  The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO
  by Eric S. Raymond
  v1.1, 3 December 1998
  xc ωpi|jsim@remus.dti.ne.jp
  15 January 1999

  ̕ł́APC NX̃Rs[^ Unix CNȃIy[eB
  OEVXeAуC^[lbgɂĂ̊bIȎɂāAȂ
  ׂZpIȗpgȂ悤ɂȂ܂B
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents

  1. ͂߂
     1.1 ̖̕ړI
     1.2 ֘A镶
     1.3 New versions of this document
     1.4 ̐̕Vo[W
     1.5 tB[hobNƏC

  2. Ȃ̃Rs[^UĂ݂܂傤
  3. Rs[^̓dꂽ牽ŃH
  4. VFvON牽ŃH
  5. ͑uƊ荞݂ĂǂḗH
  6. Rs[^͂ǂĕ̂Ƃ𓯎ɍsƂł́H
  7. Rs[^͂ǂĕ̃vZX݂Ɋ Ȃ悤ɂẮH
  8. Rs[^͂ǂ̂悤ɂăfBXNɏi[́H
     8.1 ჌x̃fBXNƃt@CVXe\
     8.2 t@CƃfBNg
     8.3 }Eg|Cg
     8.4 ǂăt@ĆH
     8.5 ǂē삪Ȃ̂ł傤H

  9. Rs[^Ă̂͂ǂḗH
     9.1 RpC
     9.2 C^v^
     9.3 P R[h

  10. C^[lbg͂ǂēẮH
     10.1 OƂ̈ʒu
     10.2 pPbgƃ[^
     10.3 TCP  IP
     10.4 HTTPAAvP[VvgR

  11. ał̍Z
     11.1 |̍Z
     11.2 SGML̃`FbN

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  ͂߂

  1.1.  ̖̕ړI

  ́̕As낵Ȃwł Linux ƃC^[lbg[U
  ߂ɏ܂B̂悤ɂĊwłƂ͎̑@Ȃ
  Aɂ͌ݎĂbmƂ̓ƓȃMbv邱Ƃ
  ł傤B̃MbvA܎ۂɉsĂ̂ƂƂ
  ̒ɕ`ȂĂ܂AnIɍl鎖AIɃgu
  鎖肵Ă܂̂łB

  ł́AׂĂ̂ƂǂēĂ̂ƂƂ炩ɂ
  悤ɁAՂȌtŏqׂĂ݂悤Ǝv܂B̔̕\
  āAobNX̃n[hEFA Unix  Linux gĂX
  邱Ƃłł傤B͂肱ł͒P 'Unix' ɂČ
  Ƃɂ܂BƂĂ邱Ƃ́AevbgtH[ 'Unix'
  ̂܂܂ȕώɊւċʂ̂ƂłB

  ł́AȂ Intel x[X PC gɂȂĂƉ肵
  BȂ Alpha  PowerPCA͂ȊO Unix Box g
  ̏ꍇłႢ͔X̂ŁA{IȐ݌vvz͓łB

  낢ȂƂJԂqׂ͂܂̂ŒӂĂB
  AɏĂPPꂩӖǂݎė~ƂƂłB
  ŏ͂̕Ǝ΂ߓǂ݂̂͂܂񂪁Aw񂾎
  ܂Ƃ܂ĂA܂xJԂēǂł݂鎖߂܂B

  ͐̕WĂ܂B̓[U[̃tB[hobNɉċL
  qǉĂł̂ŁAIɓǂނƂ߂܂B

  1.2.  ֘A镶

  nbNwԂ߂ɂ̕ǂޏꍇ́A How To Become A
  Hacker FAQ <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html>ǂ
  悢ł傤B̗͂̑LpȕɃNĂ܂B

  1.3.  New versions of this document

  1.4.  ̐̕Vo[W

  the Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO ̐Vo[ẂAI
   comp.os.linux.helpA news.answers <news:answers> ɓe
  B܂͂ LDP z[y[WȂǂ Linux  WWW
   ftp TCgɃAbv[h܂B

  ̍̕ŐVo[ẂA
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals-HOWTO.html>.  ɂ
  āAWorld Wide Web oRł܂B

  1.5.  tB[hobNƏC

  ̕ɑ΂ĎRgꍇ́AȂ esr@thyrsus.com
   Eric S.Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com> ܂Ń[ĂBȂ
  Ăᔻ}܂BɁAX̃RZvgɊւڍׂȐւ
  nCp[N΂Ȃ\łB̕Ɍꍇ́A
  ɂm点Ύ̃o[WŏC܂Bǂ͂B

  2.  Ȃ̃Rs[^UĂ݂܂傤

  Rs[^̒ɂ́Aۂ̏svZbTE`bvĂ
  B܂AĂ܂B̂Ƃ DOS/Windows Ȑl
   'RAM' ƌĂт܂AUnix Ȑl͂悭 'coreiRAj' ƌĂт
  BvZbTƃ́AȂ̃Rs[^̐Sł}U[{[
  h œ܂B

  Rs[^ɂ͉ʂƃL[{[hĂ܂B܂n[hfBXNt
  bs[fBXN܂BʂfBXNɂ́A}U[{[hɑgݍ
  ߂ Rg[EJ[h ĂAɂăRs[^
  ̏o̓foCX̋쓮sƂł悤ɂȂĂ܂BiL[{
  [h͔ɃVvȍĂ̂ŁAp̃J[h͕svłB
  Rg[̓L[{[h➑̎̂ɑgݍ܂Ă܂Bj

  ̕ł́ÃfoCXǂē̂Ƃڍׂɓݍ
  ōs܂B_ł́A炪ǂċē̂ƂƂ
  ւAЂƂoĂbIȎĂ܂B

  Rs[^̒ɂ邷ׂĂ̓p[c̓oXŐڑĂ܂B
  Iɂ́AoX́irfIEJ[hAfBXNERg[TEhEJ[
  hȂǁAȂ́jRg[EJ[hނ̂łA
  Ȃ̃vZbTAʁAfBXNׂ̑Ă̊Ԃɂf[^̍H
  łB

  vZbT́ȂׂĂ̂̂𓮍삳邽߂ɂ̂łAۂ
  ͑̃p[c𒼐ڌ邱ƂłAoXʂĉb邱Ƃł
  BvZbTAɍłɃANZXłB̂
  ̓iRAjłB̂߁AvO𓮍삳邽߂ɂ́AvO
  ̓RA̒ɂKv܂B

  Rs[^vOf[^fBXNǂݏoۂɎۂɍs
  邱Ƃ́AvZbToXgăfBXÑ[hvfBXNER
  g[ɑ邱ƂłB΂炭ĂfBXNERg[̓oX
  găRs[^ɃVOiiMj𑗂邱ƂŁAf[^ǂݍ
  RA̒̓̈ʒuɒuƂm点܂B̌vZbT̓oX
  gẴɍs܂B

  L[{[hƉʂ܂oXoRăvZbTƒʐMs܂A
  ͂Pȕ@ōs܂BɂĂ͌q܂B_ł́AR
  s[^̓dꂽƂɉN̂Ȃ̂ɂ͂
  ŏ\łB

  3.  Rs[^̓dꂽ牽ŃH

  vOĂȂRs[^́AΓdCœŜ܂
  BdꂽɃRs[^܂Ȃ΂ȂȂƂ́A
  Iy[eBOEVXeƌĂ΂ȃvOJn邱Ƃ
  BIy[eBOEVXe̎d́ARs[^̃n[hEFA
  䂷ƂȏsȂƂɂÃRs[^EvO
  삷菕Ă邱ƂłB

  Iy[eBOEVXeN鏈̂Ƃu[gƂ܂i
  ͌X u[gXgbsO (bootstrapping)ƂAu͂Łi'by your
  bootstraps'jvLȉғԂɂȂ邱ƂȂƂ痈Ă܂jB
  Rs[^u[g̕@mĂ闝ŔAu[ĝ߂̖߂
  `bv̂̂PABIOSi܂Basic Input/Output System{o
  VXej`bvɖߍ܂Ă邩łB

  BIOS `bv́Aŏ̔ԍĂn[hfBXNiu[gfBXNj
  ̌܂ʒuɂAu[g[_ƌĂ΂ȃvOT
  iLinux ł̓u[g[_ LILO ƌĂ΂Ă܂jBu[g[_̓R
  Aɓǂݍ܂AJn܂B{̃Iy[eBOEVXeJ
  n邱Ƃu[g[_̎dłB

  [_͂̏s߂ɁAJ[lĂRAɃ[fB
  Oiǂݍ݁jAăJ[ln܂BLinux u[gƉ
  ʂ "LILO" ƂAăhbgP\Ă܂
  A܂ɂ̎J[l[fBOĂ̂łi\ehb
  ǵAǂݍ񂾃J[lR[h fBXNEubN\Ă܂jB

  iȂ BIOS J[l𒼐ڃ[hȂ̂AsvcɎv
  邩܂BȂu[g[_łQ̉ߒ𓥂ނ̂ł
  H͂łˁABIOS Ă̂͂܂茫ȂłBۂ
  ͂ƂĂ̂ŁAu[g Linux ͑S BIOS g܂
  B͌XfBXN܂ςłȂnI 8 rbgob̂
  ɏꂽ̂ŁAJ[l𒼐ڃ[h悤ȃfBXNANZX͎
  łȂ̂łBu[g[_̉ߒɂĂAfBXN̈قȂ
  炢̃Iy[eBOEVXeJn邱Ƃ͂ł܂
  A Unix ̋@\ł͕s\ȂƂȂ̂łBj

  J[lJnƁAJ[l͎ӑuĂ̑
  ̃n[hEFAAăvO삷邽߂̏
  B̏́Aʏ̃ʒuł͂Ȃ I/O |[g ||| foCX
  Rg[EJ[hR}h󂯕t邽߂ɊĎĂƎv
  AʂȃoX̃AhX |||ɂlނƂɂčs
  BJ[l̓_ɒlނ킯ł͂܂BJ[lɂ́A
  ǂ̃|[gɏ݂ɍs΂悢A܂ɃRg[݂
  ꍇǂ̂悤ɔׂɂāA炩ߑgݍ܂ꂽ
  Ă̂łB̏̂Ƃn[hEFA̎F(autoprobing)Ƃ
  ܂B

  u[gɕ\郁bZ[ŴقƂǂ́AJ[lɂn[hEFA
  ̎F@\ I/O |[gʂăn[hEFAɃANZXAꂪg
  p\ł΂}VɑgݍłlqĂ܂BLinux
  ̃J[l͂̋@\ɂĂ͗ǂłĂāÂقƂǂ Unix ɗD
  A܂Ă DOS  Windows  ͂邩 DĂ܂BہÂ
   Linux g̕X́ALinux ̃u[gɂn[hEFA̎F
  @\̌iCXg[̊ȒPɒʂjALinux  Free-Unix ̈
  A̎iK甲oA邳O[U[𖣗悤ɂȂ
  ȗvƍlĂ܂B

  ȂAJ[l̃[hēJn邱ƂŁAu[g
  I킯ł͂܂B܂ق̏̒iKłixP
  ƌĂ΂邱Ƃ܂jB

  J[l̎̃Xebvł́AfBXNł邩ǂmF܂B
  fBXÑt@CVXeƂ͉₷̂łB炪n[h
  EFǍ̏ˑR̓dՒfȂǂɂă_[W󂯂Ă΁AUnix
  ׂĂ̖ʂŊSɗオOɃt@CVXȅCsKv
  ܂Bq ``t@C VXe͂ǂĉ̂'' ŁÂ
  ƂɂĐG܂B

  J[l̎̃Xebvł́A f[ Jn܂Bf[
  Ƃ́AׂƂ҂ȂobNOEhł蓮Av
  gXv[⃁[T[oAWWW T[oƂvÔƂłB
  ̓ʂȃvÓA镡̗v𒲐Ȃ΂ȂȂ
  XɂĂ܂Bf[Ƃ闝ŔÃvO
  Rs[ieXP̗vāA炪ׂēɓĂj
  ɁA݂ɑ̏ɉeyڂȂmF悤Ƃ́A
  ƓςȂŁAׂĂ̗vɂĒmĂP{̃vO
  ȒPłBȂ̃VXeŊJn邱̓ȃf[
  Q̓VXeɂقȂĂ邩܂񂪁AقƂǂ̏ꍇ̒
  ̓vgEXv[iv^̔Ԑlj܂܂܂B

  񂷂ׂẴf[JnƁAxQ ɓƂɂ
  ܂B̃Xebvł̓[U[ɑ΂鏀s܂BJ[l
  getty ƌĂ΂vÕRs[N邱ƂɂAȂ̃R\
  [Ď܂iꍇɂẮAȏ̐̃Rs[_CCp
  ̃VAE|[gĎ邱Ƃ܂jB̃vÓAȂ
  ̃R\[ OC vvg\܂BŃxRɓ
  BA[U[OCăvO𓮂߂̏
  ɂȂ܂B

  Ȃi[U[ƃpX[h͂ājOCAȂ
  getty ƃRs[^̗FĂ܂Bgetty ͂̌ login
  ƌĂ΂vOî܂܂łˁj𓮍삳܂A͎኱
  ǗƂsAR}hEC^v^A܂ VF N
  BiAgettylogin ͂P̃vOłĂ̂łB
  ͗jIȗRʁX̃vOɂȂĂ܂A͂ł
  قǂ̗Rł͂܂Bj

  ̐߂ł́AVFvONƂɉN̂ɂ
  ܂B

  4.  VFvON牽ŃH

  ʏ̃VFł́AOCƁî̂ɃJX^}CYĂȂ
  j '$' vvg\܂Bł̓VF̕@Aʂɕ\
  ̂ɂĂ͐G܂B̂AŋNĂ邱Ƃ̔w
  iɂāARs[^̎_l@Ă݂܂B

  u[gIAȂvON悤ƂOɎvoĂ
  Ƃ́ARs[^̒ɂׂ͉Ƃ҂ĂvZ
  ẌQƂƂłBׂ͂ Cxg ҂Ă܂B
  CxgƂ́AȂL[Ƃ}EX𓮂Ȃǂ̎ۂłB
  ܂AȂ̃}Vlbg[NɐڑĂ΁Ãlbg[N
  ʂẴ}VɓĂf[^pPbgCxĝ̂PƂ
  ܂B

  J[l܂̃vZX̒ԂłBJ[lȂ̂́Ȃ
   [U[vZX łƂɂ͂Rg[A܂
  }Ṽn[hEFAɒڃANZXł邽P̃vZX
  BہA[U[vZX͗v쐬ăJ[lɓ`邱ƂɂA
  L[{[h͂擾Aʂɏ񂾂AfBXN̓ǂݏ
  肵Ȃ΂Ȃ炸APłł邱Ƃ́A̒Ńrbg
  vZ肷邱Ƃ炢łB̗v́AVXeR[Ƃ
  ĒmĂ܂B

  ʏ킷ׂĂ I/O ̓J[lʂčŝŁAJ[l͑̃XP
  W[OsAevZX݂ɉeyڂȂ悤Ɏ
  Ă邱Ƃł܂Bꕔ̓ȃ[U[vZXł́AI/O |[g
  ւ̒ڂ̃ANZXƂɂAJ[l̂mȂƂ
  œ삷邱Ƃ̂܂B̈ԓT^IȗƂĂ X
  T[oiقƂǂ Unix Box ɂāÃvO̗văO
  tBbNXʂɕ`悷vOj܂BX͂܂ X
  T[o܂ł͂ǂĂ܂BȂ͂܂LN^ER\[
  ̃VFEvvgĂ邾Ȃ̂łB

  VFPȂ郆[U[vZX̂PłAʂɓȂ̂ł͂܂
  BVF́iJ[lʂājL[{[h I/O |[gĎ邱
  ɂL[Xg[N҂܂BJ[lL[̉oƁA
  ʂɃGR[i\jƓɃVFɓn܂BJ[l
  'Enter' oƁAeLXgsVFɓn܂BăVF͂
  ̃L[Xg[NR}hƂĉ߂悤Ƃ܂B

  Ƃ 'ls' ƃ^Cv Enter ƁAUnix ̃fBNgꗗ\
  @\N܂BVF͂̑gݍ(built-in)[KpāA
  Ȃ '/bin/ls' t@CƂs\R}h𑖂点Ƃ
  𗝉܂BăVXeR[𔭍s /bin/ls V q v
  ZXƂĊJn邱ƂJ[lɑ΂ėvA̎qvZXɑ΂
  J[lʂĉʂƃL[{[hɑ΂ANZX^܂B̌
  VF̓X[vA ls Î҂܂B

  /bin/ls ́A삵I exit VXeR[𔭍sĂ̏IJ[
  lɒʒm܂BƃJ[l̓VFN(wake-up)𑱍s
  悤w܂BVF͎̃vvg𔭍sĎ͍̓s҂
  B

  ȂA'ls' sĂԂɂȂ͕ʂ̂ƂsĂ
  ܂iƂ΂ȂAƂĂfBNg̃XgoĂ
  Ƃ܂傤jBȂ͑̉zR\[ɐ؂ւĂŃOC
  AQuake ̃Q[n߂Ă悢̂łB܂́AȂC^[lbg
  ƂȂĂƂ܂傤BȂ̃}V /bin/ls sȂ
  [̑MsƂł܂B

  5.  ͑uƊ荞݂ĂǂḗH

  L[{[h͔ɒPȓ͑ułBȂPƂƁAȒPʂ
  f[^iRs[^̕W@\ɂjɂƐ邾
  łBL[藣肷ƁÃCxgML[{[hE
  P[u`āAn[hEFA荞 N܂B

  ̂悤Ȋ荞݂Ď̂̓Iy[eBOEVXe̎dłB
  e̊荞݂Ƃ 荞݃nhpӂĂ܂B̓Iy
  [eBOEVXëꕔŁAiL[^Ȃǂ\l̂
  ȁj֘Af[^ł悤ɂȂ܂ŕۑĂ܂B

  L[{[h̊荞݃nhۂɍsƂ́AL[̒lRA̒̕
  ɂVXëɊi[邱ƂłBIy[eBOEVXeA
  ݃L[{[h̓ǂݍ݂sĂƌȂ邢ꂩ̃vO
  ɂ̐nÃvO͊i[ꂽl𒲂ׂ邱Ƃł
  悤ɂȂ܂B

  fBXNlbg[NEJ[hȂǁA蕡Gȓ͑ȕꍇA
  悭@œ삵Ă܂BfBXNERg[́AoXg
  fBXNւ̗vꂽƂ\킷M`Ă邱Ƃ͑Oɂ
  ܂BŎۂɂ́AfBXN͊荞݂𔭍sĂ̂łB
  ̌fBXN̊荞݃nh́A荞܂ꂽf[^ɃRs[
  ǍvovO͂̃f[^gƂł܂B

  ǂ̎ނ̊荞݂ɂA֘A Dxx܂BDx̊
  荞݁iL[{[hECxgȂǁj́ADx̊荞݁i̍
  (clock ticks)fBXNECxgȂǁjɂ҂܂BUnix 
  ́A΂₭Ȃ΂ȂȂ悤ȃCxgɑ΂āA}V̉
  X[Yɕۂ߂ɍDx蓖Ă悤ɐ݌vĂ܂B

  OS u[g̃bZ[W̒ IRQ ԍɊւ̂\Ǝv
  Bn[hEFA̍\~Xł悭N̂AQ̈قȂfoCXA
  O̗𖳂 IRQ gƂĂ܂ƂłB

  @͂łBIRQ  "Interrupt Request" i荞ݗvj̗
  BIy[eBOEVXe͂̊JnɁAen[hEFAEfoCX
  ǂ̔ԍ̊荞݂ĝcĂȂ΂Ȃ܂BQ̈
  ȂfoCX IRQ gƂĂ܂ƁA荞݂Ԉ
  nh쓮Ă܂Ƃ܂Bʏ킱͏ȂƂ̃foC
  XTɍsAOS ̓킹NbV肷vƂȂ
  ܂B

  6.  Rs[^͂ǂĕ̂Ƃ𓯎ɍsƂł́H

  ͎ۂɂ͂ł܂BRs[^͓ɂ͂P̃^XNi܂
  vZXjsł܂BRs[^́A^XN
  ɐ؂ւ邱Ƃł̂ŁAݏdȉXlԂɂ́Aɕ̂
  sĂ悤ɌĂ܂̂łB ^CEVFAO
  i󒍁FjƌĂ΂Ă܂B

  J[l̎d̂̂PɃ^CEVFAO̊ǗƂ̂
  ܂B XPW[ ƌĂ΂镔ōsĂA̓ɑ
  ׂẮiJ[ljvZXɊւێĂ܂BJ[l
  ł60̂PbƂɃ^C}ĎItɂȂANbN荞݂𐶐
  B̎ǂ̃vZX삵Ă悤ƁAXPW[͂̃vZX
  ~ē(suspend) Aʂ̃vZXɈڂ܂B

  60̂PbƂԂ͂Ƃ͊Ȃ܂B}CN
  EvZbT͍łƂ}V߂sĂA
  pɂȊ荞݂͔ȕׂƂȂ܂B̂ߑ̃vZX삵
  ꍇAevZX͂P̃^CXCXi󒍁FbotԂ̊蓖
  ājł͂ق̂Ƃł܂B

  ۂ́AevO͊蓖Ăꂽ^CXCXقƂǎgȂ
  Ƃ܂BI/O foCX犄荞݂ꍇAJ[l͌悭
  ݂̃^XN~A荞݃nh쓮Ă܂݂̃^XNɖ
  ܂BDx̊荞݂EꍇA䂪DĒʏ͓̏
  s\ƂȂ܂B̌ۂ̂Ƃ XbVO ƌĂт܂AK^Ȃ
  Ƃɍŋ߂ Unix ł͂قƂǋN邱Ƃ͂܂B

  ۃvO̓쑬x́A擾\ȃ}V^CɂĂ̂ݐ
  ܂Â悤Ȑ͂߂ɔ邱Ƃł͂܂ĩ[
  ̐ȂOƂẮATEhROtBNX̐Ȃǂ
  jB悭鎖ۂƂẮAvOfBXNEhCulbg
  [NERlNṼf[^҂Ȃ΂ȂȂꍇAs̒x
  N܂B

  IɁAɓ삷鑽̃vZXT|[g邱Ƃ̂łIy
  [eBOEVXêƂA"}`^XLO" ƌĂт܂BUnix t@
  ~[̃Iy[eBOEVXéA}`^XLÔ߂
  ݌vAWindows  Mac OS ȂǂɔׂĔɂ܂@\Ă܂B
  ҂̏ꍇA}`^XLO͌ォǉꂽ@\ŁA܂肤܂
  ĂƂ͂܂BIŐM̂}`^XLÓALinux
  Ńlbg[LOʐMA Web T[rXsɂADʐ
  ߂̏dvȗvfƂȂĂ܂B

  7.  Rs[^͂ǂĕ̃vZX݂Ɋ Ȃ
  ɂẮH

  J[l̃XPW[́ÃvZXԂŕĂ܂BIy
  [eBOVXelɁAԂɂĕ܂B̂߁A
  evZX݂͂̍ƃɓ邱Ƃł܂BIy[eBO
  VXes̖ɑ΂Ώ@̂ƂAǗ ƌĂт
  B

  Ȃ̊ǗɂevZXɂ́AsׂR[hi[ϐ
  ێČʂނ߂̃RÄ̗悪ꂼKvɂȂ܂B
  ̗̈̃ZbǵAǂݍ݂݂̂ R[hZOg ivZX̖߂
  ێĂjƁA݉\ȃf[^ZOg ivZXׂ̂
  ̕ϐ̈ێĂj\܂Bf[^ZOg͊evZ
  XԂőSj[NłAQ̃vZX̃R[hsꍇA
  IɊǗ邽߂ɁAUnix ͎IɒP̃R[hZOgL
  悤ɂ𒲐܂B

  ؂Ȃ̂́ARAłB}Vœ삵Ă邷
  ׂẴvOŜێ邱ƂłȂꍇ܂B X T[o
  ̂悤ȋȃvOgĂ鎞Ȃǂ͓ɂłB̖
  邽߂ɁAUnix ł z Ƃ@g܂B̎@
  ́AvZX̂߂ׂ̂ẴR[hƃf[^RAɎƂƂ͂܂B
  ̂rI [LOZbg ێ܂BvZX̒̂
  ȊȌ́An[hfBXN̓ XbvXy[X ̈Ɏc
  ܂B

  vZX삷ƁA Unix ͂ǂꂭ炢̃[LOZbgύX
  \AvZXԂ̂Kvŏ̕RA̒Ɏ܂B
  ʓIɍsƂ͕Gł̍񂾂ƂȂ̂ŁAłׂ̂
  邱Ƃ͂܂ ||| ̎@́AR[hyуf[^̎Q
  ƂɂāAeX̐V̂AÂ̂̋߂ɂǂQƂ邱
  ƂA܂ꂪAċNXƂɊÂĂ
  B

  ӁFߋɂĂ "ɂ"AQO̕ł "قƂǏ" łA
  RÃTCY͊{IɃvÕTCYɔrď߁AXbs
  OpɂɋN܂B͍ł͂͂₻ȕł͂ȂA
  [Gh̃}Vł\ȃςł܂BRA 64MB ȏ
  ςłŋ߂̃VO[U[E}Vł́AX ɉĈʓI
  ȃWȗgݍ킹𑖂点ĂSXbsO͋N܂B

  ̍Kȏ󋵂ɂĂȂAE}l[W ƌĂ΂Iy[
  eBOEVXëꕔ́AɏdvȖڂʂĂ܂B
  ́AvOύX̂͂ꎩgۗLf[^ZOĝ݂ł
  Ƃۏ؂Ă܂ ||| Ȃ킿AvÕR[hԈ
  āA͈ӂăf[^ʂ̕ɏ邱ƂNȂ悤
  ɂĂ킯łBE}l[W ͂s߂ɁAf[^y
  R[hEZOg̃e[uێĂ܂BvZX葽̃
  viʏ̓vȌIɁj肷邽
  ɁÃe[u͍XV܂B

  ̃e[úAMMU܂̓ǗjbgƌĂ΂An[hEFA
  ʒuʂȕɑ΂ăR}hn߂Ɏg܂Bŋ߂̃v
  ZbTE`bvł́Aꎩg MMU Ă܂BMMU ̓̈
  肩ی삷Ƃڂ܂̂ŁÄ𒴂QƂ͋ۂ
  AȊ荞݂悤ɂȂĂ܂B

  ܂ł "Segmentation fault", "core dumped" Ƃ Unix bZ
  [WƂ΁A܂ɂꂪNƂƂłB쒆̃v
  ÕZOgÕANZX悤ƂꍇAvI
  荞݂܂B̓vOɃoO邱ƂĂ
  B̍ۃvO}̌ǋł悤ɁARA_v Ƃf
  f񂪏o͂܂B

  8.  Rs[^͂ǂ̂悤ɂăfBXNɏi[́H

  Unix Ńn[hfBXN̓eƁAO̕tfBNgt@C
  ̃c[܂Bʏ킻ȏ̂ƂmKv͂܂񂪁A[
  ƂŉsĂ邩mĂƁAfBXNENbVN
  ăt@C~ƂꍇȂǂɖ𗧂Ƃ܂BcOȂƂɁA
  fBXN̍\t@Cx牺̕ɉȂ̂ɂ悢
  @Ȃ̂łBƂƂŁAł̓n[hEFA̕Ɍ
  Ȃ΂Ȃ܂B

  8.1.  ჌x̃fBXNƃt@CVXe\

  f[^i[ꏊłfBXN̕\ʗ̈́A̃gbNO
  ăZN^isector:`jɐ؂蕪A傤ǃ_[gՂ̂悤ɕ
  Ă܂BO̒[ɋ߂gbŃAfBXN̒SɂXsh
  iSjɋ߂Ƃ葽̗̈߁AÕgbN͓
  gbN葽̃ZN^ɋ؂Ă܂BeZN^i܂̓fBXNu
  bNj͓̃TCYłAŋ߂ Unix ł͈ʓIɂPLoCg
  i1024  8 rbgE[hjłBefBXNubN̓j[NȃAh
  X܂̓fBXNubNԍĂ܂B

  Unix ł̓fBXNfBXNEp[eBVɕ܂Bep[eBV
  ̓ubNÂŁAt@CVXeƂĂXbvXy[X
  ƂĂÂǂ̃p[eBVƂʂĎg܂Bԏԍ
  ꂽp[eBV́Au[gJ[lu߂̃u[gEp
  [eBVpƂĎ舵邱Ƃ΂΂܂B

  ep[eBV́AXbvXy[Xi``z''邽߂Ɏg
  ܂j܂́At@Cێ邽߂Ɏgt@CVXe
  ꂩłBXbvXy[XEp[eBV͒PɘAubN
  тƂĈ܂Bt@CVXéAt@CfBXNu
  bN̕тɑ΂ă}bsO邽߂̕@KvƂ܂BȂȂ
  ΁At@CƂ͎̂Ԃ̌o߂ɂꂻ̃TCY傫Ȃ菬
  ȂA܂eύXꂽ肷̂ŁAet@C̃f[^ubN
  ͘Aтł͂ȂȂĂ䂫Ãp[eBVイɎUU
  ΂ɂȂĂ܂ȂłiIy[eBOEVXe
  ́AKvȂƂɂ̃p[eBV̂ǂ炩t[ubN
  Ƃł悤ɂȂĂ܂jB

  8.2.  t@CƃfBNg

  et@CVXeɂẮAOubNւ̃}bsO͂-m[
  hƌĂ΂\̂ʂčs܂Bet@CVXe "" iŏ
  ̔ԍꂽubNj̋߂ɁÂ̂v[Ăꏊ
  ܂i̍ŏ̔ԍꏊ͊Ǘ⃉xO̖ړIŎg
  ܂Ał͂ӂ܂jBeX̂-m[h͂P̃t@C\
  Bt@C̃f[^ubŃA-m[h邩琬藧Ă̂
  B

  eX̂-m[hɂ́Aꂪ\t@C̃fBXNubNԍ̃Xg
  Ă܂Biۂ́A͐mł͂܂B{͏ȃt@C
  ɂĂ͂̂ݓĂ͂܂܂AɊւ̓IȘb͂ł͏dv
  ł͂܂Bjim[hɂ̓t@C̖OĂ̂ł͂Ȃ
  ɒӂĂB

  t@C̖O̓fBNg\̂̒ɂ܂BfBNg\
  ́APɖO炉-m[hւ̃}bsOsĂ邾łBȂȂ
  Unix ł́AP̃t@C͕̖{̖Oi܂̓n[hNj
  Ƃł邩łB͒PɁA܂ܓ-m[hwĂ
  ÃfBNgEGgȂ̂łB

  8.3.  }Eg|Cg

  ƂPȃP[Xł́AUnix t@CVXeŜP̃fBX
  NEp[eBVɂ܂B̏ȃp[\i Unix VXe
  ł̂悤ȍ\ɂȂĂ邱Ƃ܂A͗OȂ̂łB
  ʓIɂ́At@CVXe͂̃fBXNEp[eBVɂ܂
  Aɂ͈قȂfBXNɂ܂Ă邱Ƃ܂B
  ŁAƂ΂Ȃ̃VXeł́AȂP̃p[eBVɃJ[l
  A菭傫ȃp[eBV OS ̃[eBeB
  āAɑ傫ȃp[eBVɃ[U[̃z[EfBNg
  Ƃ܂傤B

  VXẽu[gシɃANZXB̃p[eBV [gEp
  [eBV łBiقƂǏɁju[gn܂܂B
  t@CVXẽ[gEfBNgێĂāAԂ炳Ă
  ׂĂ̂̂̍ŏʃm[hłB

  VXêȊÕp[eBV́Ap[eBVɂ܂邠
  Ȃ̃t@CVXeŜANZX\ɂȂ悤ɁA̍ɐڑ
  Ȃ΂Ȃ܂Bu[g̓rɁAȂ Unix ͂烋[
  głȂp[eBVANZX\ɂ܂B́Ãp[eBV
  [gEp[eBV̂fBNgɃ}Eg邱Ƃɂ
  s܂B

  Ƃ '/usr' ƌĂ΂ Unix ̃fBNg܂A͂
  炭p[eBVւ̃}Eg|CgłA̒ɂ Unix ɃCX
  g[Ă鑽̃vOĂ܂B́Au
  [gɂ͕KvƂȂ̂łB

  8.4.  ǂăt@ĆH

  āAǂăt@Cgbv_EŌ΂̂ł傤B
  t@CiƂ /home/esr/WWW/ldp/fundamentals.sgml jI[
  vہANĂ͈̂ȉ̂悤ȂƂłF

  J[ĺAi[gEp[eBVɂj Unix t@CVXe
  Jn܂B 'home' ƌĂ΂fBNg܂B
  'home' ͑̂Ƃɂ傫ȃ[U[Ep[eBVւ̃}Eg|
  CgŁA܂ւ܂B̃[U[Ep[eBṼgbvx
  ̃fBNg\ɂ 'esr' ƂGĝŁÂ-m
  [hԍ𒊏o܂B̂-m[h֍sAꂪfBNg\ł
  邱ƂmA 'WWW' T܂B -m[hԍ𒊏oAΉ
  TufBNgɍsA'ldp' T܂B܂fBNg
  -m[hłBI[vA'fundamentals.sgml' ̂-m[hԍ
  T܂B̂-m[h̓fBNgł͂ȂÂ肻̃t@C
  Ɋ֘AfBXNubÑXgێĂ܂B

  8.5.  ǂē삪Ȃ̂ł傤H

  OɁAt@CVXe͉₷̂łƂق̂߂Ƃ
  ˁBŎ́At@C𓾂邽߂ɂ́AC܂Ȓ`FC
  fBNg₉-m[hQƂ̖H̒ŁA΂Vт݂Ȃ
  Ȃ΂ȂȂƂĂ܂BŁAȂ̃n[hfBX
  NɈƂ낪邱Ƃ݂ɏoƂ܂B

  ^ǂ΁A̃t@C̃f[^󂷂炢łނł傤B^
  ΁AfBNg\₉-m[hԍɖAȂ̃VX
  ẽTuc[Ŝޗ̒ɗƂƂł傤B邢͂ɉ^
  ΁At@C\̂A̃fBXNubN i-m[h
  ̎QƂ_uĂ܂肷邩܂B̂悤ȗ͐
  t@CɂLAƂƂ͐ꏊɂf[^܂łX
  j󂳂Ă܂܂B

  Kɂ̂悤ȋIȎ̂́AfBXÑn[hEFA̐M
  Ă߂ɁAɏȂȂĂ܂BłȂAԈ
  ȂƂۏ؂邽߂ɁAUnix IɃt@CVXe̐
  肽ƍl邱Ƃ̂ȂƂłBŋ߂ Unix ́Au[g
  i}Eg钼OjɊep[eBVɑ΂čȐ`FbNs
  ܂B܂A񂩃u[g邲ƂɁAڍׂȃ`FbNŝŁA
  ̍ۂ͑Ԃ܂B

  ȂƂ𕷂΁AUnix Ƃ͋낵GŃguN₷
  ̂悤Ɋ邩܂񂪁Au[g̃`FbŃAۂɔQ
  ɍOɌo\ȖC肷邱ƂɂA[U[
  S邽߂Ȃ̂łB̃Iy[eBOEVXeɂ͂
  @\͂ȂAu[g̑xƂ΂コ㏞ɁA[U[
  ттȂƂŏC悤Ƃ𓾂ȂƂĂ
  (vɁAŏm[gE[eBeB̃Rs[
  AƂƂł)B

  9.  Rs[^Ă̂͂ǂḗH

  ł``vO͂ǂē̂''ɂĂ͐܂Bǂ̃v
  OɓIɂ́ÃRs[^̃}Vꖽ߂̃oCgEXg[
  ƂĎsȂ΂Ȃ܂BlԂ̓}V܂
  ł܂BƂnbJ[̊ԂłÂ͂܂
  ubNEA[głB

  J[l̂̂̒ɂAn[hEFAւ̒ڂ̃C^[tF[XT
  |[g鏭ʂ̃R[h΁A݂ł͂قƂǂׂĂ Unix R[h
  ŏĂ܂iŌƂ́AjIȂȂŁA
  獂 'ᐅ' ̃AZuƋʂ邽߂̂̂łB
  ҂͊{Iɂ̓}VR[hޔݎibp[jłjB

  ̈قȂނ̍ꂪ܂B邽߂ɁA
  ƓbɂĂƎv܂BvÕ\[X
  R[h̖͂|nʂāA}VۂɎs邱Ƃ̂ł}V
  R[hɗƂ܂B

  9.1.  RpC

  ]̂قƂǂ̌̓RpCłBRpC̓RpC
  Ă΂i_Iɏ\Ȗ̂łjʂȃvOɂoCĩ}V
  R[hƂĂ̎st@Cɕϊ܂BoCi
  ƁAĂт̃\[XR[hQƂ邱ƂȂAڂ̃oCis
  邱Ƃł܂iقƂǂ̃\tgEFA̓RpCꂽoCiƂ
  Ē񋟂ĂÃR[h[U[鎖͂܂jB

  RpC͍ptH[}XAقƂǊ OS ւ̃A
  NZX񋟂܂AꂾvÔ͓Ȃ܂B

  C ́AUnix ̂ŏĂāARpC̒
  i̕ώł C++ ƋɁjfRłdvłBFORTRAN ́AR
  pCŁAZp҂Ȋw҂̒ł܂gĂ܂AÂA
  茴nIłBUnix ̐EŎɎgĂ̂͂ꂭ炢
  BUnix ȊO̐Eł́AZrWlXp̃\tgEFAp COBOL 
  ɍL͈͂ŎgĂ܂B

  ̑̃RpCꂪgĂ܂ÂقƂǂ͂
  IA܂͌ɂ͌c[ɂȂĂ܂BV
  Unix J҂ɂȂăRpCĝł΁A͂OI
  C  C++ ɂׂłB

  9.2.  C^v^

  C^v^̓C^v^EvOɈˑĂ܂B̓\[
  XR[hǂŁȀŒ|󂵁AvZVXeR[
  肷̂łB̃R[hs邽тɁÃ\[X͖
  iÃC^[v^݂jȂ΂Ȃ܂B

  C^v^͈ʓIɃRpCᑬŁA܂Iy[eB
  OEVXen[hEFAւ̃ANZX𐧌鎖X܂B
  AC^v^̓vÔeՂŁARpCɔ
  ăR[fBOEG[ɂełB

  VF bc(1)  sed(1)  awk(1) Ƃ Unix [eBeB
  ́Aۏ̓C^v^łBBASIC ʃC^v^łBTcl 
  łBjIɁAłdvȃC^v^ LISP łi
  ̂̒łƂWĂ܂jBł Perl ɍL͈͂Ŏg
  ĂAɕ]グĂĂ܂B

  9.3.  P R[h

  1990 NȗARpCƒ|̗gꂪ񂾂Ədv
  ɂȂĂĂ܂BPR[h́A\[XۂɎsRpNg
  oCiɃRpCƂ̓RpCɎĂ܂Ǎ`
  ̓}VR[hł͂܂B̋^R[hi܂P R[hj͕
  ɒPłA{̃}VR[hptłB̃vO
  ƁAP R[h߂܂B

  P R[h̓RpCɋ߂xœł܂iP R[hEC^v
  ^͔ɃVvɍ쐬łAłjB P R[h
  ǂC^v^̏_ƃp[ۂ܂BdvP R[hɂ
  Python  Java ܂B

  10.  C^[lbg͂ǂēẮH

  C^[lbgǂēĂ̂𗝉̂邽߂ɁA
  ȂT^IȃC^[lbg̑ƂɉNĂ̂ɂ
  ČĂ܂傤 ||| the Linux Documentation Project  Web 
  ɂz[y[WŁÃhLg̐擪y[WNbNƂ
  B̃hLg

  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html

  ŁA̓zXg sunsite.unc.edu  World Wide Web GNX|[gEfB
  Ngɂ LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html ɂ邱ƂĂ܂B

  10.1.  OƂ̈ʒu

  Ȃ̃uEU܂Ȃ΂ȂȂƂ́ÃhLg
  }Vւ̃lbg[NERlNVm邱ƂłBs
  ɂ͂܂AzXg sunsite.unc.edu ̃lbg[NIȈʒuȂ
  ΂Ȃ܂i'zXg' Ƃ sunsite.unc.edu ͓T^IȃzXgłB
  ɑΉʒúAۂɂIP AhXƌĂ΂ԍłi̗p
   'IP' ɂĂ͌q܂jB

  s߁AuEU̓l[T[oƌĂ΂vOɑ΂Ė₢
  킹s܂Bl[T[o͂Ȃ̃}Vɂ邩܂
  AȂΘbĂT[rXE}VœĂ\̕
  ł傤BISP ɐڑ̐\݂鎞AZbgAbv葱̈ꕔɂ
  āAقڊԈႢȂAC^[lbgE\tgEFAɑ΂Ă ISP 
  lbg[Ñl[T[oIP AhXĂKv܂B

  قȂ}Ṽl[T[óA݂ɑΘbāAzXg
  izXg IP AhXɃ}bsOj߂ɕKvȂׂĂ̏
  AŐVɕۂ悤ɂĂ܂BȂ̃l[T[o
  ́Asunsite.unc.edu 邽߂ɁAlbg[N܂ĂRS
  ̃TCgɖ₢킹sĂ邩܂BAʏ킱
  iPbȓƂ́jƂԂɍs܂B

  l[T[o͂Ȃ̃uEUɑ΂āASunsite  IP AhX
  152.2.22.81 ł邱Ƃ܂BmƁAȂ̃}V
  sunsite ƒڃrbǧsł悤ɂȂ܂B

  10.2.  pPbgƃ[^

  ɂŃuEU肽̂́ASunsite  Web T[oɑ΂Ĉȉ
  悤ɃR}h𑗂鎖łB

  GET /LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html HTTP/1.0

  ꂪۂɋNĂ邱ƂłBR}h̓pPbgƂđ܂B
  ̓rbg̃ubNŁAR̏dvȂ̂Ƃɓd̂悤ɕ
  Ă܂BdvȂ̂Ƃ́Aꂪ World Wide Web ̃NGXgł邱
  Ƃ茳AhXiȂ̃}V IP AhXjAAh
  X(152.2.22.81)уT[rXԍ܂̓|[gԍȉꍇ 80j
  B

  ̌゠Ȃ̃}V͂̃pPbgP[uiISP ւ̃fڑA܂
  ̓[Jȃlbg[Nj֑ÃpPbg̓[^ƌĂ΂
  }Vɓ͂܂B[^͎̃ɃC^[lbg̒n}
  ܂B̒n}͕KSȂ̂ł͂܂񂪁AȂ̃lbg
  [Nɗאڂ镔܂łSɖԗ̂Ȃ̂ŁA[^͂̃pPbg
  AC^[lbg̑̏ꏊɂ郋[^ւǂ͂΂悢
  Ă܂B

  Ȃ̃pPbǵAɓ͂܂ł̌oHɂāA̃[^
  ʂĂ܂B瑊݂̃[^́Ã[^pPbg
  MƂF邽߂ɁAǂꂭ炢MɎԂĂ邩
  Ď܂B͂̏AȃN̒BȃgtBbNɑ
  Ďgp܂B烋[^͂̏gāÃ[^i܂̓P[
  ujlbg[N͂Ă܂ƂoȀꍇ\ł
  Α̌oHČoH␳܂B

  C^[lbg͊j푈𐶂c邽߂ɐ݌vꂽƂss`
  B͐^ł͂܂񂪁AC^[lbg̐݌v́AsmȐE
  ς҂̃n[hEFAMł\͂𓾂邽߂ɂ͔ɗD
  ̂łB͒ړIɁAC^[lbg̏񂪁idblbg[N
  悤ȁj̑K͂ȃXCb`ɂł͂ȂAƂ[^ʂĔz
  ꂽƂ̂łB

  񂠂Ȃ̃pPbg̃}Vɓ͂ƁÃ}V̓T[rX
  gẴpPbg Web T[oɓ͂܂BWeb T[o̓R}h
  pPbg̑茳 IP AhXāAǂɉԂ΂悢킩
  BWeb T[õhLgԂA͐̃pPbgɕ
  ܂ÃpPbg̃TCÝAlbg[Nɂ`fBA
  T[rX̃^CvɂقȂ܂B

  10.3.  TCP  IP

  pPbg̓]ǂď̂𗝉ɂ́AC^[
  lbgۂɂ́AKw\ɂȂĂQ̃vgRgĂ鎖
  mKv܂B

  ʂ̃xłIP (Internet Protocol)́AX̃pPbg𑗐M
  ɑ@mĂ܂îƂÂQ̃AhX
  IP AhXƌĂ΂Ă̂łjBȂAIP ɂ͐M
  BpPbgꂽEĂ܂肵ĂAM∶
  }Vɂ͂̂Ƃɂ͋CÂ܂Blbg[N̐pł́AIP 
  RlNVXȃvgRłBM҂̓pPbgM҂ɑ΂đ
  邾ŁAACK(m艞)߂܂B

  Ȃ IP ͍P(cheap)łBŎyŐMȂ
  \Ȃꍇ܂Blbg[NΉ Doom  Quake i󒍁F
  ƂQ[̖OjĂƂAeX̒eۂ IP pPbgƂĕ\
  ܂B̂̂ȂȂĂ܂ĂA͂njł
  ˁB

  ʃxTCPiTransmission Control Protocol `vgRj
  ł͐M񋟂܂BQ̃}V TCP őMsہAM
  Mɑ΂ ACK pPbgԂ܂BM͈莞ԓ ACK pPb
  gMłȂƁÃpPbgđ܂BAM͊e TCP
  pPbgɃV[PXԍtāAiꂽpPbgjԂɓ
  ȂꍇAMŃpPbgč\邱Ƃł悤ɂȂĂ
  ܂BíAڑɃlbg[NENm_E肷
  ꍇɋN܂Bj

  TCP/IP pPbgɂ͂܂Asǂ̃Nɂf[^̔joł
  Ƀ`FbNT݂Ă܂B̂߁ATCP/IP ƃl[T[o
  gĂ郆[U[猩ƁAzXg^T[rXԍ̃yÅԂɂ͐M
  łoCgEXg[̌oH悤Ɍ܂Blbg[NEv
  gRĩ\tgEFAjlɂƂẮA艺wxōs
  pPbgpPbggݗāAG[`FbNA`FbNT̐
  `FbNAđƂƂɊւ邷ׂĂ̂ƂlKv͂܂
  ܂B

  10.4.  HTTPAAvP[VvgR

  őO̗ɖ߂܂傤BWeb uEUƃT[óATCP/IP ̏ʂœ
  삷AvP[VvgRŘb܂B͒PɃoCg
  肷ƂPȕ@łB̃vgRHTTP (Hyper-Text
  Transfer Protocol)ƌĂ΂ĂāÃR}ĥ̂POɏЉ
   GET R}hłB

  GET R}h sunsite.unc.edu  Web T[oɃT[rXԍ 80 Ƃ
  ɓ͂ÃT[oŃ|[g 80 ԂĎĂT[oEf[
  n܂BC^[lbg̃T[rX̂قƂǂ̓T[oEf[ɂ
  ĂāA͒PɃ|[gœ͂ĎAĂR}h
  sĂ邾łB

  C^[lbg̐݌vIȃ[ĂƂ΁A͂
  ׂẴp[c\ȌVvŁAlԂĂ킩悤ɂȂĂ
  ƂƂłBHTTP т̊֘AvgRizXgԂœdq[
  𑗂̂Ɏg Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,SMTPȂǁj́AL
  bWE^[i󒍁FAR[hj^CEtB[hi󒍁FsR[
  hjŏIVvȕ\\eLXgɂR}hgX
  B

  ͂܂ɗȂłFɂẮAK`K`ɃR[h
  oCiEvgRőxƂ܂BóAR
  }hƂƂŐlԂɂƂĉ͂邱ƂeՂƂȂAg
  bL[ł܂ɂ邱ƂɔRXgɔrāAڂɌȂv
  Ƃbɂ邱ƂĂ܂B

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 10 Oct 1998 18:43:35 GMT
  Server: Apache/1.2.6 Red Hat
  Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Aug 1998 17:55:15 GMT
  Content-Length: 2982
  Content-Type: text/html

  ̃wb_ɑĂP̋sǍiRlNV؂
  ܂ŁjWeb y[W̃eLXg܂BȂ̃uEU͒Pɂ̃y[W
  \邾łBwb_̓uEUɑ΂āA̕\@w܂
  i\IȂ̂ƂāAContent-Type wb_͕Ԃꂽf[^{ HTML
  ł邱Ƃ`܂jB

  11.  ał̍Z

  11.1.  |̍Z

  J   yaz-hase@qb3.so-net.ne.jpA
    m   uv9h-hykw@asahi-net.or.jpA
    Y nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jpA
  Akira Endo akendo@t3.rim.or.jp

  11.2.  SGML̃`FbN

  JG   jeanne@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp

