h entolh ayth 8a katasthsei ta periexomena toy sklhrou
  sas diskoy aprospelasta.  8a ta xasete gia panta ektos an eiste
  eidhmwn twn hlektronikwn ypologistwn.

  Shmeiwste oti h kuria kataxwrhsh enarjhs (MBR) toy DOS jekina apo
  opoiadhpote diairesh diskoy exei proshman8ei ws `energos' (alla mono
  apo mia). Mporei na xreiastei na xrhsimopoihsete to fdisk gia na
  8esete kai na ka8arisete tis energeis proshmanseis apo tis diaireseis
  toy sklhrou sas diskoy kata periptwsh.



  44..88..  ddiiaaxxeeiirriisstthhss ssyysstthhmmaattooss ((rroooott));; GGiiaattii ddeenn mmppoorrww nnaa xxrrhhssiimmooppooiihhssww
  tthhnn eennttoollhh ffddffoorrmmaatt ppaarraa mmoonnoo wwss

  H entolh diamorfwshs mias diskettas mporei na klh8ei mono apo to
  diaxeiristh systhmatos (root), anejarthta apo tis ejoysiodothseis
  (permissions) toy /dev/fd0*. An 8elete opoiosdhpote xrhsths na mporei
  na diamorfwnei (format) diskettes prospa8eiste na breite to programma
  fdformat2 to opoio jeperna ta problhmata ayta allazontas to se setuid
  (chmod u+s fdformat2).



  44..99..  YYppaarrxxeeii kkaattii ssaann ttoo SSttaacckkeerr hh ttoo DDoouubblleessppaaccee ggiiaa ttoo LLiinnuuxx;;

  Shmera kanena apo ta systhmata arxeio8ethshs toy Linux den mporei na
  kanei sympiesh mesa sto susthma arxeio8ethshs.

  Yparxei ena programma poy onomazetai Zlibc kai to opoio epitrepei stis
  yparxoyses efarmoges na diabazoyn sympiesmena (GNU zipped) arxeia san
  na mhn htan sympiesmena. Afou to egkatasthsete mporeite na sympiezete
  arxeia xrhsimopoiwntas to gzip kai oi efarmoges sas 8a ejakoloy8oun na
  ta briskoyn xwris na xreiazetai na allajete ta programmata sas.
  Koitajte sto sunsite.unc.edu ston fakelo /pub/Linux/libs. O dhmioyrgos
  toy einai o < Alain.Knaff@imag.fr>.

  Yparxei enas odhgos syskeywn sympiesews enothtwn (compressing block
  device driver) poy mporei na parexei amesh sympiesh toy sklhrou diskoy
  mesa ston pyrhna anejarthtws systhmatos arxeio8ethshs. Onomazetai
  `DouBle'. O phgaios kwdikas diati8etai sto sunsite.unc.edu ston fakelo
  /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives. O dhmioyrgos toy einai o Jean-
  Marc Verbavatz <jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu>.  Shmeiwste oti, efoson
  o odhgos aytos sympiezei toys desmous plhroforiwn (inodes -
  plhrofories diaxeirhshs) kai toys fakeloys opws epishs kai ta
  periexomena twn arxeiwn, h emfanish opoiasdhpote alloiwshs einai polu
  pi8anon na einai sobarh.

  Yparxei epishs ena logismiko paketo gnwsto ws tcx (Transparently
  Compressed Executables - Diafanws Sympiesmena Ektelesima Arxeia) poy
  sas epitrepei na threite ektelesima arxeia ta opoia spania xreiazeste
  se sympiesmenh morfh kai na ta aposympiezete proswrina mono otan ta
  xrhsimopoieite. 8a to breite stis baseis dedomenwn tupoy FTP toy Linux
  (Q2.5 `Pou mporw na brw yliko gia to Linux me FTP;'). Sxetikes
  plhrofories eixan epishs anakoinw8ei sto comp.os.linux.announce.
  Shmeiwsh - den einai to idio pragma me to gzexe, to opoio einai
  katwterhs poiothtas efarmogh ths ayths ideas.



  44..1100..  OOii ddiiaaiirreesseeiiss ttooyy sskkllhhrroouu mmooyy ddiisskkooyy ttuuppooyy eexxtt22ffss eelleeggxxoonnttaaii
  kkaa88ee ffoorraa ppooyy eeppaanneekkkkiinnww ttoonn yyppoollooggiisstthh mmooyy

  Blepe Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.



  44..1111..  mmoonnoo aannaaggnnwwssiimmoo!!  TToo ssuusstthhmmaa aarrxxeeiioo88eetthhsshhss ttooyy ddiiaaxxeeiirriisstthh ddiikk
  ttuuooyy ((rroooott)) eeiinnaaii

  Fortwste to (mount) kai pali. An to arxeio /etc/fstab einai swsto
  mporeite apla na plhktrologhsete mount -n -o remount /. An to arxeio
  /etc/fstab exei la8h prepei na dwsete to onoma ths syskeyhs kai
  pi8anws kai ton tupo ths: p.x. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2
  /. Gia na katalabete pws ftasate se ayth thn katastash diabaste to
  Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.



  44..1122..  EExxww eennaa tteerraassttiioo aarrxxeeiioo //pprroocc//kkccoorree!! MMppoorrww nnaa ttoo ddiiaaggrraaccww;;

  Kanena apo ta arxeia ston fakelo /proc den einai sthn pragmatikothta
  ekei - einai ola `plasta' arxeia poy dhmioyrgountai apo ton pyrhna
  (kernel) gia na sas dinoyn plhrofories sxetika me to systhma enw den
  katalambanoyn xwro sto sklhro disko.

  To arxeio /proc/kcore einai san ena `ceydwnymo' ths mnhmhs toy
  ypologisth sas. To mege8os toy einai to idio me to sunolo ths RAM poy
  exete kai, an zhthsete na to diabasete san arxeio, o pyrhnas diabazei
  th mnhmh.



  44..1133..  HH AAHHAA11554422CC mmooyy ddeenn lleeiittooyyrrggeeii mmee ttoo LLiinnuuxx..

  H epilogh poy epitrepei th xrhsh sklhrwn diskwn me perissoteroys apo
  1024 kylindroys apaiteitai mono ws tropos apofyghs mias parajenias toy
  DOS kai 8a eprepe na apenergopoieitai otan xrhsimopoieite to Linux.
  Gia palaioteroys pyrhnes toy Linux xreiazetai na apenergopoieite tis
  perissoteres apo tis epiloges `advanced BIOS' (prohgmenoy BIOS) - oles
  ektos apo ekeinh poy  afora thn ereyna toy agwgou (bus) gia syskeyes
  apo tis opoies mporei na ginei enarjh toy systhmatos.



  55..  MMeettaaffoorraa kkaaii mmeettaaggllwwttttiisshh pprrooggrraammmmaattwwnn

  Please see also the Linux GCC-FAQ, available in HTML format by FTP
  from www.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk in /pub/linux/GCC-FAQ.html.



  55..11..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa mmeettaaffeerrww eennaa pprrooggrraammmmaa ssttoo lliinnuuxx aappoo aallllaa
  lleeiittooyyrrggiikkaa ssyysstthhmmaattaa;;

  Genika ta programmata se ena unix susthma xreiazontai liges allages
  gia na metafer8oun se ena allo unix. Apla akoloy8hste tis odhgies
  egkatastashs. Ean den jerete pws na apanthsete se merikes erwthseis
  kata thn diadikasia ths egkatastashs mporeite na mantecete apla, alla
  ayth h antimetwpish mporei na odhghsei se programmata me bugs. Se
  aythn thn periptwsh to kalutero poy exete na kanete einai na balete
  kapoion allon na kanei to porting toy programmatos gia esas.

  Ean exete programmata apo to bsd prepei na dokimasete na
  xrhsimopoihsete sta katallhla shmeia twn grammwn toy compile tis
  parametroys: -I/usr/include/bsd kai -lbsd



  55..22..  TTii eeiinnaaii ttoo lldd..ssoo kkaaii ppoouu mmppoorrww nnaa ttoo bbrrww;;

  To ld.so einai o dynamic libary loader. Ka8e diadiko arxeio poy
  xrhsimopoiei shared libraries paliotera eixe peripoy 3K kwdika sthn
  arxh toy, poy to boh8ouse sthn aneuresh kai to fortwma twn shared
  libraries. Twra aytos o kwdikas exei topo8eth8ei se mia eidikh shared
  library, /lib/ld.so, opoy kai ola ta diadika arxeia mporoun na ton
  broun. Etsi ta binaries spataloun ligotero xwro ston disko kai mporoun
  na anaba8mistoun eykolotera.
  Mporei kaneis na to katebasei apo to tsx-11.mit.edu apo to directory
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC kai sta mirror site toy. Th stigmh poy
  grafetai ayto to faq h teleytaia version toy ld.so einai h
  ld.so.1.7.11.tar.gz. Enw to /lib/ld-linux.so.1 einai to idio pragma
  gia ta ELF binaries kai phgainei me to idio paketo me ton a.out
  loader.



  55..33..  EExxeeii kkaanneeiiss mmeettaaffeerreeii // kkaanneeii ccoommppiillee // ggrraacceeii kkaappooiioo XXXXXX pprroo
  ggrraammmmaa ggiiaa ttoo lliinnuuxx;;

  Prwta ap'ola, koitajte sto Linux Software Map (LSM) -- einai sto
  directory docs sto sunsite.unc.edu, kai se alla ftp sites. Mia mhxanh
  anazhthshs einai dia8esimh ston web server http://www.boutell.com/lsm.

  Elenjte ta ftp sites (deite to Q2.5 'Pou mporw na brw programmata gia
  to linux mesw ftp ;') prwta -- elegjte ta find-ls h index arxeia gia
  ta katallhla strings. Elenjte kai to Linux Projects Map (LPM), sto
  ftp.ix.de sto /pub/Linux/docs/Projects-Map.gz.

  Ean den breite tipota, mporeite h na katebasete ton kwdika toy
  programmatos kai na ton kanete compile monoi sas -- deite to Q5.1 'Pws
  mporw na metaferw ena programma sto Linux ;' -- h, ean einai megalo
  paketo poy mporei na xreiazetai allages ston kwdika, steilte ena
  mhnyma sto newsgroup : comp.os.linux.development.apps.

  Ean kanete compile ena megalo programma parakalw anebaste to se ena h
  kai perissotera ftp sites kai steilte ena mail sto
  comp.os.linux.announce (steilte to mhnyma sto linux-
  announce@news.ornl.gov).

  Ean caxnete gia ena efarmoghs-tupoy programma tote polles pi8anothtes
  yparxoyn na exei gracei kapoios mia dwrean ekdosh. Dokimaste na
  diabasete to FAQ sto comp.sources.wanted gia odhgies sto pws 8a breite
  kwdikes programmatwn.

  8a prepei epishs na elenjete to Projects-FAQ, poy brisketai sto
  directory /pub/Linux/docs/faqs/Projects-FAQ sto sunsite.unc.edu.



  55..44..  MMppoorrww nnaa xxrrhhssiimmooppooiihhssww ssee eennaann 338866,, kkwwddiikkaa hh eennaann ccoommppiilleerr ppooyy
  eexxeeii ggiinneeii ccoommppiillee ssee eennaann 448866;;

  Genika nai, ektos ean einai o kernel.

  H epilogh -m486 toy GCC, h opoia xrhsimopoieitai gia na dhmioyrgh8oun
  diadika arxeia gia 486 ypologistes odhgei sthn dhmioyrgia arxeiwn ligo
  megaluterwn poy ektelountai grhgorotera sta 486. Omws doyleuoyn
  kanonika kai se ena 386, me mia mikrh ptwsh ths apodoshs opws einai
  fysiko.

  Omws apo thn ekdosh 1.3.35 o kernel xrhsimopoiei kwdika toy 486 h kai
  toy pentium ean einai ry8mismenos gia enan 486 h ena pentium
  antistoixa, etsi ginetai axrhstos gia ena 386.

  To GCC mporei na ry8mistei gia enan 386 h 486. H monh diafora einai
  oti ean ry8mistei gia 386 h arxikh epilogh 8a einai to -m386 enw ean
  exei ry8mistei gia 486 8a einai to -m486. Se ka8e periptwsh ayto
  mporei na jeperastei me thn katallhlh parametro se ka8e compile h ean
  allax8ei katallhla to arxeio : /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/n.n.n/specs.

  Yparxei mia alpha ekdosh toy GCC h opoia gnwrizei pws 8a epitaxunei to
  binary gia ton pentium, alla einai ligo asta8hs, eidika ean dhlw8oun
  parametroi gia ychlh epitaxynsh. To pentium GCC mporei na bre8ei sto
  tsx-11.mit.edu sto directory /pub/linux/ALPHA/pentium-gcc. Systhnw thn
  xrhsh toy kanonikou 486 GCC sth 8esh toy. Einai protimotero na
  xrhsimopoieitai to -m386 sta pentium giati prokuptei kwdikas poy einai
  kaluteros, h to elaxisto ligo mikroteros.



  55..55..  TTii kkaanneeii ttoo ggcccc --OO66;;

  Ayth th stigmh einai to idio me to -O2 (GCC 2.5) h -O3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7)
  h me ka8e ari8mo megalutero apo aytous kanei to idio pragma. Ta
  Makefiles twn kainouriwn kernel xrhsimopoioun to -O2, eseis prepei na
  kanete to idio.



  55..66..  PPoouu eeiinnaaii ttaa lliinnuuxx//**..hh kkaaii ttaa aassmm//**..hh;;

  Ayta ta arxeia einai sta directories /usr/include/linux kai
  /usr/include/asm.

  Ta directories ayta prepei na einai symbolic links ston kwdika toy
  kernel sto /usr/src/linux kai oxi alh8ina directories.

  Ean den exete ton kwdika toy kernel katebaste ton -- deite thn
  (Erwthsh 7.6 "Pws mporw na anaba8misw / kanw compile jana ton kernel
  moy ;").

  Xrhsimopoihste thn rm gia na apomakrunete peritta arxeia, kai ln gia
  na dhmioyrghsete ta links :

  rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm


  Stis meres mas to /usr/src/linux/include/asm einai ena symbolic link
  se ena sygkekrimeno asm-$ARCH directory - ean exete enan prosfata
  jesympiesmeno kwdika toy kernel prepei na xrhsimopoihsete thn entolh
  make symlinks. 8a breite epishs oti mporei na xreiastei na kanete ena
  make config se enan tetoio kernel, gia na dhmioyrgh8ei to <linux/auto
  conf.h>.



  55..77..  YYppaarrxxooyynn llaa88hh oottaann ddookkiimmaazzww nnaa kkaannww ccoommppiillee ttoonn kkeerrnneell..

  Sigoyreyteite oti ta /usr/include/linux kai /usr/include/asm den einai
  kanonika directories alla symbolic links sta
  /usr/src/linux/include/linux kai /usr/src/linux/include/asm
  antistoixa.

  Ean xreiazetai, sbhste ta xrhsimopoiwntas thn rm kai meta thn ln -s
  gia na dhmioyrghsete ta links opws sthn Erwthsh 5.6 'Poy einai ta
  arxeia linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;'.

  8ymh8eite oti otan xrhsimopoieite ena patch ston kernel prepei na
  xrhsimopoihsete thn parametro -p0 h thn -p1. Alliws to patch mporei na
  topo8eth8ei la8os. Deite thn selida toy man gia thn entolh patch gia
  perissoteres leptomereies.

  Ean kanete patch gia enan kernel poio prosfato apo ton 1.1.44 prepei
  na breite oti yparxoyn nea directories /usr/src/linux/include/asm-
  i386. To directory asm ekei prepei na sbhstei. H entolh make symlinks
  8a dhmioyrghsei ayta san symbolic links sta asm-i36 kai arch/i386/boot
  antistoixa. O poio eukolos tropos gia na eiste sigoyroi oti h
  diadikasia exei ginei swsta einai na mhn pate ston kernel 1.1.45 me
  patch apo ton 1.1.44, alla na katebasete ton linux-1.1.45.tar.gz.

  To mhnyma ld: unrecognised option `-qmagic' shmainei oti prepei na
  parete enan kainourio linker, apo to tsx-11.mit.edu sto
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC, sto arxeio binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.



  55..88..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa ddhhmmiiooyyrrgghhssww mmiiaa sshhaarreedd lliibbrraarryy;;

  Gia ta ELF executables :

     gcc -fPIC -c *.c
     gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o


  Gia ta a.out, parte to paketo tools-n.nn.tar.gz apo to tsx-11.mit.edu,
  sto /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src. Erxetai mazi me odhgies oi opoies 8a
  sas poyn ti na kanete. Prosejte oti oi koines biblio8hkes gia a.out
  einai mia mallon duskolh ypo8esh.



  55..99..  TTaa eekktteelleessiimmaa mmooyy eeiinnaaii ((ppoolluu)) mmeeggaallaa..

  Me ena metaglwttisth gia ELF (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?')
  h syxnoterh aitia megalwn ektelesimwn einai h elleich enos katallhloy
  syndesmoy se .so library gia mia apo tis biblio8hkes poy
  xrhsimopoieite. Prepei na yparxoyn sundesmoi opws to libc.so gia ka8e
  biblio8hkh opws h libc.so.5.2.18.  Me enan metaglwttisth gia a.out
  (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?') h syxnoterh aitia megalwn
  eketelesimwn einai o orismos toy metaglwttisth -g. Ayto paragei (ektos
  apo mhnumata la8oys sto arxeio ejodoy) ena programma statika
  syndedemeno, dhladh ena to opoio symperilambanei ena antigrafo ths
  biblio8hkes ths C anti na xrhsimopoiei ena dynamika syndedemeno
  antigrafo.  Alla pragmata ta opoia ajizei ton kopo na ereynhsete einai
  ta -O kai -O2 ta opoia energopoioun thn beltistopoihsh (elegjte tis
  odhgies toy GCC ) kai to  -s (h thn entolh strip ) h opoia bgazei oles
  tis plhrofories symbolwn apo to ektelesimo (kanontas ton elegxo la8wn
  - debugging - entelws adunato).  Mporei na 8elete na xrhsimopoihsete
  to -N se polu mikra ektelesima (mikrotera apo 8K me to -N), alla den
  8a eprepe na to kanete ayto ektos ean katalabainete ta  8emata
  apodoshs, kai pote me daemons.



  55..1100..  YYppoosstthhrriizzeeii ttoo  LLiinnuuxx nnhhmmaattiikkeess ((tthhrreeaaddss)) hh lliigghhttwweeiigghhtt eeppeejjeerr
  ggaassiieess;;

  Opws to polyepejergastiko montelo toy Unix symperilambanei baries
  epejergasies, to opoio einai fysika meros toy stantarnt pyrhna toy
  Linux, yparxoyn diafores ylopoihseis elafriwn epejergasiwn h
  nhmatikwn, oi perissoteres ek twn opoiwn einai genika paketa gia Unix:

    Sto sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread h
     ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. H tekmhriwsh den
     symperilambanetai sto paketo alla einai dia8esimh sto World Wide
     Web sth dieu8ynsh
     http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/home_page.html. Oi newteres
     biblio8hkes Linux libcs periexoyn ton kwdika pthreads source; o GNU
     Ada metaglwttisths sto sunsite.unc.edu ston katalogo
     /pub/Linux/devel/lang/ada/gnat-3.01-linux+elf.tar.gz periexei
     ektelesima poy ftiaxthkan apo ayton ton kwdika.


    Sto ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z einai to  QuickThreads.
     Perissoteres plhrofories mporoun na bre8oun sthn texnikh anafora,
     dia8esimh sto idio site ws /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z.

    Sto gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk:/rex einai to lwp, mia polu periorismenh
     ylopoihsh.

    Sto ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART, mia ylopoihsh Ada. Ayto einai
     xrhsimo, kyriws epeidh exei polla PostScript eggrafa ta opoia 8a
     breite xrhsima gia na ma8ete perissotera sxetika me ta nhmata.
     Ayto den einai amesa xrhsimopoihsimo katw apo Linux.

  Parakalw epikoinwnhste me toys dhmioyrgous twn paketwn gia
  plhrofories.

  H ekdosh 1.3.35 toy pyrhna periexei kapoia yposthrijh gia nhmata toy
  pyrhna, alla o kwdikas den exei elegx8ei kala.

  S.t.M.: Me ton oro nhmata ypo8etw oti o syggrafes ennoei nhmatikh
  epejergasia. H metafrash egine me ayto san bash.



  55..1111..  PPooyy mmppoorrww nnaa bbrrww ttoo ``lliinntt'' ggiiaa LLiinnuuxx

  Peripoy idia leitoyrgikothta symperilambanetai sto GNU C metaglwttisth
  (gcc) o opoios xrhsimopoieitai apo ta systhmata Linux. Xrhsimopoieiste
  thn epilogh -Wall gia na energopoihsete tis perissoteres apo tis
  xrhsimes ejtra proeidopoihseis. Elegjte tis odhgies xrhshs gia to GCC
  gia perissoteres plhrofories. (pathste control-h askoloy8oumeno apo i
  sto Emacs kai epilejte thn kataxwrish gia to GCC).

  Yparxei ena eleu8era dia8esimo programma poy legetai `lclint' poy
  kanei peripoy ta idia pragmata opws to paradosiako lint. H anakoinwsh
  kai o phgaios kwdikas einai dia8esima sto larch.lcs.mit.edu in
  /pub/Larch/lclint sto World Wide Web koitajte sto http://larch-
  www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html.



  55..1122..  PPooyy mmppoorrww nnaa bbrrww ttoo ``kkeerrmmiitt'' ggiiaa LLiinnuuxx

  To aysthro copyright toy Kermit exei amnagkasei toys perissoteroys
  dianomeis na to afairesoyne apo tis typikes Linux dianomes. O kwdikas
  kai merika ektelesima einai dia8esima sto kermit.columbia.edu ws

  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.i386.rpm         # RedHat
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.sparc.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.alpha.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.src.rpm
  kermit/archives/cku192.debian.tar                  # Debian
  kermit/archives/cku192.slackware-i386.tgz                           # Slackware


  Ektelesima gia alla Linux einai dia8esima sta

  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0-alpha
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.27-sparc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.28-mklinux-mach3.0-ppc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-1.2.13-i386-elf
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.1.13-i386-elf


  Ta arxeia /kermit/bin/READ.ME kai /kermit/archive/READ.ME exoyn
  peraiterw plhrofories.

  66..  LLuusseeiiss ssee ddiiaaffoorraa kkooiinnaa pprroobbllhhmmaattaa..



  66..11..  TToo ffrreeee ddiinneeii ssffaallmmaattaa lleeiittooyyrrggiikkoouu ((ccoorree))..

  Sto Linux 1.3.57 kai metepeita h morfh toy /proc/meminfo exei allajei
  kata enan tropo poy h ylopoihsh toy free den katalabainei.

  Parte thn teleytaia ekdosh, apo to sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.



  66..22..  TToo rroollooii mmooyy eeiinnaaii ppoolluu llaa88ooss..

  Yparxoyn duo rologia sto computer sas. To mhxaniko (CMOS) roloi
  doyleuei panta, akoma kai otan to computer einai sbhsto, kai
  xrhsimopoieitai otan to susthma jekinaei, kai apo to DOS (an to
  xrhsimopoieite). H synh8hs wra systhmatos, poy fainetai kai ry8mizetai
  apo thn entolh date, diathreitai apo ton pyrhna oso to Linux trexei.

  Mporeite na deite thn wra toy rologiou toy CMOS, h na 8esete kapoio
  roloi apo to allo, me to programma /sbin/clock deite to man 8 clock.

  Yparxoyn diafora alla programmata ta opoia mporoun na dior8wsoyn  ena
  h kai ta duo rologia gia systhmatikh poreia h metafora ths wras mesa
  sto susthma.Merika apo ayta mporei na einai hdh egkatesthmena sto
  susthma sas. Yajte gia ta adjtimex (dior8wnei poreia), netdate kai
  getdate (apla pairnei thn wra apo to diktyo) h xntp (akribhs plhrhs
  leitoyrgiwn daemon gia wra diktuoy).



  66..33..  TTaa sseettuuiidd ssccrriippttss ddeenn ffaaiinnoonnttaaii nnaa ddooyylleeuuooyynn..

  Swsta. Ayth h dynatothta exei epithdes apenergopoih8ei ston pyrhna toy
  Linux epeidh ta setuid scripts einai sxedon panta mia trupa asfaleias.
  An 8elete na ma8ete giati, diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions.



  66..44..  HH eelleeuu88eerrhh mmnnhhmmhh ooppwwss tthhnn aannaaffeerreeii ttoo ffrreeee ssyynneexxwwss mmeeiiwwnneettaaii..

  To noumero `free' poy dinetai apo thn entolh free den symperilambanei
  th mnhmh poy xrhsimopoieitai ws disk buffer cache - h opoia fainetai
  sth sthlh `buffers'. An 8elete na jerete posh mnhmh einai pragmati
  eleu8erh, pros8eset to poso toy `buffers' se ayto toy `free' -
  newteres ekdoseis toy free deixnoyn mia akoma grammh me ayth thn
  plhroforia.

  To disk buffer cache teinei na ayjanetai amesws meta thn ekkinhsh toy
  Linux, ka8ws fortwnete preissotera programmata kai xrhsimopoieite
  perissotera arxeia, kai ta periexomena mpainoyn sthn cache. Ayto
  sta8eropoieitai meta apo ena diasthma.



  66..55..  OOttaann pprrooss88eettww mmnnhhmmhh,, aarrggooppoorreeii,, eewwss kkaaii sseerrnneettaaii..

  Ayto einai ena koino sumptwma apotyxias na xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa
  gia thn parapanw mnhmh.  To akribes problhma ejartatai apo th mhtrikh
  plaketa (motherboard) poy exete.

  Merikes fores prepei na energopoihsete to caching sygkekrimenwn
  tmhmatwn sto BIOS setup. Deite sto CMOS setup kai elegjte an yparxei
  epilogh na xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa gia th nea mnhmh h opoia einai
  apenergopoihmenh (S.t.M. h epilogh). Ayto einai pio synh8ismeno se
  486.

  Merikes fores h mnhmh prepei na einai se sygkekrimenes 8ures gia na
  xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa.

  Merikes fores prepei na ry8misete braxykyklwthres (jumpers) gia na
  energopoihsete th xrhsh lan8anoysas.

  Merikes mhtrikes plaketes den xrhsimopoioun lan8anoysa gia olh thn RAM
  an exete perissoterh RAM ana lan8anoysa apo oti perimenoyn. Synh8ws
  mia lan8anoysa ths tajhs twn 256K 8a lusei ayto to problhma.

  An exete amfibolia, elegjte to biblio odhgiwn xrhshs ths mhtrikhs
  plaketas. An akoma den mporeite na to ftiajete epeidh h tekmhriwsh
  einai aneparkhs, isws prepei na steilete ena mhnyma sto
  comp.os.linux.hardware dinontas *oles* tis plhrofories - marka,
  ari8mos monteloy kwdikos hmeromhnias klp. etsi wste alloi xrhstes
  Linux na mporoun na thn apofugoyn.



  66..66..  OOrriissmmeennaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa ((pp..xx.. xxddmm)) ddeenn mmee aaffhhnnooyynn nnaa kkaannww llooggiinn..

  Mallon xrhsimopoieite non-shadow-password programmata, alla
  xrhsimopoieite shadow passwords.

  An einai etsi, prepei na parete h na metaglwttisete mia shadow-
  password ekdosh twn en logw programmatwn. To paketo shadow password
  brisketai sto (metaju allwn):
  tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Ayto einai o
  kwdikas. Mallon 8a breite ektelesima sto .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.



  66..77..  OOrriissmmeennaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa mmee aaffhhnnooyynn nnaa kkaannww lloogg iinn xxwwrriiss ppaasssswwoorrdd..

  Mallon exete to idio problhma opws sto '' Orismena programmata (p.x.
  xdm) den me afhnoyn na kanw login.'', se mia akoma ptyxh:

  An xrhsimopoieite shadow passords prepei na balete ena gramma x h enan
  asterisko sto pedio toy password toy arxeioy /etc/passwd gia ka8e
  logariasmo, etsi wste an ena programma den gnwrizei gia ta shadow
  passwords na mhn afhnei ton ka8ena na kanei login nomizontas oti einai
  enas logiariasmos xwris password.



  66..88..  TToo mmhhxxaannhhmmaa mmooyy ppaaeeii ppoolluu aarrggaa oottaann ttrreexxww ttoo GGCCCC // ttaa XX // ......

  Mallon den exete xwro antallaghs dedomenwn (swap) energopoihmeno.
  Prepei na energopoihsete thn antallagh dedomenwn gia na epitrecete sto
  Linux na topo8ethsei kommatia dedomenwn - programmatwn poy den
  xrhsimopoiei ayth th stigmh sto disko, gia na exei pio polu xwro gia
  alla programmata kai dedomena. An den to kanete, to Linux prepei na
  krataei ta dedomena sth mnhmh kai na exei oloklhra antigrafa twn
  programmatwn sth mnhmh (ta opoia topo8etountai ekei ap' ey8eias apo to
  susthma arxeiwn) kai etsi olo kai perissotera programmata briskontai
  sth mnhmh kai ta panta pane pio arga.

  Deite to Installation HOWTO kai to Installation and Getting Started
  Guide ( Apo poy mporw na parw ta HOWTO kai loiph tekmhriwsh; ) gia
  plhrofories sto pws 8a sthsete mia katatmhsh antallaghs dedomenwn
  (swap partition) h ena arxeio antallaghs dedomenwn (swapfile) deite
  epishs to `` H perioxh moy antallaghs dedomenwn den leitoyrgei.''.
  Epishs, mporei na exete polu ligh pragmatikh mnhmh. An exete ligoterh
  RAM ap' oti ola ta programmata poy trexete taytoxrona, to Linux 8a
  xrhsimopoiei to sklhro disko ant' ayths kai 8a einai tromero. H lush
  se ayth thn periptwsh einai na mhn trexete tosa programmata taytoxrona
  h na agorasete perissoterh mnhmh. Mporeite epishs na apokthsete ligh
  parapanw mnhmh metaglwttizontas kai xrhsimopoiwntas enan pyrhna me
  ligoteres epiloges energopoihmenes.  Deite to `` Pws
  anaba8mizw/anametaglwttizw ton pyrhna moy;''.

  Mporeite na jerete posh mnhmh kai / h xwro antallaghs xrhsimopoieite,
  me thn entolh free h plhktrologwntas

      cat /proc/meminfo



  An o pyrhnas sas exei  dhmioyrgh8ei me epilogh gia disko mnhmhs
  (ramdisk) ayto mallon einai xamenos xwros kai 8a prokalei mia
  ka8ysterhsh. Xrhsimopoihste to LILO h to rdev gia na enhmerwsete ton
  pyrhna na mhn xrhsimopoihsei disko mnhmhs (deite thn tekmhriwsh toy
  LILO h plhktrologhste  man rdev).



  66..99..  MMppoorrww nnaa kkaannww llooggiinn mmoonnoo wwss rroooott..

  Mallon exete kapoia problhmata egkrishs prosbashs h exete ena arxeio
  /etc/nologin.

  An einai to teleytaio, topo8ethste th grammh rm -f /etc/nologin sto
  /etc/rc.local h to  /etc/rc.d/* arxeio.

  Alliws, elegjte tis egkriseis sto kelyfos sas, kai ta onomata twn
  arxeiwn poy emfanizontai sta mhnumata la8oys, kai epishs toys
  ypokatalogoys poy periexoyn ayta ta arxeia, mexri thn koryfh, mexri
  kai to root katalogo.



  66..1100..  HH oo88oonnhh mmooyy eeiinnaaii ggeemmaatthh ppaarraajjeennooyyss xxaarraakktthhrreess aannttii ggiiaa ggrraamm
  mmaattaa..

  Mallon steilate kapoia dyadika dedomena sthn o8onh kata la8os.
  Plhktrologhste echo '\033c' gia na to dior8wsete. Polles dianomes
  Linux exoyn mia entolh reset poy kanei ayto to pragma.



  66..1111..  EExxww kkaanneeii xxaalliiaa ttoo ssuusstthhmmaa mmooyy kkaaii ddeenn mmppoorrww nnaa kkaannww llooggiinn ggiiaa
  nnaa ttoo ffttiiaajjww..

  Ekkinhste ton ypologisth apo mia disketa anagkhs (h apo zeugos
  disketwn, p.x. Slackware boot- kai root- disketes) (ston ypokatalogo
  install twn Slackware mirrors) h to MCC boot floppy egkatastashs.
  Yparxoyn epishs duo kane-to-monos-soy paketa dhmioyrgias disketwn
  anagkhs sto sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. Ayta einai
  kalutera ka8ws exoyn ton diko sas pyrhna, kai etsi den diakindyneuete
  na "mhn exete" syskeyes, systhmata arxeiwn k.o.k.

  Sto kelyfos, kante mount to disko sas me kati san

  >   mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt




  Tote to susthma arxeiwn sas einai dia8esimo katw apo ton katalogo /mnt
  kai mporeite na dior8wsete to problhma.  8ymh8eite na kanete unmount
  to disko sas prhn epanekkinhsete (allajte katalogo sto / prwta, alliws
  8a leei oti einai apasxolhmeno).



  66..1122..  AAnnaakkaallyyccaa eennaa tteerraassttiioo kkeennoo aassffaalleeiiaass ((ttrruuppaa)) sstthhnn rrmm!!

  Oxi, den anakalucate. Eiste profanws neos sto Unix kai prepei na
  diabasete ena kalo biblio gia na ma8ete pws leitoyrgoun orismena
  pragmata. Stoixeio: h dynatothta na sbhsete arxeia katw apo to Unix
  ejartatai apo to an exete thn egkrish na gracete ston katalogo ston
  opoio ayta briskontai.



  66..1133..  TToo llpprr((11)) hh ttoo llppdd((88)) ddeenn ddooyylleeuuooyynn..

  Elegjte to Printing-HOWTO



  66..1144..  HH wwrraa ssee aarrxxeeiiaa ssee kkaattaattmmhhsseeiiss mmssddooss ddeenn eeiinnaaii sswwsstthh..

  Yparxei ena sfalma (bug) sto programma clock(8) (to opoio syxna
  brisketai sto /sbin) -- metraei la8os to peri8wrio, mperdeuontas ta
  deyterolepta me ta lepta. Parte mia newterh ekdosh toy programmatos
  aytou.



  66..1155..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa kkaannww ttoo LLIILLOO nnaa ddiiaabbaasseeii ttoo vvmmlliinnuuxx aarrxxeeiioo;;

  Se pyrhnes ekdoshs 1.1.80 kai metagenesteroys, to sympiesmeno
  antigrafo toy pyrhna, to opoio to LILO caxnei na brei, exei metafer8ei
  sto arch/i386/boot/zImage. To vmlinux arxeio ston root katalogo einai
  o asympiestos pyrhnas, kai den 8a eprepe na dokimasete na jekinhsete
  me ayto.

  Ayth h allagh exei ginei gia na einai eykolotero na ftiajete ekdoseis
  gia diaforoys epejergastes, katw ap' ton idio phgaio kwdika.



  77..  PPwwss kkaannww aayyttoo hh mmaa88aaiinnww ppwwss......



  77..11..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eexxww kkuullhhsshh pprrooss ttaa ppiissww ssee mmhh ggrraaffiikkoo ppeerriibbaalllloonn;;

  Me thn ej' orismou Amerikanikh (US) diatajh plhktrologioy mporeite na
  xrhsimopoihsete to Shift me ta PageUp kai PageDown plhktra. (Shm: Ayta
  prepei na einai ta gkri, oxi ayta toy ari8mhtikou plhktrologioy). Me
  alles diatajeis plhktrologioy, elegjte tis antistoixies sto
  /usr/lib/keytables mporeite na epanaprosdiorisete ta plhktra "kulhsh
  epanw" kai "kulhsh katw" na einai opoia 8elete, gia paradeigma, wste
  na ta epanaprosdiorisete se plhktra ta opoia yparxoyn se ena
  plhktrologio AT 84 plhktrwn. * Den mporeite na ayjhsete to poso
  keimeno 8a krateitai gia thn kulhsh ej aitias toy tropoy ylopoihshs,
  xrhsimopoiwntas thn mnhmh o8onhs gia na apo8hkey8ei perasmeno keimeno,
  wstoso isws na mporeite na exete perissoterh apo8hkeysh se ka8e
  eikoniko termatiko meiwnontas ton oliko ari8mo twn eikonikwn
  termatikwn, deite to <linux/tty.h>.


  77..22..  PPwwss eennaallllaassww eeiikkoonniikkaa tteerrmmaattiikkaa ;; PPwwss ttaa eenneerrggooppooiiww;;

  Se mh grafiko periballon, pieste Aristero Alt-F1 ews Alt-F12 gia na
  epilejete ta eikonika termatika (E.T.) tty1 ews tty12, Deji Alt-F1
  dinei to tty13 kai outw ka8' ejhs.  Gia thn enallagh sta X windows
  prepei na piesete Ctrl-Alt-F1 k.o.k. Alt-F5 h o,tidhpote allo 8a sas
  gyrisei pisw.  An 8elete na xrhsimopoihsete ena E.T. gia kanonikh
  prosbash prepei na to symperilabete sto /etc/inittab, to opoio elegxei
  poia termatika kai E.T. exoyn dynatothta prosbashs.  Shm: Ta X
  xreiazontai toylaxiston ena E.T. gia na jekinhsoyn.  Pyrhnes (kernels)
  prin ton 1.1.59 exoyn ena enswmatwmeno orio ston ari8mo twn E.T., to
  opoio ej' orismou einai 8. Deite to NR_CONSOLES sto
  linux/include/linux/tty.h.  Newteroi pyrhnes toys energopoioun
  dynamika, ews 63 poy einai kai o megistos ari8mos.



  77..33..  PPwwss oorriizzww tthhnn zzwwnnhh wwrraass;;

  Phgainte ston katalogo (directory) /usr/lib/zoneinfo an den exete
  ayton ton katalogo 8a xreiasteite to timezone. O kwdikas brisketai sto
  sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Admin/timesrc-1.2.tar.gz.  Kante
  mia symbolikh sundesh (symbolic link) me onoma localtime se ena apo ta
  arxeia se ayton ton katalogo (h ypokatalogo), kai allh mia me onoma
  posixrules sto arxeio localtime.  Gia paradeigma:

     ln -sf US/Mountain localtime
     ln -sf localtime posixrules


  Ayth h allagh 8a energopoih8ei amesa - dokimaste thn entolh date.  Mhn
  dokimasete na xrhsimopoihsete thn metablhth TZ - afhste thn kenh
  (unset) Prepei epishs na sigoyreyteite oti to roloi toy pyrhna toy
  Linux einai wrismeno sthn swsth wra GMT - plhktrologhste date -u kai
  bebaiw8eite oti emfanizetai h swsth wra.



  77..44..  TTii eekkddoosshh ((vveerrssiioonn)) ttooyy LLiinnuuxx kkaaii ttii oonnoommaa mmhhxxaannhhmmaattooss xxrrhhssii
  mmooppooiiww;;

  Plhktrologhste:

     uname -a





  77..55..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eenneerrggooppooiihhssww hh nnaa aappeenneerrggooppooiihhssww ttaa mmhhnnuummaattaa ssffaall
  mmaattooss ttooyy lleeiittooyyrrggiikkoouu;; ((ccoorree dduummppss))

  To Linux twra exei ej' orismou apenergopoihmena ta corefiles gia oles
  tis ergasies (processes). Mporeite na ta energopoihsete h na ta
  apenergopoihsete xrhsimopoiwntas thn entolh ulimit sto bash, thn limit
  sto tcsh, h thn rlimit sto ksh. Deite tis selides boh8eias gia to
  kelyfos (shell) gia perissoteres plhrofories.  H entolh ephrreazei
  mono ola ta programmata poy ektelountai apo ayto to kelyfos (amesa h
  emmesa), oxi olo to susthma.  An 8elete na energopoihsete h na
  apenergopoihsete to coredumping gia oles tis ergasies ej' orismou,
  mporeite na allajete thn proepilegmenh ru8mish (default setting) sto
  <linux/sched.h> - deite ton orismo toy INIT_TASK, kai epishs deite sto
  <linux/resource.h>.  O pyrhnas 1.2.13 8a paragei a.out core dumps
  [E8.2 `Ti einai ayta gia to ELF ;'].


  77..66..  PPwwss aannaabbaa88mmiizzww //aannaammeettaaggllwwttttiizzww ttoonn ppyyrrhhnnaa;;

  Deite to Kernel HOWTO h to arxeio README to opoio anaferetai sthn
  ekdosh toy pyrhna sto ftp.cs.helsinki.fi, in
  /pub/Software/Linux/Kernel kai sta and mirrors [E2.5 `Where can I get
  Linux material by FTP ?'].  Mporei na exete hdh mia ekdosh toy kwdika
  toy pyrhna egkatesthmenh sto susthma sas, alla an ton phrate ws meros
  mias dianomhs (standard distribution) einai pi8ano na einai ligo
  aparxaiwmenos.  (Ayto den einai problhma an 8elete mono ena pyrhna
  ry8mismeno gia tis anagkes sas (custom-configured), alla isws na einai
  an 8elete na ton anaba8misete.)  8ymh8eite oti gia na anagkasete ton
  neo pyrhna na jekinhsei prepei na trejete to LILO meta poy 8a
  antigracete ton pyrhna sto root partition -- to Makefile se prosfatoys
  pyrhnes exei ena eidiko zlilo stoxo (target) gi' ayto plhktrologhste
  make zlilo.  Ekdoseis pyrhna me monh ypoekdosh (minor version) (p.x.,
  1.1.x, 1.3.x) einai oi dokimastikes ekdoseis oi sta8eroi pyrhnes
  paragwghs exoyn zygh ypoekdosh (1.0.x, 1.2.x). An 8elete na dokimasete
  toys dokimastikous pyrhnes, 8a prepei mallon na eggrafeite sthn linux-
  kernel lista (mailing list) [E2.8 `What mailing lists are there ?'].
  O Russel Nelson stelnei perilhceis apo to ti allages se prosfatoys
  pyrhnes exoyn ginei sto comp.os.linux.development, kai aytes einai
  sygkentrwmenes sto ftp.emlist.com in /pub/kchanges.



  77..77..  MMppoorrww nnaa eexxww ppaannww aappoo 33 sseeiirriiaakkeess 88uurreess,, mmee ddiiaammooiirraazzoommeenneess
  aaiitthhsseeiiss ddiiaakkooppwwnn;;

  Nai, alla mallon den 8a mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete taytoxronws duo
  synh8ismenes 8ures oi opoies moirazontai mia aithsh diakophs (xwris
  kapoia kolpa).  Aytos einai enas periorismos ths arxitektonikhs
  diauloy ISA.  Deite to Serial HOWTO gia plhrofories sxetika me pi8anes
  luseis kai tropoys parakamchs toy problhmatos aytou.



  77..88..  PPwwss ddhhmmiiooyyrrggww mmiiaa ddiisskkeettttaa eekkkkiinnhhsshhss;;

  Ftiajte ena susthma arxeiwn (filesystem) se ayth me toys katalogoys
  bin, etc, lib kai dev -- ola osa xreiazeste. Egkatasthste ena pyrhna
  se aythn kai kanoniste na balete to LILO na ton jekinhsei apo th
  disketta. (deite thn tekmhriwsh (dosumentation) toy LILO, sto
  lilo.u.*.ps).  An ftiajete ton pyrhna (h peite sto LILO na pei ston
  pyrhna) na exei ena disko sth mnhmh (ramdisk) toy idioy mege8oys opws
  h disketta, o diskos mnhmhs 8a fortw8ei kata thn ekkinhsh kai 8a
  xrhsimopoih8ei (mounted ??) ** ws root anti gia th disketta. Deite to
  Bootdisk HOWTO.



  77..99..  PPwwss eeppaannaapprroossddiioorriizzww ttoo ppllhhkkttrroollooggiioo mmooyy ssee AAgggglliikkoo,, GGaalllliikkoo
  kkllpp..;;

  Gia prosfatoys pyrhnes, parte to
  /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz apo to sunsite.unc.edu.
  Sigoyreyteite oti phrate thn swsth ekdosh prepei na xrhsimopoihsete
  thn swsth diatajh plhktrologioy poy na tairiazei me ton pyrhna sas. H
  ekdosh 0.90 prepei na doyleuei me pyrhnes apo 1.0 kai panw.  Gia
  palaioteroys pyrhnes prepei na epejergasteite to panw-panw Makefile
  gia ton pyrhna (top-level kernel Makefile), sto /usr/src/linux.
  Mporeite na breite perissoteres plhrofories sto Keystroke HOWTO, sto
  sunsite.unc.edu to /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Keystroke-HOWTO.




  77..1100..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eexxww ttoo llaammppaakkii NNUUMM LLOOCCKK nnaa eeiinnaaii aannaammmmeennoo eejj''
  oorriissmmoouu ;;

  Xrhsimopoihste to programma setleds, gia paradeigma (sto /etc/rc.local
  h ena ap' ta /etc/rc.d/* arxeia):

     for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
     do
          setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null
     done


  To setleds einai meros toy kbd (deite E7.9 `Pws epanaprosdiorizw
  (remap) to plhktrologio moy se Aggliko, Galliko klp ;').  Enallaktika,
  tropopoihste (patch) ton pyrhna. Prepei na orisete to KBD_DEFLEDS na
  orizetai se (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) otan metaglwttizete to drivers/char/key
  board.c.



  77..1111..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eexxww ppaannww aappoo 112288MMbb pprroosswwrriinnoouu xxwwrrooyy eennaallllaagghhss
  ((sswwaapp));;

  Xrhsimopoihste polles swap partitions ws arxeia enallaghs (swapfiles)
  - To Linux yposthrizei mexri 16 perioxes anallaghs, h ka8e mia mexri
  128Mb.  Polu palioi pyrhnes yposthrizan mono perioxes *** antalaghs
  mexri 16Mb.



  88..  DDiiaaffoorreess ppllhhrrooffoorriieess kkaaii aappaanntthhsseeiiss



  88..11..  PPwwss pprrooggrraammmmaattiizzww ttoo XXYYZZ ssttoo LLiinnuuxx

  Diabaste ta biblia odhgiwn xrhshs (manuals), h ena kalo biblio gia to
  Unix.  Oi selides boh8eias (manpages) (plhktrologhste man man) einai
  synh8ws mia kalh phgh anaforas plhroforiwn gia ton akribh tropo xrhshs
  mias sygkekrimenhs entolhs h mias synarthshs Yparxei epishs kai pollh
  enhmerwtikh bibliografia GNU h opoia einai syxna pio xrhsimh ws
  ekpaideysh-ejaskhsh (tutorial). Trejte ton Emacs kai plhktrologhste C-
  h i, h plhktrologhste info info an den exete h den sas aresei o Emacs.
  Shmeiwste oti oi plhrofories toy Emacs gia ton libc (Emacs libc node)
  den perigrafoyn akribws thn libc toy Linux (h opoia einai perissotero
  san mia libc paradosiakou Unix , xwris na exei kapoies apo tis
  idaiterothtes toy GNU), alla einai arketa kalh gia mia ekpaideysh sto
  programmatismo ths C gia Unix.  H teleytaia ekdosh twn selidwn
  boh8eias (manpages) gia to Linux kai mia syllogh xrhsimhs
  bibliografias GNU kai diafores alles plhrofories sxetikes me ton
  programmatismo se Linux mporoun na bre8oun sto sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.



  88..22..  TTii eeiinnaaii aayyttaa ggiiaa ttoo EELLFF;;

  Deite to ELF HOWTO apo ton Daniel Barlow - shmeiwsh, ayto den einai to
  arxeio allajte se elf, to opoio einai ena bhma pros bhma ma8hma gia to
  pws na anaba8misete se ELF monoi sas.  To Linux allazei se diaforetikh
  morfh gia ta ektelesima, ta antikeimena kai tis biblio8hkes
  antikeimenwn, gnwsth ws `ELF' (h palia morfh legetai `a.out'). Ayth h
  morfh 8a exei polla pleonekthmata, symperilambanomenhs kaluterhs
  yposthrijhs gia diamoirazomenes biblio8hkes (shared libraries) kai
  dynamikh sundesh (dynamic linking).  Kai oi duo morfes dyadikwn, h
  a.out kai h ELF mporoun na synyparxoyn se ena susthma.  Wstoso,
  xrhsimopoioun diaforetikes diamoirazomenes biblio8hkes C, poy 8a
  prepei na einai kai oi duo egkatesthmenes.  An 8elete na ma8ete an ton
  susthma sas mporei na ektelesei dyadika arxeia ELF, kotajte sto /lib
  gia ena arxeio me onoma libc.so.5. An ayto yparxei, pi8anotata mporei.
  An 8elete na ma8ete an h egkatastash sas einai ELF mporeite na
  dialejete ena antiproswpeytiko programma, san to ls, kai na trejte to
  file se ayto:

     -chiark:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped

     valour:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped



  Yparxei ena dior8wtiko (patch) gia na kanete ton pyrhna 1.2.x na
  metaglwttizei xrhsimopoiwntas toys mettaglwtistes (compilers) ELF kai
  na paragei ELF coredumps, sto tsx-11.mit.edu sto /pub/packages/GCC.
  Den xreiazeste ayto to dior8wtiko gia na trexete ELF ektelesima. O
  pyrhnas 1.3.x kai metagenesteroi den xreiazontai ka8oloy dior8wtiko.



  88..33..  TTii eeiinnaaii eennaa aarrxxeeiioo ..ggzz ;; KKaaii eennaa ..ttggzz ;; KKaaii ...... ;;

  Ta .gz (kai .z) arxeia exoyn sympiesti xrhsimopoiwntas to GNU gzip.
  Prepei na xrhsimopoihsete sto gunzip (to opoio einai enas symbolikos
  sundesmos sthn entolh gzip poy symperilambanetai me tis perissoteres
  egkatastaseis Linux ) gia na aposympiesete to arxeio.  Ta .taz kai .tz
  einai arxeia kasettas (poy ftiaxthkan me to Unix tar) sympiesmena
  xrhsimopoiwntas thn entolh toy Unix compress.  Ta .tgz (h .tpz) einai
  arxeia kasetas sympiesmena me to gzip.  To .lsm einai ena stoixeio
  Xarth Logismikou Linux (Linux Software Map entry), se morfh enos
  syntomoy arxeioy keimenoy. Plhrofories gia ta LSM kai o idios o xarths
  einai dia8esima ston ypokatalogo docs sto sunsite.unc.edu.  To .deb
  einai ena dyadiko paketo Debian - h morfh dyadikwn paketwn poy
  xrhimopoieitai apo th dianomh Debian GNU/Linux. Xrhsimopoieitai me to
  dpkg kai to dpkg-deb (dia8eseima sta systhmata Debian kai apo to
  ftp.debian.org).  To .rpm einai ena paketo Red Hat, to opoio
  xrhsimopoieitai apo tis dianomes Red Hat.  Ayta briskontai sto
  ftp.redhat.com.  H entolh file mporei syxna na sas pei ti einai ena
  arxeio An blepete oti to gzip paraponietai otan prospa8eite na
  aposympiesete ena gzipped arxeio, mallon to katebasate (downloaded) se
  morfh ASCII kata la8os.  Prepei na katebazete ta perissotera arxeia se
  dyadikh morfh (binary) - na 8ymaste na plhktrologeite thn entolh
  binary sto FTP prin xrhsimopoieite to get gia na katebasete to arxeio.



  88..44..  TTii sshhmmaaiinnooyynn ttaa aarrxxiikkaa VVFFSS;;

  Eikoniko susthma arxeiwn (Virtual File System). Einai to afairetiko
  epipedo anamesa sto xrhsth kai to pragmatiko susthma arxeiwn opws ta
  ext2, minix kai msdos. Metaju allwn h doyleia toy einai na adeiazei
  thn proswrinh endiamesh mnhmh (buffer) anagnwshs otan antilambanetai
  allagh diskoy se ena odhgo eukampths diskettas:

     VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0







  88..55..  TTii eeiinnaaii ttoo BBooggooMMiipp;;

  To `BogoMips' einai mia parafrash toy `Bogus MIPS'.  MIPS shmainei
  (analoga me ton poion akoute) Ekatommuria Entolwn ana Deyterolepto
  -Millions of Instructions per Second-, h Anousia Endeijh Taxuthtas toy
  Epejergasth -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-.  O ari8mos
  poy emfanizetai kata thn ekkinhsh einai to apotelesma mias
  ba8monomishs sygxronismou toy pyrhna, poy xrhsimopoieitai gia polu
  suntomoys brogxoys ka8ysterhshs apo orismenoys odhgous syskeywn.
  Xontrika to BogoMips 8a einai peripoy:

       386SX              clock * 0.14
       386DX              clock * 0.18
       486Cyrix/IBM       clock * 0.33
       486SX/DX/DX2       clock * 0.50
       586                clock * 0.39


  An o ari8mos poy blepete einai polu xamhloteros apo ayton, isws exete
  piesei to koympi Turbo h exete ry8misei thn taxuthta ths CPU la8os, h
  exete kapoio problhma lan8anoysas mnhmhs [opws perigrafetai sto Q6.5
  `When I add more memory it slows to a crawl.'.]

  Gia times poy exoyn dei an8rwpoi me alloys, spanioteroys epejergastes
  deite to BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, sto sunsite.unc.edu sto
  /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips.




  88..66..  TTii eeiinnaaii ttoo LLiinnuuxx JJoouurrnnaall kkaaii ppooyy mmppoorrww nnaa ttoo bbrrww

  To Linux Journal einai ena mhniaio periodiko (entypo) poy diati8etai
  sta periptera (!)  (newsstands) kai mesw syndromwn se olo ton kosmo.
  Steilte ena e-mail sto linux@ssc.com gia leptomereies.



  88..77..  PPoossooii aann88rrwwppooii xxrrhhssiimmooppooiioouunn LLiinnuuxx

  To Linux diati8etai dwrean kai kaneis den einai ypoxrewmenos na
  katagracei ta antigrafa poy katexei se kapoia kentrikh yphresia, etsi
  einai duskolo na jeroyme.  Polles epixeirhseis epibiwnoyn apokleistika
  apo pwlhsh kai yposthrijh Linux, kai polu ligoi xrhstes toys Linux
  xrhsimopoioun aytes tis epixeirhseis, kat' analogia.  Ta newsgroups
  gia to Linux einai apo ta pio polydiabasmena sto diktyo, etsi o
  ari8mos einai mallon stis ekatontades xiladwn, alla swsta stoixeia
  einai duskolo na bre8oun.  Wstoso, enas gennaios tupos, o Harald T.
  Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no, apofasise na prospa8hsei,
  kai zhtaei na toy steilete ena mhnyma sto linux-counter@uninett.no an
  xrhsimopoieite Linux, me ena apo ta akoloy8a 8emata: `I use Linux at
  home' (xrhsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti), `I use Linux at work'
  (xrhsimopoiw to Linux sth doyleia), h `I use Linux at home and at
  work' (xrhsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti kai sth doyleia).  Epishs
  dexetai kataxwrhseis apo allous - rwthste ton gia plhrofories. ask him
  for details.  Enallaktika mporeite na kataxwrh8eite xrhsimopoiwntas
  tis formes WWW sto http://domen.uninett.no/ hta/linux/counter.html.
  Stelnei tis metrhseis toy sto comp.os.linux.misc ka8e mhna,
  enallaktika koitajte sto aun.uninett.no sto /pub/misc/linux-counter h
  sthn proanafer8eisa web selida.






  88..88..  PPwwss 88aa eepprreeppee nnaa pprrooffeerrww ttoo LLiinnuuxx

  Ayto sigoyra einai ena 8ema "8rhskeytikou polemoy"!  An 8elete na
  akousete ton Linus na leei pws to proferei katebaste to english.au h
  to swedish.au apo ftp.funet.fi (sto
  /pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds).  An exete karta hxoy h ton
  odhgo gia to megafwnaki toy PC mporeite na toys akousete
  plhktrologwntas:

     cat english.au >/dev/audio


  H diafora den einai sthn profora toy Linux alla sthn glwssa sthn opoia
  o Linus leei hello.  H agglikh ekdosh exei diakwmwdh8ei polu kala apo
  ton Jin Choi ws "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce
  Leenooks as Leenooks." Gia esas poy den exete ta aparaithta gia na to
  akousete: O Linus proferei to Linux sxedon san Leenus, opoy to ee
  einai opws sto feet alla mallon braxutero kai to u einai mia polu
  braxuterh ekdosh toy eu sto peur (an to proferete opws to u sto put
  mallon pernaei).  1/4tan o Ian Jackson milaei agglika to proferi Lie-
  nucks (u opws sto bucket) -- ayth einai mia agglopoihmenh profora poy
  basizetai sthn analogia me to onoma toy Linus, to opoio sta agglika
  proferetai ws Lie-nus (u opws sto put). Einai fysika paradekto kai
  synh8ismeno na metatrepetai h profora kapoias lejhs otan allazei
  glwsses.  O Ian Jackson nomizei oti h profora Linnucks (braxu i opws
  sto pit, braxu u opws sto bucket) einai la8os sta agglika, ka8ws den
  einai h prwtotyph soyhdikh profora, den einai mia logikh agg
  likopoihshs ayths kai den sthrizetai sthn agglopoihmenh morfh toy ono
  matos toy Linus.



  99..  FFrreeqquueennttllyy eennccoouunntteerreedd eerrrroorr mmeessssaaggeess..




  99..11..  UUnnkknnoowwnn tteerrmmiinnaall ttyyppee lliinnuuxx aanndd ssiimmiillaarr..

  In an early 1.3.x kernel the default console terminal type has changed
  from console to linux.  You must edit /etc/termcap to change the line
  reading:

     console|con80x25:\


  to

     linux|console|con80x25:\


  (there may be an additional dumb in there -- if so it should be
  removed.)

  In order to get the editor to work you may need say TERM=console (for
  bash and ksh) or setenv TERM console (csh, tcsh) first.

  Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap.  For
  these programs you should upgrade your terminfo, which is part of
  ncurses.






  99..22..  DDuurriinngg lliinnkkiinngg II ggeett UUnnddeeffiinneedd ssyymmbbooll __mmccoouunntt

  This is usually due to a bad interaction between a brokenness in SLS
  and the C library release notes.  Your libc.a has been replaced by the
  profiling library.  You should remove libc.a, libg.a and libc_p.a and
  once again install the new libraries (following the release notes, of
  course).



  99..33..  llpp11 oonn ffiirree

  This is a joke/traditional error message indicating that some sort of
  error is being reported by your printer, but that the error status
  isn't a valid one.  It may be that you have some kind of I/O or IRQ
  conflict - check your cards' settings.  Some people report that they
  get this message when their printer is switched off.  Hopefully it
  isn't really on fire ...

  In newer kernels this message reads lp1 reported invalid error status
  (on fire, eh?).



  99..44..  IINNEETT:: WWaarrnniinngg:: oolldd ssttyyllee iiooccttll((IIPP__SSEETT__DDEEVV)) ccaalllleedd!!

  You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities; the new
  ones can be found on ftp.linux.org.uk in
  /pub/linux/Networking/PROGRAMS/NetTools (source only, I'm afraid).

  Note that they cannot be used just like the old-style programs; see
  the NET-2 HOWTO for instructions on how to set up networking
  correctly.



  99..55..  lldd:: uunnrreeccooggnniizzeedd ooppttiioonn ''--mm448866''

  You have an old version of ld.  Install a newer binutils package --
  this will contain an updated ld.  Look on tsx-11.mit.edu in
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC for binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.



  99..66..  GGCCCC ssaayyss IInntteerrnnaall ccoommppiilleerr eerrrroorr..

  If the fault is repeatable (ie, it always happens at the same place in
  the same file -- even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable
  kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC.  See the GCC Info
  documentation (type Control-h i in Emacs, and select GCC from the
  menu) for details on how to report this -- make sure you have the
  latest version though.

  Note that this is probably not a Linux-specific problem; unless you
  were compiling a program many other Linux users also compile you
  should not post your bug report to any of the comp.os.linux groups.

  If the problem is not repeatable you are very probably experiencing
  memory corruption -- see Q9.7 `make says Error 139'.



  99..77..  mmaakkee ssaayyss EErrrroorr 113399

  Your compiler driver (gcc) dumped core.  You probably have a
  corrupted, buggy or old version of GCC -- get the latest release.
  Alternatively you may be running out of swap space -- see Q6.8 `My
  machine runs very slowly when I run GCC / X / ...' for more info.

  If this doesn't fix the problem you are probably having problems with
  memory or disk corruption.  Check that the clock rate, wait states and
  refresh timing for your SIMMs and cache are correct (hardware manuals
  are sometimes wrong, too).  If so you may have some dodgy SIMMs or a
  faulty motherboard or hard disk or controller.

  Linux, like any Unix, is a very good memory tester -- much better than
  DOS-based memory test programs.

  Reportedly some clone x87 maths coprocessors can cause problems; try
  compiling a kernel with maths emulation [Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?']; you may need to use the no387 kernel
  command line flag on the LILO prompt to force the kernel to use it, or
  it may be able to work and still use the 387, with the maths emulation
  compiled in but mainly unused.

  Much more information about this problem is available on the WWW at
  http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11
  <http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11>



  99..88..  sshheellll--iinniitt:: ppeerrmmiissssiioonn ddeenniieedd wwhheenn II lloogg iinn..

  Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory
  must be readable and executable by everybody.  See the manpage for
  chmod or a book on Unix for how to fix the problem.



  99..99..  NNoo uuttmmpp eennttrryy..  YYoouu mmuusstt eexxeecc ...... wwhheenn II lloogg iinn..

  Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up.  You should have

     > /var/run/utmp


  in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*.  See Q6.11 `I have screwed up my
  system and can't log in to fix it.' for how to be able to do this.
  Note that utmp may also be found in /var/adm/utmp or /etc/utmp on some
  older systems.



  99..1100..  WWaarrnniinngg ---- bbddfflluusshh nnoott rruunnnniinngg..

  Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks.
  In addition to the kernel changes, this involves replacing the old
  update program which used to write everything every 30 seconds with a
  more subtle daemon (actually a pair), known as bdflush.

  Get bdflush-n.n.tar.gz from the same place as the kernel source code
  (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?') and compile and
  install it; it should be started before the usual boot-time filesystem
  checks.  It will work fine with older kernels as well, so there's no
  need to keep the old update around.



  99..1111..  WWaarrnniinngg:: oobbssoolleettee rroouuttiinngg rreeqquueesstt mmaaddee..

  This is nothing to worry about; it just means that the version of
  route you have is a little out of date compared to the kernel.  You
  can make the message go away by getting a new version of route from
  the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').



  99..1122..  EEXXTT22--ffss:: wwaarrnniinngg:: mmoouunnttiinngg uunncchheecckkeedd ffiilleessyysstteemm..

  You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front-end
  program) with the -a option to get it to clear the `dirty' flag, and
  then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown.

  The easiest way to do this is to get the latest fsck, umount and
  shutdown commands, available in Rik Faith's util-linux package (Q2.5
  `Where can I get Linux material by FTP?').  You have to make sure that
  your /etc/rc* scripts use them correctly.

  NB: don't try to check a filesystem that's mounted read-write -- this
  includes the root partition if you don't see

     VFS: mounted root ... read-only


  at boot time.  You must arrange to mount the root filesystem readonly
  to start with, check it if necessary, and then remount it read-write.
  Read the documentation that comes with util-linux to find out how to
  do this.

  Note that you need to specify the -n option to mount to get it not to
  try to update /etc/mtab, since the root filesystem is still read-only
  and this will otherwise cause it to fail!



  99..1133..  EEXXTT22--ffss wwaarrnniinngg:: mmaaxxiimmaall ccoouunntt rreeaacchheedd..

  This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a filesystem
  that's marked as clean, but whose `number of mounts since check'
  counter has reached the predefined value.  The solution is to get the
  latest version of the ext2fs utilities (e2fsprogs-0.5b.tar.gz at the
  time of writing) from the usual sites (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux
  material by FTP ?').

  The maximal number of mounts value can be examined and changed using
  the tune2fs program from this package.



  99..1144..  EEXXTT22--ffss wwaarrnniinngg:: cchheecckkttiimmee rreeaacchheedd..

  Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a filesystem based on the
  elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts.
  Get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (see Q9.13 `EXT2-fs
  warning: maximal count reached').



  99..1155..  ddff ssaayyss CCaannnnoott rreeaadd ttaabbllee ooff mmoouunntteedd ffiilleessyysstteemmss..

  There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab
  files.  If you have a reasonably new version of mount, /etc/mtab
  should be emptied or deleted at boot time (in /etc/rc.local or
  /etc/rc.d/*), using something like

     rm -f /etc/mtab*

  Some versions of SLS have an entry for the root partition in /etc/mtab
  made in /etc/rc* by using rdev.  This is incorrect -- the newer
  versions of mount do this automatically.

  Other versions of SLS have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like:

      /dev/sdb1   /root   ext2   defaults


  This is wrong.  /root should read simply /.



  99..1166..  ffddiisskk ssaayyss PPaarrttiittiioonn XX hhaass ddiiffffeerreenntt pphhyyssiiccaall//llooggiiccaall ......

  If the partition number (X, above) is 1 this is the same problem as
  Q9.17 `fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary'.

  If the partition begins or ends on a cylinder numbered beyond 1024
  this is because standard DOS disk geometry information format in the
  partition table can't cope with cylinder numbers with more than 10
  bits.  You should see Q4.1 `How can I get Linux to work with my large
  disk ?'.



  99..1177..  ffddiisskk:: PPaarrttiittiioonn 11 ddooeess nnoott ssttaarrtt oonn ccyylliinnddeerr bboouunnddaarryy

  The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates
  partitions that fail its own validity checking.  Unfortunately if
  you've already installed your system there's not much you can do about
  this, apart from copying the data off the partition, deleting and
  remaking it, and copying the data back.

  You can avoid the problem by getting the latest version of fdisk, from
  Rik Faith's util-linux package (available on all good FTP sites).
  Alternatively, if you are creating a new partition 1 that starts in
  the first cylinder, you can do the following to get a partition that
  fdisk likes.

  1. Create partition 1 in the normal way.  A p listing will produce the
  mismatch complaint.

  2. Type u to set sector mode and do p again.  Copy down the number
  from the "End" column.

  3. Delete partition 1.

  4. While still in sector mode recreate partition 1.  Set the first
  sector to match the number of sectors per track.  This is the sector
  number in the first line of the p output.  Set the last sector to the
  value noted in 2. above.

  5. Type u to reset cylinder mode and continue with other partitions.

  Ignore the message about unallocated sectors - they refer to the
  sectors on the first track apart from the Master Boot Record, which
  are not used if you start the first partition in track 2.



  99..1188..  ffddiisskk ssaayyss ppaarrttiittiioonn nn hhaass aann oodddd nnuummbbeerr ooff sseeccttoorrss..

  The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux
  uses 1K blocks.  If you have a partition with an odd number of sectors
  the last sector is wasted.  Ignore the message.
  99..1199..  mmttoooollss ssaayyss ccaannnnoott iinniittiiaalliissee ddrriivvee XXYYZZ

  This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive.  This
  can be due to several things.

  Often this is due to the permissions on floppy drive devices
  (/dev/fd0* and /dev/fd1*) being incorrect -- the user running mtools
  must have the appropriate access.  See the manpage for chmod for
  details.

  Most versions of mtools distributed with Linux systems (not the
  standard GNU version) use the contents of a file /etc/mtools to
  discover which devices and densities to use, in place of having this
  information compiled into the binary.  Mistakes in this file often
  cause problems.  There is often no documentation about this --
  distribution packagers please note that this is *evil*.

  For the easiest way to access your DOS files (especially those on a
  hard disk partition) see Q3.2 `How do I access files on my DOS
  partition or floppy ?'.  Note -- you should never use mtools to access
  files on an msdosfs mounted partition or disk !



  99..2200..  AAtt tthhee ssttaarrtt ooff bboooottiinngg:: MMeemmoorryy ttiigghhtt

  This means that you have an extra large kernel that means that Linux
  has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot
  itself from the BIOS.  It isn't related to the amount of physical
  memory in your machine.  Ignore the message, or compile a kernel
  containing only the drivers and features you need (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').



  99..2211..  YYoouu ddoonn''tt eexxiisstt.. GGoo aawwaayy..

  This is not a viral infection :-).  It comes from various programs
  such as write, talk and wall, if your invoking uid doesn't correspond
  to a valid user (probably due to /etc/passwd being corrupted), or if
  the session (pseudoterminal, specifically) you're using isn't properly
  registered in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a
  funny way).



  1100..  XX WWiinnddoowwss



  1100..11..  YYppoosstthhrriizzeeii ttoo LLiinnuuxx XX WWiinnddoowwss??

  Nai.To Linux xrhsimopoiei ta XFree86 (h trexoysa ekdosh einai 3.3.1 h
  opoia einai basismenh sta X11R6).  Prepei na exeis mia karta o8onhs
  poy na yposthrizetai apo ta XFree86.  Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO gia
  perissoteres leptomeries.

  Oi perissoteres ekdoseis toy Linux shmera synodeuontai me egkatastash
  twn X.

  Wstoso, mporeis na ta egkatasthseis h na ta anaba8miseis monos soy,
  apo to /pub/Linux/X11/Xfree86-* sto sunsite.unc.edu kai sta mirror
  sites.Diabase to XFree86 HOWTO gia odhgies egkatastashs.



  1100..22..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa bbrrww eennaa XXFF8866CCoonnffiigg aarrxxeeiioo ggiiaa ttoo ssuusstthhmmaa mmooyy;;

  Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO.

  8a xreiastei na diamorfwseis to diko soy XF86Config arxeio,giati
  ejartatai apo ton akribh syndiasmo ths kartas o8onhs kai ths o8onhs
  poy exeis.  Den einai toso duskolo na to kaneis -- diabase tis odhgies
  poy einai mazi me ta XFree, sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/etc.  To arxeio poy
  mallon xreiazetai na koitajeis einai to README.Config.

  Gia grhgoro ru8misma mporeis na trejeis to programma xf86config.
  Prosexe oti to ConfigXF86 einai jeperasmeno  kai den einai kalo na to
  xrhsimopoieis.

  Parakalw mhn stelnete erwthseis sth lista comp.os.linux.x sxetika me
  arxeia XF86Config, kai mhn apantate se tetoies erwthseis.



  1100..33..  xxtteerrmm llooggiinnss sshhooww uupp ssttrraannggeellyy iinn wwhhoo,, ffiinnggeerr..

  To xterm poy erxetai mazi me ta XFree86 2.1 kai metepeita ekdoseis den
  katalabainei swsta  th domh poy xrhsimopoiei to  Linux gia to
  /var/adm/utmp arxeio, sto opoio to susthma katagrafei poios  einai
  syndedemenos. Etsi den deixnei swsta  oles tis plhrofories.

  Me thn ekdosh twn XFree86 3.1 kai meta den yparxei ayto to problhma.



  1100..44..  DDeenn mmppoorrww nnaa rryy88mmiissww ttaa XX WWiinnddoowwss nnaa ddooyylleeccooyynn sswwssttaa..

  Diabase to XFree86  HOWTO -- proseje ton tomea erwthsewn kai
  apanthsewn.

  Prospa8hse na diabaseis th lista comp.windows.x.i386unix -- eidika to
  FAQ gia th sygkrimenh lista.

  Parakalw mhn stelnete erwthseis sxetika me X Windows h XFree86 sth
  lista comp.os.linux.x ektos an einai Linux-specific.



  1111..  EErrwwtthhsseeiiss ggiiaa ppoolluu ppaalliiaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa..

  Oi erwthseis se ayto ton tomea einai xrhsimo se xrhstes poy exoyn
  logismiko treis  mhnes palio.

  Please let me know if you find the answer to a problem you had here,
  as unused questions in this section will eventually disappear (Q13.1
  `Feedback is invited').


  1111..11..  TToo EEmmaaccss ppeettaaeeii ccoorree..

  Pi8anon exeis ekdosh toy Emacs h opoia eixe metaglwttistei etsi wste
  na doyleuei me ta X11; ayto apaitei tis biblio8hkes gia na doylecei.
  An xrhsimopoieis to Slackware mporeis na allajeis to /usr/bin/emacs
  symbolic link  na deixnei sto emacs-19.29-no-x11 (des man ln).Ayto
  einai sto arxeio Slackware 3.0's E6 disk.


  1111..22..  TToo ffddiisskk lleeeeii oottii ddeenn mmppoorreeii nnaa xxrrhhssiimmooppooiihhsseeii nnnnnn sseeccttoorrss aappoo
  aayyttoo ttoo ppaarrttiittiioonn..


  Arxika to Linux yposthrize mono to Minix filesystem, to opoio den
  mporei na xrhsimopoihsei perissotera apo 64Mb se ena partition. Aytos
  o periorismos den yparxei sta poio aneptygmena filesystems poy
  yparxoyn ayth th stigmh, opws to ext2fs (h deuterh ekdosh toy
  Extended Filesystem, to stantar filesystem toy Linux).

  An sxediazeis na  xrhsimopoieiseis to ext2fs agnohse to mhnyma.


  1111..33..  OO GGCCCC mmeerriikkeess ffoorreess xxrrhhssiimmooppooiieeii tteerraassttiiaa ppoossaa eeiikkoonniikkhhss mmnnhhmmhhss
  kkaaii kkrreemmaaeeii..

  Palioteres ekdoseis toy GCC eixan ena  problhma to opoio tis ekane na
  xrhsimopoioun pollh mnhmh an prospa8ouses na metaglwttiseis ena
  programma  poy eixe polla dedomena tupoy  static.

  Mporeis na  anaba8miseis thn  ekdosh  toy  GCC sthn teleytaia 2.7.X, h
  na pros8eseis  perissoterh swap mnhmh.


  1111..44..  TToo ppllhhkkttrroollooggiioo mmooyy ttrreelleenneettaaii oottaann aallllaazzww VViirrttuuaall CCoonnssoolleess..

  Ayto einai ena la8os toy Kernel prin apo to 0.99pl14-alpha-n. Merikes
  fores to Linux  mperdeuei poia modifier plhktra (Shift, Alt, Control
  ktl.) einai pathmena h oxi kai pisteuei oti  ena h perissotera einai
  pathmena enw den einai. H lush einai na pathseis kai na eley8erwseis
  ka8e ena  apo ayta ta plhktra (xwris na patas ta alla) --  ayto 8a
  bebaiwsei oti to Linux jerei se poia katastash brisketai to
  plhktrologio.

  Ayto to problhma symbainei  syxna  otan allazoyme  konsola  apo ta X
  Windows.  Merikes fores mporei na apofeyx8ei afhnontas  Ctrl kai Alt
  polu grhgora molis piesoyme to F-key ths VC poy 8eloyme na allajoyme.



  1122..  PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa eexxww eeppiipprrooss88eetthh bboohh88eeiiaa;;



  1122..11..  HH eerrwwtthhsshh mmooyy ddeenn eexxeeii aakkoommaa aappaanntthh88eeii..

  Parakalw diabase olh ayth thn  apanthsh prin  steileis erwthsh. 3erw
  oti einai ligo  megalh,alla mporei na geloiopoih8eis se polu kosmo kai
  8a toys kaneis na jodecoyn polutimh wra. Den nomizeis oti ajizei na
  jodeceis ligh  apo thn  wra soy gia na diabaseis  kai na akoloy8hseis
  aytes tis odhgies ;

  An  nomizeis oti mia erwthsh den einai oloklhromenh h einai anakribhs,
  steile mail If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please
  mail Robert Kiesling at <kiesling@terracom.net.

  Diabaste tis katallhles anafores gia to Linux -- deite Q2.1 Read the
  appropriate Linux Documentation Project books -- see Q2.1 `Where can I
  get the HOWTOs and other documentation ?'.

  An eiste kainourgioi sto Unix diabaste to FAQ gia to
  comp.unix.questions, kai apo ka8e allh omada comp.unix.* to opoio
  mporei na einai sxetiko.

  To Linux einai enas klonos toy Unix, opote otidhpote diabaste ekei 8a
  isxuei kai gia to Linux. Ayta ta FAQs mporoun, opws kai alla FAQs
  mporoun na bre8oun sto rtfm.mit.edu sto /pub/usenet/news.answers (to
  <mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu> mporei na sas steilei ayta ta arxeia, gi'
  aytous poy den exoyn FTP prosbash).  Yparxoyn mirrors twn rtfm's FAQ
  archives se diafora sites-deite thn Eisagwgh sto *.answers
  posting,posted, h koitajte sto news-answers/introduction ston parapanw
  katalogo.

  Koitajte ta sxetika HOWTO me to antikeimeno ths erwthshs Check the
  relevant HOWTO for the subject in question, if there is one, or an
  appropriate old-style sub-FAQ document.  Check the FTP sites.

  Prospa8eiste na peiramatisteite -- Aytos einai o kaluteros tropos na
  gnwrisete to Unix kai to Linux.

  Diabaste tis anafores. Deite tis manpages (gracte man man an den
  jerete gia tis manpages. Dokimaste man -k <subject>-- syxna deinei mia
  lista apo xrhsimes kai sxetikes manpages.

  Deite tis anafores se Info morfh (gracte C-h i, p.x. Control H poy
  akoloy8eite apo I ston Emacs) -- NB: ayto den isxuei mono gia ton
  Emacs; gia paradeigma oi anafores gia ton GCC yparxei epishs se ayth
  thn morfh.

  Synh8ws ena paketo synodeuetai apo ena README arxeio, to opoio
  periexei odhgies egkatastashs kai xrhshs.

  Sigoyreyteite oti den exete ena xalasmeno h palio programma. An einai
  dynato katebaste to kai janaegkatasthste to -- pi8anon na exete kanei
  thn prwth fora.

  Diabaste to comp.os.linux.announce -- ayto syxna periexei polu
  symantikes plhrofories gia oloys toys xrhstes toy Linux.

  Genika oi erwthseis sxetika me to linux anhkoyn sto
  comp.windows.x.i386unix, kai oxi sto comp.os.linux.x. Alla diabaste
  ayth th lista prwta (kai to FAQ), prin steilete thn anakoinwsh sas.

  Mono an exete kanei ola ayta kai eiste akoma kollhmenoi steilte
  anakoinwsh sto katallhlo comp.os.linux.* newsgroup. Sigoyreyteite oti
  exete diabasei thn epomenh erwthsh, Q12.2 `Ti na pw otan zhtaw
  boh8eia',prwta.



  1122..22..  TTii nnaa ppww oottaann zzhhttaaww bboohh88eeiiaa..

  Diabase prosektika thn parakatw symboylh sxetika me to pws na grafeis
  anakoinwseis h email. Exontas ayto ypochn soy ayjanontai oi
  pi8anothtes kapoios allos xrhsths poy to diabazei na exei arketes
  plhrofories kai kinhtro na apanthsei.

  Ayth h symboylh isxuei kai gia anakoinwseis zhtwntas gia boh8eia kai
  gia proswpika mynhmata se alloys xrhstes.

  Na eisai sigoyros oti dineis oles tis leptomereies toy problhmatos,
  symperibalomenoy :

    Me poio programma akribws exeis problhmata. Dwse ton ari8mo ekdoshs
     an ton jereis kai pes poy to brhkes. Polles standard entoles
     mporoun na soy deijoyn ton ari8mo ekdoshs an dwseis thn parametro
     --version.

    Poia release toy Linux xrhsimopoieis (MCC, Slackware, Debian h
     otidhpote) kai poia ekdosh.

    To akribes kai oloklhro keimeno apo opoiodhpote munhma la8oys.

    Poia akribws symperifora perimenes, kai ti akribws symperifora
     parathreis.  A transcript of an example session is a good way of
     showing this.
    To periexomeno ka8e configuration arxeio poy xrhsimopoieitai apo to
     programma kai ka8e allo sxetiko programma.

    Poia ekdosh toy kernel kai ths biblio8hkhs poy xrhsimpoieis.  H
     ekdosh toy kernel mporei na bre8ei grafontas uname -a kai h
     biblio8hkh grafontas ls -l /lib/libc.so.4.

    Leptomereies gia to  hardware poy exete, an einai katallhlo.

     Mpaineis se ligo kindyno na graceis megalo  mail ektos kai an
     perilambaneis megala komatia phgaioy kwdika, opote prosoxh wste na
     mhn dineis parapanhsies leptomeries.

  Na xrhsimopoieis ena jeka8aro kai leptomeres titlo. Mhn bazete
  pragmata opws `Den doyleuei' `Linux', `boh8eia' h `erwthsh' --ayto to
  jeroyme hdh. Krata xwro gia to onoma toy programmatos, ena kommati apo
  to  munhma la8oys, perigrafh ths asynh8hsths symperiforas, ktl.

  An anaferete ena mhnyma toy tupoy `unable to handle kernel paging
  request' akoloy8hste tis odhgies poy briskontai sto Linux kernel
  sources README gia thn metatroph twn ari8mwn se kati poy einai pio
  katanohto.An den to kanete ayto kaneis den 8a mporei na to kanei gia
  sena mia poy h antistoixia twn ari8mwn me ta onomata synarthsewn
  poikilei apo ena kernel se allo.

  Topo8ethste mia perilhptikh paragrafo sthn koryfh ths anakoinwshs.

  Sto telos, zhthste gia antapokriseis mesw mail kai peite oti 8a
  anakoinwsete mia perilhch. Parte ena antigrafo aytou xrhsimopoiwntas
  Followup-To: apostolea.  Epeita steilte mia perilhch se liges meres h
  mia bdomada.Mhn enwnetai aplws ta mail--kante perilhch.To na balete
  thn lejh PERILHYH( perilhchs einai mia kalh idea.Skefthte na steilete
  thn perilhch sth comp.os.linux.announce.

  Prosexete oti to mail sas exei swsth epikefalida. Ayto kathgoriopoiei
  to ar8ro soy san meros ar8roy to opoio anaferetai, gegonos to opoio
  exei apotelesma na 8ewrh8ei axrhsto apo toys anagnwstes me to ypoloipo
  enws baretou komatiou.

  Mporeite na anaferete oti exete diabasei ayto to FAQ kai ta katallhla
  HOWTOs-- ayto dinei stoys alloys enaysma na mhn aporicoyn to mail sas.

  8ymh8eite oti den prepei na koinopoieite email ta opoia stal8hkan
  proswpika se esas xwris thn adeia toy apostolea.



  1122..33..  88eellww nnaa sstteeiillww mmaaiill ssee kkaappooiioonn ssxxeettiikkaa mmee ttoo pprroobbllhhmmaa mmooyy..

  Prospa8hse na breis ton sygrafea h ton programmatisth opoioydhpote
  programmatos h meros toy se dyskoleuei. An exeis kapoio shmeio epafhs
  gia to Linux distribution poy xrhsimopoieis, 8a prepei na to
  xrhsimopoihseis.

  Parakalw bale otidhpote sto mail soy poy 8a ebazes se anakoinwsh
  zhtwntas boh8eia.

  Telika, 8ymhsoy oti para to gegonos oti oi perissoteroi sthn koinothta
  toy Linux einai pro8ymoi na boh8hsoyn,8a zhtas boh8eia apo kapoion poy
  to kanei oikio8elws, wste den prepei na perimeneis oposdhpote
  apanthsh.





  1133..  PPllhhrrooffoorriieess ggiiaa ttoo FFAAQQ,, aaddeeiiaa xxrrhhsshhss kkaaii yyppoommnnhhsseeiiss..



  1133..11..  TTaa ssxxoolliiaa eeiinnaaii eeyypprroossddeekkttaa

  Steilte moy ta sxolia gia ayto to FAQ.

  Dexomai ka8e syneisfora gia to FAQ se opoiodhpote morfh. Ola ta sxolia
  kai oi dior8wseis einai dektes.

  Please send them to <kiesling@terracom.net>.

  An epi8ymeite na anafer8eite se erwthsh(eis) gia to FAQ einai pio
  boliko gia mena an anafereste ston titlo ths erwthshs para ston
  ari8mo, mia poy oi ari8moi dhmioyrgountai aytomata kai den toys blepw
  sto phgaio arxeio to opoio doyleuw.

  I prefer comments in English to patchfiles -- I write the FAQ in a
  different internal format anyway, so I can't use a patchfile.



  1133..22..  MMoorrffeess ppooyy ttoo FFAAQQ eeiinnaaii ddiiaa88eessiimmoo..

  Ayto to keimeno (to aggliko) einai dia8esimo se arxeio keimenoy
  ASCII,se arxeio tupoy Emacs Info, se HTML World Wide Web selida,
  PostScript kai san USENET news posting.

  To ASCII,Emacs Info, HTML kai posted ekdoseis kai ena Lout typesetter
  arxeio (apo to opoio prohx8e to PostScript) prohx8an aytomata apo ena
  programma se Perl to opoio pairnei san eisodo arxeia se morfh Bizarre
  with No Name.

  Ta arxeia ejodoy linux-faq.ascii, .info kai .ps kai ena arxeio tupoy
  tar linux-faq.source.tar.gz, ta opoioa periexoyn ta BFNN phgaia arxeia
  kai to programma metartophs grammeno se Perl, einai dia8esima se
  katalogoys sxetika me anafores,se megala Linux FTP sites.

  The HTML version of this FAQ is available as
  http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/linux-faq/index.html and is
  mirrored at www.li.org and other sites.

  H USENET ekdosh anakoinwnetai taktika sto comp.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, comp.answers kai news.answers.



  1133..33..  AAuutthhoorrsshhiipp aanndd aacckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss..

  This FAQ is compiled by Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>, with
  assistance and comments from others too numerous to mention.

  Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated
  comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.answers, used to coordinate
  the HOWTOs and has written substantial portions of many of them, to
  Greg Hankins, who currently coordinates the HOWTOS, to Lars Wirzenius,
  who currently moderates comp.os.linux.announce, to Marc-Michel
  Corsini, who wrote the original Linux FAQ, and to Ian Jackson, the
  previous FAQ-maintainer.

  Thanks also to the many people who have sent comments and suggestions;
  they are too numerous to list here, but their input has been
  invaluable.


  Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other
  contributors to Linux for giving us something to write about !



  1133..44..  ******DDiissccllaaiimmeerr aanndd CCooppyyrriigghhtt..

  Note that this document is provided ``as is''.  The information in it
  is *not* warranted to be correct.  Use it at your own risk.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers is copyright (C) 1997 by
  Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>. Portions are Copyright 1994,
  1995, 1996 by Ian Jackson, the previous Linux FAQ maintainer.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers may be reproduced and
  distributed in its entirety (including this authorship, copyright, and
  permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document
  itself, without the author's consent.  Portions may be reproduced for
  such purposes as reviews, advertising, and derivative works like
  translations, with the author's consent.

  Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for
  the service of printing or copying a document supplied by your
  customer.

  Exceptions to these rules may be granted.  I would be happy to answer
  any questions about this copyright. Email me at
  <kiesling@terracom.net>.  These restrictions are here to protect the
  contributors, not to restrict you as educators and learners.



  1144..  GGiiaa tthhnn EEllllhhnniikkhh mmeettaaffrraasshh


  H Ellhnikh metafrash einai basismenh sto Linux-FAQ, toy Robert
  Kiesling.  To Linux-Hellenic-FAQ 8a prepei na diabazetai se syndiasmo
  me to Hellenic-HOWTO, poy epiluei leptomerws problhmata Ellhnwn
  xrhstwn.

  To aggliko keimeno den einai oti kalutero yparxei, giati exei meinei
  gia megalo kairo ejw apo tis ejelijeis, alla kai giati den mporei na
  dwsei logikes apanthseis se Ellhnes xrhstes. Ayto symbainei idiaitera
  se 8emata me FTP sites, listes klp. Gia ayto to logo, se polla shmeia
  yparxei to "S.t.M." dhladh sxolia toy metafrasth poy exoyn skopo na
  ypodeijoyn thn swsth apanthsh/ermhneia.

  Gia to keimeno ayto synergasthkan oi:

    1,2,3          gef@hellug.gr, Ekkinhsh toy FAQ kai synthrhsh.

    4              emav@

    5              louther@/mike@

    6,7,8          mike@

    10,11,12,13    sakalis@

    14             gef@


  1144..11..  TTOODDOO

  Aytes einai oi doyleies poy menoyn na ginoyn:

    3.6 Metafrash (gef)

    9 louther@

    13.3, 13.4 (gef)

    14 +credits (gef)

    Elegxos or8ografias (munhma, syndiasmos?), tonismos klp.

    Diabasma oloy toy FAQ, euresh anakribeiwn/problhmatwn.

    Ka8ierwsh orologias.

    Sygxronismos me to Aggliko keimeno.


  1144..22..  TTaa ssxxoolliiaa eeiinnaaii eeyypprroossddeekkttaa


  Parakalw steilte ta sxolia sas gia thn metafrash toy FAQ.

  Oles oi syndromes, sxolia, parathrhseis kai dior8wseis einai dektes.
  Parakalw steilte tis sto <gef@hellug.gr>.

  Ean 8elete na anafer8eite se kapoia erwthsh toy keimenoy, einai pio
  xrhsimh h anafora toys me bash ton titlo kai oxi me bash to noumero,
  giati ta noumera paragontai aytomata kai den fainontai kan sto arxiko
  keimeno.

  Mhn stelnete patchfiles, HTML h allo formarismeno keimeno, giati to
  FAQ grafetai etsi kai alliws se SGML.



  1144..33..  MMoorrffeess ssttiiss ooppooiieess ddiiaattii88eettaaii aayyttoo ttoo kkeeiimmeennoo

  Ayto to keimeno einai dia8esimo san arxeio ASCII, Emacs Info arxeio,
  HTML selida, Postscript kai san news sto USENET
  (comp.os.linux.answers)

  Oi ASCII, Emacs Info, HTML ekdoseis dhmioyrgountai aytomata me xrhsh
  toy paketoy SGMLTOOLS, kai enos Makefile poy 8a breite mazi me ton
  phgaio SGML kwdika toy FAQ.

  To FAQ ayto yparxei stis ejhs morfes:

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html html me Ellhnika 928 (moiazoyn me ta
     windows-1253)

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html html, alla einai greeklish kai
     einai xrhsimo prin sth8oun ta ellhnika

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt txt, greeklish Ayto einai epishs
     greeklish, kai einai ena arxeio 70Kb.

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml sgml, Einai o phgaios kwdikas toy
     FAQ, poy se syndiasmo me to Makefile kai ta sgml-tools paragei ola
     ta ypoloipa.







