
                                ϵͳ-HOWTO
                                       
ߣGuido Gonzato, [1]guido ``at'' ibogeo.df.unibo.it
ߣƽ tchao@worldnet.att.net

   v1.3.7 199996շڣ200011
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   дĵĿҪʹܸ졢׵صԸհװõ Linux ϵͳڸ
   һЩõӦð취
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

     * 1.1 ΪʲҪд HOWTO
     * 1.2 ǽ
       
2. һϵͳ趨

     * 2.1 ȫ
     * 2.2 ־
     * 2.3 
     * 2.4 ԮƬ
     * 2.5 ں
     * 2.6 Sendmailͣ
     * 2.7 Ӳ
     * 2.8  Zip ŵ
     * 2.9 豸
     * 2.10 
     * 2.11 ¼Ϣ
     * 2.12  
     * 2.13 Mouse
     * 2.14 λãMount Points
     * 2.15 lilo(8)  LOADLIN.EXE
     * 2.16 ʼ
     * 2.17 ӡ
     * 2.18 SVGATextMode 
       
3. Աһ㹤

     * 3.1 ·
     * 3.2 ·
     * 3.3 ·
     * 3.4 NFS
     * 3.5 
       
4. 

     * 4.1 bash(1)
     * 4.2 ls(1)
     * 4.3 less(1)
     * 4.4 emacs(1) ı༭
     * 4.5 joe(1) ı༭
     * 4.6 jed(1) ı༭
     * 4.7 pine(1) ʼĶ
     * 4.8 minicom(1)
     * 4.9 efax(1) 
     * 4.10 Ghostscript
     * 4.11 TeX ʹ
     * 4.12 PPP
     * 4.13 POPû˳
     * 4.14 X Ӵϵͳ (XFree86)
     * 4.15 ʹߵĵ
     * 4.16  .rpm
     * 4.17 Upgrading
       
5.  

6. 

     * 6.1 Ȩ˵ߣԭģ
     * 6.2 
     * 6.3 Disclaimer
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

1.1 ΪʲҪд HOWTO

    PC ϶װ Linux ϵͳĿǰеĸ Linux 汾൱
   еȱһЩĵӦڰװᶼ
   ʹã ЩȴСһע⵽ͬ c.o.l.setup һظ
   ֡ΪֲȱΪҸ˷㣬һЩʼǣ޸
   ɫ 춳Ϊ HOWTOڸõһЩӦͳʽľ
   ʵӦܽʡʱ;
   
   еһЩʵʱȡʹú Linux 汾Ŀǰֻаװ Red
   Hat 5.2  Linux ϵͳں 2.0.36 Linux 汾
   ͱṩľΪɡṩİ취޸ģ 
   汾Ҳ¡  HOWTO ܴ HOWTOҲ
    HOWTO ļ HOWTO ʹ˻ǳ
   һ˽ϵͳͱڲҷġ⣬ ҲҪռˣ
   ֪ĳ治˽⣬ص HOWTO ٴѣUsenet 
   [2]news:comp.os.linux.setupѰ Linux ÷Эõص㡣ҵ
   ʮַæ벻Ҫҽ÷⡣
   
   ļԼһЩʽ [3]http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO
   ַҲҵᵽ HOWTO ĵ°汾
   [4]http://ibogeo.df.unibo.it/guido/Configuration
   
1.2 ǽ

   PCӲ෱࣬ҵľ飬һʮձ飬װһ
   ΪָһDOS/Windowsһ Linux һswap
   partitionĴӲ̡Чݻ̻ӡͻ PC
   Ŀǰ PC װƽв ZIP ŵ趨 PC 
   Windows-Linux ɵϵͳһ֣һΪ֮á
   
   ҼٶЩ豸ҪõӲЩ豸İ취תڲͬӲ
   Ҳ¡⣬ һٶڱ༭ӲʱrootȨޡ
   
   ðɣھǾɰɣ
   
2. һϵͳ趨

2.1 ȫ

   ڿʼϵͳ֮ǰӦþҪúּİȫ
   ֮ǰҪӡ ԰ȫǼҪ⣬
   HOWTO ۡΧҪ˽Եİȫɴ֣ Linux 
   ȫԱֲᡱ Linux Security Administrator's Guide
   [5]http://www.seifried.org/lasg ͡ Linux ȫֲᡱ Linux Security
   Guide [6]http://nic.com/ ע˴Ӣԭ© в裺ʹ
   Shadow passwordShadow Password HOWTO ·Section
   [7]·Restricting Network Access ʹ Secure Shell (
   [8]http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/) ʹ Secure Remote Password (
   [9]http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/)ףˡ
   
2.2 ־

   Ҫ֤װ˳ȷ֪ﰲװʲᣬʱ޸ģʱ
   ˣڶ֮ǰӦýһ־¼Ϊ root һ
   оٶҵĹ־Уһרż¼иĶϵͳĵӵ
   .rpms Ͱװ .tar.gzϣ׷κθı䣬ӦÿԻظ
   ԭʼİװ״̬
   
   ǧסڸĶκϵͳļ֮ǰݡ RCS
   ׷иı䡣Ϊ rootĶϵͳӼ¼
   
2.3 

   ڰװʱ©һ裬ּ̣Ҫ
   
     * /usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/ѡȡʵļ̱磬it.map ʹ
       ̣
     * ༭/etc/sysconfig/keyboardĵʹȡKEYTABLE="it";
     * 趨̵ظʺӳʱ䣬ݼӸ /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
       (Red Hat)  /etc/rc.d/rc.boot (Caldera)  /etc/rc.d/boot
       (S.u.S.E.):
       
/sbin/kbdrate -s -r 16 -d 500  # or whatever you like --趨ֵ

   Ҫ̱ʹ/etc/rc.d/init.d/keytable startָλ
   ¸˵
   
   ҪڿʱԶ趨 NumLock/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinitмݣ
   
for tty in /dev/tty[1-9]*; do
  setleds -D +num < $tty
done

2.4 ԮƬ

   ΪհװõϵͳӦƬԱʱ֮衣ʹõ
   Linux 汾ѾƬָָ
   
#
#
עƺָ

   ⣬ҲҪƬԮƬ
   [10]ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recoveryҵԮƬ
   ֪ѡһ֣ҽ Tomsbtrt
   
2.5 ں

   IMHOҪĹǱʺϵͳںˡƹѣ
   ζȿһ/usr/src/Linux/ڵREADMEں HOWTO Kernel
   HOWTO ע
   
     * ϸҪɺֹһѡںˣͬʱҪ޲
       patch)Զÿһûһںʡ£ Linux 
       ΪŷʹãӦˡҪǰδܻӵӲ磬SCSI
       Zip·ȣȱںڣͨģõİ취
     * ĵ Cyrix оƬں˶ֲ֧㣬ӦҪ޲
       Աߵܡйϼ
       [11]http://www.Linuxhq.com/patch/20-p0591.html
     * ʹñʼ͵ԵûӦĽĻӾЧ޲ںˣ
       SVGATextMode  [12]SVGATextModeһڣĽ취
       ۲úְ취
       [13]http://www.Linuxhq.com/patch/20-p0239.htmlҵα
       ޲
     * ⣬Ҫʼ͵Դ PCMCIA modem/fax Ϊģ룻
       Ϊں˵һֱ룬PCMCIA modem ޷
     * ʹ PCMCIA סرЩģ飻⣬ʹ PCMCIA 
       ·Ҫ޸/etc/pcmcia/network.opts
     * ĻʾmodprobeϢָȷĳЩģλãʾ
       Ҫ޸/etc/conf.modules磬ʹipxappletalkģ飬
       У
       
alias net-pf-4 off
alias net-pf-5 off

     * Ϊ˽ʡ´úͱں˵ʱ䣬趨ΪһĵƱ
       档ע⣺ ں趨ȻãΪûа
       ں˵ĸҪء
       
2.6 Sendmailͣ

   Щϵͳsendmailʹʱͣӡԭж 1
   û·ֱӣ2ֱ·õIPַ
   
   һİ취ȷ/etc/hostsһУ
   
127.0.0.1   localhost

   ͣٵĵڶԭ/etc/hostsµһУ
   
127.0.0.1   localhost   your_host_name

   ɽֳУ
   
127.0.0.1    localhost
w.x.y.z      your_host_name

   ͬʱο [14]Hostnameһ
   
2.7 Ӳ

   ʹ hdparm(8)ͻ (E)IDE Ӳ̵ܡʹõ Linux
   ûаɴ
   [15]ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/hardwareң跨ַ
   һΪhdparm-X.Y.tar.gz
   
   ʹϸȡӲ̵ͿƳڴ޷ͨ
   ʹò ܻĵϵͳʹ֮ǰϸĶ man ˵
   򵥵Ӷԣ/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinitڿһУ£
   
/sbin/hdparm -c1 /dev/hda  #  -- ٶΪһ IDE Ӳ

   ṩ (E)IDE 32-bit I/O ֧֡ -m ѡhdparm Mark
   Lord ң
   
     (...) ϵͳڵǰĲƷ [< 1997]һ㶼û⡣
     Ͼɵ豸ܲУҲû⣩ 2 - 3 ǰ
      486  ڣ586 ĸϹ㷺ʹõ CMD0646  RZ1000 ־Ƭ
     
     
   Ӧʹĵԣ
   
/sbin/hdparm -c1 -A1 -m16 -d1 /dev/hda

2.8  Zip ŵ

   ںˣ2.x.xͿʹò Zip ŵ
   ںʱؼװʹ SCSI  SCSI ̵Ĺܡע⣺ӡ Zip ŵ
   òʱܻᷢͻʹںģá
   [16]http://www.torque.net/ ϻһõ ppa 
   
   Zip ƬʱѾʽָΪ /dev/sda4趨 Zip ŵʱ
   /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit мӸݣ
   
# Enable the Zip drive  -- 趨 Zip ŵ
/sbin/modprobe ppa

   Zip Ƭ/etc/fstabмݻͨ Mtools /etc/mtools.conf
   ݼأ
   
drive z: file="/dev/sda4" exclusive

   ⣬mzipָҲڵѯд͸ Zip Ƭ
   man mzip Mtools ַ [17]http:// Linux
   .wauug.org/pub/knaff/mtools
   
2.9 豸

   /devУӵʵ豸򣩵豸ܲȷС黬
   ݻ͹Ӧ豸ΪΣȻ趨
   
/dev# ln -s ttyS0 mouse; ln -s ttyS1 modem; ln -s hdb cdrom; ln -s sda4 zip

   ڶʼǱϣ/dev/psaux X11 ʱӦ뿼
   
   
   Щöͨ chmod 666 ıԣʹʹ߾ʹЩ豸
   
2.10 

   ֻһž Sound Blaster 16ʹҵĲͬз
   Ҳ
   
   ҽΪģ(sb.o)ںˡȻὫ
   /etc/conf.modules
   
options sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1 dma16=5 mpu_io=0x330
alias sound sb

   Ҫmodprobe soundʹ RedHat Ĺsndconfig
   
2.11 ¼Ϣ

   Ҫ¼Ϣȼ/etc/rc.d/rc.localǷ񸲸/etc/issue
   /etc/motdݡRedHat ݣ϶ı༭
   
   Ҫʹ¼Ϣɫrc.localݣ
   
# put a real escape character instead of ^[. To do this:
# emacs: ^Q ESC   vi: ^V ESC   joe:  ` 0 2 7   jed: ` ESC
ESC="^["  # a real escape character
BLUE="$ESC[44;37m"
NORMAL="$ESC[40;37m"
CLEAR="$ESC[H$ESC[J"

> /etc/issue
echo "$CLEAR" >> /etc/issue
echo "$BLUE   Welcome to MyServer (192.168.1.1)   " >> /etc/issue
echo "$NORMAL " >> /etc/issue
echo "" >> /etc/issue

2.12 

   ֻhostname new_host_nameָҲҪsendmail⣬
   в裨ֻڵ
   
     * ༭/etc/sysconfig/network͸ıеƣ
       new_host_name.localdomain
     * Ӧر༭/etc/HOSTNAME
     * »/etc/hosts
       
127.0.0.1       localhost  new_host_name.locadomain

2.13 Mouse

   gpm Ļ̨ܶмΪãҲһЩӦʹû
   Red Hat ϵͳУзһΪ/etc/sysconfig/mouse ĵ£
   
MOUSETYPE="Microsoft"
XEMU3=yes

   ⣬һ/etc/rc.d/init.d/gpmл趨һЩָ趨
   ָ£
   
...
       daemon gpm -t $MOUSETYPE -d 2 -a 5 -B 132 # two-button mouse -- ˫ť

...

   Զ׼õȻ뻬ڶʼ͵У
   MOUSETYPE ӦΪ PS/2
   
   CalderaϵͳУֻҪ/etc/rc.d/rc.bootммɣ
   
/usr/bin/gpm

   S.u.S.E.У/etc/rc.configмgpm֣DebianϵͳУ޸
   /etc/gpm.conf
   
   ϲCtrlťʹ̨Ĳ˵gpm-root޸
   /etc/gpm-root.confеԤ˵Ȼ/etc/rc.d/rc.local gpm-root
   
2.14 λãMount Points

   ΪʹãӦ̡豸NFSĿ¼趨λá磬ɲ
   а취
   
/mnt# mkdir floppy; mkdir cdrom; mkdir win; mkdir zip; mkdir server

   趨 DOS/Win ̣ext2ƬCD-ROMWindows ָƽп
   Zip  NFS Ŀ¼ļλá
   
   Ȼ޸ /etc/fstab ݣ
   
/dev/fd0        /mnt/floppy     auto            user,noauto 0 1
/dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom      iso9660         ro,user,noauto 0 1
/dev/zip        /mnt/zip        vfat            user,noauto,exec 0 1
/dev/hda1       /mnt/win        vfat            user,noauto 0 1
server:/export  /mnt/server     nfs             defaults

   Զ׼һʹȷ豸ơںѾ֧ fat32
   ǰںҪ޲޲ɴ
   [18]http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/fat32.htmlȡáйⷽ
   Ľһϣɲѯ man mount
   
   עһеġautoĵϵͳʽʾɼ ext2  vfat
   DOS/WindowsϵͳʽĴƬmtoolsҲ൱õĹߡ
   
2.15 lilo(8)  LOADLIN.EXE

   ʹڵͬʱ Linux  DOS/Windows ײϵͳڿ
   ʱѡ֮һӦڰװʱ趨ʱû趨 ɲȡа취
   ȼٶ /dev/hda1װ DOS/Windows /dev/hda2 װ Linux .
   
 /dev/hda ΪĬ豸

Command (m for help):a
Partition number (1-4): 2

Command (m for help):w

   趨 Linux ָΪϵͳȻ/etc/lilo.conf
   趨
   
boot = /dev/hda2
compact                # may conflict with "linear"  --롰linearͻ
delay = 100            # 10 seconds  --ȴ10
linear                 # gets rid of the "1024 cylinder" problem --1024Ȧ

# message = /boot/bootmesg.txt  # write your own, if you will --ԶϢ
root = current
image = /boot/vmlinuz  # boot  Linux  by default as this entry comes first --Ĭ
ϵں
  label =  Linux
  read-only
#  append="mem=128M"   # to see more memory than 64M  --ڴ64M
other = /dev/hda1
  table = /dev/hda
  label = dos

   /sbin/liloʹ󹦸ɡliloǰװмҪĲ֣ Ӧ
   ϸĶйⷽϡ
   
   趨Ҫ DOS/Windows  Linux ɰ LOADLIN.EXE
   һ DOS ·Ŀ¼DOS ָȻὫں˿Ŀ¼
   C:\TEMP\VMLINUZ򵥵 .BATͿ Linux
   
rem    Linux .bat
smartdrv /C
loadlin c:\temp\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro

   ʹ Windows 9X趨.BATԣʹ MS-DOS ״̬
   
  ȫ
  
   ڰװ Linux ֮ǰһ MBR ıݴƬԷ⡣
   restorrbFIPSڣ ָ Linux 
   ȴƬ
   
rescue:

   ȻƬMBRĴƬһͣ ָָԭ
    MBR
   
rescue:

   ȻҪ/mntѼذMBRĴƬ DOS ĽȴƬ
   FDISK /MBR
   
2.16 ʼ

   Ķ HTML ʽļʽĵʼأҪ
   /etc/mime.types /etc/mailcapһĵгļĸʽչ
   
   
application/postscript          ps eps
image/jpeg                      jpe jpeg jpg
text/html                       html

   ڶĵ涨ʾĵĸʽ
   
   ʱеĵʼʹ Microsoft Outlook ͣݺж MIME ʽ
   ĶʼҪetc/mailcapмУ
   
text/plain; less %s; needsterminal
text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal

2.17 ӡ

   ֪ Linux 汾ôӡĹߣprinttoolyast
   magicfilter ûֶ趨
   
   ٶҪ÷ PostScript ӡҲǡWindows-onlyĴӡӡԭʼ
   ļ C ԭʼı GhostScript ӡ PostScript 
   ˴ٶѰװ GhostScript
   
   趨ӡĲ£
   
     * 鲢пڵĴӡ
       
~# echo "hello, world" > /dev/lp0
~# echo "hello, world" > /dev/lp1

       ĴӡͶ˿ڡ
     * 趨 spool Ŀ¼
       
/var/spool/lpd/# mkdir raw; mkdir postscript

     * ӡӡĽС̨ס󣨶 InkJet ӡ
       ҪһӡУ
       
~# echo "first line" > /dev/lp1 ; echo "second line" > /dev/lp1

       ӡĽ£
       
first line
          second line

       ĵΪ/var/spool/lpd/raw/filter棺
       
#!/bin/sh
# ̨ס
awk '{print $0, "\r"}'

       chmod 755 /var/spool/lpd/raw/filterʹΪִĵ
     * ҪPostScriptĹ򽫹Ϊ
       /var/spool/lpd/postscript/filter:
       
#!/bin/sh

DEVICE=djet500
RESOLUTION=300x300
PAPERSIZE=a4
SENDEOF=

nenscript -TUS -ZB -p- |
if [ "$DEVICE" = "PostScript" ]; then
        cat -
else
        gs -q -sDEVICE=$DEVICE \
                -r$RESOLUTION \
                -sPAPERSIZE=$PAPERSIZE \
                -dNOPAUSE \
                -dSAFER \
                -sOutputFile=- -
fi

if [ "$SENDEOF" != "" ]; then
        printf "\004"
fi

       ʹ HP DeskJet ӡΪִӡӦ޸ġ
     * /etc/printcapݣ
       
# /etc/printcap
lp|ps|PS|PostScript|djps:\
        :sd=/var/spool/lpd/postscript:\
        :mx#0:\
        :lp=/dev/lp1:\
        :if=/var/spool/lpd/postscript/filter:\
        :sh:
raw:\
        :sd=/var/spool/lpd/raw:\
        :mx#0:\
        :lp=/dev/lp1:\
        :if=/var/spool/lpd/raw/filter:\
        :sh:

   ΪӻټĴӡãο Printing-HOWTO
   
   ע⣺ʹprinttoolPrinttoolѡȡ GSDEVICE ڴӡһ
   õѡ񡣲postscript.cfgЩ޸ģ磬 GSDEVICE
   cdj500 Ϊ djet500Ϳɼӿӡٶȡ
   
2.18 SVGATextMode

    [19]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/ Linux /sources/sbinϵĹԸ
   ̨Ļֱʡα״ǳá ̨ϹʱҪ
   ʹ֣עŷ֣ ҪıʼǱαĴС
   ʹ
   
   Ĭϵ VGA ʼȱ༭/etc/TextConfig/etc/TextMode ʹŷ
   ֵûӦöкСLoadFontһڸеҡ
   
Option "LoadFont"
FontProg "/usr/bin/setfont"
FontPath "/usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts"
FontSelect "lat1u-16.psf"   8x16 9x16 8x15 9x15
FontSelect "lat1u-14.psf"   8x14 9x14 8x13 9x13
FontSelect "lat1u-12.psf"   8x12 9x12 8x11 9x11
FontSelect "lat1u-08.psf"   8x8  9x8  8x7  9x7

   趨֮ᣬSVGATextMode "80x34x9"һ˳
   /etc/TextModeɾ棬д etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
   
# SVGATextMode
/usr/sbin/SVGATextMode "80x34x9"

   ע⣺αֻЩģʽЧҵıʼǱϣֵΪ
   80x32x9
   
3. Աһ㹤

   ҪĹ࣬ʱ٣๤Ҫɣǻȴ
   һڿʼ һҪ·йء ·漰࣬޷ڴȫ
   ӦοNET-3 HOWTO⣬ Linux 汾Ҳṩ趨·
   ܵϡ˴ֻԤмҪ㡣
   
    Linux ԤװcalendarreminderHttpSambatelnet/ssh¼
    ftpanonymous ftpPOP/IMAPNFSȹܡ
   
3.1 ·

   趨 Linux ְ汾·ܵķ൱ӣű㹻·
   
#!/bin/sh

# net-up.sh: set up network access --趨

DEVICE=eth0      #-- 
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.1.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1

ifconfig $DEVICE $IPADDR netmask $NETMASK up
route add -net $NETWORK netmask $NETMASK $DEVICE
route add default gw $GATEWAY

   űʹýȴƬ·ʱǳáȻֻʹͨ ping
   ftp  telnet 硣
   
3.2 ·

   Linux һõĹܾǷ·Ŀǰֳɿõ
   ں˶Ѹ IP firewallingmasquerading  forwarding ĹܡҪ֪
   ϸܣɲο IP-Masquerade mini-HOWTOȻᰲװ ipfwadmں
   2.0.x [20]http://www.xos.nl/ Linux /ipfwadm/ ipchainsں2.2.x
    [21]http://www.adelaide.net.au/
   
   ע⣺ҪĹܣӦںģ顣磬ҪftpӦм
   /etc/rc.d/rc.sysconfig
   
/sbin/modprobe ip_masq_ftp

   ģͨ/lib/modules/KERNEL-VERSION/ipv4С
   
   Ϊ·IP masqueradingܵĳǳ򵥡ȼ·
   ʼű/etc/sysconfig/network ӦӦ÷õλãǷ
   ΪFORWARD_IPV4=trueһСͨ·ʱ
   /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forwardΪ 1
   
   /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinitУ
   
# default: packets cannot go reach the outside
# ԤΪݰ޷͵·
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -p deny
# allow all machines on the local network to reach the Internet
# ʹ·ϵл·
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
# alternatively, allow only these two machines
# ֻ̨·
# /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.100/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
# /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.101/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0

    Linux ʹ 2.2.x ϵںˣipfwadm-wrapperipfwadmɼӿ
   ٶȡ
   
   Ӧʹû˻ISPMserver
   [22]http://cpwright.villagenet.com/mserver/޸etc/mserver.conf
   ֻĶcheckhostshadow͡cnameȻ趨
   
3.3 ·

   ٶͨPPP·κλ·п⵽
    /etc/hosts.allowݣ
   
# only allow access to localhost
# ֻlocalhost
ALL: 127.

   /etc/hosts.deny:
   
# deny access to everyone
# κ˽
ALL: ALL

   ·ֱ·ӣڰȫɣȡfinger
   telnetȹܣ sshtelnet˴ֻҪ޸/etc/inet.confɡ
   ͬʱ Ҳ/etc/hosts.allow·ӣ
   
in.telnetd: 192.168.1., .һ.ŵ.·ַ
in.ftpd: 192.168.1., .һ.ŵ.·ַ

   /etc/hosts.deny:
   
in.telnetd: ALL
in.ftpd: ALL

3.4 NFS

   ַʽڷûĿ¼û UID  GID ڸ̨
   ͬͻᷢ⡣û guido serverϵ UID/GID Ϊ 500
   clientϵ UID/GID Ϊ 512£
   
# /etc/exports
/tmp            my.client.machine(rw)
/home/guido     my.client.machine(rw,map_static=/etc/nfs/client.map)

   /etc/nfs/client.map룺
   
# /etc/nfs/client.map
# NFS mapping for client
#       remote          local
uid     512             500
gid     512             500

3.5 

   дд עȻ˱дⲿݣ
   
4. 

   õ趨/etc/profile /etc/bashrc .bashrc .bashrc
   .bash_profile .bash_logout .inputrc .less .lessrc .xinitrc .fvwmrc
   .fvwm2rc95 .Xmodmap .Xmodmap.num .Xdefaults .jedrc .abbrevs.sl .joerc
   .emacs . ϵͳ趨ǰҪûҪĵ(dot files)
   /etc/skel
   
4.1 bash(1)

   Ϊǳں֮ҪҪʹbashʺϸ˿ζ 
   ĵ
   
     * /etc/bashrc ϵͳı͹ܣ
     * /etc/profile ϵͳĻʽ
     * $HOME/.bashrc ûĵı͹ܣ
     * $HOME/.bash_profile ûĻʽ
     * $HOME/.inputrc ҪֵλԪֵ
       
   ٶЩĵ޸ġȣҪĵǣ/etc/profile¼
   пԿ ޸ĵ趨 Linux ĸֹܡ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs
# --ϵͳʽ
#
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
# --/etc/bashhrcаܺͱ
#
# This file sets up the following features and programs:
# --ĵ趨йܣ
#
#   o path --·
#   o prompts  --ʾ
#   o a few environment variables  --
#   o colour ls --ls ɫ
#   o less behaviour    --趨lessĹ
#   o rxvt
#
# Users can override these settings and/or add others in their
# $HOME/.bash_profile
# û $HOME/.bash_profile ȡЩ趨ͣ趨


# set a decent path
# 趨е·

PATH="$PATH:/usr/X11R6/bin:$HOME/bin:."

# notify the user: login or non-login shell. If login, the prompt is
# coloured in blue; otherwise in magenta. Root's prompt is red.
# See the Colour-ls mini  HOWTO  for an explanation of the escape codes.
# ֪ͨû¼login򲻵¼non-loginΧshell
# ¼ʾΪɫΪϺɫRootʾΪɫ
# Colour-ls mini  HOWTO жԻ(escape codes)ʹý͡

USER=`whoami`
if [ $LOGNAME = $USER ] ; then
  COLOUR=44  # blue --ɫ
else
  COLOUR=45  # magenta --Ϻɫ
fi

if [ $USER = 'root' ] ; then
  COLOUR=41  # red --ɫ
  PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/bin"
fi

ESC="\033"
PROMPT='\h'    # hostname --
STYLE=';1m'    # bold --
# PROMPT='\u'  # username --û
# STYLE='m'    # plain --һ
PS1="\[$ESC[$COLOUR;37$STYLE\]$PROMPT:\[$ESC[37;40$STYLE\]\w\\$ "
PS2="> "

# no core dumps, please
# תڴϢ

ulimit -c 0

# set umask
# 趨umask

if [ `id -gn` = `id -un` -a `id -u` -gt 14 ]; then
  umask 002
else
  umask 022
fi

# a few variables
# 

USER=`id -un`
LOGNAME=$USER
MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"  # sendmail, postfix, smail
# MAIL="$HOME/Mailbox"        # qmail
NNTPSERVER=news.myisp.it      # put your own here
VISUAL=jed
EDITOR=jed
HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname`
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=1000
export PATH PS1 PS2 USER LOGNAME MAIL NNTPSERVER
export VISUAL EDITOR HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTFILESIZE

# enable colour ls
# 趨lsɫ

eval `dircolors /etc/DIR_COLORS -b`
export LS_OPTIONS='-s -F -T 0 --color=yes'

# customize less
# 趨less

LESS='-M-Q'
LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"
LESSOPEN="| lesspipe.sh %s"
LESSCHARDEF=8bcccbcc13b.4b95.33b. # show colours in ls -l | less
# LESSCHARSET=latin1
PAGER=less
export LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARDEF

# fix the backspace key in rxvt/xterm
# 趨rxvt/xtermе

CTRL_H="\010"
NULL_STRING=" $CTRL_H" # space + backspace
if [ "$NULL_STRING" != "" ] ; then
  stty erase ^?
else
  stty erase ^H
fi

# set xterm title: full path
case $TERM in
  xterm*)
    PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD}\007"'
    ;;
esac

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
  if [ -x $i ]; then
    . $i # beware - variables and aliases might get overridden!
  fi
done

# call fortune, if available  --fortune
if [ -x /usr/games/fortune ] ; then
  echo ; /usr/games/fortune ; echo
fi
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ˴Ϊ /etc/bashrc
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# /etc/bashrc

# System wide functions and aliases
# ϵͳĹܺͱ
#
# Environment stuff goes in /etc/profile
# /etc/profileеĻ
#
# Insert PS1 definitions here if you experience problems.
# ɽPS1Ĳڴ˴

export CDPATH="$CDPATH:

# common aliases --ͬ

alias cp='cp -i'
alias l=less
alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias rmbk='/bin/rm -f .*
alias u='cd ..'
alias which="type -path"
alias x=startx

# A few useful functions --õĹ

c ()    # cd to the new directory and list its contents
{
  cd $1 ; ls
}

inst()  # Install a .tar.gz archive in current directory --ڵǰĿ¼н.tar
.gz
{
  if [ $# != 0 ]; then tar zxvf $1; fi
}

cz()    # List the contents of a .zip archive --г.zip
{
  if [ $# != 0 ]; then unzip -l $*; fi
}

ctgz()  # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive --г.tar.gz
{
  for file in $* ; do
    tar ztf ${file}
  done
}

tgz()   # Create a .tgz archive a la zip. --ѹ.tgz
{
  if [ $# != 0 ]; then
    name=$1.tar; shift; tar -rvf ${name} $* ; gzip -9 ${name}
  fi
}

crpm()  # list information on an .rpm file --г.rpm
{
  if [ $# != 0 ]; then rpm -qil $1 | less; fi
}
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ˴Ϊ .bashrc
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# $HOME/.bashrc
# Source global definitions

if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
  . /etc/bashrc
fi

# this is needed to notify the user that they are in non-login shell
# Ҫ趨Ա֪ͨ춲¼non-loginΧshellеû

if [ "$GET_PS1" = "" ] ; then
  COLOUR=45; ESC="\033"; STYLE=';1m';  # STYLE='m'
  USER=`whoami`
  export PS1="\[$ESC[$COLOUR;37$STYLE\]$USER:\[$ESC[37;40$STYLE\]\w\\$ "
fi

# personal aliases
# ˱

alias backup='tar -Mcvf /dev/fd0'
alias dial='eznet up myisp'
alias f='cd
alias hangup='eznet down'
alias lyx='lyx -width 580 -height 450'
alias restore='tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0'

# personal functions
# ʹõĹ

xj()    # Launch xjed and a file in background --ڱxjedĵ
{
  xjed $1 &
}
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ˴Ϊ.bash_profile
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# $HOME/.bash_profile

# User specific environment and startup programs
# ûضĻʽ
#
# This file contains user-defined settings that override
# those in /etc/profile
# ĵдûԶãȡ/etc/profile еֵ
#
# Get aliases and functions
# 趨͹
#
if [ -f  then
  GET_PS1="NO"  # don't change the prompt colour --ıʾɫ
  .
fi

# set a few `default' directories
# 趨ĬϡĿ¼

export CDPATH="$CDPATH:$HOME:$HOME/text:$HOME/text/geology"
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ˴Ϊ .inputrc
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# $HOME/.inputrc

# key bindings
# Ҫ

"\e[1
"\e[3
"\e[4
# (F1 .. F5) are "\e[[A" ... "\e[[E"
# (F1 .. F5) ֱΪ "\e[[A" ... "\e[[E"

"\e[[A": "info \C-m"

set bell-style visible          # please don't beep
                                # Ȳ
set meta-flag On                # allow 8-bit input (i.e, accented letters)
                                # 8-λԪ루ַעŷ

set convert-meta Off            # don't strip 8-bit characters
                                # ȡ8-λԪַ
set output-meta On              # display 8-bit characters correctly
                                # ȷʾ8-λԪַ
set horizontal-scroll-mode On   # scroll long command lines
                                # ָԶת
set show-all-if-ambiguous On    # after TAB is pressed
                                # TAB
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   趨вʹ backspace  delete xterm X11Ӧ
   
     * .xinitrcӣ
       
usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
xmodmap $usermodmap

     * .Xmodmapӣ
       
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 107 = Delete

       Ͼ趨̨ĲҪ޸xterm£
     * .Xdefaults
       
xterm*VT100.Translations: #override <Key>BackSpace: string(0x7F)\n\
        <Key>Delete:        string(0x1b) string("[3
        <Key>Home:          string(0x1b) string("[1
        <Key>End:           string(0x1b) string("[4
        Ctrl<Key>Prior:     string(0x1b) string("[40
        Ctrl<Key>Next:      string(0x1b) string("[41

nxterm*VT100.Translations: #override <Key>BackSpace: string(0x7F)\n\
        <Key>Delete:        string(0x1b) string("[3
        <Key>Home:          string(0x1b) string("[1
        <Key>End:           string(0x1b) string("[4
        Ctrl<Key>Prior:     string(0x1b) string("[40
        Ctrl<Key>Next:      string(0x1b) string("[41

   rxvtȽϸӣΪڱ༭ʱһЩ趨ӰĹܡο
   /etc/profile֡
   
   bash(1)  readline(3)  man ˵иⷽϡ
   
   ҪΪЩ趨ÿӦж磬xtermjoe Щ
   λͲãrxvtҲͬ⡣
   
4.2 ls(1)

   lsɫʾĿ¼ͻͬĵʾҪʹܣֻ
   Ҫ /etc/profile ӼݼɡЩ汾rxvtã
   ʹ xterm һЩϰ汾rxvtƲȫ֮Щ
   ޷ȷʹû
   
   Caldera汾lsʾɫһƵcolor-ls ݼӵ
   /etc/bashrc
   
alias ls="color-ls $LS_OPTIONS"

4.3 less(1)

   Խҳȳ򲻽һĵҲܹۿѹ gzip
   ĵ tar  zip ʽĵĵ man ĵ£
   
     * Ҫʹ÷ASCIIдһֵ.lesskey 
       homeĿ¼ڣ
       
^[[A   back-line
^[[B   forw-line
^[[C   right-scroll
^[[D   left-scroll
^[OA   back-line
^[OB   forw-line
^[OC   right-scroll
^[OD   left-scroll
^[[6
^[[5
^[[1
^[[4
^[[7
^[[8

       Ȼָlesskeyvt100ն˻Ļ ɰ
       λĶĵ .less
     * гΪw /usr/local/bin/lesspipe.shĵ
         _____________________________________________________________
       
#!/bin/sh
# This is a preprocessor for 'less'.  It is used when this environment
# variable is set:   LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s"
# ΪlessԤΪLESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s"
# ʱԤ

lesspipe() {
  case "$1" in
  *.tar) tar tf $1 2>/dev/null ;; # View contents of .tar and .tgz files
                                  # Ķ.tar.tgz
   *.tgz|*.tar.gz|*.tar.Z|*.tar.z) tar ztf $1 2>/dev/null ;;
  *.Z|*.z|*.gz) gzip -dc $1  2>/dev/null ;; # View compressed files
correctly
                                                # ȷĶѹĵ
  *.zip) unzip -l $1 2>/dev/null ;; # View archives
                                    # Ķĵ
  *.arj) unarj -l $1 2>/dev/null ;;
  *.rpm) rpm -qpil $1 2>/dev/null ;;
  *.cpio) cpio --list -F $1 2>/dev/null ;;
  *.1|*.2|*.3|*.4|*.5|*.6|*.7|*.8|*.9|*.n|*.l|*.man) FILE=`file -L $1`
    FILE=`echo $FILE | cut -d ' ' -f 2`
    if [ "$FILE" = "troff" ]; then
      groff -s -p -t -e -Tascii -mandoc $1
    fi ;;
  *) file $1 | grep text > /dev/null ;
    if [ $? = 1 ] ; then # it's not some kind of text
      strings $1
    fi ;;
  esac
}

lesspipe $1
         _____________________________________________________________
       
       Ȼchmod 755 lesspipe.shʹΪִе
     * ĽҪı/etc/profile
       
4.4 emacs(1) ı༭

   Ҳ̫emacsĵòࡣЩemacs 汾ûԤɫ﷨
   ʾ.emacs
   
(global-font-lock-mode t)
(setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t)

   ֻX11áʹţӴУ
   
(standard-display-european 1)

   ԼӹemacsļѰ趨ҪķʱҪ
   µʱ䡣 ĵ [23]԰Щæ
   
4.5 joe(1) ı༭

   Щjoeİ汾̨ʾɫЩλá
   췽ǣ
   
   (עԭƺ©)

   ҪʹλãֻҪ޸.joerc.jstarrcϲķ趨 ȸ
   /usr/lib/joeеĵõĲ֣λ𶨣趨Home End
   
   
bol ^[ [ 1
eol ^[ [ 4

   ҳESCĴ򣬼catȻټ
   
4.6 jed(1) ı༭

   ൱õı༭emacsСҲ趨ʹ÷ʽҲ༭
   ʮơ ǴѧûjedVMSϵͳ༭EDT
   
   jedĵΪ .jedrc/usr/lib/jed/lib/*ǰ߿ɴĿ¼еjed.rc
   ޸Ķá
   
     * Ҫʹjedλȷ/usr/lib/jed/lib/defaults.sl 
       £
       
() = evalfile(" Linux ");

     * xjedʶDEL.jedrcݣ
       
#ifdef XWINDOWS
  x_set_keysym (0xFFFF, 0, "\e[3
  setkey (``delete_char_cmd'', "\e[3
#endif

     * ༭/usr/lib/jed/lib/ Linux .sl趨Info_Directory = "/usr/info";
       /UCB_Mailer = "/bin/mail";/bin/mail
     * jedģEDT༭Ĺѣֻ༭ .jedrc еļ
       ݡ ҪСеġ+ɾֻ֣ɾһĸ.jedrc
       () = evalfile("edt")Ƶ趨֮ݣ
       
unsetkey("\eOl");
unsetkey("\eOP\eOl");
setkey("edt_wdel", "\eOl");
setkey("edt_uwdel", "\eOP\eOl");

     * EDTģУҪʹxjedʹС̣ .Xmodmap 
       
       
keycode 77  = KP_F1
keycode 112 = KP_F2
keycode 63  = KP_F3
keycode 82  = KP_F4
keycode 86  = KP_Separator

     * .XdefaultsݿԸxjedɫ
       
xjed*Geometry: 80x32+150+50
xjed*font: 10x20
xjed*background: midnight blue
# and so on...

     * 趨Ʊɽʡʱ䡣༭һΪ $HOME/.abbrevs.sl ĳ
       Ҫıƣ.jedrcвvariable Abbrev_File =
       "/usr/lib/jed/abbrev.sl";
       
create_abbrev_table ("Global", "0-9A-Za-z");
define_abbrev ("Global", "GG", "Guido Gonzato");
create_abbrev_table ("TeX", "\\A-Za-z0-9");
define_abbrev ("TeX", "\\beq", "\\begin{equation}");
define_abbrev ("TeX", "\\eeq", "\\end{equation}");
% and so on...

       ESC x abbrev_modeʹСҪԶмƹܣݼ
        .jedrc
       
define text_mode_hook ()
{
  set_abbrev_mode (1);
}
%
define fortran_hook ()
{
  set_abbrev_mode (1);
  use_abbrev_table ("Fortran");
}
% and so on...

4.7 pine(1) ʼĶ

   ޸/usr/lib/pine.conf漰ϵͳãرע⣺ user-domain
   smtp-servernntp-serverͬʱע inbox-pathȡʹú MTAʹ
    sendmail  postfixΪ var/spool/mail/$USERʹ QmailΪ
   /home/$USER/Mailbox  root ʹ /usr/lib/pine.conf
   
4.8 minicom(1)

    root ޸Ӱϵͳãû޷ʹ minicomס޸ġ
   
4.9 efax(1) 

   һշ棨faxֻҪ޸ /usr/bin/fax ڵָ
   ɣ޸ĲѣЩСطȴע⣺
   
     *  at+fclass=? ָҳϵͳڵݻļΪ class 122.0͡
       ϵͳĻظΪ 0,1,21  2 ʾݻֵ֧ļ
     * DIALPREFIX: ʹáTPܲЩңٲ
        ATDTATDPţ
     * INIT and RESET: efax Ҫʼ -i -k ʹ AT ָ
       ָ -i  -k磺 INIT 
       ʹ ATX3 ָ -iX3ɡ
       
   ᣬҪüʹߵȨ趨 root ʹ߲
   շ档Ҫʹ /var/lock  /var/spool/fax ΪдĿ¼Ҫ
     faxusers Ⱥ飬ʹ߼УȻָı
   
   
 chmod g+w /var/spool/fax

4.10 Ghostscript

   õеС⡣Ϊĳƣpdf2ps ڼܵ .pdf
   ĵʹá취ǽ [24]http://www.ozemail.com.au/ 
   pdf_sec.ps ĵȡ Ghostscript еͬĵɡ
   
4.11 TeX ʹ

    Linux ѰװLeTeX
   
     * ľվLaTeXйص
       [25]ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/texЩĵ
       /usr/share/texmf/tex/latex Ŀ¼£Ȼָtexhashʹ teTeX֪
       Ĵڣ
     * ַhyphenation޸
       /usr/share/texmf/tex/generic/config/language.datȻУ
       
 texconfig hyphen

     * Ҫ趨dvips༭ /usr/share/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
       ע⣺йĬϷֱʵĲҲӰ xdviУÿʱֶҪ
       壬ɸĶ .Xdefault£
       
XDvi*mfmode:

       Ӧ
     * TeXѰҡΧɽĿ¼еPostScriptְڡָ
        .bash_profile
       
export TEXINPUTS="$HOME/figures::./figures"

       ʹTeXڲĬĿ¼֮ǰȲ$HOME/figuresڲĬĿ¼֮
        ./figures
       
4.12 PPP

   Ŀǰ Linux ں˼ѱ PPP + TCP/IP ܣ趨˻͵ַ
   loopbackȷװpppdΪsuid rootȻISP ֧PPP
   Ŀǰַʽʹ PPP aֶ趨ͣbһʽԶ
   趨۲úַʽռϣ
   
     * ISPĵ绰
     * ISP֡ʼŷĵַ
     * ISP
     * ûֺ
       
   ֶǼġʮַζ¡Ȼ漰Ĺ޷޸ĵͱ༭
   ű鷳 ׳סԡҺ PPP HOWTO 
   Բο⣬Ҳй߿ʹãϣȻԶΪá Gnome
   KDEзֱgnome-pppkpppߣ㰲װPPP ʮ
   ָм⣬Ҳʹ̨ϲĹwvdialeznet ֻҪ
   ISPĵ绰롢û룬·ˡǵҳ
   [26]http://www.worldvisions.ca/wvdial
   [27]http://www.hwaci.com/sw/eznetá߶ʮֺãҲ
   ߸һЩ
   
  ʹeznet
  
   ȣһĵ/etc/resolv.conf£
   
nameserver w.x.y.z

   ʹõISPŷnameserverĵַҪeznet
    ʹָ
   
#עԭ©

   һrootĵ/var/eznet/eznet.confʹȨΪ600 Ҫ
   ҶʹãchmodΪ666eznet up YOUR_ISPŸISP
   ݻһֱȴ绰ĽӲźţ޷ָͨ
   
#עԭ©

   ҪҶϵ绰ֻҪeznet downָʮּ
   
  ʹwvdial
  
   wvdial̡wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.confȻ޸ĵ
   ʹû͵绰롣 wvdialԲϣһ˳Ҫߣ
    Ctrl-Cɡ
   
4.13 POPû˳

   ҪPOPŷȡʼʹPOPû˳fetchpop fetchmailȣ
   ߱ȽȽҪsendmailԵ͵Զԣ ƺǶһ١
   Щɴ [28]ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/ Linux /system/mail/popõ
   
   û˵ĳʽ£
   
     * fetchpopڵһʱҪһЩϡֻҪش
       ⼴ɡ ISPPOP3ŷȷִLASTָʹfetchpopʱ
       Ӹ-r
     * fetchmail޸.fetchmailrc£
       
# $HOME/.fetchmailrc
poll mbox.myisp.com with protocol pop3;
  user john there with password _Loo%ny is john here

       иûָڵڶӡsmtphost localhostܴٶ
        chmod 600 .fetchmailrc趨˵ʹȨޣfetchmail
       ȫܾС ֻһַǳ趨ֿ
       İ취 ɲο [29]http://www.ccil.org/
       
4.14 X Ӵϵͳ (XFree86)

  趨Xŷ
  
   ף趨XŷѾûǰѡа汾 Linux ڶ
   趨X11ĹߣXConfiguratorsaxXF86Setup xf86configĿ
   ǰXŷüȫԶ ֻ񿨿ܾܾ
   Xŷʱѣм򵥵ķ
   
     * ȷװͨõVGAŷ
     * ӵ [30]ftp://ftp.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86/current/binariescd
       ʵ Linux Ŀ¼X_version_bin.tgzX_version_set.tgz
       ŷ Уһ浵µSuperProbe
     * X_version_bin.tgz򿪵һʱĿ¼cdĿ¼Ȼ
       ./SuperProbeʽ񿨣Ǿп趨񿨡
       ûϣ
     * /usr/X11R6/װŷX_version_set.tgzȻ XF86Setup
       
       
   ַһ㶼һʧ˵ܲͬX11ʼеĶԭ
   Ĳѡߡ ӱȽϵ͵Ĳʼѡ800x600256ɫȻ
   ע⣺ ЩӦСģܻ
   
  С
  
   Ѿʾ趨رλʹXjedʾĵ.Xmodmapͷ
   Ҫ ȱ޷ʹС̣keypadҪ.Xmodmap.num
   
   
! Definitions can be found in <X11/keysymdef.h>
! <X11/keysymdef.h>пҵ
keycode 77  = Num_Lock
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 63  = KP_Multiply
keycode 82  = KP_Subtract
keycode 86  = KP_Add
keycode 79  = KP_7
keycode 80  = KP_8
keycode 81  = KP_9
keycode 83  = KP_4
keycode 84  = KP_5
keycode 85  = KP_6
keycode 87  = KP_1
keycode 88  = KP_2
keycode 89  = KP_3
keycode 90  = KP_0
keycode 91  = KP_Decimal

   ȷ/etc/X11/XF86ConfigвУ
   
  ServerNumLock
  Xleds
  XkbDisable

   #עҪʹСָ̣xmodmap .Xmodmap.num
   
  xdmͼ¼
  
   Ҫʹͼ¼޸/etc/inittabʹݣ
   
x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/X11/xdm -nodaemon

   5X11мrunlevelS.u.S.E. 4з޸Ĭ
   мͨΪ23
   
id:5:initdefault:

   ɫֵ趨/etc/X11/xdm/Xserver
   
:0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :0 -bpp 16 vt07  # first X server, 65k colours
:1 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X :1 -bpp 32 vt08  # second X server, true colour

   .xinitrc临Ƴ.xsessionchmod +x .xsessionʹΪ
   ִеȻָtelinit 5Ǿʹ󹦸ˡ
   
  Ӵ
  
   һXŷܹعǾиϵãȻÿӴ
   (window manager)Ŀǰмʮֿѡö޸һ
   Ŀ¼ڵıļ(ASCII files)Ҳиκ޸ĵӴ
   һСʽ˵
   
   £
   
     * fvwm:  /etc/X11/fvwm/system.fvwmrc (Ƶĳʽ)Ŀ
       ¼ áַܻ˷Ѳʱ䣬Ż֪
       ԣ˽ǷͶã
     * WindowMaker: мĵ $HOME/GNUstepڣһ൱
       Сʽ(applet)
     * KDE  Gnome: ûκ޸֮κ趨ͨ˵С
       
   ֮ں޸ĵѡicewmfvwm*blackboxȣ 
   ѡĿǰKDEGnomeWindowMakerXFCE
   
   ӦҪһõ.xinitrc£
   
#!/bin/sh
# $HOME/.xinitrc

usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
xmodmap $usermodmap

xset s noblank  # turn off the screen saver -- رĻ
xset s 300 2    # screen saver start after 5 min -- 5֮Ļ
xset m 10 5     # set mouse acceleration -- 趨ٶ

rxvt -cr green -ls -bg black -fg white -fn 7x14 \
  -geometry 80x30+57+0 &

if [ "$1" = "" ] ; then  # default
  WINMGR=wmaker
else
  WINMGR=$1
fi

$WINMGR

   ȻǱ裬ɿִеchmod +x .xinitrc
   
    .xinitrc ѡӴ
   
$ startx startkde # or other w.m. -- Ӵ

   (Щ汾 S.u.S.E.)
   
  X11 ӦĬֵ
  
   ҳapp-defaultsλ(Ӧ/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults) 
   ӦĵĿ¼ڡ
   
4.15 ʹߵĵ

    Dot ĵı༭ᣬЩĵ [31]õķ
   /etc/skel
   
4.16  .rpm

   rpmһֹĺ÷(ȫ) һҶ
   ̫Ըⰲװ.tar.gzҪװ.tar.gzʱת.rpm Ȼ
   ٰװοRPM HOWTO⣬ʹñȽµgcc汾ʱ egcspgcc
   ݼ/etc/rpmrc
   
optflags: i386 -O2 -mpentium

4.17 Upgrading

   ڻʱӦݣһЩҪĵӦ
   /etc/X11/XF86Config/usr/bin/fax/usr/local еĵԼں
   ȫ/etc/var/spool/mailеʼ
   
   ȻӦٽ汾ӦӦ
   
5. 

   һЩʽʹ Linux ڰװáЩʽѾΪ׼ Red Hat 
   Caldera ԼһЩ setupprinttoolnetcfgusertoolİ汾
   S.u.S.E.óYastõĳ
   
     * The Dotfile Generator: XӴӦģ飬Աemacsbash
       procmail ַΪ [32]http://www.imada.ou.dk/
     * Linux conf: õùߡ̨X¾СҪ
        [33]http://www.solucorp.qc.ca/ Linux confַ
       
6. 

6.1 Ȩ˵ߣԭģ

   Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
   their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and
   distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic,
   as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
   redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
   like to be notified of any such distributions.
   
   All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
   any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
   That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
   additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
   may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
   HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.
   
   In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
   as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
   on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
   redistribute the HOWTO s.
   
   If you have questions, please contact Tim Bynum, the Linux HOWTO
   coordinator, at [34]Linux-HOWTO@metalab.unc.edu via email.
   
6.2 

    HOWTO Ҳ HOWTO ҪۡҲԴ˱ʾ
   ӭʵϣ⻹Ǳġ© ֪ͨҡ
   ʹõİ汾ͬ Red Hat/MandrakeĵڲͬĿ¼ڣͨ
   ֪ңһʹĵá ϣʹ Linux ԽԽá
   
   Linux İ汾ܶ࣬˲и˵ 뽫Ҫͽ龡
   ĳʽ  ԼΪĳ̶ȡ
   
6.3 Disclaimer

   ϵͳ HOWTO  Guido Gonzato [35]guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.itд
   ģڴҪл HOWTO ߺ man ˵ߺͣ򣩹Ա
   Ϊʱǵĵãʵкա ҲҪлжҵ
   ͽͬá
   
   ļϵṩҡѾʹȷλʹã
   ҶԴʹļɵκΡ
   
   ϣƪ¶ãΪڰװ Linux ϵͳʱҲʱʱ
   ....
   
   ϣõõӦ֡
   
   Guido =8-)

References

   1. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/guido``at''ibogeo.df.unibo.it
   2. news:comp.os.linux.setup
   3. http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO
   4. http://ibogeo.df.unibo.it/guido/Configuration
   5. http://www.seifried.org/lasg
   6. http://nic.com/
   7. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Config-HOWTO.txt.html#Restricting
   8. http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/
   9. http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/
  10. ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery
  11. http://www.Linuxhq.com/patch/20-p0591.html
  12. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Config-HOWTO.txt.html#SVGA
  13. http://www.Linuxhq.com/patch/20-p0239.html
  14. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Config-HOWTO.txt.html#Hostname
  15. ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/hardware
  16. http://www.torque.net/
  17. http://Linux.wauug.org/pub/knaff/mtools
  18. http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/fat32.html
  19. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/Linux/sources/sbin
  20. http://www.xos.nl/Linux/ipfwadm/
  21. http://www.adelaide.net.au/
  22. http://cpwright.villagenet.com/mserver/
  23. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Config-HOWTO.txt.html#Config sw
  24. http://www.ozemail.com.au/
  25. ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex
  26. http://www.worldvisions.ca/wvdial
  27. http://www.hwaci.com/sw/eznet
  28. ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/mail/pop
  29. http://www.ccil.org/
  30. ftp://ftp.XFree86.org/pub/XFree86/current/binaries
  31. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Config-HOWTO.txt.html#config
  32. http://www.imada.ou.dk/
  33. http://www.solucorp.qc.ca/Linuxconf
  34. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/Linux-HOWTO@metalab.unc.edu
  35. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.21377/guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it
