
    Linux  Database-SQL-RDBMS HOW-TO ļ (PostgreSQL Ͽϵͳ)
                                       
ߡAl Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) [1]alavoor@yahoo.com
ߡ￵ [2]a9504480@graduate.hku.hk

   һžžһ°գ11.0
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ļһݽ Unix ϵͳݵؽһ SQL Ͽ
   (Database Engine) ǰ˹ߵġʵָϡҲ۹ʱ׼
   ANSI/ISO SQL Լ̽ڻСʽ ("open
   development" environment)  SQL Ͽŵ㡣ǹ
   Unix ϵͳн PostgreSQL ȿӦóʽϿŷ
   (Application Database Server)άϿŷ (Web
   Database Server) һʽϿ⡣PostgreSQL ʵ 1998,
   92, 89 Ĺʱ׼ ISO / ANSI SQLļҲṩϿĽʽ
   ǰͼ桢Ӧóʽٿ (Rapid Application Development) 
   ODBCJDBC ʽCC++JavaPerl ʽԽϿ⹤
   ṩ Unix ƽ̨Ͽ⣬Ͽ⡢SQL Լ
   PostgreSQL ַǳáṩ Unix ƽ̨
   SQL Ͽ⡣Ͽ⡢SQL Ժ PostgreSQL ĳѧ߻ǳá
   Ҳһ SQL ĵۣ SQL ﷨Գѧ߷ǳáоü
   һõĲοϡѧ˵⴦ṩϻǵõ
   PostgresSQL ʽϿԴʽ룬Ӷѧϰαдһʽ SQL
   Ͽ⡣
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

2. ļʽ

3. Ҳ춵

4. PostgreSQL ʲ᣿

5. δȡ ?

6. PostgreSQL ֧Ԯ 200 Gig ĳϿ

7. ƾʲ PostgreSQLRegression ׼ (Regression test package) Ϊû


8. PostgreSQL ǰ GUI ߣͼʹ߽棩

9. PostgreSQL ۺϿ (GUI IDE)

10. PostgreSQL Ľʽ

     * 10.1 PostgreSQL  ODBC ʽ
     * 10.2 PostgreSQL  UDBC ʽ
     * 10.3 PostgreSQL  JDBC ʽ
     * 10.4 PostgreSQL  Java
       
11. PostgreSQL  Perl Ͽ (Database Interface, DBI) 

     * 11.1 PostgreSQL  PERL 5 
     * 11.2 Perl Ͽ DBI
       
12. PostgreSQL 

     * 12.1 PGACCESS - PostgreSQL  GUI 
     * 12.2 PostgreSQL ӴʽѯߣWISQL  MPSQL
     * 12.3 Ϊ PSQL  PostgreSQL ʽѯߣISQL
     * 12.4 MPMGRPostgreSQL Ͽ
       
13. ֻʹһʾ (monitor) ̨ PostgreSQL 

14. PostgreSQL Ӧóʽ͹

     * 14.1 PostgreSQL  4GL άϿʽAppGEN ϵͳ
     * 14.2 PostgreSQL ĻDBENGINE
     * 14.3 PostgreSQL  Apache ŷģNeoSoft NeoWebScript
     * 14.4 HTML  HEITML ŷһ PostgreSQL  4GL 
     * 14.5 PostgreSQL  America On-line AOL άŷ
     * 14.6 PostgreSQL  / ƻ׷ϵͳʽ(Problem/Project
       Tracking System Application Tool for PostgreSQL )
     * 14.7  dbase  dbf ת PostgreSQL
       
15. PostgreSQL ĻϿ/ɹߡEARP

     * 15.1 EARP ʲ᣿
     * 15.2 ʩ
     * 15.3 Ҫʲִ EARP
     * 15.4 ι
     * 15.5 δȡ EARP
       
16. PHP Hypertext PreProcessorPostgreSQL ŷ html Ƕ

     * 16.1 Ҫɫ
     * 16.2 
     * 16.3 PHP 3ʷ
     * 16.4 ᣬ PHP/FI ʲ᣿
     * 16.5 һ򵥵ӡ
     * 16.6 CGI  (CGI Redirection)
     * 16.7 ִָ PHP/FI
       
17. PostgreSQL  Python 

     * 17.1 ȡ PyGres
     * 17.2 Ϻ֧Ԯ
       
18. PostgreSQL άբ· (gateway) WDB-P95

     * 18.1 й wdb-p95
     * 18.2 PostgreSQL ŷpgperl  httpd Ƿͬһԣ
       
19. "C", "C++", ESQL/C Խ PostgreSQL λԪ (Bitwise Operators)

     * 19.1 "C" 
     * 19.2 "C++" 
     * 19.3 ESQL/C
     * 19.4 PostgreSQL λԪԪ
       
20. PostgreSQL ļ (Kanji Code)

21. ֲ PostgreSQL Ӵ 95 / Ӵ NT

22. ̳ͨ

     * 22.1 ȡѵʻ
     * 22.2 Ӣ̳ͨ
     * 22.3 ̳ͨ
     * 22.4 ̳ͨ
       
23. ļͲο

     * 23.1 ûָ˵
     * 23.2 ļ
     * 23.3 õĲο
     * 23.4 ANSI/ISO SQL ļSQL 1992, SQL 1998
     * 23.5 ANSI/ISO SQL 1992 ﷨
     * 23.6 ANSI/ISO SQL 1998 ﷨
     * 23.7 ѧ SQL 
     * 23.8 SQL92 ʱ̬ (Temporal Extension)
     * 23.9 㲿֡ȡ ISO/ANSI SQL ļ 
     * 23.10 һ֡ISO/ANSI SQL ǰ
     * 23.11 ڶ֡ISO/ANSI SQL  (ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation)
     * 23.12 ֡ISO/ANSI SQL м (Call Level Interface)
     * 23.13 Ĳ֡ ISO/ANSI SQL ־ôģ (Persistent Stored
       Modules)
     * 23.14 岿֡ ISO/ANSI SQL/ (Bindings)
     * 23.15 ֡ISO/ANSI SQL XA  SQL/XA
     * 23.16 ߲֡ʱ̬ ISO/ANSI SQL 
     * 23.17 ڰ˲֡ISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)
       
24. PostgreSQL ļ֧Ԯ

25. úҵ

26. Ͽ

27. άѰʾ

28. 

29. FAQй PostgreSQL 

30. Ȩ֪ͨ

Appendix

31. ¼סANSI/ISO SQL 1992 ﷨ 

32. ¼ҡѧ SQL  

     * 32.1 PostgreSQL 
     * 32.2  URL ָ
       
33. ¼Linux ٰװָ 
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

   ļҪĿṩһ趨 PostgreSQL 꾡 URL ᳫ
   Դʼϵͳ PostgreSQLLinux ĺô
   
   ϵÿһԶҪһϿȡϡʹõҪ
   桢ȡʹϣǺܿɹʡʱ䡣ͬʱϵ
   ͳ򵥡ȫ桢ɿúáϿҪϵͳΪ
   ÿһ乫˾ĹؼϡеϿϵͳӹʱ׼֯
   (International Standard Organisation, ISO) Ĺ񣬶ҲǸ ANSI
   SQL ġҵ糣õ¹ ISO/ANSI SQL 1992һ׼
    SQL 1998/99 SQL-3ڿСеϿ⣬ Oracle
   Sybase  Informix ǸЩ׼ʵʩЩ׼
   
   гʮͬҵ/ϿϵͳõĽ֮ỹиࡣ
   ûһ ANSI/ISO SQL ı׼ͻҪһʽеϿʹ
   ñʮѡͻϣһιʹ ISO SQLODBCJDBC չһӦ
   еϿϵͳӦá
   
   ɶ֧ԮISO SQLANSI SQL/98SQL/92  ANSI SQL/89 Ĺʽ
    (RDBMS) Уе PostgreSQLPostgreSQL һʽ
   Ͽ⣬δ ANSI SQL ׼ SQL 1998 (SQL-3) 
   Ͽ⼰̬PostgreSQL Ψһͬʱ֧ԮϿ⼰ SQL 
   (free) RDBMSļΰװϿ⡢νϿ⡢Ӧ
   Ͽ⡢ǰͼͽʽǿҽдϿ
   ְٷ ISO/ANSI SQLODBCJDBC ȱ׼ĳʽֲͬ
   Ͽ⣬ PostgreSQLOracleSybaseInformix ȡ
   
    PostgreSQL õؼǳḻĹܣΪӡԴʼ
   ģʽ (Open Source Code development model)ʽԴʽģʽ
   Դʽ룬ڻдֲСĿǰ
   ʾδ󲿷ֵͨеνѶٹ·ϽС
   δ꣬ᱬըԵسɳʹϿȺʹ PostgreSQL
   
   ͳѧѧͿѧԭӦأֻһ
   PostgreSQL 㣬Դʽ뿪ŸѶٹ·ϵһĴͷԵϵͳ
   £ܵõصν˼档ԴʽģʽҲɷֹ
   ظǳãʡɢʱ估ϷйѻںȫԴľö
   ɡֻҪдһ㲻ҪһΡ㲻˷ʱ
   õĶһһҪúãΪһֻаСʱ
   ̤إһʱȡķı䡣üҵĵһѡ񽫻
    PostgreSQLLinux ȿϵͳ
   
   ִеӵԴʽʲԪ޼ֵ
   ܻΪʷֻҪõӲǮӲ϶ӻ
   ȡֵõġصǹĵӲӲܶƥ
   ֻǱ޲Ӳĸӳ̶ʹȫ 180 ֻ 6 ¶
   ƼԾƬӲһȽĿƼ̷ǳӣʽ
   賧 0.18 ΢׿ƼĻͶӴһСƬƬϱ԰
   Ƶİ뵼͵·һApplied MaterialAMDӢCyrix
   IBM ˾Ѵ- (man-years) ڸ߿Ƽ羧Ƭơ΢
   ΢ӵоϡ΢״֮һ (10^-6)΢״ʮڷ֮һ
    (10^-9)ֽ΢ӼУ0.35 ΢׵ʹ壬0.25 ΢׵ʹ
   ͭý֮ᣬͭ 0.10 ΢׼΢ӼӦ춵
   ƬΪͭǿ彫ᱻ̭ڿʴƬ
   (photolithography) ĹУƵߡX-߻ᱻ춿ʴ
   (etch) С (feature size) С 0.15 ΢׵ĵ· ʮ꣬Ƭ
   ᱻӵ (molecular) ﾧƬ (bio chips) ȡǵٶȽ
   Ƭʮڱһԭӡԭ 
   ӵԻʵķĵӿơ (ON)ָ֮ʾ 1ر
   (OFF) ָʾ 0еԳʽǸݶԪ 1  0 
   гƬĽδչơ
   
                                 δƬĽչ
                                 ********************
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| Ŀ/                | 1997    | 1999    | 2001    | 2003    | 2012   | 2
020    |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| С΢ף         | 0.25    | 0.18    | 0.15    | 0.13    | 0.05   |<
0.00001|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| ƬСף         | 200     | 300     | 300     | 300     | 450    |
/|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| еѹ             | 1.8-2.5 | 1.5-1.8 | 1.2-1.5 | 1.2-1.5 | 0.5-0.6| <
 0.001 |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
|              | 70      | 90      | 110     | 130     | 175    | 6
00     |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| Ƶ (MHz)           | 750     | 1,250   | 1,500   | 2,100   | 10,000 | >
 50,000|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| DRAM                 | 256 MB  | 1 GB    | 2 GB    | 4 GB    | 256 GB | >
 1000GB|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+

   ӲҪҪ߿ƼõĿƼͱȽϼ򵥡ˣ
   ӲԹҾ÷ǳҪڻĩ񿵰ءDellա
   ҵȵԳ̶Ҫߣ
   
   һ棬ÿҶᷢչʵϣκһӵһͼ۵
   ˶дһ Oracle ϿŷҪʮʱ䣨Oracle 
   ŷǴԼʮ-Ĺһ-ָһһȫְĹ
   ʮ˹һ꣬⹤ʮ-ꡣ
   
    OracleInformixSybaseIBM DB2 (Unix) Ͽ⣬ "C" д
   ɣԪñ۸ûˡOracleSybase
   Informix Ͽǰٷְٵ C ʽ
   
   ʮ PostgreSQL ˲£ͷһ
   ANSI/ISO SQL ϿϵͳϷ PostgreSQL ԴʽϼǷȱ
   Ĺܻ֮ǿ֮ʹãкܴô
   
   PosrtgreSQL ǸѵϿ⣬ҲһصġƷ
   ƣԡ졹ĲƷ󽫻ָΪάϵһ
   ءͼ۶Ӵʹ߼Աʹá졹ĲƷĹ
   ⳡҴ롣Ϊ
   ˾
   
2. ļʽ

   ļʮֲͬĸʽ棬DVIPostscriptLaTeXLyXGNU-info
   HTMLRTFRich Text Format֡Unix man pages  SGML
     * ɴ
       [3]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/ õ
       HOWTO ļ HTMLDVIPostscript  sgml ʽĵһ tar  
        sunsite.unc.edu ѸΪ metalab.unc.edu
     * ְ汾ڡ [4]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO
     * Եķ룬編ġġġġ
       [5]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO ҶԷ뵽κ
       Եİλӭ
       
   ļʹһΪSGML ToolĹ߱д
   [6]http://www.xs4all.nl/~cg/sgmltools/ õ Դʽᣬ
   µָ
     * sgml2html databasehowto.sgml  HTML 
     * sgml2rtf databasehowto.sgml  RTF 
     * sgml2latex databasehowto.sgml  LaTeX 
       
   ļλ춡
     * [7]http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
       
   Ҳµӳ̨ҵļ
     * [8]http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
     * [9]http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
     * [10]http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
     * [11]http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.ht
       ml
     * ַ˵ӳ̨
       [12]http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html ҵѡһǰ
       /LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html Ŀ¼
       
   밴ñļġ롳Ŀǰֻ LaTeXLyXHTMLֺ
   SGML ʽ [13]http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/HOWTO/ ҵҪ
   ļҪ bg5sgmltools [14]http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/
   ҵ
   
   Ҫļ dvi ʽʹ xdvi ʽ Redhat Linux У͸
   ControlPanel | Applications | Publishing | TeX ťҵ
   tetex-xdvi*.rpm ׼мΪ xdvi ʽ
   
        ҪĶ dvi ļʹָ
                xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
        ʹûӴС xdvi  man page
        ʱʹüͷPage UpPage Down Ҳʹ
        'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' ĸ
        ơơС֮ǰ֮һҳȵȡ
        ҪرרĿ¼ (expert menu)  'x'

   óʽ 'gv' (ghostview)  'ghostscript' Ķ postscript 
   RedHat Linux Уghostscript ʽ ghostscript*.rpm װgv 
    gv*.rpm͸ ControlPanel | Applications | Graphics ťҵ
   ǡgv ʽ ghostscript õöࡣghostscript  gv Ҳƽ̨
    OS/2Ӵ 95  NT õҲЩƽ̨Ķļ
   
        ҪĶ postscript ļʹָ
                gv howto.ps

        Ҫʹ ghostscriptʹָ
                ghostscript howto.ps

   עñļܳӡ postscript ԼҪ 113 ҳ 
   gv  ghostscript һǰ˽棬Լʹֻ gvҲҪװ
   ߡ⣬ OS/2 Ӵвû gvֻ GSViewһ gv ܲ
   ĳʽι [15]http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost
   
   ʹ Netscape NavigatorMicrosoft Internet ExplorerRedhat Baron
   Web Browser κάĶ HTML ʽļ
   
    LyXLaTeX һ X-Window ǰ˽Ķ LaTeX  LyX 
   
3. Ҳ춵

   »˵ѧڲͬ桢ԭӡԼĴ
   аҪĽɫҲ˵Ϊοѧ֪ʶʹÿѧĲƷǰǳҪ
   ж PostgreSQLʱ䡢ǡ
   ǡӡšȵȶǿѧɵġҲ˵ѧͳѧ
   ֿ֧ԭʼ룬 PostgreSQL  LinuxٶÿնҲ
   ԽԽɿʽʽĶ (momentum) Ѹӡ⣬ͳѧ
   ѧȷĻʽʽʧ
   
   λ˵áѧι㷺˵ҪԼγ
   PostgreSQLLinux ֮ƻ
   
   չ PostgreSQL ƻҪʱԴˣPostgreSQL 
   ʱĲƷʱֻڿѧϽͣѧ PostgreSQLLinux
   ֮רֱӹġ
   
   ѧӦκεطκʱ䡢κιרʱ
   ѧʹ˵Уͽ֮Ħͱд
   ʱáѧĲ֧ͬѧѧնѧ
   Ϊѧ֮ĸ (Queen of all Sciences)ﶼֲѧ
    PostgreSQLPostgreSQL ʹѧһСִ֦(Modern
   Algebra)ִۡ(Set Theory)ϵ(Relational
   Algebra)Ⱥ (Groups) (Rings)ռ (Collections) (Sets)
    (Unions) (Intersections)ų (Exclusions) (Domains)
    (Lists) ȵȡ
   
   PostgreSQL Ʒ֮ԴڣΪʱ䡣Ǵ硢Ӻ
   ͬһͬʵһǰδΪ
   ֪밴ô˻ 2005 ã
   
   еϸڹдʽʱʳĻѧתΪ
   ܼܡʹĶʱеϸȼϼʹС
   ֹͣĶԪϸʵȡ
   ѻҽġҲ˵һ̨ѧ
   ϵĻ (thermodynamic heat engine)ΪѧĶҲ
   ԣҲͼӵӰ쵽 PostgreSQL һ
   
   ѧ˵һٷְûдϵͳۣϿϵͳ
   ܵġ񾵻ˮ£ܵϵͳĿꡣϸ
   ѧʽ֤ˡϵͳϵͳҲǣ
   ֡һ׵Ŀ⣬˱ĵۡΧǣ浽
   ά (dimemsions)ά (primay dimensions)ڴȻд
   ڵġҵأֻܿ͸еάѧ׿άά
   ԭӡ޵ϸС(infinitely smaller)ԭӱСۿ
   ѧǷǳĶΪܷͽ 濴
   ǵ漸ûдС֮Ȼ˵˵
   沢ɼڣ֮Ȼ
   
   ϣ뿪棬ûκʱ䳬ԽԶľ루ڹ꣩
   ֮ڲͬʱջع棡ǵľʵ㣡
   
   ȻռάǶɴСĻάҲ˵޸ά
   ϲΪάάάƻѧʹûά
   濪ʼʮǰԼǰ
   ӵĻĵһըڴը֮ǰֻһ㣬ûгȡû
   ȡûпնȡûʱ䣨ûǵ棡ͻά
   ʱ䲻ڣԭӡǡǡҲڣڵԭӲڣʱ
   ǰԾܶˡ
   
   ը˵ǵɻռԭɵġˡж
   ռļԭǵ棬µʱ䡢߸ȿ
   䵮ˣǿһЩδȫ˽̡ʵ
   ģը棨ŷڽ͵ļ (accelerator)
   ˹ (Dallas) һԤͣռ
   ԭӣǵһϣǿɴͲ޸棡Щǿ
   תģǵȫʧΪռԭӣһƵ
   ϸĳһϸΪ㡣ǸССϸѼ
   ڸϸͱһ߸ߵˣ㣡һЩ
   ֮ƣҲ
   
   ״̬״̬Ҳǣ޿ܣϲһѭĹ
   ڣѧֻת (transformation)ǵ
   ٶţֹǷǳ̬ţֱܵ
   ѹĸʹպͬԡӺڶƳ
   һḶ́Ӱ׶עµһٵḶ́
   ԰ƸڣֻСɻάɵġ㲢ֻ
   ԭɣĿռԭӣڶԭӺ
   תΪռӣںڶģȡȸ߶Ⱥʱ䶼
   ڶĳڡĳڿκεط֣
   ڣ
   
   ϿɫԡƬƺۣһɫ
   ԡƺϵͳܵõֻǽɫϵͳ
   ϿۣȻһͲ
   
   ʹýһϵͳϿ
   пܡѴּǵ
   ǳӴ󣬶ҿɼ춽һϵͳӵ
   Դ᷸²̶ͬȵĴΪǷ⼼ܡ
   ⾭ͬǿɽ弯ϲͬ˹ͬŬʹ÷ֺ
   ס⣬˴๤ʱ估ܡ
   
   򫣬ϵܶˣҲ˵дʱ䣬
   ˾̵ʱصʹ΢IBM ȴ˾ҲΥ
   ɣػͶ
   
   Ŀǰ̫ ANSI/ISO SQL һΪĿ SQL RDBMS Ͽ⡣
   ಻˷ʱڲͬΪѧиֵע
   ġ
   
   ǡΪѧĶɣԭʼ롯ϵͳ PostgreSQLLinux ȡ
   ԭʼ롯ϵͳ졣пѧݵġ
   
4. PostgreSQL ʲ᣿

   PostgreSQL 6.4 һɵϿ⣬ĳʽ룬һ
   ANSI SQL 1998, 92, 89 ʽϿϵͳڲ
   ͬӲƽ̨ͲϵͳִС
   
        ʱǶҪƳ PostgreSQL Ҫ汾֮֡
        Ҫн޲²
         postgresql ʽĿ¼
                cd /usr/src/postgresql6.4
                patch -p0 < patchfile
                make clean
                make
        ҲĶ˵飬ִ 'man patch'

   Ƕ
     * PostgreSQL Ƕ [16]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/patches
       
   PostgreSQL Ŀǰٷְٷ ANSI/ISO SQL ΪһĿͨ
   Ͽ⡣PostgreSQL Ҳָƶơ켰ָδ ANSI/ISO SQL
    ˵ PostgreSQL ʵУ֮ټӽ ANSI/ISO SQL С
   
   Informix Universal server1997 ƳĻ PostgreSQL ĽϾɰ汾
   Ϊ Informix չ Illustra Inc. ϵ InformixIllustra Ͽ
   ȫ PostgresPostgreSQL ǰдɵġ
   
   PostgreSQL  POSTGRES Ͽϵͳĸ棬һһ DBMS оԭ
    (prototype)ڱ POSTGRES ǿģͼḻ̬ͬʱ
   һ˵ SQL Ӽȡ PostQuel ѯԡ
   
   PostgreSQL һȺμ PostgreSQL ̳ͨĻ Աе
   ĿǰЭΪ Marc G. Fournier
     * [17]scrappy@postgreSQL.org
       
   Ḻڼδ PostgreSQL չȻϿû
   Ҳ PostgreSQL ĿԱ⿪ǷɢڻϴϿü
   ġ
   
   PostgreSQL 1.01  Andrew Yu  Jolly ChenܶҲв
   ֲԡǿʽĹPostgreSQL ǰ Postgres ĳʽ룬
   ܶѧҵʽԱ University of California
   Berkeley  Michael Stonebraker ڵָµĲƷ
   
    Berkeley ԭ Postgres 1995  SQL ᣬ
   Ϊ Postgres951996 βٸΪ PostgreSQL
   
   ԰ PostgreSQL װϿŷϿŷӦ
   ʽϿŷȽö࣬һʽϿ
   ORDBMS
   
   PostgreSQL ɴܶഫͳ̬Ԫ̬֮Խ
   Զ̬Ŵ (inheritance) ȡPostgreSQL  Soloris
   SunOSHPUXAIXLinuxIrixDigital UnixBSDiNetBSDFreeBSD
   SCO UnixNEXTSTEPUnixware  Unix ִСֲӴ
   95/NT ĹڽС
   
     * Ŀ PostgreSQL SQL RDBMS Ͽ⣨Ͽϵͳ
     * Ŀǰ汾 6.4
     *  PostgreSQL ʮꡣ 1985 ʼ
     * ߡ ʮ԰ƵĴѧ͹˾
       
   PostgreSQL ͱļйĿ°Ȩ
   
PostgreSQL Data Base Management System

Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING
LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON
AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO
PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.

5. δȡ ?

   ɴµط Redhat Linux  Debian Linux  Slackware
   Linux ҵ PostgreSQL װԴʽͶԪ룩
     * Linux System Labs ַ [18]http://www.lsl.com/ 7 Ԫ
     * Cheap Bytes Inc ַ [19]http://www.cheapbytes.com/ 7 Ԫ
     * Debian Main ַ [20]http://www.debian.org/vendors.html
       
   PostgreSQL ֯ҲPostgreSQL CDROMںԴʽ룬
   Unix ϵͳĿִеļ
     * ҳȡ PostgreSQL  [21]http://www.postgresql.org 30
       Ԫ
       
   PostgreSQL ֻжԪɢ
     * ɲԴʽִ PostgreSQL
       [22]ftp://www.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/ 
       postgresql-6.4.i386.rpm ɵõӢ (Intel) Linux ĶԪ⵵
       ʹ Rehat ġrpmʽҵ PostgreSQL ĳʽ롣
     * SolarisHPUXAIXIRIX  Linux Ԫĵַ
       [23]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/bindist κƽ̨ɹ
       룬ҲصʹҲʹá
     * ftp վ̨ô [24]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/ ȡӢ
        Linux ĶԪйصĵ postgresql-6.4-3.i386.rpm⵵ʹ
        Rehat ġrpmʽҵ PostgreSQL ĳʽ롣
       
   άվ
     * վ [25]http://www.postgresql.org/
     * վ [26]http://logical.thought.net/postgres95/
     * [27]http://www.itm.tu-clausthal.de/mirrors/postgres95/
     * [28]http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
     * [29]http://xenium.pdi.net/PostgreSQL/
     * [30]http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
       
   ڴг ftp վ
     *  FTP: [31]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub
     *  FTP: [32]ftp://ftp.chicks.net/pub/postgresql
     * [33]ftp://ftp.emsi.priv.at/pub/postgres/
     * [34]ftp://ftp.itm.tu-clausthal.de/pub/mirrors/postgres95
     * [35]ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu/pub/mirrors/postgreSQL
     * [36]ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/dbms/postgres95
     * [37]ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95
     * [38]ftp://postgres95.vnet.net:/pub/postgres95
     * [39]ftp://ftpza.co.za/mirrors/postgres
     * [40]ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/databases/postgresql
     * [41]ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/pub/software/postgresql
     * [42]ftp://xenium.pdi.net/pub/PostgreSQL
       
   PostgreSQL ԴʽҲɴ sunsite unc ӳվõȫдԼһǧ
    Redhat Linux ׼ɢ /pub/contrib/i386/postgresql.rpm 
   С
     * Ҫ֪ʲӳվ뵽 [43]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu
       
6. PostgreSQL ֧Ԯ 200 Gig ĳϿ

   32 λԪĵϿⳬ 5 GigaByte ʱֻѸ½ 32
   λԪִ 30 gig Ͽ⣬ֻ½32 λԪܵ 2 GB
   壬2 GB ϵͳϵͳơ
   
   Լ͵Ͽ˵ǿҽʹ 64 λԪ Digital Alpha
   Sun Ultra-sparc 64 λԪSilicon graphics 64 λԪIntel
   Mercel IA-64 HPUX 64 λԪԡIBM 64 λԪԡʹ 64 λԪ
    PostgreSQLͿԴ͵Ͽ⼰ѯѯͱ
   ϿٶȻ 32 λԪĵԿ64 λԪԵŵкܴļ
   λַ (memory addressing space) ͲϵͳɴܴĵϵͳΪ
   Ͽṩϼѱ֧֡Ԯ塢ǿ
   
7. ƾʲ PostgreSQLRegression ׼ (Regression test package) Ϊû


   ΪPostgreSQLRegression ׼src/test/regressѰɢ
   УĵԼ֤׼ SQL  PostgreSQL 
   Ѱٸ SQL Գʽ
   
   ӦõԵĸ֤ PostgreSQLԡԿǧ
   ڱٶ Regression ԡִԿںܶʱִʮ
    SQL ԡڲýԻԿױˣʹõԵ
   ԵıǺġ
   
   ҪҲӲԡΪ㻥üа
   Ҳɰص PostgreSQL վRegression û
   PostgreSQL ļΣҲϵͳѸ PostgreSQL
   
   RegressionԿɱΪԱû໥ͬһݷǳļ
   ļPostgreSQL ڿ̼Ƴ֮ǰ㷺ʹRegression֤
   ء
   
   PostgreSQL ɼ Regression ֱӷӳһֹܡ﷨
    Regression дڣͱ֧Ԯûг
   PostgreSQL Ϳ֧ܲԮ֤ Regression С
   
8. PostgreSQL ǰ GUI ߣͼʹ߽棩

   PostgreSQL ׼ɢһΪpgTcl Tcl/Tk ʽ⡣Tck/Tk 
   һӦóʽ (Rapid Application Development tool) Ҳһ
    (scripting language)ʹ Tcl/TKԷʽһζ
   εط NTWin 95Linuxƻ iMacOS/2  Unixes
   Tcl Tool Command Language Tk ǡTool KitTcl/Tk һ
   Ϊ SpecTcl  IDEۺϿ Redhat linux ׼ɢм
    rpm е sunscript վ̨Ѱ
   
   ΪԣPerl ֵƼΪͨãǳǿ
   Ӳƽ̨ʹáPerl-Tk  Perl-Qt  C++ QtEZ  C++ Lesstif ҲܵƼ
   ǵʱԴִٶȺͳʽƵ׶ȣ PerlC  Tk Ͽ
   󲿷רҪҪע Java ʽǳC++ Ҳ C 
   ԱȽϣC ٶߡPerl ʽʹ Perl2C ʽתΪ C ʽ
   ֮һЩ
   
   аٷ֮ʮĻ Perl дɵġֻһ֣
   PerlҪӦóʽͻıļ
   Perl Ͽ (Perl Database Interface) ֡ [44]Perl Database
   Interface 
   
   ʹ Tcl һרǰҪ Perl  Tcl/Tk ӡͨÿƬ
   Linux CD-ROM  Tcl/TkҲµطҵ
     * Tcl/Tk [45]http://www.scriptics.com
     * Ϊ INCR  Tcl  [46]http://www.tcltk.com
     * Visual TCL վ [47]http://www.neuron.com
     * Visual TCL Redhat rpm
       [48]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/visualtcl*.rpm
     * [49]http://sunscript.sun.com/
     * [50]http://sunscript.sun.com/TclTkCore/
     * [51]ftp://ftp.sunlabs.com/pub/tcl/tcl8.0a2.tar.Z
     * ο鼮гд Tcl/Tk 鼮
       
9. PostgreSQL ۺϿ (GUI IDE)

   пɺ ODBC/JDBC ʽͬʹõĿߣǺ Borland C++
   BuilderBorland JBuilder ơ
   
   Vibe һ Java  C++ IDEۺϿѡΪ Unix Review ȫ
    IDE (IDE of the year)
     *  Vibe Ͽ
       [52]http://www.LinuxMall.com/products/00487.html ҵ
     * 'QT'һӴ 95/NT  Unix ʹõӦóʽ (application
       framework) [53]http://www.troll.noftp վ
       [54]ftp://ftp.troll.no
       
   ҲӴ 95 ʹ Borland C++ BuilderDelphiBorland JBuilder
   PowerBuilder  ODBC/JDBC ʽӵ unix Ե PostgreSQL
   
   ıļ PERL Ͽ沿֡ [55]Perl Database Interface ǿ
   Ƽʹ Perl  C/C++  IDE ѡ
   
   ѵ IDE ߡ
   
    Redhat Linux Ĺ
     * Lesstif Motif 
       [56]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/lesstiff*.rpm
     * FreeBuilder [57]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/free*.rpm
     * SpecTCL [58]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/spec*.rpm
     * JccWarrior [59]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/jcc*.rpm
     * PostgreSQL  Kanchenjunga Java RAD 
       [60]http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/kj/kanch.html
     * Applixware  [61]http://www.redhat.com
     * XWPE X Windows Programming Environment
       [62]http://www.rpi.edu/~payned/xwpe/
       [63]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwpe*.rpm
     * XWB X Windows Work Bench
       [64]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwb*.rpm
     * NEdit [65]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/nedit*.rpm
       
10. PostgreSQL Ľʽ

10.1 PostgreSQL  ODBC ʽ

   ODBC Open DataBase ConnectivityǴӲ̲ͬͬϿȡ
   ϵн档ʹ ODBC ʽдɵ֤ɺͲͬϿ⣬
   PostgreSQLOracleSybase  Informix Ⱥ
   
     * PostODBC Ѿ PostgreSQL ɢС뵽վ
       [66]http://www.postgresql.org. Ҳ PostgreSQL С
     * [67]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation 
       PostgreSQL Ͽ ODBC ʽҲͳѵ ODBC (
       ޣ
     * PostgreSQL  Insight ODBC [68]http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc
        PostODBC Ĺٷվ
       
   һΪ FreeODBC Pack Package ļƻĿǰ û PostgreSQL 汾
   Ҳܰ
     * [69]http://www.ids.net/~bjepson/freeODBC/ һѵ ODBC
       
10.2 PostgreSQL  UDBC ʽ

   UDBC  һֶʽԱ (driver managers)  DLL ֧Ԯľ̬
   ODBC 汾ֱӰϿǶ뵽ӦС
     * [70]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation 
       PostgreSQL Ͽ UDBC ʽ Open Link Ҳͳѵ
       UDBC (ޣ
       
10.3 PostgreSQL  JDBC ʽ

   JDBC Java DataBase ConnectivityJava һ (Sun
   Microsystems) Ķƽ̨ĳʽԡJava ʽʦʹ
   JDBC ׫дϿʽǿʽڲͬϿ⣬ PostgreSQLOracle
   Informix ֲ֮д Java ʽվȡ
   PostgreSQL  JDBC ʽ
   
   JDBC ʽѰ PostgreSQL ɢС
   
     * [71]http://www.demon.co.uk/finder/postgres/index.html 
       PostgreSQL 
     * [72]ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/people/rst/rst-jdbc.tar.gz
     * [73]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation 
       PostgreSQL Ͽ JDBC ʽ Open Link Ҳͳѵ
       JDBC (ޣ
     * JDBC Ӣվ [74]http://www.retep.org.uk/postgres
     * JDBC FAQ վ [75]http://eagle.eku.edu/tools/jdbc/faq.html
       
   JDBC ҳ FAQ ڡ
     * JDBC HOME [76]http://splash.javasoft.com/jdbc
     * JDBC guide
       [77]http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc
     * JDBC FAQ [78]http://javanese.yoyoweb.com/JDBC/FAQ.txt
       
10.4 PostgreSQL  Java

   Java ʽʦЩǺá
     * [79]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386  postgresql-jdbc-*.rpm
     * [80]http://www.blackdown.org
       
11. PostgreSQL  Perl Ͽ (Database Interface, DBI)

11.1 PostgreSQL  PERL 5 

   PERL ǡPractical Exptraction and Report Languageļд
   Ӳƽ̨ʹ PerlӴ 95/NTƻ iMac Unix
   SolarisHPUXAIXLinuxIrixSCO ȵȣ͵ MVS
   OS/2OS/400Amdahl UTS ܶԡPerl ںܶ಻кͲΪ
   ֪ĲϵͳӲִУԣڿ Perl һĲϵͳִ
   ʱشС֡ Perl ʹߺͿԱ
   
   PostgreSQL  Perl Ѱ PostgreSQL ɢСο
   src/pgsql_perl5 Ŀ¼
     * Pgsql_perl5 ַ [81]E.Mergl@bawue.de
     * һԴ
       [82]ftp://ftp.kciLink.com/pub/PostgresPerl-1.3.tar.gz
     * Perl ҳ [83]http://www.perl.com/perl/index.html
     * Perl  [84]http://reference.perl.com/ οĿ¼
     * Perl FAQ 
       [85]http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Programming_Langua
       ges/Perl/
     * Perl GUI ʹ߽ Perl-Qt rpm
       [86]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386 Ҳ뿴
       PerlQt-1.06-1.i386.rpm
     * Perl GUI ʹ߽ Perl-Qt
       [87]http://www.accessone.com/~jql/perlqt.html
     * Perl GUI ʹ߽ Perl-XForms
       [88]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386Ѱ
       Xforms4Perl-0.8.4-1.i386.rpm
     * Perl GUI ʹ߽ Perl-Tk
       [89]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
     * Perl GUIkits [90]http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?ui
     * Perl Ͽ [91]http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?database
     * Perl  "C" ķ빤ߡ
       [92]http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local/modules/by-module/B/ Ѱ
       Compiler-a3.tar.gz
     * Bourne shell  Perl ķ빤ߡ
       [93]http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/id/MERLYN/sh2perl-0.02.tar.gz
     * awk  perl  a2p  sed  perl  s2p Ѱ PERL ɢС
     * Ҳ뿴 comp.lang.perl.* й PERL 
       
11.2 Perl Ͽ DBI

  ν DBI
  
   Perl Ͽ棨DBI Perl ԵһϿȡӦóʽ棨API
   Perl DBI API һ麯͹ṩһһ¶ʵ
   õϿ档й DBI һεԡDBI FAQļ
    Alligator Descartes׼ڴ˸ơ
     * Alligator Descartes Hermetica  [94]descarte@hermetica.com
       
  PostgreSQL  DBI ʽ DBD-Pg-0.89
  
   ڴȡ DBD-Pg-0.89.tar.gz
     * DBD-Pg-0.89 : [95]http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/DBD/
     * Comprehensive Perl Archive Network CPAN
       [96]http://www.perl.com/CPAN
     * DBI ʽ DBI ģҳ
       [97]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI
     * DBI  [98]http://www.fugue.com/dbi/
     * ҳ [99]ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/perl/db
     * ӽ DBI  [100]http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
     * ӽ DBI  [101]http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html
     * ӽ DBI  [102]http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html
     * PostgreSQL Ͽ [103]http://www.postgresql.org
       
   ϵͳ
     * - ԺͰװ Perl 5 ( 5.002)
     * - ԺͰװ DBI ģ ( 0.89)
     * - ԺͰװ PostgreSQL ( 6.2)
       
  DBI ļ֧Ԯ
  
   ʹ󱨸ĵ
     * [104]E.Mergl@bawue.de
       
    perl -vperl -V PostgreSQL İ汾DBD-Pg İ汾DBI
   İ汾ڴ󱨸С
   
  ν DBIDBperlOraperl  *perl
  
   ժ¼ Tim BunceDBI ߺߡ
   
   DBI  Perl ԵһӦóʽ棨APIPerl DBI API  һ
   麯͹ṩһһ¶ʵõϿ档
   
   򵥵˵DBI ü͸ (transparently) ȡϿ⡣ԣ
   ӵ OracleInformixmSQLSybase κϿ⣬㲻Ҫ֪ 3GL
   ĻơDBI  API ЩϿ⡣
   
   ĺôõһƪ perl ָ̲ͬͬϿ⣬
   һʽжȡһ Oracle Ͽϼ뵽 Informix 
   СDBI 򵥼
   
   DBperl ľһ춴 perl4 Ͽ
   ģ飬 oraperlisqlperlingperl ֮ࡣЩûб׼ APIһ
   û֧Ԯ
   
    DBperl ģӦ DBI ģ鼰֧ԮѶй DBI 
   ʽӦ dbi-users ͨѶ̳ list.
   
     ģ      Ͽ                   DBI
    ----------- -----------------   ------          ---
    Sybperl     Sybase              Michael Peppler DBD::Sybase
                                    <mpeppler@datamig.com>
                                    http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler
    Oraperl     Oracle 6 & 7        Kevin Stock     DBD::Oracle
                                    <dbi-users@fugue.com>
    Ingperl     Ingres              Tim Bunce &     DBD::Ingres
                                    Ted Lemon
                                    <dbi-users@fugue.com>
    Interperl   Interbase           Buzz Moschetti  DBD::Interbase
                                    <buzz@bear.com>
    Uniperl     Unify 5.0           Rick Wargo      None
                                    <rickers@coe.drexel.edu>
    Pgperl      Postgres            Igor Metz       DBD::Pg
                                    <metz@iam.unibe.ch>
    Btreeperl   NDBM                John Conover    SDBM?
                                    <john@johncon.com>
    Ctreeperl   C-Tree              John Conover    None
                                    <john@johncon.com>
    Cisamperl   Informix C-ISAM     Mathias Koerber None
                                    <mathias@unicorn.swi.com.sg>
    Duaperl     X.500 Directory     Eric Douglas    None
                User Agent

    DBI ģ DBperl ģ (emulation layers)
   DBD:Oracle  Oraperl ģ㣬ִ Oraperl ִָ
   Сģ Oraperl API з DBI вͨ DBI ִС
   
   бģϡ
   
    ģ            ģ              ״
    ------          ---------------     ------
    DBD::Oracle     Oraperl             
    DBD::Informix   Isqlperl            
    DBD::Sybase     Sybperl             ãд֤
    DBD::mSQL       Msqlperl             DBD::mSQL-0.61 ʵƳ

   Msqlperl ģMsqlperl  mSQL Ͽ perl5 ʽ
    DBI 񡣴Ӧʹ DBD::mSQLӦ MsqlperlMsqlperl ɴ
   CPAN ء
     * [105]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Msqlperl
       
  DBI 
  
   һЩ DBI Դ
     * DBI 
       [106]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec
       
   ᵽ񣬼ŬչһȶĽڼ䣬ٸĵ
    DBI ݰ; DBperl չĿǰ DBI 档
   
   ӦֻΪʷ¼ʽ˵κξȨԵļ
   ʮõĲοϡ
   
   POD ļ POD Ƕ뵽 perl ʽԡͳʽһļ
   ṩ õϸʽʦģüҡDBI ʽ POD ԽԽ
   УҪĶйļʹָ
   
   DBI  ʹָĶ DBI  POD
   
   perldoc DBI
   
   Oraperl DBD::Oracle  Oraperl ģʹ߿ָѧϰ
   Oraperl дʽ
   
   perldoc Oraperl
   
   һ Kevin Stock Ϊ perl4 дԭװ oraperl man page 
   档ȫг oraperl API
   
   DBD::mSQL DBD::mSQL ģüҿɼָĶһЩʽ˽Һ
   (private functions) ͹֡ϡ
   
   perldoc DBD::mSQL
   
    (FAQ) POD ļҲ⡣ҪĶĻ
   
   perldoc DBI::FAQ
   
   Բûܷϻ˵ȽϷ
   
   POD һ й POD ׫д PODһ˵ POD ѧɼĶ
   
   
   perldoc perlpod
   
   װ Tk ģüҿܻһΪ tkpodʹ Tk  POD ĶȤ
    POD ŵһ㼰Ķʽ
   
   ̸СϢ͹۲  DBI ̳ͨвͬһżȻġ
   ̸
     * [107]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/tidbits
       
   DBIperl5 Ͽ桱 ļ Alligator Descartes  Tim Bunce
   д DBI ĽṹڡThe Perl Journalڳ档дü֮
   Ȿ־ʵϣÿڶ򡣡The Perl JournalĻַ
   
     * [108]http://www.tpj.com
       
   DBperl һžʮһµġDr. Dobbs Journalݹ
   DBperl
   
   The Perl5 Database Interface һ Alligator Descartes д
   O'Reilly and Associates 顣
   
   ̳ͨ Ted Lemon ܹ DBI ̳ͨǶά϶
   ȡ ġ
     * ̳ͨ [109]http://www.fugue.com/dbi
       
   Щɼ̳ǡ
   
   dbi-announce ֻ̳ͨ㲻ܳɹʹַı
   ѭ;̳
     * ʡ [110]dbi-announce-request@fugue.com ݡsubscribe
       
   dbi-dev ̳ͨĿÿԱй DBI 桢API ʽ
   ͸ֻԿԱȤá㲻ܳɹʹַ
   ıѭ;̳
     * ʡ [111]dbi-dev-request@fugue.com Ϊsubscribe
       
   dbi-users ̳ͨ󱨸桢ۺһ⡣㲻ܳɹ
   ʹַıѭ;̳
     * ʡ [112]dbi-users-request@fugue.com Ϊsubscribe
       
   ͨŴ洦 (Mailing List Archives)
     * ͨŴ洦
       [113]http://outside.organic.com/mail-archives/dbi-users/
     * ŷͨŴ洦
       [114]http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/PerlDB-Int
       erest
       
  򡸲ʧܡ
  
   ѶϢת (core dump)ʹ Devel::CoreStack ģѶϢ
   תĶѵ׷ (stack trace)Devel::CoreStack  CPAN ҵ
     * [115]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Devel::CoreStack
       
   Ѷѵ׷١ģ汾perl 汾Ըϵͳ汾κõ
   ϵʵ dbi-users ̳ͨĳԽȫԱԽ⡣
   㲻ǣҪõ𰸡
   
  Ӵ 95/NT û DBI ֧Ԯ
  
   DBI  DBD::Oracle  Win32 汾ѳΪ DBI ı׼֡ˣ DBI
   0.81 ߵİ汾Ӧû͸ ODBCԴȡ΢ Access 
   SQL-Server Ͽ⡣ DBI-0.79ᣩһʵʵ Win32::ODBC
   DBI ģ㡣Ϊ DBI::W32ODBCҪʹ Win32::odbc ģ顣
     * Win32 DBI [116]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/win32
     * Win32 ODBC [117]http://www.roth.net
       
  ν DBMΪҪ DBI
  
   UNIX ԭʹüԵΪġϿ⡹ dbm ϵͳdbm 
   ٵشȡϡصȱ㡣
   
    (File Locking)
   
   dbm ϵͳرȫĵҲûͬʱдϿ
   
   
   Ͻṹ
   
   dbm ϵͳֻһ̶Ͻṹ-ֵ (key-value pair)ֵ
   Ǹӵһ C  structǶһ޶ġ dbm ϵͳ
   ;ɺܴơ
   
   dbm ϵͳΪʹüϼԴ޵üṩõĹܣΪ
   ١ȫ漰ϽĲԡȡ dbm ϵͳģѾ AnyDBM_File ģ
   ϵ Perl ĺɢС
   
   һ䣬ԽΨϿСͶ򵥵˵dbm һǳ
   ĽԸǿͿ (scalable) ϼ˵ü
   ʹ DBIȫĽ׷ (transactional locking)͸˵
      
  DBI Ƿ֧Ԯ<>
  
   Ĺһ׼ֻΪϿеļ裬Ƿ
   
   
   DBI ӳһͨöڴ󲿷Ͽʹõ APIûϿеĹܡ
   
   ʽȤǿԼ DBI  func
   method ϿеĹܡĿԱҪע⼮ func methods 
   Ĺһ㲻ڲͬϿֲ
   
   CGI ˵dbi ûã
  
   һ֡УDBI  CGI ʽƷǳãʵϣCGI  DBI Ҫ
   ;֮һ
   
   DBI  CGI ʽʦƹǿĻǰϿǵüңӶ
   еϡDBI ҲվϿŷʱ
   Ա CGI ½֮
   
  μӿ CGI  DBD Oracle ٶȣ
  
   Apache httpd һ httpd (httpd children) ͻ Doug
   MacEachern  Apache mod_perl ģ飬perl Ƕ뵽 httpd 
   CGIDBI ϲģڶӵʱ롣Щģֱڴŵϵİ汾
   ʱŻٱ롣Ҫ֪й Apache ϣ뿴 Apache ƻ
   վ
     * Apache ƻվ [118]http://www.apache.org
     * Mod_perl ģ
       [119]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl
       
  ʹ DBI  CGI ӣ
  
    Edmund Mergl  Apache::DBI ģ飬ÿ httpd Ͽ봢
   Ӵ (hash) СӦóʽֻһϿüңÿһӶɿ
   ʼĿǰ֮䲢ϿӡApache::DBI ɴ CPAN 
   
     * [120]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI
       
  ִָһ perl ʱ⡣ http ִʱ
  ʧܣν⣿
  
   ϣпΪִָʹѰѻ趨ã
    DBD::Oracle ˵ $ORACLE_HOME, $ORACLE_SID  TWO_TASKhttpd 
   ͨ nobody ִУû趨õĻκ³
   ִеָ嶼ȷʧܡҪ⣬Ŀͷһ
   BEGIN() 趨⡣ͬأҪ httpd 
   ¼ѰԼĶIdiot's Guide To Solving Perl / CGI
   Problems͡Perl CGI Programming FAQѰҸϡŲ
    DBI йءļСĶ
     * Idiot's Guide to Solving Perl / CGI problems
       [121]http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/index.html
       
  ʹ DBI ʱܷж (multi-threading)
  
   ĿǰܡPerl ֧ԮݹƣΪ 5.005 
   Ļɢһ֣֮ᣬDBI ܻ֧ԮҪһЩʹö
    SELECT ӵ Oracle OCI ʽġ
     * [122]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.ta
       r.gz
       
   DBI ڴ (stored procedure)
  
   ĿϿ⣬һ Oracle Ͽнڴʹ
   $dbh->do ʹִС
   
   $dbh->do( "BEGIN someProcedure END" );
   
   DBI Уȡڴķֵ
  
   Ҫ
   
    $sth = $dbh->prepare( "BEGIN foo(:1, :2, :3); END;" );
    $sth->bind_param(1, $a);
    $sth->bind_param_inout(2, \$path, 2000);
    $sth->bind_param_inout(3, \$success, 2000);
    $sth->execute;

  ҿɷ DBI һϿ⣿
  
    DBI ˵Ҫʵ֧ԮϿĽͶ̫ˡ磬Oracle 
   ֧ԮϿ⣡⣬ Oracle УϿŷϾϿ⣬
    mSQLʹûϿ⣬ŷҲ˳ִСǣ̫ˡ
   ˣʽ͸˽ func ɾϿ⡣Ҫʽ
   ļ˽û֧Ԯơ
   
  DBI  NULL ֵ
  
   DBI ָ NULL ֵ undef ֵNULL  NULL ֵ뵽
   ϿУ
   
    $rv = $dbh->do( "INSERT INTO table VALUES( NULL )" );

   ѯʱNULL Ҫ undef Ƚϡʽõı׼
   
  Щ func ʲģ
  
   DBI  func ΪϿйܵĽ㣬罨ͶһϿ
   ʹЩʽзʮּ򵥣磬Ҫʹһ createDatabase 
   һ (argument) ǻд
   
    $rv = $dbh->func( 'argument', 'createDatabase' );

   ԱҪע func ڲͬϿֲ
   
  ҵ֧Ԯѵ
  
   Perl5 Ͽ塣ûκε (warranty)Щ
   ṩ DBI ļ֧Ԯѵƻ
   
   PERL CLINIC : Perl Clinic ԺԼʽΪ PerlDBIDBD::Oracle 
   Oraperl ṩҵ֧ԮЩ֧Ԯ DBI  Tim Bunce Ĺ˾ṩ
   ֪飬뿴
     * [123]http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc
       
12. PostgreSQL 

12.1 PGACCESS - PostgreSQL  GUI 

   PgAccess  PostgreSQL  Tcl/Tk 档Ѿ PostgreSQL ɢ
   ҳҳû°汾
     * [124]http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
     * κĽ飬ӭʡ [125]teo@flex.ro
       
   PgAccess ɫ
   
   PgAccess ӴMain window, Table builder, Table(query) view, Visual
   query builder.
   
   Tables
     *  (tables) ģٸ¼ perferences Ŀ¼ģ
     * ҷֱ (grid line) Сбռ (table space) 
       бĿ¼ (table header) кã
     * ԶСÿdher ö
     * /ʽSDFCSV
     * ˹ܣ price>3.14 Ĺ
     * ܣλ
     * ༭
     * ˵ı (table generator assistant)
     * ˵λ༭
       
   Queries
     * 塢༭ʹ桰üҶѯ(user defined queries)
     * ѲѯΪʾ (views)
     * ѯִ
     * ۿ select ʽĲѯ
     * ɾ͸Ĳѯ
     * ҷͷ¹ܵ Visual query builderаװ Netscape
       Navigator  Tcl/Tk ڴ˿ 밴ò֪ģ
       
       
    (sequence)
     * 塢ɾͼ 
     * ʹ SQL Զ塢ɾ
       
   ¸Ľ
     * ƣλȵȣ
     * 
     * 
     * д
       
   飬ʵ
     * [126]teo@flex.ro
       
   й libgtcl 
   
   õ PostgreSQL  Tcl Ľʽ libgtclν Tcl/Tk ɡ
   ģ顣libpgtcl Դʽλ PostgreSQL  /src/interfaces/libpgtcl
   Ŀ¼ض˵Ҫһ Tcl/Tk롯 libpgtcl ʽ⡣
   ˵ͨ PostgreSQL ĿĵͬΪ libpgtcl һ
   Ŀĵļϡ⵵ Linux Ϊ libpgtcl.so ַصһ
   ԤΪ Linux i386 ϵͳ˵İ汾ֻ⵵ϵͳʽĿ¼
   /usr/libɡѣһɾԭʽй
   libpgtcl.so һʹ pgwish wishpg pgaccess.tcl
   wishΪ wish  libpgtcl ʽ⡣
   
12.2 PostgreSQL ӴʽѯߣWISQL  MPSQL

   MPSQL ṩʹһͼ SQL  PostgreSQLMPSQL  Oracle 
   SQL Worksheet ΢ SQL Server Ĳѯ WISQL ơһƯ
   GUI ָ¼ҲԼ¼ϡĹܡ
     * [127]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * ʡ [128]keidav@whidbey.com
     * [129]http://www.ucolick.org/~de/  tcl_syb/wisql.html 
     * [130]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * ʡ [131]de@ucolick.org
       
12.3 Ϊ PSQL  PostgreSQL ʽѯߣISQL

   ISQL ǹָն˻ʹõġ ѰɢУΪ PSQL
   Sybase ISQLOracle SQLplus ʮơ Unix ָʾ롮psql
    psql> ʾ
   
Type \h to see help of commands.

   ǳʹƺá  (shell script) ʹá
   
12.4 MPMGRPostgreSQL Ͽ

   MPMGR Ϊ PostgreSQL ǹһͼ档µطҵ it at
     * [132]http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/
     * Email: [133]keidav@mutinybaysoftware.com
     * [134]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * ʡ [135]keidav@whidbey.com
     * [136]http://www.ucolick.org/~de in file tcl_syb/wisql.html
     * PostgreSQL  WISQL [137]http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures
     * ʡ [138]de@ucolick.org
       
13. ֻʹһʾ (monitor) ̨ PostgreSQL 

   ɵֻһʾһ KWM ̡Ӱʾ
   (Keyborad, Video, Monitor) 밴M ǷΪ󣿣ѡѡ
   ԡⲻʡطҲʡʾ̺ͻÿֵ 100  500 
   Ԫͼٻҡ
   
   ѡɵ߶̨ PostgreSQL ŷԡ
   ŷftp ŷŷŷŷһ
   ѡҲɿӴ 95/NT  OS/2 ԡ
   
   鿴ַ
     * DataComm Warehouse IncһʮСʱһ춼µ
       1-800-328-2261ṩƷֵĵӲ
       [139]http://www.warehouse.com 4  ֶ KVM ѡ (PS/2) Լ
       $89.99 Part No. DDS1354
     * Network Technologies Inc
       [140]http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html (120 Ԫ/PC 8 )
       嵥а 'Server Switches'  'Video only switches'
     * Scene Double Inc, Ӣ
       [141]http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm
     * Cybex corporation [142]http://www.cybex.com
     * Raritan Inc [143]http://www.raritan.com
     * RealStar Solutions Inc [144]http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm
     * Belkin Inc [145]http://www.belkin.com
     * Better Box Communications Ltd.
       [146]http://www.betterbox.com/info.html
     * Ӳ̲ѯServer SwitchơKVM Auto Switches
       
    yahoo ѰҳСServer SwitchesKVM SwitchesĹ˾
   
   
   ÿ PostgreSQL Ͽŷһרõ unix ԣǿ֡
   ʽ/г̶ҪִСĶסطıµҵҳ
   Щ Intel Ժ 13 ɫөĻʮ˵өĻֻҪӲ
   ΢Ӵ/DOSʡԼ 150 Ԫ ϿŷҪɫʾ
   Ϊһɫĸ˵ңع µطȡ RedHat
   ׼ɢLinux Ĺ
     * Linux System Labs ַ [147]http://www.lsl.com/ 7 Ԫ
     * Cheap Bytes Inc ַ [148]http://www.cheapbytes.com/ 7 Ԫ
       
   ȷ㹺Ӳ RedHat Linux ֧Ԯǰ RedHat  ftp վҳ
   Ӳ SCSI ʾôԼԪɵõһ̨ǿ
   Intel ԣ RedHat Linux ִ PostgreSQLӴ 95OS/2Unix
   Motif RedbaronOperaNetscape إ
   odbc/jdbc/perl/tcl  PostgreSQLѸٳΪ׼Ŀͻ
   (client)
   
   ֻһʾһƺܶಿԣ
   
   йءServer SwitchϽ¼ Networktechnic Inc
   
    800-742-8324 Ԥ 绰ѣ
   
   յǵĲƷĿ¼Ļĵַʵsales@networktechinc.com
   
   ֻһ̡ʾͻƶಿЩѡֻһ
   ʾͻʮĲԡǶ (embedded) ΢ʱ
   ģ˵ĵϵļ̡ʾͻĴڡ
   
   Լ;
   
     * ̡̨ң
     * 9  D   6  miniDIN ֧Ԯ
     * 5  DIN  6  miniDIN ֧Ԯ
     * 1600x1200 ȶûʧ
     * ʹñ׼ĵ
     * װ
       
   
   
     * Ϊ female
     * 5  DIN  6  miniDIN
     * κʱ򶼿ʹ PC Ӳ (hard or soft boot)
       
   ơť
   
     * һӵǲ
     * һƳ 0.5  SCANBROADCAST  COMMAND ģʽ
     * ǰ LED ʾ̵Ĳģʽ
     *  CTRL+*  COMMAND ģʽ
     * ṩ SCANBROADCAST  COMMAND
       
   
   
   * 9  D 
     * NTI ضи˵ģ΢
     *  9  D male
     * ˵Ե 9  D female
       
   * 6  miniDIN
     * NTI ضи˵ģΪ IBM PS/2 ϵл
     * Ϊ female
       
   ң
     * ѡ빺
     * ͰƲͬ
       
   ʾVGA
     * ƵΪ 150 MHz
     * 1600X1200 ȶ仵
     * Ϊ female
       
14. PostgreSQL Ӧóʽ͹

14.1 PostgreSQL  4GL άϿʽAppGEN ϵͳ

   AppGEN ڴ
     * [149]http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html
     * [150]ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN.
       
   AppGEN һָ߽׵ĴʽԺӦóʽ (application
   generator) ԲԻΪĳʽЩʽһڻ˾
   ʹáAppGen ʽԺϺ Common Gateway Interface (CGI) ׼ C 
    (C scripts) дɣ󲿷ֻŷ֧Ԯ
   
   Ҫʹ AppGenҪ
   
   PostgreSQLʽϿϵͳ
   
   ֧Ԯ CGI Ļŷ NCSA  HTTPD
   
   һ ANSI C  GCC
   
   AppGEN  Unix Linux ִгʽ
   
     * defgen߼ϽṹһʽЩʽɼ
       ¡ ɾѰϿеļ¼ֿԶֲο
       (referential integrity)
     * appgenAppGEN ıʽ AppGEN ԴʽΪ CGI
       ִе C Դʽɼʱʹ HTML ʽļ
     * dbf2sql dBase III ݵ .dbf תΪִе SQL Ĺ
       ʽʹô󲿷ִ DOS/ӴϿϿֲһ SQL ŷ
        PostgreSQL
     * ⣬AppGEN ռһЩִڼʹõ HTML ļGIF  Java
       СʽȻкõ㣬ҲԴʽ롣
       
    Andrew Whaley ;Ӵ
     * [151]andrew@arthur.smuht.nwest.nhs.uk
       
14.2 PostgreSQL ĻDBENGINE

   dbengine  Ingo Ciechowski дһ弴õ PostgreSQL 
   
     * [152]http://www.cis-computer.com/dbengine/ 
       
   й DBENGINE dbengine ǻ Postgres95 ֮Ľ棬ֻ軨
   ΪȡκִϿ⡣
   
   PHP 3 ļбд Perl ԣ PerlAppGEN 
   WDB-P95 ҪΪÿһϿ⽨趨 (configuration files)
   ƺҪѧһµļ (meta language) á
   
   ߲ͬ㲻Ҫѧκرĳʽʹ dbengineҲ
   ÿϿⶼ趨㲻ҪϰЩ½ṹ
   õ dbengine ܣѧϰ Perl һȷ
   
   ϵͳɼһӵϿһЩ趨ãй
   Ͽȡϡָ (virual fields)
   ʾөĻ֮ǰʱ㡣
   
   ʹִա dbengine  Perl ʹһ㲻֪
   򲻿ʲᣬĶʹִաһ GNU ִյʴºͰ
   Сĵؽ dbengine Ĳּ뵽ҵĲƷУᱻ
   Ⱦ
   
14.3 PostgreSQL  Apache ŷģNeoSoft NeoWebScript

   Apache һĻŷһ PostgreSQL  Apache Ľģλ
   춡
     * [153]http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/
       
   NeoWebScript һѲͬӳ̶ȵĳʽǶ뵽 HTML ʽԡ
   
   Ҫһ NeoWebScript  HTML ҳʱ֧ NeoWebScript 
   ִǶ˵壬һԶݵҳ
   
   NeoWebScript ֱҳ HTML йǿŷΪĻʽ
   һ١ȫѧķ NeoWebScriptʹ˵
   (counter)ʱ (email forms)ǽֽǩ (guest books)ÿͼ¼
   ü򵥡뿴 NeoWebScript Լĺ PERL  JavaScript ıȽ
   
   
   Ļŷװ NeoWebScriptԱڿʼǰ
   Ķǵ Sysop FAQTheory of Operations NeoWebScript 
   Installation𲽸㡣Management趨ִŷ
   ˣTestȷ NeoWebScript Troubleshooting
   йء
   
   Լ ISPʹ NeoWebScript ȫ⣬ڵǼ
   ʱõȫִաǶ뵽ԼĲƷҵŷ
    SSLʹãֵ 99 Ԫ
   
   NeoWebScript һҳǶ Tcl/Tk Ϊ幤ߵ
   Apache ģ顣 Karl LehenbauerNeoSoft  Chief Technical Officer
    Neosoft ĳʽʦͼ׫Աдļǿܡ
   
   Apache еĻŷվʮ˰ʹá
   
   Tcl/Tk  Dr. John Ousterhout һǿɡƽ̨
   ԡ˵
   
   Tck/Tk Աʹ C  C++ ΪĹ߿ʮɹ
   ҲһΰĽˮ (glue language)ʹִĳʽͬ
   ͼ񻯺Ϳ Internet
   
   NeoSoft ˼ Chief Technical OfficerKarl Lehenbauer ڿʼʱ
    Tcl/Tk Ҳ Mark Diehkans һ Extended TclΪ
   TclX  NeoSoft TclԵĹܡܶ Tcl ĺָ
   Extended Tcl Dr. Ousterhout 뵽С
   
   NeoSoft Inc., 1770 St. James Place, Suite 500, Houston, TX 77056 USA
   
14.4 HTML  HEITML ŷһ PostgreSQL  4GL 

   heitml һ postgres άĽ档֪飬Ӵ
   

          Helmut Emmelmann H.E.I. Informationssyteme GmbH
          Wimpfenerstrasse 23 Tel. 49-621-795141
          68259 Mannheim Germany Fax. 49-621-795161

     * Mr.Helmut Emmelmann ĵʵַ [154]emmel@h-e-i.de
     * Heitml ҳ [155]http://www.heitml.com
     * Heitml ҳ [156]http://www.h-e-i.deom
       
   Heitml ͬʱ HTML ŷһ 4GL ԡҳдԱ
   HTML ķ HTML ǩдʽ
   
   Heitml "Hi"-TML HTML 켰һȫĵĴԣԻ
   Ϊĳʽֱ SQL Ͽеϣʹøӵ CGI 
   
   
   Heitml ŷ HTML̬ذѡ.heiתΪ HTML ʽʹ
   κݡϤõ HTML ﷨ṩԤȿ
   ıǩͳʽӦ CGI еĹ XML 㣬heitml ʹ
   Զǩ heitmlʹԶıǩɷΪ HTML ͸
   
   Heitml ͬʱ HTML ߺרҵĳʽʦΪĿꡣHTML ʦʹ
   heitml ǩ̬ҳȡ SQL Ͽ⣬άӦó
   ʽǼϿ (registration databases)Ѱ񡢵ʱ
   ײʽѡ (hierachical menus) ɵؼڴԪʽ
   (Component Libraries) Ԥ HTML ıǩ
   
   Գʽʦ˵heitml  HTML ǶĵĴʽԣ
   

          (e.g. <if>, <while>,  <let> ǩ)

   ͶԺʵִֵԪ (tuple) ıʽǿԪ
   Ĳο﷨ (reference semantics) ͬ԰㣬ڶѵ
   Heitml ڶѵеĸϽṹ Session Mode пڲ
   ͬҳά֡ҲԶǩ򻷾ǩ (environment tags)¶
    HTML ǩ
   
   heitml ʹп
   
   Ծ߽ṹģ黯 (structured and modular) ʽҳά
   š
   
   ǻۼҳݿɶ̬Ӧ衣
   
   Ƴʽʾ SQL ϿݣֻҪʹԤ 
   dbaǩ
   
   ʹ Session Variables ӵϿ⼰Ŀ¼ʽ
   
   Heitml ɾ CGI  Linux κλŷִУ Apache п
   ʹ apache API ʹִٶر죨 CGI ĹĿǰ֧Ԯ
   mSQLһ棩PostgreSQL棩mySQL the yard databases
   heitml  LinuxBSDiSolaris  SunOS ִУԼӴ NT 
   CGI  ISAPIODBCӴ 95 ʹá
   
   heitmlLinux 棩оҵԺ͸;ѵġҵվ踽
   Ȩѡ޵ĹðءҪע⣬ÿ㿪
   ġ.heiҳӡһѶϢָǷð汾Ǽ֮յһ
   룬ʹɹصѶϢ°װ
   
   heitmlHi-TMLжıǩĳʽ
   켰ǿ HTML Ĺܡʹ̬ݺϿʽ HTML г֣
   Ҫ CGI ⲿָʽԡҲ˵һ HTML ߿ҳǶ
   ӦóʽֻҪʹµıǩ CGI ʽơһ棬
   ʹ߻ʽʦɴ켰ǿıǩ⡣ʹ heitml  HTML
   ֺרҵʽʦʱáheitml άŷִм̬ز
   HTML heitml ͻ׼ݣҲκݡһṩ
   Ͽȡܣһʹ κβҪ CGI 
   heitml Ǹйر춯 (transaction) ϵͳоɹ
   ġ
   
   heitml ҳĿ̺ HTML ҳһʹֱ༭ HTML ༭Ҳ
   糣طάŷϡµҳɰ̬ heitml ǩʹ
   ǩ⡣ ʹЩǩȡϿ⡢̬ݡĳʣԿ
   ǿӦóʽǼϿ (registration database) ͹ϵͳ
   
   HTML ֺרҵʽʦһΪܹٶ׵ƾɵӦóʽ
   ǵĻǩʹøӶѧ CGI ȡ⹤ֻʹ
    dba ʽеĹ߱
   
   heitml ͬıǩ⣬ǩϿάʽĲ
   ѯǿĵʱҳĽײʽѡ (hierarchic menu)Щ
   ʹãֻҳϼ϶Ӧıǩ
   
   Ϊһоĳʽʦȫʹ heitml ĳ־ö̬Ԫܹ
   (persistent dynamic tuple architecture)heitml ж̬̬
   (dynamic typing)ȫܵı ʽ㡢ݻغͷḻĲɫ
   ԣҲ ̬ԪܹԶκδС session ϡ
   
14.5 PostgreSQL  America On-line AOL άŷ

   AOLserver 2.3 һѵҵάŷߣӵ 6.2.1 ϵ
   PostgreSQL֪飬뿴
     * AOL άŷ [157]http://www.aolserver.com
       
14.6 PostgreSQL  / ƻ׷ϵͳʽ(Problem/Project Tracking System
Application Tool for PostgreSQL )

   
     * [158]http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/
       
14.7  dbase  dbf ת PostgreSQL

   dbf2msql ʽ mSQL  PostgreSQL 졣·ҵ
     * [159]ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/
     * [160]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz
       
   ʽ Faculty of Electrical Engineering TU Delft, NL Computer
   Architecture and Digital Technique section  Maarten Boekhold дɡ
     * [161]M.Boekhold@et.tudelft.nl
       
   Ҳʹ python ķ (method) ڶ dbf 뵽 postgre Ͽ
   
     * See [162]http://www.python.org
       
15. PostgreSQL ĻϿ/ɹߡEARP

     * [163]http://www.oswego.edu/Earp
     * [164]ftp://ftp.oswego.edu ġpub/unix/earpĿ¼
       
15.1 EARP ʲ᣿

    David Dougherty ġEasily Adjustable Response ProgramEARP һ
    PostgreSQL ϿϵϵϿ/ʵʩߡܰ
   
     * һӾϵͳ
     * һ sendmail 档շʣ
     * һǿ˵ıơ
     * һ cgi ʽ
       
15.2 ʩ

   EARP Ҫʩһ http سʽִе CGI ԪȡϿŷ
   ƹ߶ʽУϣûеطҪơ
   Щ߱Ҫһ֧ԮͼƳ춱д
   Ǹݸ˺ö
   
15.3 Ҫʲִ EARP

   EARP ſֻһЩֲڲͬƽִ̨С֪õƽ̨
   
   
     * Solaris 2.5
     * Linux 1.2.13+
     * GNU C++
     * PostgreSQL (1.01 / 1.02 )
     * netsite ŷ
     * NCSA httpd
       
     * GNU C++
     * PostgreSQL (1.01 / 1.02 )
     * NCSA httpd
     * Apache httpd
       
   Ŀǰ1.3汾 Earp ǽ 1.01/1.02  PostgreSQL 
   libpqʹð汾µ PostgresԤҪһЩֲĹʹ
   ڿеİ汾Earp 2.0libpq ģʽ֧Ԯ
   
15.4 ι

   EARP һҪɫʹķϿ
   html ҳ󲿷ҳ涼ÿĳЩ߲ȡһ
   ֣Щᱻҳ湤 (page tool) һɺе˳ (callable
   sequence) һ ҳáй HTMLѯȡʹ
   롢Ĳѯʽ (Extendable Formatting of Query
   and Input objects)Ļ߽ṩȽ
   ߰ʹߺͶѯߡ
   
   EARP һɫȽıжַƴȡ EARP ϵͳĲͬ֡
   ΪﵽȽıEARP ÿһӣȷÿԱ (ids)
   Ⱥ (groups)ֵͬĴȡ壬 Ͼܷȡ
   EARP һض֡⣬ʵʩЩɫֻһ֧Ԯѣʹ
   ֤ (user authentication)  http ŷ
   
15.5 δȡ EARP

   EARP ɼ (anonymous) ftp ȡá
     * [165]ftp://ftp.oswego.edu  'pub/unix/earp' Ŀ¼
       
16. PHP Hypertext PreProcessorPostgreSQL ŷ html Ƕ

   ά湤λ춡
     * [166]http://www.php.net
     * [167]http://www.vex.net/php
       
   ǰΪ Professional Home Pages (PHP 3) ڳΪ PHP Hypertext
   Pre-Processor
     * ܶӳվ̨Ϊ www.COUNTRYCODE.php.net
     * [168]http://www.fe.de.php.net
     * [169]http://www.sk.php.net
     * [170]http://php.iquest.net/
       
   ɵʵ
     * [171]rasmus@lerdorf.on.ca
       
   PHP 3 һŷ html Ƕԡ .HTML м
   壬 JavaScript 㡣 JavaScript ͬPHP ŷ
   JavaScript һֿͻ˵ html Ƕԣ PHP 3 ŷ
   ԡPHP 3 ĸ Netscape  LiveWire Pro Ʒơ㹻
   Ǯһ֧ԮĲϵͳִ Netscape  Commerce Server
   ¿ɿ LiveWire ProϲٸְԴʽ
   Żϲ PHP 3
   
16.1 Ҫɫ

   ׼ CGIFastCGI  Apache ģ֧Ԯ Ϊһ׼ CGI ʽPHP 3
   ִκ Unix ŷκ Unix ϰװ϶ FastCGI
   ׼֧ԮPHP 3 ɴеõٶϵĸơΪһ Apache ģ飬 PHP 3
    CGI ʽ һǿѡ
   
     * ȡ¼ (Access Logging)  PHP 3 Ĵȡ¼ܣ߿ά
        (hit counting) ¼ȫϵͳļ¼
       Ҽʱȡ̡Log Viewer Script ṩ˸ӵеҳ
       ȡժҪ⣬׼ɱ趨Ϊÿҳһʾȡϵעš
       ҳĽβһӡ
     * ȡ (Access Control) һάΪڽ趨洦ȡ
       趨߿Ϊĳӵелҳ˭ܼ
       ĶйҳߵʵַԴļ
       (referring document)ҳ뱣ȫֹ¼
       (logging disabled) ¡
     * Postgres ֧Ԯ Postgres һȽ RDBMS PHP 3߿ֱ
        .HTML  Ƕ Postgres95  PostgreSQL  SQLѯ
     * RFC-1867 ϴ֧Ԯ ϴ Netscape 2.0 ¹ܡ߰
       ϴάŷʹпɵԭʵʵ Mime 
       PHP 3 ṩṩĿܣյϴĵЩõ¡
     * HTTP Ϊ֤ PHP 3  Apache άŷнԶ
        HTTP Ϊ֤ơ
     *  (Associative Arrays) PHP 3 ֧Ԯ̬
        Perl ǿɼ GET  POST ҳ䴫ݡ
     * ʽWhile Ȧ PHP 3 ֧Ԯһ C ȫָԡʹ
       if/then/elseif/else/endif ʽwhile Ȧ switch/case ָ
        html ҳʾ߼
     * 쳣ʽ 濸ʽģʽԡģʽ滻 (pattern
       substitutions) һִPHP 3 ֧Ԯгõĳʽ
       
     * ԭʼ HTTP ͷ Ҫи߽վƣʹҳδԶ HTTP 
       ͷǱġһ߳÷Ǵһ Location: URL ͷѿͻ
       ˴͵ URLҲ춹صȡҳҳϵġϴθ¡
       ͷ
     * ʱ GIF ͼ PHP 3 ֧Ԯ Thomas Boutell  GD ͼʽ⣬ʹ
       ɼʱ GIF ͼ
     * ISPȫģʽ֧Ԯ PHP 3 ֧Ԯһеġȫģʽ(Safe Mode)ʹ
       ͬһŷ ûʹ PHP Ҳûȫ⡣
     * ɵģ һҪԡ׼ȫɵġ GPL ʽ
       Ȩ ΪκĿʹҵ;֪飬ο
       GNU General Public License ļ
       
16.2 

   ʽ󲿷ڼΪ׶ѧ (the University of Torontoġ
   лѧ Network Development  Lee Oattes ߽Ե
   
   PostgreSQL ֧Ԯĳʽ Adam Sussman дɵġ
     * [172]asussman@vidya.com
       
   ЭԼˡ
   
16.3 PHP 3ʷ

   ʱPHP һ Perl дСɼ򵥵 cgi װ (wrapper)Ŀ
   ĴӲ߳ʹáװΪ Personal Home Page ToolsΪ
   Personal Home Page Construction Kit
   
   һдҳǶ SQL ѯĹһ CGI
   װܷ (parsed) SQL ѯ򻯽ЩѯıбĹ
   ⹤ΪFI (Form Interpreter)
   
   PHP/FI 2.0 ȫд֮϶ΪһѽΪһǶ
   HTML еļ򵥵ԡȻԼԭеļƣٲá
   PHP/FI վԶҳ趨ʲᣬ
   򵥵ֱǶ HTML УС Perl cgi ʽҪ
   ӿҳΪ fork  Perl ѾҲ˹
   վĹΪɰҳвַһ html С϶Ͽ
   ֧ԮʹϿĿü򵥡ܶ˾Ƕѯȷֱ
   HTML  CGI 򵥵öࡣ
   
   ļУκἰ PHPFI  PHP/FI ĵطָͬһPHP  FI ֻ
   и ϵķֱǿͬһԴʽɢнڣPHP/FI ѸΪ
   PHP 3
   
16.4 ᣬ PHP/FI ʲ᣿

   ʹ PHP/FIȻע⵽ҳβҳٴε
   ϣڱʱѡȡ access loggingֻ PHP/FI һС
   ֡һҪɫΪһֱ cgi ʽ (form interpreter
   cgi)Ҳ FI ˼磬һҳнһ
   Ҫ һʽϵϡʹֻϴ͵һҳҲҪ
   cgi ʽİPHP/FI ʹȡúʹϼΪס
   
16.5 һ򵥵ӡ

   һű
   
<FORM ACTION="/cgi-bin/php.cgi/~userid/display.html" METHOD=POST>
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="name">
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="age">
<INPUT TYPE="submit">
<FORM>

    display.html ɰƵĶ
   
< ?echo "Hi $ name, you are $ age years old!<p>" >

   򵥣PHP/FI ԶΪÿλһ֮
   ACTION URL ʹЩ
   
   ҳʹñ֮ĲҳһЩ߼̱ǩ磬
   ʾͬѶϢʹ if/else ߼ӣ
   ǿɸı display.htmlʹòͬûʾ
   
<?
    if($age>50);
        echo "Hi $name, you are ancient!<p>";
    elseif($age>30);
        echo "Hi $name, you are very old!<p>";
    else;
        echo "Hi $name.";
    endif;
>

   PHP/FI ṩһַǳǿԣ±ϼ򵥵Ӷܶࡣ
   ֪飬й PHP/FI Script Language ½ڡ
   
   Ҳʹ PHP/FI 趨ʲܿҳʹһڽ趨
   磬ָֻĳЩ˿ɿҳһ
   Щ뱣ĳЩҳ֪飬й Access Control ½
   
   
   PHP/FI Ҳκ RFC-1867 涨ϴĵɫʹ
   ϴֻԪ PHP/FI Ĵȡƺ߼ܣȫƻ
   ˭ϴϴʲᡣ֪飬й File Upload ½ڡ
   
   PHP/FI ֧Ԯ PostgreSQL Ͽ׼֧Ԯ .HTML Ƕ SQL ѯ
   ֪飬й PostgreSQL Support ½ڡ
   
   PHP/FI ֧Ԯ mysql Ͽ׼֧Ԯ .HTML Ƕ SQL ѯ֪
   飬й mysql Support ½ڡ
   
16.6 CGI  (CGI Redirection)

  Apache 1.0.x ժҪ
  
   ʹ Apache ŷ cgi ģִ PHP/FI һ÷ע
   뵣ĸģ飬ʹ PHP/FI  Apache ģ汾 (Apache module
   version)ģ顣һ Dave Andersen ġ
     * [173]angio@aros.net
       
   µطҵ
     * [174]ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c
       
   һѰ Apache УΪ mod_actions.cЩģ鼫Ϊƣֻ
   ÷Թܺ PHP/FI ˳
   
   鿴 Apache ļμһģ顣һ˵ģƼӵһ
   Ϊ Configuration ĵСʹ mod_actions ģ飬Ҫӵһ
   ǡ
   
   Module action_module mod_actions.o
   
   ʹ mod_cgi_redirect ģ飬һ
   
   Module cgi_redirect_module mod_cgi_redirect.o
   
   ± httpd װҪ趨 cgi Ҫ mime.types 
   нµ mime ͣ srm.conf ʹ AddType ָ
   mime ͡ϵ mime Ӧơ
   
     application/x-httpd-php phtml

   ʹ mod_actions.c ģ飬 srm.conf мһС
   
     Action application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

   ʹ mod_cgi_redirect.c ģ飬 srm.conf мһС
   
     CgiRedirect application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

   Ҫͬʱʹ mod_actions.c  mod_cgi_redirect.c
   
   װȷ趨Щ cgi ģᣬֻ쵵Ϊ .phtml
   ָ⵵ php/fi ⣬ srm.conf 
   DirectoryIndex 趨м index.phtmlϲҳԶ php 
    index Ϊ index.phtml
   
  Netscape HTTPD
  
   ɼ Netscape Server CGI Redirection ģָԶĳЩ쵵ĵ
   Ҫ PHP/FIģ PHP/FI ҳ File Archieves ҵ
   ׼е README ȷؽ趨 PHP/FI
   
  NCSA HTTPD
  
   ĿǰNCSA ֧Ԯģ飬ԣҪʹ cgi ĻҪ޸ŷԴ
   ʽ롣һ NCSA 1.5 ⹤Ƕ PHP/FI File Archieves ҵ
   
   
16.7 ִָ PHP/FI

   㽨 CGI 汾 PHP/FIָֻ php.cgi filename
   filename ĵɽ PHP/FI 壬ָֻ
   һдΪơ
   
    #!/usr/local/bin/php.cgi -q

   -qֹӡ HTTP ͷϲĻɲѡ
   
17. PostgreSQL  Python 

   Python һֱԡʹüףɵ﷨ֱ
   ľӣкܶ춽 GUI 졢άȵȡһǻ۵
    HotJavaڿУһžʮһ£ʽԱܶ
   ᡣPython İȨΪķ˹ص Stichting S Mathematisch
   Centrumɢ (classes)ģ顢
   (exceptions) Ķ̬롣ʹ C ϵͳʽֱӵ
   ʹ Python 趨ʱʹáPython һӵ X ĸߵ
   ԡ Linux е Python ׼󲿷ֱ׼ Python ģ飬Լ
    Tk  Tix widget ģ顣
   
   PyGreSQL һ PostgreSQL ϿĽ档Ƕ PostgreSQL ѯ
   ʽ⣬ʹ Python ָʹǿ PostgreSQL ʮּ򵥡PyGreSQL
    by D'Arcy J.M. Cain and Pascal Andre дɡ
     * PyGreSQL վ [175]http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
     * D'Arcy ά [176]http://www.druid.net/~darcy/
     * վ
       [177]ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.REA
       DME 
     * D'Arcy J.M. Cain [178]darcy@druid.net
     * Pascal Andre [179]andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr
     * Pascal Andre [180]andre@via.ecp.fr
       
17.1 ȡ PyGres

   ͬ׼վڡ
     * Python
       [181]ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.
       gz
     * PyGreSQL [182]ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
     * վ
       [183]ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95-1.0
       b.tar.gz 
       
   ΣӦѰӽӳվ̨ԴЩվ̨
   PygreSQL Ҳ Python  PostgreSQL վ̨ contrib Ŀ¼ҵ
   
17.2 Ϻ֧Ԯ

   ҪЩ׼ϣ鿴ҳ
     * Python : [184]http://www.python.org/
     * PostgreSQL :
       [185]http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html
     * PyGreSQL [186]ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
     * PyGreSQL վ :
       [187]http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
       
   ֧Ԯ
     * PyGreSQL ̳ͨҪμӵĻɵ
       [188]majordomo@vex.net дsubscribe pygresql name@domain
       ѡname@domain ΪԼĵʵַ
     * Python  newsgroup comp.lang.python
     * PyGreSQL : г桢עͣ Andre
       [189]andre@via.ecp.fr
       
18. PostgreSQL άբ· (gateway) WDB-P95

18.1 й wdb-p95

   WDB-P95 - һ J. Douglas Dunlop  PostgreSQL Ͽά
   ڡ
     * J Rowe  WDB 
       [190]http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb
     * °汾 WWW-WDB  [191]http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95/
     * ̳ͨ [192]dunlop@eol.ists.ca
       
   һ޸˵ wdb-1.3a2ṩһ PostgreSQL άբ·汾
   ҲҪһܴ HTML бԭ wdb ޴Ҫ󣬵ҪԭҲ
   
   
   ɳ CASI Tape and Image Queryɿ Form Definition File
   (FDF)Ҳ춲 CASI Tape and Image Queryб
   (join)
   
   汾Ҫ춰װִ WDB-P95 Ϊ PostgreSQL ĵҪ
   ϵͳֲϿӦΪ򵥡֧Ԯ׼ SQL ӵ Perl 
   档
   
18.2 PostgreSQL ŷpgperl  httpd Ƿͬһԣ

   PostgreSQL ͬһԡ WDB-P95  httpd УҪͬһ
   ԡΪ WDB-P95 ʹ Pg.pmpgperl ҲҪͬһԡPgperl 
   libpq ʽдɣɴȡκ PostgreSQL ŷ
   PostgreSQL ͻ
   
   (άͻ (Netscape)) => (HTTP ŷ (NCSA's http) + WDB-P95 +
   pgperl + libpq)=> (PostgreSQL ŷ)
   
    () ԡ
   
   ÿԿǲͬ͡NTSUNHPҪִ WDB-P95 ĵ
   Ե libpq 溯ʽ⣬ΪҪ pgperlϵͳƳɻʹ
   HTML бһµάͻ
   
19. "C", "C++", ESQL/C Խ PostgreSQL λԪ (Bitwise Operators)

19.1 "C" 

   ѰɢУΪlibpq Oracle OCISybase DB-lib
   Informix CLIʽơ
   
19.2 "C++" 

   ѰɢУΪlibpq++
   
19.3 ESQL/C

   PostgreSQL ESQL/C 'Embedded C Pre-compiler'  Oracle Pro*C
   Informix ESQL/CPostgreSQL ESQL/C һ SQL Ӧóʽ (API)ʹ
   C ̻ʦܱдӵйϿԶӦóʽPostgreSQL
   ESQL/C ʹϤĵԶõṹѯ
   (SQL) ŵ㡣
   
   ESQL/C 
     * ESQL/C ʽṩϿŷĴȡ C ʽ
     * ESQL/C ͷṩ ESQL/C ʽõϽṹ;޼Ķ塣
     * ESQL/C ԤһѰ SQL ӵ C תΪִеԴʽԤ
        밴ӦΪѺǶʽ SQL  C תΪ׼ C 
        gcc Ϊִе⣬PostgreSQL  SQL API ӦΪ egpc
       
       
   
     * PostgreSQL  ESQL/C ѰɢС
     * վ [193]ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus
     * ʡ [194]linus@epact.se
       
19.4 PostgreSQL λԪԪ

   λԪԪ Nicolas Moldavsky д
     * [195]nico@overnet.com.ar
       
   ʵλԪ㣨ANDORXORλԪ (bitwise complement) pgsql
   Cʽɽ anonymous FTP õ
     * [196]ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz
       
    Linux  Makefile
   
20. PostgreSQL ļ (Kanji Code)

   ַ
     * [197]ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/
       
21. ֲ PostgreSQL Ӵ 95 / Ӵ NT

   ֲӴ 95 / Ӵ NTֲʹ gccgmake  Ӵ NT/95
   档Ҫ win32 Դʽ룬Ҫ gnu-win32GNU gcc  win32 ѳ
   ֡ҳ
     * [198]http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32
       
   ҳȡ cdk.exe gnu-win32 ҽѹ 밴ô˹Ѹ
   Ϊ cygwinַΪ [199]http://sourceware.cygnus.com
   
   ֲҲµġUnix-Emulator on NT߽
     * [200]http://www.softway.com
       
22. ̳ͨ

22.1 ȡѵʻ

   ˿̰µطȡѵ
     *  Yahoo [201]http://www.yahoo.com  e-mail
     * In Lycos [202]http://www.lycos.com  new e-mail accounts
     * In hotmail [203]http://www.hotmail.com  new e-mail accounts
       
    PostgreSQL ̳ͨ Yahoo һɫΪ PostgreSQL 
   Ŀ¼ĵʡѡĿ¼ Email- > Options- >
   Filters ѡ seperate folder for emailʻκ
   طշʣֻҪ
   
   ʣáMail FiltersԶ PostgreSQL ʼŵ
   Ŀ¼ҡ
   
22.2 Ӣ̳ͨ

   ҳ Mailing Lists Ŀ
     * [204]http://www.postgresql.org/
     *  [205]pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
     * Ա [206]pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
     * йֲ [207]pgsql-ports@postgresql.org
     * ļ [208]pgsql-docs@postgresql.org
       
   һ֮ڴյ𰸻ظ
   
   ҲɶͨѶ̳ϡȡѵʻڡһڡҪĻֹͣ
   ģ
     * [209]pgsql-questions-request@postgresql.org
     * [210]pgsql-hackers-request@postgresql.org
     * [211]pgsql-ports-request@postgresql.org
     * [212]pgsql-docs-request@postgresql.org
       
   ѶϢֻһ
   
   subscribe
   
   
   
   unsubscribe
   
22.3 ̳ͨ

   ̳ͨҲ html ʽµط
     *  MHonarc پ WWW ÿĿ¼
       [213]http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions
     * [214]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org Ŀ¼ /pub/majordomo
       
22.4 ̳ͨ

   Ŀǰһǹٷ PostgreSQL ̳ͨйءȡ
   ѵʻڡһڡҪĵĻ
     * [215]majordomo@tlali.iztacala.unam.mx
       
   ѶϢֻһ
   
   inscripcion pgsql-ayuda
   
23. ļͲο

23.1 ûָ˵

   PostgreSQL ɢѰ¸ postscriptHTML ʽ  unix
   man-pagesµطҵļ
   [216]http://www.postgresql.org/docs
   
     * "Installation Guide"
     * "User Guide" for PostgreSQL
     * "Implementation Guide" ϸ˵ PostgreSQL Ͽڲ
     * ˵
     * HTML ʽ˵
     * Postscript ʽ˵飬ӡ
       
23.2 ļ

     * ڽ̬Ԫ
       
6.4  PSQL ָһ

     * ֧Ԯ SQL ؼ
       
 /tools Ŀ¼һָ⹤

     * ֧Ԯľ
       
ʹ psql \h ָ

     * PostgreSQL ĻĹʽϿʵʩӣѯ
       
       
 src/test е regression ԡҵ regress/sql  suite/*.sql Ŀ¼

     * PostgreSQL ָ
       
SQL ָ src/tutorial Ŀ¼

       Ҳıļ¼ [217]Appendix B ġѧ SQL ָ
       
23.3 õĲο

     * "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" - Jim Melton Alan
       R.Simon 
       
Morgan Kaufman Publisher һõ SQL 顣Ȿ SQL92 Ϊ׼

     * "A Guide to THE SQL STANDARD" - C.J.Date 
       

Addison-Wesley Publishing company Ҳһ顣й SQL 

     * SQL - The Standard Handbook, һžŶʮһ
       
Stephen Cannan and Gerard Otten
McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe , Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England

     * SQL Instant Reference, 1993
       
Martin Gruber, Technical Editor: Joe Celko
SYBEX Inc.  2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501

     * C.J.Date, "An introduction to Database Systems" (),
       Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-82458-2
       
ⱾϿϵͳʥⱾϸ˵滯 (normalization)SQLָ (re
covery) (concurrency) (integrity)ԭĹģʽ
ϵͳģ͡Ҳο
о󲿷ûƼ

     * Stefan Stanczyk, "Theory and Practice of Relational Databases",
       UCL Press Ltd, 1990, ISBN 1-857-28232-9
       
Ȿϸ˵ʽϿ⡢ϵ (relational algebra)ϵ (calculus)
滯ۡʵͽϸӵӡ󲿷ûƼ

     * "The Practical SQL Handbook" 棬 Addison Wesley Developers
       Press ISBN 0-201-44787-8
       
󲿷ûƼ

     * Michael Stonebraker, "Readings in Database Systems", Morgan
       Kaufmann, 1988, ISBN 0-934613-65-6
       
ǹȥйϿļǸһ߿ǽ׵ѧо
Ͽ⿪Ա

     * C.J.Date, "Relational Database - Selected Readings",
       Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-14196-5
       
ǹȥйϿļǸһ߿ǽ׵ѧо
Ͽ⿪Ա

     * Nick Ryan  Dan Smith, "Database Systems Engineering",
       International Thomson Computer Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85032-115-9
       
Ȿ˵ȡʹ漼

     * Bipin C. Desai, "An introduction to Database Systems", West
       Publishing Co., 1990, ISBN 0-314-66771-7
       
Ǹһ߿ǽ׵ѧоϿ⿪Ա

     * Joe Celko "INSTANT SQL Programming"
       
Wrox Press Ltd.
Unit 16, 20 James Road, Tyseley
Birmingham, B11 2BA, England
1995

     * Michael Gorman "Database Management Systems: Understanding and
       Applying Database"
       
Technology
QED and John Wiley
1991

     * Michael Gorman "Enterprise Database for a Client/Server
       Environment" QED and John Wiley
       
˵ repository metamodels ϿӦóʽҪ ANSI
׼ SQL 1993 Ӧá

   ԰ټй SQL 飡꿴ɡ
   
23.4 ANSI/ISO SQL ļSQL 1992, SQL 1998

   ANSI/ISO SQL ļվҵ
     * [218]http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html
     * [219]http://www.ansi.org/docs  cat_c.html ѰҡDatabase
       SQL
     * SQL92 ׼ [220]http://www.jcc.com  sql_stnd.html
     * ANSI/ISO SQL 
       [221]http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html ڴ
        SQL Ĳοϡ
       
23.5 ANSI/ISO SQL 1992 ﷨

   ıļĸ¼ [222]Appendix A
   
23.6 ANSI/ISO SQL 1998 ﷨

   SQL 1998 (SQL 3) ڿСοļġ;ȡ SQL3 ݰ
   [223]SQL 1998
   
23.7 ѧ SQL 

   οĸ¼ [224]Appendix B
   
23.8 SQL92 ʱ̬ (Temporal Extension)

     * SQL92 ʱ̬ļ [225]ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/
     * ʱ̬ SQL-3  [226]ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/
       
   Ŀ¼аһ SQL-92 Թʱ̬졣ԱΪ TSQL2
   
   ԹԵհ汾
   
   ֱ TSQL2 ϯ Design Committee, Richard T.Snodgrass,
   Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
   85721,
     * [227]rts@cs.arizona.edu
       
    TSQL2 Language Design Committee ĵʵַԹ
   һҵ
   
   Ŀ¼е¡
   
   spec.dvi,.ps TSQL2 Թһž³
   
   bookspec.ps TSQL2 Թ TSQL2 㣬һžʮ 
   ģ
   
   sql3 ύ ANSI  ISO SQL3 ί޶
   
   ԹһﻹռһЩйϵľۡṩӡ
   ʵԵۡЩԭǸ TSQL2 Language Design
   Committee Ľ顣һôṩй TSQL2 ӡƶ
   ʱĴȽ TSQL2 ͹ȥʮĴԡ
   ǿЩĿǰ TSQL2 Թһ֣ǶĲͷչ
   Թ TSQL2 վ
   
   ЩۣԹ֧ԮϣѾ
   
   Snodgrass, R.T., editor, The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language, Kluwer
   Academic Publishers, 1995, 674+xxiv ҳ
   
   һ¼˵ۣڴĿ¼е eval.ps ṩ
   
   tl2tsql2.pl һѻܵʱ̬߼ (temporal logic) Ϊ TSQL2 
   prolog ʽʽ Michael Boehlen дɡ
     * [228]boehlen@iesd.auc.dk
       
   λɽӴȡһݽ̵ⷭġʽľɰ汾°汾
   
     * [229]http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software
       
   (the TimeDB and Tiger systems).
   
23.9 㲿֡ȡ ISO/ANSI SQL ļ

   ˵ΣϷأȡһ SQL-92 ׼ȡһݡʱ
   SQL3 ݰ
   
   ׼ȨУ ANSI ׼ĳΪ ANSIISO ׼ĳΪ ISO
   
   ʱ2 SQL ׼ֱ ANSI  ISO 档ݱ׼ÿֶһ
   ģ һһЩСڣļ⡢ҳס̾䡰International Standard
    American Standard֮ࡣ
   
    SQL-92 ׼
   
   The ISO standard, ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology - Database
   Languages - SQLĿǰһž£ ANSI дɵõ
   
     American National Standards Institute
     1430 Broadway
     New York, NY 10018 (USA)
     Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

   Ǯ US$230.00ANSI 棬ANSI X3.135-1992, American National Standard
   for Information Systems - Database Language SQLĿǰ޴Ӧÿ
   һžѮѮõļǮ US$225.00
   
    ANSI κһļҪ 7% ѣԼ US$9.10
   ʼĿ϶ANSI Ҫеݶһݹ˾ĸӡ
   Ԫһе֧Ʊǻڽĸ㡣
   ֯ ANSI Ĺ˾Ա (corporate member)ANSI ļĸ
   ˾Ǯ
   
   ⣬ISO ׼ҲɴΪ ISO (International Organization for
   Standardization)  IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 
   ԱıӪı׼֯򡣹Ӫַɴ
   ANSI ӪȡáҲɴ ISO õ
   
     International Organization for Standardization
     Central Secretariat
     1, rue de Varembi
     CH-1211 Genhve 20
     Switzerland

   Ըݵķ׼Ҫۡɴ֯
   US$308.00  ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology - Database
   Languages - SQL
   
     Global Engineering Documents
     2805 McGaw Ave
     Irvine, CA 92714 (USA)
     USA
     Phone (works from anywhere): +1.714.261.1455
     Phone (only in the USA): (800)854-7179

   Ҳ֪Ƿ˷ѣҹƣ룩ʻ˻շѡǻ
   Ϊݵذļĸ㣬ܡҪÿGlobal û ANSI 
   ûмǮʱ䣨Ԥ ANSI ֮ڳ֣
   Ǯӽ US$300.00
   
   һ SQL3 ݰ (Working Draft)
   
   ɴ ANSI X3 Secretariat, CBEMA (Computer and Business Equipment
   Manufacturers Association) һ SQL3 ݰĸӡͼȷ
   汾 SQL3 ݰ US$60.00  US$65.00 ۡ
   ;Ӵ CBEMA
   
     CBEMA, X3 Secretariat
     Attn: Lynn Barra
     1250 Eye St.
     Suite 200
     Washington, DC 20005 (USA)

   Lynn Barra ҲԵ绰 +1.202.626.5738 ӴҪһݣʼƺ
   ò
   
   Ӿȡ SQL3 ݰ
   
   °汾дʱΪ׼ SQL3ANSI  ISOݰи
   վ̨ԡanonymous ftpftpmailõ
   
     gatekeeper.dec.com

  

     /pub/standards/sql/

   Ŀ¼ж PostScript ʹֵʽۣ
   өĻرĶ
   
   һ˵ҵƵĵ
   
     sql-bindings-mar94.ps
     sql-bindings-mar94.txt
     sql-cli-mar94.ps
     sql-cli-mar94.txt
     sql-foundation-mar94.ps
     sql-foundation-mar94.txt
     sql-framework-mar94.ps
     sql-framework-mar94.txt
     sql-psm-mar94.ps
     sql-psm-mar94.txt

   °汾ļᣬmar94ı˵µĳڣ硰aug94
   ڡmar94֮İ汾
   
   ⣬Ϊչ˲ܴ FTP ȡõĶߣĿ¼зһΪ
   
     ls

   ĵ⵵棡Ŀ¼ڵĵ
   
    Ftp ֱӻõ
   
   ʹ FTP ӡر˵ӵ gatekeeper.dec.com
   ЩĿ¼ѵ͵ĵԡҪעĵĵҪܡ
   ǡftpĵʵַνanonymous ftpָ
   type binaryȷյĵûλԪȥgetһȡһ
   еעڽ <  >
   
  % ftp gatekeeper.dec.com
  Connected to gatekeeper.dec.com.
  220- *** /etc/motd.ftp ***
       Gatekeeper.DEC.COM is an unsupported service of DEC Corporate Research.
       <...this goes on for a while...>
  220 gatekeeper.dec.com FTP server (Version 5.83 Sat ... 1992) ready.
  Name (gatekeeper.dec.com:<ĵ>): ftp  <anonymous Ҳ>
  331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
  Password: <ĵʵַ>
  230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
  Remote system type is UNIX.  <or whatever>
  Using binary mode to transfer files.
  ftp> cd pub/standards/sql
  250 CWD command successful.
  ftp> dir
  200 PORT command successful.
  150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
  total 9529
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     357782 Feb 25 10:18 x3h2-93-081.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     158782 Feb 25 10:19 x3h2-93-081.txt
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     195202 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system      90900 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.txt
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system    5856284 Feb 25 09:55 x3h2-93-091.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system    3043687 Feb 25 09:57 x3h2-93-091.txt
  226 Transfer complete.
  ftp> type binary
  200 Type set to I.
  ftp> get x3h2-93-082.txt
  200 PORT command successful.
  150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for x3h2-93-082.txt (90900 bytes).
  226 Transfer complete.
  90900 bytes received in 0.53 seconds (166.11 Kbytes/s)
  ftp> quit
  % <⵵ѳΪĵе x3h2-93-082.txt>

   û ftp ֧Ԯȡõ
   
   Digital Equipment Corporation ˾ƣṩ ftp email 
   ҪлӦΪֱṩ˺ ftp ȵķ
   ŷĵַΪ
   
   ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com
   
   ȡ°汾 SQL3 ļ PostScript 
   
     reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
     connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
     binary
     compress

   밴ֻȷᱻѹԶԪʽͣû´κϡ
    ϼѱ (Compaq) չ ȡ°汾 SQL3 
    PostScript 
   
     reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
     connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
     binary
     compress
     uuencode
     chdir /pub/standards/sql
     get x3h2-93-091.ps
     quit

   һָŷҪѵ㣬Ҫ
   joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.comΪĵʵַеĵ
   x3h2-93-091.ps  uuencode ˵ compress ʽֳʮķʻظ
   Ļûṩ鵵ĹߣҪԴģʽȡ
   õ
   
     reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
     connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
     chdir /pub/standards/sql
     get x3h2-93-091.ps
     quit

   ע⣬ .ps ŻᱻΪʮظ
   
   Ҫȡκβ x3h2-93-091.ps ĵֻѡx3h2-93-091.psΪ
   ҪĵơҪȡеѡx3h2-93-091.psΪdir
   
23.10 һ֡ISO/ANSI SQL ǰ

   й SQL ׼䵱ǰԴ
   
   ǰ
   
   ĿǰڽпԸĽ SQL ΪʹΪ
   (computationally complete language)Կ춳־áӵ
   һ㻯רŻȼ (generalization and specialization hierarchies)
   ̳ (multiple inheritance)Զ̬ (triggers) ж
   (assertions)֪ʶϵͳ֧Ԯ (support for knowledge based systems)
   ݲѯʽ (recursive query expression) ͸ϹߡҲ
   ̬ (ADTs)ʶ (object identifiers) (methods)̳
   (inheritance) (polymorphism)װ (encapsulation) 
   ϹйصĹܵĹ
   
   һž＾SQL3 ֽһ ISO CD ͶƱ
   SQL/FrameworkSQL/Foundation  SQL/BindingsһϣͶƱ
   յԼŰٸһѮһ ISO DBL ༭ (editing
   meeting)˴ἰύ춸ôλ
   δܴۣ齫ӳ༭ɶһž£ص
   ׶ء
   
   ݹƣµı༭֮ᣬйЩֵ SQL 
   CD ͶƱ CD ̻ỨԼ£֮ DBL ༭顢DIS ͶƱ
   ݵ IS ͶƱ
   
   ISO ĳ SQL/92 ֮ıˣ SQL ίԱ̵顣
   
   ˳SQL3 Щֻ 1998 ڳΪٷ ISO/IEC ׼
   ʱǳȡ
   
   һž꣬ANSI  ISO ίԱ֮ SQL չΪಿֵı
   ׼Щְ
   
     * Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
       is structured.
     * Part 2: Foundation The core specification, including all of the
       new ADT features.
     * Part 3: SQL/CLI The Call Level Interface.
     * Part 4: SQL/PSM The stored procedures specification, including
       computational completeness.
     * Part 5: SQL/Bindings The Dynamic SQL and Embedded SQL bindings
       taken from SQL-92.
     * Part 6: SQL/XA An SQL specialization of the popular XA Interface
       developed by X/Open
     * Part 7:SQL/TemporalAdds time related capabilities to the SQL
       standards.
       
   SQL3 ͬʱ ANSI  (Domestic, "D") ר ISO ר
   Ŀǰʱһžžꡣ
   
   SQL/CLI  SQL/PSM ٶȴΪ SQL-92 ޶
   ֻ (International, "I") ר SQL/CLI һž
   ˡSQL/PSM Ӧû 1996 δɡ
   
    SQL3 ⣬һЩӵļƻ
   
     * SQL/MM An ongoing effort to define standard multi-media packages
       using the SQL3 ADT capabilities.
     * Remote Data Access (RDA)
       
   ׼ίԱ͹ (Standards Committee and Process)
   
   ʵϣж SQL ׼ίԱᡣISO һһ SQL ׼С
   Ҷ SQL ΪصίԱᡣЩңͨɳ
   ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 21/WG3 DBL 顣 ISO SQL ׼ƶĹǡ
   
     * 
     * 
     * ô
     * 
     * ¹
     * ձ
     * 
     * 
     * Ӣ
     * 
       
   NIST ȷ (NIST Validation)
   
   SQL ȷϹʵ National Institute of Standards and
   Testing (NIST) СNIST Ŀǰһż (entry level) SQL-92 Ĳ
   ׼NIST ȷҪ鱻Ϊһ Federal Information Processing
   Standard (FIPS)Ŀǰ SQL Ҫ FIPS 127-2ļ
   Postscript ģʽɴ NIST ȡáĿǰͨ SQL ȷϵĲƷҲ
   NIST ȡá
   
   ׼ SQL ļ (Standard SQL Publications and Articles)
   
   汾 SQL ׼ɴ ANSI ȡá
   
     * ISO/IEC 9075:1992, "Information Technology --- Database Languages
       --- SQL"
     * ANSI X3.135-1992, "Database Language SQL"
       
   Ͷ׼Ĳο⣬SQL ׼汾ȫһ汾ɴ
    طȡá
   
     American National Standards Institute
     1430 Broadway
     New York, NY 10018
     USA
     Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

    SQL-92 ׼⣬ڻһݼ (Technical Corrigendum) 
   
   
   * Technical Corrigendum 1:1994 to ISO/IEC 9075:1992

   TC 1 Ӧÿɴ ANSI ȡáTC 1 ֻ ISO 汾 ISO  ANSI 
    SQL-92
   
   ׼⣬Ҳй 1992 SQL ׼顣Щṩһʵʱ׼
   
   
   йصı׼ (Related Standards)
   
   SQL ȺҲԶ׼ȤڰһЩйЩŬָ롣
   ϳᣬҲ
   
     * SQL Environments (FIPS 193)
     * Next Generation Repository Systems (X3H4) - һݺ
       "Developing Standards for the Next Generation Repository Systems"
       Ÿ塣
       
23.11 ڶ֡ISO/ANSI SQL  (ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation)

   SQL3 ŬһҪ SQL ļС
   
     *  SQL/PSM  SQL/PSM-92
     * µ̬
     *  (Triggers)
     * б (Subtables)
     * ̬ (Abstract Data Types, ADT)
     * 
       
   ȾҪ
   
     * 帴
     * ѸӵϿ
     * ⲿЩ SQL Ҫ湵ͨ
       
   ЩѶΪ SQL/PSM һ
   
   д SQL ģͣʹ ODMG ģͿ롣Ŭ
    X3H2  ISO DBL  SQL3  ODMG SQL3/OQL
   Merger ĸ°Ҳɵõ
   
   SQL3 ʱ
   
   й SQL3 ĹڽУձ׼дų֡
   
     * ͶƱ SQL3 ӲݰΪίԱݰ (Committee Draft, CD) 
       һž＾С
     * ͶƱ
     * Ҫڶ CD ͶƱ
     * Draft International Standard ͶƱ 1998 н
     * ʱ׼һžž
       
   ANSI ı׼ıҲࡣ
   
23.12 ֡ISO/ANSI SQL м (Call Level Interface)

   SQL/CLI һֶ SQL Ͽĺм档Ϊ֧Ԯ
   (shrink-wrapped) ӦóʽCLI ԭ SQL Access Group (SAG) һС
   ίԱᴴ졣 SAG/CLI  1992 ΢ Open DataBase Connectivity
   (ODBC) 񹫲һž꣬SAG  CLI ύ ANSI  ISO SQL ίԱ
   (SQL Access Group ѽϵ X/Open consortium С)
   
   SQL/CLI ṩĹʱ׼
   
     * ʵ CLI ȡ SQL Ͽ
     * ӹ (Client-server tools) ׼̬ắʽȡϿ
     * ֧Ԯḻӹ
       
   SQL/CLI ʱ
   
   Ա׼Ŀ̣SQL/CLI Ծ˵ٶȴС
   
     * SQL/CLI Ƕ 1992 SQL ׼SQL-92Ĳ
     * һžɣΪ ISO ׼
     * ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages
       -- SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI)
     * Ŀǰ SQL/CLI Ŭ SQL3 
       
23.13 Ĳ֡ ISO/ANSI SQL ־ôģ (Persistent Stored Modules)

   SQL/PSM ¹ SQL
   
     *  (Procedural language) 
     *  (Multi-statement) ʹ
     * ⲿ (External function and procedure calls)
       
   ΪмֵӦóʽߣSQL/PSM Ϊ SQL3 ṩĻ
   ֧Ԯ
   
   ʹ
   
   ʹΪӻṩֺô
   
     * ֡춴ִж SQL 䣬ͻĹͨɼ١
     * ߿ȨһбûȨֱӸ¡
     * ʽÿȡϿͻ߶дԴĳʽ
       
     * ơΪӦóʽִṩһĶͿơ
       
   
   
   Լƺ̼Ϊ SQL ϴͳʽԵĹܡ
   
   
   
     * If-then-else
     * Ȧṹ (Looping constructs)
     * ⴦ (Exception handling)
     * Case 
     * Begin-End 
       
   컹̼ɡ
   
     * 
     * Set 䣬춸ֵ (assignment)
     * ȡó״̬
       
   ⣬дͳ SQL ԶɰڶĳС
   
   ⲿ
   
   һڴϿƷ wish lists г֣вʵɫ
   дϿĳ
   
     * ĳʽӦóʽԼϿ⺯
     * ϿӦóʽʹ
       
   ⹦ܵĺôϿ⣨˰ϿӦóʽʹ÷ḻĳͺ
    òһ׼֯
   
   SQL/PSM ʱ
   
   SQL/PSM չѸ١
   
     * SQL/PSM  SQL-92 Ĳ
     * йذ SQL/PSM ӹʱ׼ĲݰΪʱ׼ĹͶƱһžһ
       ɡ
     * һžµı༭δܽ
     * PSM ༭鰲һžʮʮڼؿ
     * Žȣ PSM пһž
     * ٷΪ ISO/IEC DIS 9075-4:199? Information technology --
       Database languages -- SQL -- Part 4: SQL Persistent Stored Modules
       (SQL/PSM)
     * Ϊ SQL3  SQL/PSM ֧Ԯ
       
23.14 岿֡ ISO/ANSI SQL/ (Bindings)

   ΪοʽԵĽϱɶļĿǰİ汾 SQL-92 
   ̬Ƕ (dynamic and embedded bindings) Ľ¼
   
   ʽԽвͬд
   
   Դͳʽ˵̬ SQL-92 ĿԻӦ SQL 
   ͳʽԱ֮ĶӦ붨塣
   
   ˵Ŀǰ SQL ̬SQL ģͺʽ
   ֮ ĶӦϵ붨塣
   
   ģڹЩ֮ǰȶ
   
   ԽʱΪ SQL3 һ֡
   
23.15 ֡ISO/ANSI SQL XA  SQL/XA

   Ϊܽ׹Ա (global Transaction Manager)  SQL ԴԱ
   (SQL Resource Manager) ֮Ӧóʽ (API) ṩ׼
   ISO/IEC 10026 ݣɢ״ (Distributed Transaction
   Processing׼УSQL ԴԱ֧Ԯֶ׶εȷ
   (two-phase commit)ļԾ X/Open ׼һ X/Open 
   ָ xa_close, xa_commit, xa_complete, xa_end, xa_forget,
   xa_open, xa_prepare, xa_recover, xa_rollback  xa_start ȶ
   SQL ̬﷨
   
   ISO ĿǰԾ׷ (fast-tract) X/Open XA ̲ı
   һĿǰҵ ISO SC21JTC 1 ȼ XA ׷ͶƱһž
   ¶ʮտʼһžʮ¶ʮս XA  75% Ʊ
    2/3  JTC 1 p-members ׼Ϊһʱ׼׷
   ͶƱ׼SQL/XA  1996 Ϊ׼
   
23.16 ߲֡ʱ̬ ISO/ANSI SQL

   ʱ̬ SQL ʱйصϡǲѯ϶֪һضʱ
   õġʱ̬ SQL һ Rick Snodgrass һžʮд
   ļ
   
   X3 ȷһ¼ƻISO/IEC 9075 Part 7: SQL/Temporal һݹ
   SQL/Temporal Ÿ
   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Temporal SQL
                                ************
Rick SnodgrassTSQL2 ίԱϯ
31-Dec-1994

   ʹ SQL 3 Ըʱ֧Ԯ⣨ DBL R10-75 飬Ҫ
   SQL µĲʱԵϿ⣩۵ǳ̬ (ADT's) 
   ֧Ԯʱ̬ѶԵĿʹþ֤ӵг̬λ
   ܴʱ̬ѯر˵ܶʱԵĲѯǺ SQL ģ⣬
   ڹʹǶʽ SQLѡ TSQL2һ SQL-92 ʱ̬
   ˡ
   
  
  
   Чʱ (Valid-time) ֧Ԯһʱ̬ ADT ʹߣһλ
   ָΪʱ̬ DATE  INTERVALӣЧʱ䣬
   ÿʱı䣬 ΪʵϸıˡϵһЧʱĳе
   ʱ (timestamp)ᱻѯΪиֵЧʱ
   ʱʹòѯԼر
   
  оʱ
  
   The University of Arizona  Office of Appointed Personnel Ͽ
   ЩϣԱ֡ĿǰнĿǰְλЩһ򵥵ı
   
   
        Employee(Name, Salary, Title)

   ʹѰһԱнʮּ򵥡
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

    OAP ټ¼ڡΪЩڱмһ¸Ŀ
   (schema)
   
        Employee(Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth DATE)

   ѰһԱĳڸѰнơ
   
        SELECT DateofBirth
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

  оʷ
  
   OAP ܹʷԻΪˣǼһָʾеϺʱ
   ʼЧ һָϺʱʧЧ
   
   Employee (Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
   
   ģ (data model) ˵Щλ DateofBirth ޷ֱ𡣲
   ǵ ڲֽ
   
  оͶӳ (Projection)
  
   ҪҳԱĿǰнΪѡ
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob' AND Start <= CURRENT_DATE AND CURRENT_DATE <= Stop

   ѯ֮ǰĸӡԪ׺OAP 뷢нʷԱ
   رأҪҳÿһԱһнʱ䡣ҵأ
   SQL һԱнڼְοжα
   
Name    Salary  Title             DateofBirth   Start           Stop
----    ------  -----             -----------   -----           ----
Bob     60000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-06-01      1993-09-30
Bob     70000   Provost           1945-04-09    1993-10-01      1994-01-31
Bob     70000   Professor         1945-04-09    1994-02-01      1994-12-31

                               ͼ 1

   Ҫע Bob нͣ $70,000ԣӦ Bob С
   
Name    Salary  Start           Stop
----    ------  -----           ----
Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1994-12-31

   һǰнְӡߣҳнʱⷽ
   Ȳ಻ʵʡһǾʹ SQL
   
CREATE TABLE Temp(Salary, Start, Stop)
AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;

   ظ
   
        UPDATE Temp T1
        SET (T1.Stop) = (SELECT MAX(T2.Stop)
                         FROM Temp AS T2
                         WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
                      FROM Temp AS T2
                      WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
        until no rows updated;

DELETE FROM Temp T1

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
              FROM Temp AS T2
              WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary
                        AND ((T1.Start > T2.Start AND T1.Stop <= T2.Stop)
                        OR (T1.Start >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop))

   ȦҳصڶҪϲʱΡȦִ log N 
   N ָһصڵͬн¼߿ģѯ
   ִ֤ȷԡ
   
   ַʹ SQL Ϊһα (cursor)Ϊÿнһ
    (linked list)ʼʱΪհס
   
DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
        SELECT Salary, Title, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;
OPEN emp_cursor;
loop:
        FETCH emp_cursor INTO :salary, :start, :stop;
        if no-data returned then goto finished;
        find position in linked list to insert this information;
        goto loop;
finished:
CLOSE emp_cursor;

   ظӡںн
   
   α ORDER BY StartǱҪ
   
   Σһ򵥵Ĳѯǲ SQL-92 ĹܱĿġʹ TSQL2
    ѯܼ򵥡
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee

  о (JOIN)
  
   һķǰѸĿнְϷֿӶܿ
   ȡ нʷʱ⡣Ϊƣвٿǳ
   
   
        Employee1 (Name, Salary, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
        Employee2 (Name, Title, Start DATE, Stop DATE)

   Employee1 ¡
   
Name    Salary  Start           Stop
----    ------  -----           ----
Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1993-12-31

    Employee2 
   
Name    Title                   Start           Stop
----    ------                  -----           ----
Bob     Assistant Provost       1993-01-01      1993-09-30
Bob     Provost                 1993-10-01      1994-01-31
Bob     Professor               1994-02-01      1994-12-31

   ı֮ᣬȡùԱнϱü򵥡
   
        SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee1
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

    OAP һанְλʱΣ OAP һͼ 1 ʽ
   񣩣һӡ񣬶ҳйϡһȫʹ
    SQLҵأѯҪ Employee1 ÿк Employee2 ص
   ֿܳ֡
   
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start <= Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee1.Start >= Employee2.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop
        AND Employee1.Start < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
        AND Employee2.Start < Employee1.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop

   ȷҳһսԵĹʹ TSQL2һʱ̬
   
   
        SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept
        FROM Employee1, Employee2
        WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name

  оۼ (AGGREGATES)
  
    OAP ʼнʲ᣿ʱǰܼ򵥡
   
        SELECT MAX(Salary)
        FROM Employee

   ڼнʷҪҳͬʱнʷ⵱Ȼ SQL 
   ṩʱ̬ľۼ򵥵ķӡйϣҳֵһ
   ȡɣһʱ (snapshot) ۼѯתΪʹþۼĲѯ
   תΪʱ̬ۼǸʹþۼĲѯҳֵн
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee AS E1
        WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
                          FROM Employee AS E2
                          WHERE E2.Salary > E1.Salary)

   ѯΪʱ̬ѯǳһַ
   
CREATE TABLE Temp (Salary, Start, Stop)
AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;
INSERT INTO Temp
        SELECT T.Salary, T.Start, E.Start
        FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
        WHERE E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;

INSERT INTO Temp
        SELECT T.Salary, T.Stop, E.Stop
        FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
        WHERE E.Stop > T.Start AND E.Stop <= T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;
DELETE FROM Temp T
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
              FROM Employee AS E
              WHERE ((T.Start => E.Start AND T.Start < E.Stop)
                        OR (E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop))
                    AND E.Salary > T.Salary;

   ⷽмʱصֵϡ²
   ֮ǰӲѯҳļ¼ɾӰ쵽 NOT EXISTS
   ӸҳʱΣ֮ǰҳнѶ㡣ϣ
    SQL ִʱЧʷǳͣΪЩӵĳ״Ȳѯ
   
   Ǿ SQLõαҳʷ
   
   ʹ TSQL2 ٴμֱӡ
   
        SELECT MAX(Salary)
        FROM Employee

  ժҪ
  
   󲿷ϿӦóʽҪʱıϡЧʱ SQL ֧Ԯ
   ܶʱ̬ѯǺ SQL ģ⣬Ҫ SQL Ƕ뵽УΪ
   SQL ģͺͲѯԽṹȱЧʱ֧Ԯ
   
   һ棬ʾЧʱ֧ԮҪ DBMS ʩһЩı䣬
   ϷԵؼһЩѯʹѯпܡҲ춴ṹ
   ѻ (optimization)ѻĲԿɵ±ִ
   
    SQL3 һ²֧ԮʱıϣǿԿӦã
    SQL3 ʱ̬ϵ
   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Accredited Standards Committee* X3, Information Technology
NEWS RELEASE

ļš       PR/96-0002

ظ       Barbara Bennett at bbennett@itic.nw.dc.us

             X3 Ͽһר, ISO/IEC 9075 Part 7:  SQL/Temporal

Washington D.C., 1996 һ
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

   -- Accredited Standards Committee X3, Information Technology Ͽһ
   й SQL/Temporal ֧ԮרISO/IEC 9075 Part 7йع
   Technical Committee X3H2, Databaseеı׼ֵ SQL3
   ׼һ²֣߲ Temporal SQL Ϊ SQL һ죬 SQL 
   Ͽ⻷֧Ԯȡʹʱ̬ϡ´ X3H2 鶨һžʮ
   һʮڿ˹ (Kansas) С
   
   вѯʼ
   
        Chairman of X3H2,
        Dr. Donald R. Deutsch,
        Sybase, Inc., Suite 800,
        6550 Rock Spring
        Drive, Bethesda, MD  20817.
        Email: deutsch@sybase.com.

   ѰܵרǡȨ̱꣩йϼĽ
   
        X3 Secretariat at
        1250 Eye Street
        NW, Suite 200,
        Washington DC  20005.
        Email: x3sec@itic.nw.dc.us
        FAX:  (202)638-4922.

23.17 ڰ˲֡ISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)

   һΪ춶ýӦóʽ SQL ʽ ISO/IEC ʱ׼
   һžڻ׼С±׼жΪ SQL Multimedia
   (SQL/MM)òе SQL3 еĳ̬ADTĿָ
   SQL ADT װ SQL/MM ĿΪ׼ѧ͹̡ȫĺļ
   ýӰֺ¼⡣һ
    JTC1 ׼֯йļ SC18Ӱ SC24ƬͶͼ
    SC29 SQL Խ (binding)
   
   SQL/MM רƻָΪһݶಿֱ׼Ĳ֡һ
   ֻνɵĿܡÿֻרעһض SQL Ӧó
   ʽ׼Ϊһž´ڵ SQL/MM ֡
   
     * Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
       is structured.
     * Part 2: Full Text Methods and ADTs for text data processing. About
       45 pages.
     * Part 3: Spatial Methods and ADTs for spatial data management.
       About 200 pages with active contributions from Spatial Data
       experts from 3 national bodies.
     * Part 4: General Purpose Methods and ADTs for complex numbers,
       Facilities include trig and exponential functions, vectors, sets,
       etc. Currently about 90 pages.
       
   жйؿռ͵ϵı׼ĹڽС
   
     * ANSI X3L1 - Geographic Information Systems. Unisys  Mark
       Ashworth of Unisys  X3L1  ANSI X3H2 ˡ Ҳ SQL/MM
       ݸһĲֵı༭
     * ISO TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics
       
24. PostgreSQL ļ֧Ԯ

   κμϵʽѣɵ
     * [230]pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
       
   ԤһյظΪƷûΧܹ㣬ûֻ
   Ϊ԰ûṩ֧Ԯ֧Ԯȵ绰֧Ԯö࣬
   ΪɼºϴѶϢʽȵȣֿ״͵̳ͨ / 
   顣
   
   ڲõĽPostgreSQL ֯С͹˾ۼ֧Ԯ
   άصĶӳվ̨ά  ftpҲӡļָ
   ԰˿͡
   
   Ҳ AndersonWGSWork Group Solutionsרҵеõ
   ǰΪкܺõ CC++ רң PostgreSQL  C дɣ
     * Work Group Solutions [231]http://www.wgs.com
     * Anderson Consulting [232]http://www.ac.com
       
25. úҵ

   ҵϿɽܶ˰ݡۡáᱣϡҽƱ˰Ա
   ϡԱгƹ͹ѡЩöֱ
   ϿĿ㹺һҵϿ⣬һֵĽ˷˰о
   ɱȵط
   
   ңҵϿ֧͹ Unix װάЩɱ
   ת޸û
   
   ҵϿȣPostgreSQL ӵֱ˰ŵ㣬Ϊǻ
   һȺΪ PostgreSQL Ŀҳס磬һӣ
   һ乫˾ÿ䶼ʮԪ PostgreSQL ˵ﳬֵÿ
   õһǧԪǻħ
   
   ĿǰPostgreSQL ԴʽдԼ 200,000  CC++ ʽÿ C ʽ
   ֵԪ PostgreSQL ֵʮԪ
   
   ܶ๫˾ѿ CC++ ʽáˣ PostgreSQL Դʽ
   뻥˾Թ˾棬ʡʱ
   
26. Ͽ

   г UnixLinux  SQL Ͽ⡣
     * ѡ Applications->databases.
       [233]http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/linuxapps/linapps.html
     * ѡ Applications->databases.
       [234]http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
     * ϿԴ [235]http://linas.org/linux/db.html  Linas
       Vepstas дɵġ [236]linas@fc.net
     * Ͽ
       [237]http://cuiwww.unige.ch:80/~scg/FreeDB/FreeDB.list.html
     * Browne  RDBMS  [238]http://www.hex.net/~cbbrowne/rdbms.html
        Christopher B. Browne дɡ [239]cbbrowne@hex.net
     * SAL ʽ RDBMS  [240]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/1/
     * SAL ʽ DBMS  [241]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/2/
     * SAL's ĹߺϿ [242]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/3/
     * ACM SIGMOD ڿȡõϿ
       [243]http://bunny.cs.uiuc.edu/sigmod/databaseSoftware/
       
27. άѰʾ

   ǳӵд·һѶȫÿٷ
   ֮ٵٶݹƣȫдԼһǧվ
   
   ҪѰϣҪŻLycos Ѱ档ȥŻѡ search
   ʹùѡ (filtering options) խѰҪԤѰ
   Intelligent searchȽһ㻯гпԡѡOptionsѡ
   EXACT phraseѰANDѰORѰȵȡɸҵ
   ҪѶϢ⣬ search Ŀ¼£ radio buttons ѡѰ
   վŻվ
   
28. 

   оɺͿȡԴʽϿᣬֵֻ PostgreSQL 
   졢ʹúȫ SQL RDMSʽ
   
   PostgreSQL ǳΪкܶ๤ɡ ODBC  JDBC ʽ
   ЩдϿӦóʽĿԺܸߡ ODBC  JDBC 
   ʽд PostgreSQL ӦóʽֲϿ⣬ OracleSybase
    Informix֮Ȼ
   
   ܻʡΪʲ PostgreSQLΪ㿪ʼһϿ
   ʱ䣬ѡһϿϵͳϺʶ
   
   һ
     * ȡԴʽǿųʽϵͳ
     * ûиȨ־ (license string)ûӵȨ־䣨밴
       PostgreSQL  GPL ȨЭ顣ûȨ־䣬ʹΥ
       ˣ
     * ڻɢ
     * ѿ
     *  ISO/ANSI SQL 92 SQL 89ȱ׼
     * δҪ SQL 3SQL 98
     * ӵȽ
       
   Ͽϵͳ ֻ PostgreSQL Щһʵ
   
   
29. FAQй PostgreSQL 

   һԡLinux  Irix ° FAQ
     * [244]http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq-english.shtml
       
30. Ȩ֪ͨ

   Copyright (c) 1997 Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan). All rights reserved.
   
   NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. In no event shall the author
   of this document be liable for any damages whatsoever (including
   without limitation, special, incidental, consequential, or
   direct/indirect damages for personal injury, loss of business profits,
   business interruption, loss of business information, or any other
   pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of this document.
   
   Author offers no warranties or guarantees on fitness, usability,
   merchantability of this document. Brands, companies and product names
   mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of
   their respective holders. Please refer to individual copyright notices
   of brands, companies and products mentioned in this document. It is
   your responsibility to read and understand the copyright notices of
   the organisations/companies/products/authors mentioned in this
   document before using their respective information.
   
Appendix

31. ¼סANSI/ISO SQL 1992 ﷨

⵵аԵ BNF Ϊȵ״ģɨ (depth-first tree traversal)Լ
 27-AUG-1992 11:03:41.64 ɡض汾õ BNF ֻ ANSI  SQL2 ġ


<SQL terminal character> ::=
      <SQL language character>
    | <SQL embedded language character>

<SQL language character> ::=
      <simple Latin letter>
    | <digit>
    | <SQL special character>

<simple Latin letter> ::=
      <simple Latin upper case letter>
    | <simple Latin lower case letter>

<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
          A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
    | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
          a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
    | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

<digit> ::=
    0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

<SQL special character> ::=
      <space>
    | <double quote>
    | <percent>
    | <ampersand>
    | <quote>
    | <left paren>
    | <right paren>
    | <asterisk>
    | <plus sign>
    | <comma>
    | <minus sign>
    | <period>
    | <solidus>
    | <colon>
    | <semicolon>
    | <less than operator>
    | <equals operator>
    | <greater than operator>
    | <question mark>
    | <underscore>
    | <vertical bar>

<space> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(space character in character set in use)

<double quote> ::= "

<percent> ::= %

<ampersand> ::= &

<quote> ::= '

<left paren> ::= (

<right paren> ::= )

<asterisk> ::= *

<plus sign> ::= +

<comma> ::= ,

<minus sign> ::= -

<period> ::= .

<solidus> ::= /

<colon> ::= :

<semicolon> ::= ;

<less than operator> ::= <

<equals operator> ::= =

<greater than operator> ::= >

<question mark> ::= ?

<underscore> ::= _

<vertical bar> ::= |

<SQL embedded language character> ::=
      <left bracket>
    | <right bracket>

<left bracket> ::= [

<right bracket> ::= ]

<token> ::=
      <nondelimiter token>
    | <delimiter token>

<nondelimiter token> ::=
      <regular identifier>
    | <key word>
    | <unsigned numeric literal>
    | <national character string literal>
    | <bit string literal>
    | <hex string literal>

<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

<identifier body> ::=
    <identifier start> [ ( <underscore> | <identifier part> )... ]

<identifier start> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<identifier part> ::=
      <identifier start>
    | <digit>

<key word> ::=
      <reserved word>
    | <non-reserved word>

<reserved word> ::=
      ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL
    | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
    | ANY | ARE
    | AS | ASC
    | ASSERTION | AT
    | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
    | BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH
    | BOTH | BY
    | CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST
    | CATALOG
    | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_LENGTH
    | CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE
    | COLLATE | COLLATION
    | COLUMN | COMMIT
    | CONNECT
    | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
    | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
    | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS
    | CURRENT
    | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME
    | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
    | DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC
    | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE
    | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR
    | DIAGNOSTICS
    | DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
    | ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE
    | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
    | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
    | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
    | FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR
    | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
    | GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO
    | GRANT | GROUP
    | HAVING | HOUR
    | IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR
    | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT
    | INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT
    | INTERVAL | INTO | IS
    | ISOLATION
    | JOIN
    | KEY
    | LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT
    | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
    | MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE
    | MONTH
    | NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO
    | NOT | NULL
    | NULLIF | NUMERIC
    | OCTET_LENGTH | OF
    | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
    | ORDER | OUTER
    | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
    | PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE
    | PRESERVE | PRIMARY
    | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
    | READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT
    | REVOKE | RIGHT
    | ROLLBACK | ROWS
    | SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION
    | SELECT
    | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
    | SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE
    | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE
    | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
    | TABLE | TEMPORARY
    | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP
    | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
    | TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION
    | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
    | UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE
    | USER | USING
    | VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
    | WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
    | YEAR
    | ZONE

<non-reserved word> ::=

      ADA
    | C | CATALOG_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG
    | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA | COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION
    | COMMITTED
    | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME
    | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
    | DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
    | FORTRAN
    | LENGTH
    | MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
    | NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
    | PASCAL | PLI
    | REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
    | ROW_COUNT
    | SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
    | TABLE_NAME | TYPE
    | UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

<unsigned numeric literal> ::=
      <exact numeric literal>
    | <approximate numeric literal>

<exact numeric literal> ::=
      <unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
    | <period> <unsigned integer>

<unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

<approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

<exponent> ::= <signed integer>

<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

<national character string literal> ::=
    N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )...
 ]

<character representation> ::=
      <nonquote character>
    | <quote symbol>

<nonquote character> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

<separator> ::= ( <comment> | <space> | <newline> )...

<comment> ::=
    <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

<comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign>[<minus sign>...]

<comment character> ::=
      <nonquote character>
    | <quote>

<newline> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(implementation-defined end-of-line indicator)

<bit string literal> ::=
    B <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<bit> ::= 0 | 1

<hex string literal> ::=
    X <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

<delimiter token> ::=
      <character string literal>
    | <date string>
    | <time string>
    | <timestamp string>
    | <interval string>
    | <delimited identifier>
    | <SQL special character>
    | <not equals operator>
    | <greater than or equals operator>
    | <less than or equals operator>
    | <concatenation operator>
    | <double period>
    | <left bracket>
    | <right bracket>

<character string literal> ::=
    [ <introducer><character set specification> ]
    <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )...
 ]

<introducer> ::= <underscore>

<character set specification> ::=
      <standard character repertoire name>
    | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
    | <user-defined character repertoire name>
    | <standard universal character form-of-use name>
    | <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>

<standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ]
      <SQL language identifier>

<schema name> ::=
    [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

<catalog name> ::= <identifier>

<identifier> ::=
    [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>

<actual identifier> ::=
      <regular identifier>
    | <delimited identifier>

<delimited identifier> ::=
    <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

<delimited identifier part> ::=
      <nondoublequote character>
    | <doublequote symbol>

<nondoublequote character> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

<unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

<SQL language identifier> ::=
    <SQL language identifier start>
       [ ( <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> )... ]

<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

<SQL language identifier part> ::=
      <simple Latin letter>
    | <digit>

<implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::=
    <character set name>

<user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<standard universal character form-of-use name> ::=
    <character set name>

<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::=
    <character set name>

<date string> ::=
    <quote> <date value> <quote>

<date value> ::=
    <years value> <minus sign> <months value>
        <minus sign> <days value>

<years value> ::= <datetime value>

<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<months value> ::= <datetime value>

<days value> ::= <datetime value>

<time string> ::=
    <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<time value> ::=
    <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

<hours value> ::= <datetime value>

<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

<seconds value> ::=
      <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

<time zone interval> ::=
    <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

<timestamp string> ::=
    <quote> <date value> <space> <time value>
        [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<interval string> ::=
    <quote> ( <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> ) <quote>

<year-month literal> ::=
      <years value>
    | [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

<day-time literal> ::=
      <day-time interval>
    | <time interval>

<day-time interval> ::=
    <days value>
      [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value>
        [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

<time interval> ::=
      <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
    | <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
    | <seconds value>

<not equals operator> ::= <>

<greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

<less than or equals operator> ::= <=

<concatenation operator> ::= ||

<double period> ::= ..

<module> ::=
    <module name clause>
    <language clause>
    <module authorization clause>
    [ <temporary table declaration>... ]
    <module contents>...

<module name clause> ::=
    MODULE [ <module name> ]
      [ <module character set specification> ]

<module name> ::= <identifier>

<module character set specification> ::=
    NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<language clause> ::=
    LANGUAGE <language name>

<language name> ::=
    ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI

<module authorization clause> ::=
      SCHEMA <schema name>
    | AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
    | SCHEMA <schema name>
          AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>

<module authorization identifier> ::=
    <authorization identifier>

<authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

<temporary table declaration> ::=
    DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE
        <qualified local table name>
      <table element list>
      [ ON COMMIT ( PRESERVE | DELETE ) ROWS ]

<qualified local table name> ::=
    MODULE <period> <local table name>

<local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

<table element list> ::=
      <left paren> <table element> [ ( <comma> <table element> )... ] <right pa
ren>

<table element> ::=
      <column definition>
    | <table constraint definition>

<column definition> ::=
    <column name> ( <data type> | <domain name> )
    [ <default clause> ]
    [ <column constraint definition>... ]
    [ <collate clause> ]

<column name> ::= <identifier>

<data type> ::=
      <character string type>
           [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
    | <national character string type>
    | <bit string type>
    | <numeric type>
    | <datetime type>
    | <interval type>

<character string type> ::=
      CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<length> ::= <unsigned integer>

<national character string type> ::=
      NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<bit string type> ::=
      BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | BIT VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<numeric type> ::=
      <exact numeric type>
    | <approximate numeric type>

<exact numeric type> ::=
      NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | INTEGER
    | INT
    | SMALLINT

<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

<approximate numeric type> ::=
      FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE PRECISION

<datetime type> ::=
      DATE
    | TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
          [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
    | TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
          [ WITH TIME ZONE ]

<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

<interval qualifier> ::=
      <start field> TO <end field>
    | <single datetime field>

<start field> ::=
    <non-second datetime field>
        [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

<non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
    | MINUTE

<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<end field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
    | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right pare
n> ]

<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<single datetime field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
          [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
    | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision>
          [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

<domain name> ::= <qualified name>

<qualified name> ::=
    [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<default clause> ::=
      DEFAULT <default option>

<default option> ::=
      <literal>
    | <datetime value function>
    | USER
    | CURRENT_USER
    | SESSION_USER
    | SYSTEM_USER
    | NULL

<literal> ::=
      <signed numeric literal>
    | <general literal>

<signed numeric literal> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

<general literal> ::=
      <character string literal>
    | <national character string literal>
    | <bit string literal>
    | <hex string literal>
    | <datetime literal>
    | <interval literal>

<datetime literal> ::=
      <date literal>
    | <time literal>
    | <timestamp literal>

<date literal> ::=
    DATE <date string>

<time literal> ::=
    TIME <time string>

<timestamp literal> ::=
    TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

<interval literal> ::=
    INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

<datetime value function> ::=
      <current date value function>
    | <current time value function>
    | <current timestamp value function>

<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

<current time value function> ::=
      CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current timestamp value function> ::=
      CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

<column constraint definition> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <column constraint>
      [ <constraint attributes> ]

<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

<column constraint> ::=
      NOT NULL
    | <unique specification>
    | <references specification>
    | <check constraint definition>

<unique specification> ::=
    UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

<references specification> ::=
    REFERENCES <referenced table and columns>
      [ MATCH <match type> ]
      [ <referential triggered action> ]

<referenced table and columns> ::=
     <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

<table name> ::=
      <qualified name>
    | <qualified local table name>

<reference column list> ::= <column name list>

<column name list> ::=
    <column name> [ ( <comma> <column name> )... ]

<match type> ::=
      FULL
    | PARTIAL

<referential triggered action> ::=
      <update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
    | <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

<referential action> ::=
      CASCADE
    | SET NULL
    | SET DEFAULT
    | NO ACTION

<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

<check constraint definition> ::=
    CHECK
        <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<search condition> ::=
      <boolean term>
    | <search condition> OR <boolean term>

<boolean term> ::=
      <boolean factor>
    | <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

<boolean factor> ::=
    [ NOT ] <boolean test>

<boolean test> ::=
    <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ]
          <truth value> ]

<boolean primary> ::=
      <predicate>
    | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<predicate> ::=
      <comparison predicate>
    | <between predicate>
    | <in predicate>
    | <like predicate>
    | <null predicate>
    | <quantified comparison predicate>
    | <exists predicate>
    | <unique predicate>
    | <match predicate>
    | <overlaps predicate>

<comparison predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> <comp op>
        <row value constructor>

<row value constructor> ::=
       <row value constructor element>
    | <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
    | <row subquery>

<row value constructor element> ::=
      <value expression>
    | <null specification>
    | <default specification>

<value expression> ::=
      <numeric value expression>
    | <string value expression>
    | <datetime value expression>
    | <interval value expression>

<numeric value expression> ::=
      <term>
    | <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
    | <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

<term> ::=
      <factor>
    | <term> <asterisk> <factor>
    | <term> <solidus> <factor>

<factor> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

<numeric primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <numeric value function>

<value expression primary> ::=
      <unsigned value specification>
    | <column reference>
    | <set function specification>
    | <scalar subquery>
    | <case expression>
    | <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
    | <cast specification>

<unsigned value specification> ::=
      <unsigned literal>
    | <general value specification>

<unsigned literal> ::=
      <unsigned numeric literal>
    | <general literal>

<general value specification> ::=
      <parameter specification>
    | <dynamic parameter specification>
    | <variable specification>
    | USER
    | CURRENT_USER
    | SESSION_USER
    | SYSTEM_USER
    | VALUE

<parameter specification> ::=
    <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

<parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

<indicator parameter> ::=
    [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

<variable specification> ::=
    <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

<embedded variable name> ::=
    <colon><host identifier>

<host identifier> ::=
      <Ada host identifier>
    | <C host identifier>
    | <COBOL host identifier>
    | <Fortran host identifier>
    | <MUMPS host identifier>
    | <Pascal host identifier>
    | <PL/I host identifier>

<Ada host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<C host identifier> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<COBOL host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<indicator variable> ::=
    [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

<column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

<qualifier> ::=
      <table name>
    | <correlation name>

<correlation name> ::= <identifier>

<set function specification> ::=
      COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
    | <general set function>

<general set function> ::=
      <set function type>
          <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

<set function type> ::=
    AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

<query expression> ::=
      <non-join query expression>
    | <joined table>

<non-join query expression> ::=
      <non-join query term>
    | <query expression> UNION  [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
    | <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

<non-join query term> ::=
      <non-join query primary>
    | <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

<non-join query primary> ::=
      <simple table>
    | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

<simple table> ::=
      <query specification>
    | <table value constructor>
    | <explicit table>

<query specification> ::=
    SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

<select list> ::=
      <asterisk>
    | <select sublist> [ ( <comma> <select sublist> )... ]

<select sublist> ::=
      <derived column>
    | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

<table expression> ::=
    <from clause>
    [ <where clause> ]
    [ <group by clause> ]
    [ <having clause> ]

<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference>
    [ ( <comma> <table reference> )... ]

<table reference> ::=
      <table name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name>
          [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
    | <derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name>
          [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
    | <joined table>

<derived column list> ::= <column name list>

<derived table> ::= <table subquery>

<table subquery> ::= <subquery>

<joined table> ::=
      <cross join>
    | <qualified join>
    | <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

<cross join> ::=
    <table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

<qualified join> ::=
    <table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN
      <table reference> [ <join specification> ]

<join type> ::=
      INNER
    | <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
    | UNION

<outer join type> ::=
      LEFT
    | RIGHT
    | FULL

<join specification> ::=
      <join condition>
    | <named columns join>

<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

<named columns join> ::=
    USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

<join column list> ::= <column name list>

<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

<group by clause> ::=
    GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

<grouping column reference list> ::=
    <grouping column reference>
        [ ( <comma> <grouping column reference> )... ]

<grouping column reference> ::=
    <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

<collation name> ::= <qualified name>

<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

<table value constructor> ::=
    VALUES <table value constructor list>

<table value constructor list> ::=
    <row value constructor> [ ( <comma> <row value constructor> )... ]

<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>

<query term> ::=
      <non-join query term>
    | <joined table>

<corresponding spec> ::=
    CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

<query primary> ::=
      <non-join query primary>
    | <joined table>

<case expression> ::=
      <case abbreviation>
    | <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
      NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
            <value expression> <right paren>
    | COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
            ( <comma> <value expression> )... <right paren>

<case specification> ::=
      <simple case>
    | <searched case>

<simple case> ::=
    CASE <case operand>
      <simple when clause>...
      [ <else clause> ]
    END

<case operand> ::= <value expression>

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<when operand> ::= <value expression>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<searched case> ::=
    CASE
      <searched when clause>...
      [ <else clause> ]
    END

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<cast specification> ::=
    CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS
        <cast target> <right paren>

<cast operand> ::=
      <value expression>
    | NULL

<cast target> ::=
      <domain name>
    | <data type>

<numeric value function> ::=
      <position expression>
    | <extract expression>
    | <length expression>

<position expression> ::=
    POSITION <left paren> <character value expression>
        IN <character value expression> <right paren>

<character value expression> ::=
      <concatenation>
    | <character factor>

<concatenation> ::=
    <character value expression> <concatenation operator>
        <character factor>

<character factor> ::=
    <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

<character primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <string value function>

<string value function> ::=
      <character value function>
    | <bit value function>

<character value function> ::=
      <character substring function>
    | <fold>
    | <form-of-use conversion>
    | <character translation>
    | <trim function>

<character substring function> ::=
    SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>
                [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

<fold> ::= ( UPPER | LOWER )
     <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion> ::=
    CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression>
        USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

<character translation> ::=
    TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression>
        USING <translation name> <right paren>

<translation name> ::= <qualified name>

<trim function> ::=
    TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

<trim operands> ::=
    [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>

<trim specification> ::=
      LEADING
    | TRAILING
    | BOTH

<trim character> ::= <character value expression>

<trim source> ::= <character value expression>

<bit value function> ::=
    <bit substring function>

<bit substring function> ::=
    SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position>
        [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<bit value expression> ::=
      <bit concatenation>
    | <bit factor>

<bit concatenation> ::=
    <bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

<bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

<bit primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <string value function>

<extract expression> ::=
    EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field>
        FROM <extract source> <right paren>

<extract field> ::=
      <datetime field>
    | <time zone field>

<datetime field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
    | SECOND

<time zone field> ::=
      TIMEZONE_HOUR
    | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

<extract source> ::=
      <datetime value expression>
    | <interval value expression>

<datetime value expression> ::=
      <datetime term>
    | <interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
    | <datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
    | <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

<interval term> ::=
      <interval factor>
    | <interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
    | <interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
    | <term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

<interval factor> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

<interval primary> ::=
      <value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]

<interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

<interval value expression> ::=
      <interval term>
    | <interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
    | <interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
    | <left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign>
          <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

<interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

<interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

<datetime term> ::=
      <datetime factor>

<datetime factor> ::=
      <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

<datetime primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <datetime value function>

<time zone> ::=
    AT <time zone specifier>

<time zone specifier> ::=
      LOCAL
    | TIME ZONE <interval value expression>

<length expression> ::=
      <char length expression>
    | <octet length expression>
    | <bit length expression>

<char length expression> ::=
    ( CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH )
        <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<string value expression> ::=
      <character value expression>
    | <bit value expression>

<octet length expression> ::=
    OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<bit length expression> ::=
    BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<null specification> ::=
    NULL

<default specification> ::=
    DEFAULT

<row value constructor list> ::=
    <row value constructor element>
        [ ( <comma> <row value constructor element> )... ]

<row subquery> ::= <subquery>

<comp op> ::=
      <equals operator>
    | <not equals operator>
    | <less than operator>
    | <greater than operator>
    | <less than or equals operator>
    | <greater than or equals operator>

<between predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
      <row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>

<in predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor>
      [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

<in predicate value> ::=
      <table subquery>
    | <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

<in value list> ::=
    <value expression> ( <comma> <value expression> )...

<like predicate> ::=
    <match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
      [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<match value> ::= <character value expression>

<pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<escape character> ::= <character value expression>

<null predicate> ::= <row value constructor>
    IS [ NOT ] NULL

<quantified comparison predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

<quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

<all> ::= ALL

<some> ::= SOME | ANY

<exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

<unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

<match predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ]
        [ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

<overlaps predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

<row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

<row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>

<truth value> ::=
      TRUE
    | FALSE
    | UNKNOWN

<constraint attributes> ::=
      <constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
    | [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

<constraint check time> ::=
      INITIALLY DEFERRED
    | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

<table constraint definition> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <table constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table constraint> ::=
      <unique constraint definition>
    | <referential constraint definition>
    | <check constraint definition>

<unique constraint definition> ::=
            <unique specification> even in SQL3)
    <unique specification>
      <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

<unique column list> ::= <column name list>

<referential constraint definition> ::=
    FOREIGN KEY
        <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren>
      <references specification>

<referencing columns> ::=
    <reference column list>

<module contents> ::=
      <declare cursor>
    | <dynamic declare cursor>
    | <procedure>

<declare cursor> ::=
    DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
      FOR <cursor specification>

<cursor name> ::= <identifier>

<cursor specification> ::=
    <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]
      [ <updatability clause> ]

<order by clause> ::=
    ORDER BY <sort specification list>

<sort specification list> ::=
    <sort specification> [ ( <comma> <sort specification> )... ]

<sort specification> ::=
    <sort key> [ <collate clause> ] [ <ordering specification> ]

<sort key> ::=
      <column name>
    | <unsigned integer>

<ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

<updatability clause> ::=
    FOR
        ( READ ONLY |
          UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] )

<dynamic declare cursor> ::=
    DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
        FOR <statement name>

<statement name> ::= <identifier>

<procedure> ::=
    PROCEDURE <procedure name>
        <parameter declaration list> <semicolon>
      <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

<procedure name> ::= <identifier>

<parameter declaration list> ::=
      <left paren> <parameter declaration>
          [ ( <comma> <parameter declaration> )... ] <right paren>
    | <parameter declaration>...

<parameter declaration> ::=
      <parameter name> <data type>
    | <status parameter>

<status parameter> ::=
    SQLCODE | SQLSTATE

<SQL procedure statement> ::=
      <SQL schema statement>
    | <SQL data statement>
    | <SQL transaction statement>
    | <SQL connection statement>
    | <SQL session statement>
    | <SQL dynamic statement>
    | <SQL diagnostics statement>

<SQL schema statement> ::=
      <SQL schema definition statement>
    | <SQL schema manipulation statement>

<SQL schema definition statement> ::=
      <schema definition>
    | <table definition>
    | <view definition>
    | <grant statement>
    | <domain definition>
    | <character set definition>
    | <collation definition>
    | <translation definition>
    | <assertion definition>

<schema definition> ::=
    CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
      [ <schema character set specification> ]
      [ <schema element>... ]

<schema name clause> ::=
      <schema name>
    | AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
    | <schema name> AUTHORIZATION
          <schema authorization identifier>

<schema authorization identifier> ::=
    <authorization identifier>

<schema character set specification> ::=
    DEFAULT CHARACTER
        SET <character set specification>

<schema element> ::=
      <domain definition>
    | <table definition>
    | <view definition>
    | <grant statement>
    | <assertion definition>
    | <character set definition>
    | <collation definition>
    | <translation definition>

<domain definition> ::=
    CREATE DOMAIN <domain name>
        [ AS ] <data type>
      [ <default clause> ]
      [ <domain constraint>... ]
      [ <collate clause> ]

<domain constraint> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table definition> ::=
    CREATE [ ( GLOBAL | LOCAL ) TEMPORARY ] TABLE
        <table name>
      <table element list>
      [ ON COMMIT ( DELETE | PRESERVE ) ROWS ]

<view definition> ::=
    CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list>
                                  <right paren> ]
      AS <query expression>
      [ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

<view column list> ::= <column name list>

<levels clause> ::=
    CASCADED | LOCAL

<grant statement> ::=
   GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
     TO <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ]
       [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

<privileges> ::=
      ALL PRIVILEGES
    | <action list>

<action list> ::= <action> [ ( <comma> <action> )... ]

<action> ::=
      SELECT
    | DELETE
    | INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | USAGE

<privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

<object name> ::=
      [ TABLE ] <table name>
    | DOMAIN <domain name>
    | COLLATION <collation name>
    | CHARACTER SET <character set name>
    | TRANSLATION <translation name>

<grantee> ::=
      PUBLIC
    | <authorization identifier>

<assertion definition> ::=
    CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check>
      [ <constraint attributes> ]

<assertion check> ::=
    CHECK
        <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<character set definition> ::=
    CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name>
        [ AS ]
      <character set source>
      [ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

<character set source> ::=
      GET <existing character set name>

<existing character set name> ::=
      <standard character repertoire name>
    | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
    | <schema character set name>

<schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

<limited collation definition> ::=
    COLLATION FROM <collation source>

<collation source> ::=
      <collating sequence definition>
    | <translation collation>

<collating sequence definition> ::=
      <external collation>
    | <schema collation name>
    | DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
    | DEFAULT

<external collation> ::=
    EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right pare
n>

<external collation name> ::=
      <standard collation name>
    | <implementation-defined collation name>

<standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

<implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>

<schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

<translation collation> ::=
    TRANSLATION <translation name>
        [ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

<collation definition> ::=
    CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR
        <character set specification>
      FROM <collation source>
        [ <pad attribute> ]

<pad attribute> ::=
      NO PAD
    | PAD SPACE

<translation definition> ::=
    CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
      FOR <source character set specification>
        TO <target character set specification>
      FROM <translation source>

<source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<translation source> ::=
      <translation specification>

<translation specification> ::=
      <external translation>
    | IDENTITY
    | <schema translation name>

<external translation> ::=
    EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right pa
ren>

<external translation name> ::=
      <standard translation name>
    | <implementation-defined translation name>

<standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

<implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

<schema translation name> ::= <translation name>

<SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
      <drop schema statement>
    | <alter table statement>
    | <drop table statement>
    | <drop view statement>
    | <revoke statement>
    | <alter domain statement>
    | <drop domain statement>
    | <drop character set statement>
    | <drop collation statement>
    | <drop translation statement>
    | <drop assertion statement>

<drop schema statement> ::=
    DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

<drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

<alter table statement> ::=
    ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

<alter table action> ::=
      <add column definition>
    | <alter column definition>
    | <drop column definition>
    | <add table constraint definition>
    | <drop table constraint definition>

<add column definition> ::=
    ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

<alter column definition> ::=
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

<alter column action> ::=
      <set column default clause>
    | <drop column default clause>

<set column default clause> ::=
    SET <default clause>

<drop column default clause> ::=
    DROP DEFAULT

<drop column definition> ::=
    DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>

<add table constraint definition> ::=
    ADD <table constraint definition>

<drop table constraint definition> ::=
    DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>

<drop table statement> ::=
    DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>

<drop view statement> ::=
    DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>

<revoke statement> ::=
    REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
        <privileges>
        ON <object name>
      FROM <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ] <drop behavior>

<alter domain statement> ::=
    ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

<alter domain action> ::=
      <set domain default clause>
    | <drop domain default clause>
    | <add domain constraint definition>
    | <drop domain constraint definition>

<set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

<drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

<add domain constraint definition> ::=
    ADD <domain constraint>

<drop domain constraint definition> ::=
    DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<drop domain statement> ::=
    DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>

<drop character set statement> ::=
    DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

<drop collation statement> ::=
    DROP COLLATION <collation name>

<drop translation statement> ::=
    DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>

<drop assertion statement> ::=
    DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

<SQL data statement> ::=
      <open statement>
    | <fetch statement>
    | <close statement>
    | <select statement: single row>
    | <SQL data change statement>

<open statement> ::=
    OPEN <cursor name>

<fetch statement> ::=
    FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ]
      <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

<fetch orientation> ::=
      NEXT
    | PRIOR
    | FIRST
    | LAST
    | ( ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE ) <simple value specification>

<simple value specification> ::=
      <parameter name>
    | <embedded variable name>
    | <literal>

<fetch target list> ::=
    <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<target specification> ::=
      <parameter specification>
    | <variable specification>

<close statement> ::=
    CLOSE <cursor name>

<select statement: single row> ::=
    SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list>
      INTO <select target list>
        <table expression>

<select target list> ::=
    <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<SQL data change statement> ::=
      <delete statement: positioned>
    | <delete statement: searched>
    | <insert statement>
    | <update statement: positioned>
    | <update statement: searched>

<delete statement: positioned> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<delete statement: searched> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<insert statement> ::=
    INSERT INTO <table name>
      <insert columns and source>

<insert columns and source> ::=
      [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
            <query expression>
    | DEFAULT VALUES

<insert column list> ::= <column name list>

<update statement: positioned> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause list>
        WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<set clause list> ::=
    <set clause> [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]

<set clause> ::=
    <object column> <equals operator> <update source>

<object column> ::= <column name>

<update source> ::=
      <value expression>
    | <null specification>
    | DEFAULT

<update statement: searched> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause list>
      [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<SQL transaction statement> ::=
      <set transaction statement>
    | <set constraints mode statement>
    | <commit statement>
    | <rollback statement>

<set transaction statement> ::=
    SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode>
        [ ( <comma> <transaction mode> )... ]

<transaction mode> ::=
      <isolation level>
    | <transaction access mode>
    | <diagnostics size>

<isolation level> ::=
    ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

<level of isolation> ::=
      READ UNCOMMITTED
    | READ COMMITTED
    | REPEATABLE READ
    | SERIALIZABLE

<transaction access mode> ::=
      READ ONLY
    | READ WRITE

<diagnostics size> ::=
    DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

<number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

<set constraints mode statement> ::=
    SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list>
        ( DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE )

<constraint name list> ::=
      ALL
    | <constraint name> [ ( <comma> <constraint name> )... ]

<commit statement> ::=
    COMMIT [ WORK ]

<rollback statement> ::=
    ROLLBACK [ WORK ]

<SQL connection statement> ::=
      <connect statement>
    | <set connection statement>
    | <disconnect statement>

<connect statement> ::=
    CONNECT TO <connection target>

<connection target> ::=
      <SQL-server name>
        [ AS <connection name> ]
          correspondence with Tony Gordon)
        [ USER <user name> ]
    | DEFAULT

<SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

<connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

<user name> ::= <simple value specification>

<set connection statement> ::=
    SET CONNECTION <connection object>

<connection object> ::=
      DEFAULT
    | <connection name>

<disconnect statement> ::=
    DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

<disconnect object> ::=
      <connection object>
    | ALL
    | CURRENT

<SQL session statement> ::=
      <set catalog statement>
    | <set schema statement>
    | <set names statement>
    | <set session authorization identifier statement>
    | <set local time zone statement>

<set catalog statement> ::=
    SET CATALOG <value specification>

<value specification> ::=
      <literal>
    | <general value specification>

<set schema statement> ::=
    SET SCHEMA <value specification>

<set names statement> ::=
    SET NAMES <value specification>

<set session authorization identifier statement> ::=
    SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
        <value specification>

<set local time zone statement> ::=
    SET TIME ZONE
        <set time zone value>

<set time zone value> ::=
      <interval value expression>
    | LOCAL

<SQL dynamic statement> ::=
      <system descriptor statement>
    | <prepare statement>
    | <deallocate prepared statement>
    | <describe statement>
    | <execute statement>
    | <execute immediate statement>
    | <SQL dynamic data statement>

<system descriptor statement> ::=
      <allocate descriptor statement>
    | <deallocate descriptor statement>
    | <set descriptor statement>
    | <get descriptor statement>

<allocate descriptor statement> ::=
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
       [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

<descriptor name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<scope option> ::=
      GLOBAL
    | LOCAL

<occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate descriptor statement> ::=
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<set descriptor statement> ::=
    SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
        <set descriptor information>

<set descriptor information> ::=
      <set count>
    | VALUE <item number>
        <set item information> [ ( <comma> <set item information> )... ]

<set count> ::=
    COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

<simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<set item information> ::=
    <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

<descriptor item name> ::=
      TYPE
    | LENGTH
    | OCTET_LENGTH
    | RETURNED_LENGTH
    | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
    | PRECISION
    | SCALE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
    | NULLABLE
    | INDICATOR
    | DATA
    | NAME
    | UNNAMED
    | COLLATION_CATALOG
    | COLLATION_SCHEMA
    | COLLATION_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
    | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
    | CHARACTER_SET_NAME

<simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<get descriptor statement> ::=
    GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

<get descriptor information> ::=
      <get count>
    | VALUE <item number>
        <get item information> [ ( <comma> <get item information> )... ]

<get count> ::=
    <simple target specification 1> <equals operator>
         COUNT

<simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

<simple target specification> ::=
      <parameter name>
    | <embedded variable name>

<get item information> ::=
    <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>>

<simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

<prepare statement> ::=
    PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

<SQL statement name> ::=
      <statement name>
    | <extended statement name>

<extended statement name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate prepared statement> ::=
    DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

<describe statement> ::=
      <describe input statement>
    | <describe output statement>

<describe input statement> ::=
    DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<using descriptor> ::=
    ( USING | INTO ) SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<describe output statement> ::=
    DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<execute statement> ::=
    EXECUTE <SQL statement name>
      [ <result using clause> ]
      [ <parameter using clause> ]

<result using clause> ::= <using clause>

<using clause> ::=
      <using arguments>
    | <using descriptor>

<using arguments> ::=
    ( USING | INTO ) <argument> [ ( <comma> <argument> )... ]

<argument> ::= <target specification>

<parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>

<execute immediate statement> ::=
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

<SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
      <allocate cursor statement>
    | <dynamic open statement>
    | <dynamic fetch statement>
    | <dynamic close statement>
    | <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
    | <dynamic update statement: positioned>

<allocate cursor statement> ::=
    ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ]
        [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
      FOR <extended statement name>

<extended cursor name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<dynamic open statement> ::=
    OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]

<dynamic cursor name> ::=
      <cursor name>
    | <extended cursor name>

<dynamic fetch statement> ::=
    FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>
        <using clause>

<dynamic close statement> ::=
    CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      WHERE CURRENT OF
          <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause>
          [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]
        WHERE CURRENT OF
            <dynamic cursor name>

<SQL diagnostics statement> ::=
    <get diagnostics statement>

<get diagnostics statement> ::=
    GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

<sql diagnostics information> ::=
      <statement information>
    | <condition information>

<statement information> ::=
    <statement information item> [ ( <comma> <statement information item> )...
]

<statement information item> ::=
    <simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item
 name>

<statement information item name> ::=
      NUMBER
    | MORE
    | COMMAND_FUNCTION
    | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
    | ROW_COUNT

<condition information> ::=
    EXCEPTION <condition number>
      <condition information item> [ ( <comma> <condition information item> )..
. ]

<condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

<condition information item> ::=
    <simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item
 name>

<condition information item name> ::=
      CONDITION_NUMBER
    | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
    | CLASS_ORIGIN
    | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
    | SERVER_NAME
    | CONNECTION_NAME
    | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
    | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
    | CONSTRAINT_NAME
    | CATALOG_NAME
    | SCHEMA_NAME
    | TABLE_NAME
    | COLUMN_NAME
    | CURSOR_NAME
    | MESSAGE_TEXT
    | MESSAGE_LENGTH
    | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

<embedded SQL host program> ::=
      <embedded SQL Ada program>
    | <embedded SQL C program>
    | <embedded SQL COBOL program>
    | <embedded SQL Fortran program>
    | <embedded SQL MUMPS program>
    | <embedded SQL Pascal program>
    | <embedded SQL PL/I program>

<embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL C program> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Fortran program> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Pascal program> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL declare section> ::=
      <embedded SQL begin declare>
        [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
        [ <host variable definition>... ]
      <embedded SQL end declare>
    | <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

<embedded SQL begin declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
        [ <SQL terminator> ]

<SQL prefix> ::=
      EXEC SQL
    | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

<SQL terminator> ::=
      END-EXEC
    | <semicolon>
    | <right paren>

<embedded character set declaration> ::=
    SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<host variable definition> ::=
      <Ada variable definition>
    | <C variable definition>
    | <COBOL variable definition>
    | <Fortran variable definition>
    | <MUMPS variable definition>
    | <Pascal variable definition>
    | <PL/I variable definition>

<Ada variable definition> ::=
    <Ada host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Ada host identifier> )... ] :
    <Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

<Ada type specification> ::=
      <Ada qualified type specification>
    | <Ada unqualified type specification>

<Ada qualified type specification> ::=
      SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
         [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SQL_STANDARD.BIT
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
    | SQL_STANDARD.INT
    | SQL_STANDARD.REAL
    | SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
    | SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
    | SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
    | SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
      CHAR
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | BIT
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SMALLINT
    | INT
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE_PRECISION
    | SQLCODE_TYPE
    | SQLSTATE_TYPE
    | INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada initial value> ::=
    <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

<Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

<C variable definition> ::=
      [ <C storage class> ]
      [ <C class modifier> ]
      <C variable specification>
    <semicolon>

<C storage class> ::=
      auto
    | extern
    | static

<C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

<C variable specification> ::=
      <C numeric variable>
    | <C character variable>
    | <C derived variable>

<C numeric variable> ::=
    ( long | short | float | double )
      <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
            [ ( <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C initial value> ::=
    <equals operator> <character representation>...

<C character variable> ::=
    char [ CHARACTER SET
             [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
      <C host identifier>
        <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
        [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
          <C array specification>
                 [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C array specification> ::=
    <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

<C derived variable> ::=
      <C VARCHAR variable>
    | <C bit variable>

<C VARCHAR variable> ::=
    VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
        <character set specification> ]
        <C host identifier>
            <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
          [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
              <C array specification>
                      [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C bit variable> ::=
    BIT <C host identifier>
        <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
      [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
        <C array specification>
                   [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<COBOL variable definition> ::=
    (01|77) <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
      [ <character representation>... ] <period>

<COBOL type specification> ::=
      <COBOL character type>
    | <COBOL bit type>
    | <COBOL numeric type>
    | <COBOL integer type>

<COBOL character type> ::=
    [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
          <character set specification> ]
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] ( X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL bit type> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
        ( B [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL numeric type> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
      S <COBOL nines specification>
    [ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

<COBOL nines specification> ::=
      <COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
    | V <COBOL nines>

<COBOL nines> ::= ( 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL integer type> ::=
      <COBOL computational integer>
    | <COBOL binary integer>

<COBOL computational integer> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
      [ USAGE [ IS ] ] ( COMP | COMPUTATIONAL )

<COBOL binary integer> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
      [ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

<Fortran variable definition> ::=
    <Fortran type specification>
    <Fortran host identifier>
        [ ( <comma> <Fortran host identifier> )... ]

<Fortran type specification> ::=
      CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ]
          [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                <character set specification> ]
    | BIT [ <asterisk> <length> ]
    | INTEGER
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE PRECISION

<MUMPS variable definition> ::=
    ( <MUMPS numeric variable> | <MUMPS character variable> )
        <semicolon>

<MUMPS numeric variable> ::=
    <MUMPS type specification>
      <MUMPS host identifier> [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> )... ]

<MUMPS type specification> ::=
      INT
    | DEC
          [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | REAL

<MUMPS character variable> ::=
    VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
      [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> )... ]

<MUMPS length specification> ::=
    <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<Pascal variable definition> ::=
    <Pascal host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Pascal host identifier> )... ] <colon
>
      <Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

<Pascal type specification> ::=
      PACKED ARRAY
          <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
        OF CHAR
          [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                <character set specification> ]
    | PACKED ARRAY
          <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
        OF BIT
    | INTEGER
    | REAL
    | CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
                                [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
    | BIT

<PL/I variable definition> ::=
    (DCL | DECLARE)
        (   <PL/I host identifier>
          | <left paren> <PL/I host identifier>
                [ ( <comma> <PL/I host identifier> )... ] <right paren> )
    <PL/I type specification>
    [ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

<PL/I type specification> ::=
      ( CHAR | CHARACTER ) [ VARYING ]
          <left paren><length><right paren>
          [ CHARACTER SET
                [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
    | BIT [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>
    | <PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision>
          [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
    | <PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
    | <PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>

<PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
      ( DEC | DECIMAL ) FIXED
    | FIXED ( DEC | DECIMAL )

<PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
      ( BIN | BINARY ) FIXED
    | FIXED ( BIN | BINARY )

<PL/I type float binary> ::=
      ( BIN | BINARY ) FLOAT
    | FLOAT ( BIN | BINARY )

<embedded SQL end declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION
        [ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix>
      BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
        [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
        [ <host variable definition>... ]
      END DECLARE SECTION
    <SQL terminator>

<embedded SQL statement> ::=
    <SQL prefix>
      <statement or declaration>
    [ <SQL terminator> ]

<statement or declaration> ::=
      <declare cursor>
    | <dynamic declare cursor>
    | <temporary table declaration>
    | <embedded exception declaration>
    | <SQL procedure statement>

<embedded exception declaration> ::=
    WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

<condition> ::=
    SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

<condition action> ::=
    CONTINUE | <go to>

<go to> ::=
    ( GOTO | GO TO ) <goto target>

<goto target> ::=
      <host label identifier>
    | <unsigned integer>
    | <host PL/I label variable>

<host label identifier> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<host PL/I label variable> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<preparable statement> ::=
      <preparable SQL data statement>
    | <preparable SQL schema statement>
    | <preparable SQL transaction statement>
    | <preparable SQL session statement>
    | <preparable implementation-defined statement>

<preparable SQL data statement> ::=
      <delete statement: searched>
    | <dynamic single row select statement>
    | <insert statement>
    | <dynamic select statement>
    | <update statement: searched>
    | <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
    | <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

<dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

<dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
   DELETE [ FROM <table name> ]
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
   UPDATE [ <table name> ]
      SET <set clause list>
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable SQL schema statement> ::=
      <SQL schema statement>

<preparable SQL transaction statement> ::=
      <SQL transaction statement>

<preparable SQL session statement> ::=
      <SQL session statement>

<preparable implementation-defined statement> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<direct SQL statement> ::=
    <directly executable statement> <semicolon>

<directly executable statement> ::=
      <direct SQL data statement>
    | <SQL schema statement>
    | <SQL transaction statement>
    | <SQL connection statement>
    | <SQL session statement>
    | <direct implementation-defined statement>

<direct SQL data statement> ::=
      <delete statement: searched>
    | <direct select statement: multiple rows>
    | <insert statement>
    | <update statement: searched>
    | <temporary table declaration>

<direct select statement: multiple rows> ::=
    <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]

<direct implementation-defined statement> ::=
    !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules)

<SQL object identifier> ::=
    <SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

<SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

<arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<arc3> ::= 9075

<SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

<SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

<1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

<1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>

<integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

<SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

<low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>

32. ¼ҡѧ SQL 

32.1 PostgreSQL 

   SQL Ҳ PostgreSQL ɢSQL ָ src/tutorial Ŀ¼
   
   
32.2  URL ָ

   ѧߵ SQL µطҵ
     * [245]http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm
       
   ѣ
     * Jim Hoffman [246]jhoffman@one.net
       
   John Hoffman ҲƼַ
     * SQL Reference
       [247]http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html
     * Ask the SQL Pro [248]http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/
     * SQL Pro's Relational DB Useful Sites
       [249]http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/usefulsites.html
     * Programmer's Source
       [250]http://infoweb.magi.com/~steve/develop.html
     * DBMS Sites [251]http://info.itu.ch/special/wwwfiles Go here and
       see file comp_db.html
     * DB Ingredients [252]http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/databases/f017.html
     * Web Authoring [253]http://www.stars.com/Tutorial/CGI/
     * Computing Dictionary
       [254]http://wfn-shop.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/foldoc
     * DBMS Lab/Links [255]http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
     * SQL FAQ
       [256]http://epoch.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/sequoia/dba/montage/FAQ Go
       here and see file SQL_TOC.html
     * SQL Databases
       [257]http://chaos.mur.csu.edu.au/itc125/cgi/sqldb.html
     * RIT Database Design Page
       [258]http://www.it.rit.edu/~wjs/IT/199602/icsa720/icsa720postings.
       html
     * Database Jump Site [259]http://www.pcslink.com/~ej/dbweb.html
     * Programming Tutorials on the Web
       [260]http://www.eng.uc.edu/~jtilley/tutorial.html
     * Development Resources
       [261]http://www.ndev.com/ndc2/support/resources.htp
     * Query List [262]http://ashok.pair.com/sql.htm
     * IMAGE SQL Miscellaneous
       [263]http://jazz.external.hp.com/training/sqltables/main.html
     * Internet Resource List
       [264]http://www.eit.com/web/netservices.html
       
33. ¼Linux ٰװָ

   ƻ Linux װ PostgreSQLڰװ Linux ʱҪο
   ⸽¼ָʾĵطǰ
     * Salient Features of Linux - Why Linux is better as a database
       server when compared with Windows 95/NT
     * 10 minutes Linux Quick Install Instructions
     * Microsoft-Linux Analogy List
     * Quick Steps to Recompile the Linux Kernel
       
     * Main Site is at [265]http://members.spree.com/technology/aldev/
     * Mirror site [266]http://aldev.8m.com
     * Mirror site [267]http://aldev.webjump.com
     * Mirror site [268]http://homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html
     * Mirror site [269]http://www3.bcity.com/aldev/

References

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   2. mailto:a9504480@graduate.hku.hk
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 100. http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
 101. http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html
 102. http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html
 103. http://www.postgresql.org/
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 105. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Msqlperl
 106. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec
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 108. http://www.tpj.com/
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 112. mailto:dbi-users-request@fugue.com
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 117. http://www.roth.net/
 118. http://www.apache.org/
 119. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl
 120. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI
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 122. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.tar.gz
 123. http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc
 124. http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
 125. mailto:teo@flex.ro
 126. mailto:teo@flex.ro
 127. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 128. mailto:keidav@whidbey.com
 129. http://www.ucolick.org/~de/
 130. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 131. mailto:de@ucolick.org
 132. http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/
 133. mailto:keidav@mutinybaysoftware.com
 134. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 135. mailto:keidav@whidbey.com
 136. http://www.ucolick.org/~de
 137. http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures
 138. mailto:de@ucolick.org
 139. http://www.warehouse.com/
 140. http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html
 141. http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm
 142. http://www.cybex.com/
 143. http://www.raritan.com/
 144. http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm
 145. http://www.belkin.com/
 146. http://www.betterbox.com/info.html
 147. http://www.lsl.com/
 148. http://www.cheapbytes.com/
 149. http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html
 150. ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN
 151. mailto:andrew@arthur.smuht.nwest.nhs.uk
 152. http://www.cis-computer.com/dbengine/
 153. http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/
 154. mailto:emmel@h-e-i.de
 155. http://www.heitml.com/
 156. http://www.h-e-i.deom/
 157. http://www.aolserver.com/
 158. http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/
 159. ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/
 160. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz
 161. mailto:M.Boekhold@et.tudelft.nl
 162. http://www.python.org/
 163. http://www.oswego.edu/Earp
 164. ftp://ftp.oswego.edu/
 165. ftp://ftp.oswego.edu/
 166. http://www.php.net/
 167. http://www.vex.net/php
 168. http://www.fe.de.php.net/
 169. http://www.sk.php.net/
 170. http://php.iquest.net/
 171. mailto:rasmus@lerdorf.on.ca
 172. mailto:asussman@vidya.com
 173. mailto:angio@aros.net
 174. ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c
 175. http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
 176. http://www.druid.net/~darcy/
 177. ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.README
 178. mailto:darcy@druid.net
 179. mailto:andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr
 180. mailto:andre@via.ecp.fr
 181. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.gz
 182. ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
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 184. http://www.python.org/
 185. http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html
 186. ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
 187. http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
 188. mailto:majordomo@vex.net
 189. mailto:andre@via.ecp.fr
 190. http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb
 191. http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95/
 192. mailto:dunlop@eol.ists.ca
 193. ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus
 194. mailto:linus@epact.se
 195. mailto:nico@overnet.com.ar
 196. ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz
 197. ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/
 198. http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32
 199. http://sourceware.cygnus.com/
 200. http://www.softway.com/
 201. http://www.yahoo.com/
 202. http://www.lycos.com/
 203. http://www.hotmail.com/
 204. http://www.postgresql.org/
 205. mailto:pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
 206. mailto:pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
 207. mailto:pgsql-ports@postgresql.org
 208. mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org
 209. mailto:pgsql-questions-request@postgresql.org
 210. mailto:pgsql-hackers-request@postgresql.org
 211. mailto:pgsql-ports-request@postgresql.org
 212. mailto:pgsql-docs-request@postgresql.org
 213. http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions
 214. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/
 215. mailto:majordomo@tlali.iztacala.unam.mx
 216. http://www.postgresql.org/docs
 217. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.3630/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix B
 218. http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html
 219. http://www.ansi.org/docs
 220. http://www.jcc.com/
 221. http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html
 222. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.3630/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix A
 223. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.3630/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#SQL 1998
 224. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.3630/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix B
 225. ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/
 226. ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/
 227. mailto:rts@cs.arizona.edu
 228. mailto:boehlen@iesd.auc.dk
 229. http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software
 230. mailto:pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
 231. http://www.wgs.com/
 232. http://www.ac.com/
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