
                  H O W T O    V 0 . 3 C              


( :     Ƿ ʿ伺 Ͽ 
   ߸  ǹ̿ ̻ κ    ̸
  ˸ϴ.
   ߸   å  ,  ؾ 
   ִٸ   ֽñ ٶ,   ڿ
  ֽñ ٶϴ.)

 HOWTO
        aka *Free* 32-bit x86  FAQ
        aka Linux x86  HOWTO

 : Francois-Rene Rideau rideau@ens.fr
   : 1996.6.15 0.3C
 : ѵ       ddoch@hitel.kol.co.kr
 : 1996.9.27

==  α׷  ϴ x86  Ͽ ==

˻ :assembly, assembler, free, macroprocessor, preprocessor, asm,
        inline asm, 32-bit, x86, i386, gas, as86, nasm


Copyright (C) 1996 Francois-Rene Rideau.

  е    ʴ     ,
   ּ ص .
  е ٸ 쿡  ̹   Ӱ  
   ִ.
   ȭ ȹ ڵ   Ӱ  ̸, ٸ LDP
  鵵  ٷ   ̴.

߿ :

   Ÿ ̴. е鿡Դ    Ǹ
 ־.
ϱ,
 ϱ,
־ 亯 ٷ ϱ,
ο FAQ 亯鿡 ߰ϱ,
ٸ Ʈ Ͻø ֱ,
 () ϱ,
׸ FAQ  ϱ,
ֳϸ  ٸ  ϰ ֱ ̴...
   ٸ ,   ޶.( : rideau@ens.fr)
Ƹ 츮 Raymond Moon  comp.lang.asm.x86 ִ  FAQ
̺κ ´  ų   ̴.


1. 

   ü    32Ʈ x86 
α׷̳ α׷鿡  ϴ 鿡 亯ϱ  
 Ǿ.
װ   ƴ, x86 ƴ, 32Ʈ  ƴ ׷ ͵鿡
    ִ.

ֳϸ  α׷ֿ ַ ִ оߴ ü, , ,
C Ϸ ǥ  ϱ  κе Ǵ ̴.
츮 ׷ Ʈ  ǥ ϰ ִ.

1.1   Ȱϴ 

   ϴ ͵鿡  亯 ϰ ִ.  ,
Ʈ  Ʈ URL ־.
  Ʈ ̷ Ǿ,  ̷ Ʈ  ̿  
ٸ, е Ʊ ڽ ð  ʰ, ʿ   
 ̴.
Ư 쿡, αƮ ̷ϴ 迡  ū Ʈ ִ.
 ̷Ʈ Ϸ   ְ Ǵ, α ޼ Ÿ.
 ޾Ƶ鿩.
׹ۿ, е ã ϴ  archie ̿ν ذ  
̴.

 ֱ  ִ   .
         http://www/eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/Assembly
׷  Ͽ Ʈ   Ʈ ȴ.  𸣴
̿..
         ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/docs/HOWTO/ (?)


1.2 ٸ  

*  е  Ʈ   𸥴ٸ GNU  ̼
    о  ٶ. װ   Ʈ κ 
   Ǿ  ִ:
   "COPYING"̶ ̸  , ̺귯̶
  "COPYING.LIB"  ̸ Ǿ  ̴.
  FSF(free software foundation) 尡    ̴.

* Ưϰ, ִ  Ʈ κ ҽ ϰ ִ ,
  е ̰ ϰų, ϰų, δ ׳ ״ ؼ
    ִ. е鿡 ־ ̼ Ǳ а ױ⿡
    .

* x86  α׷ֿ  Ϲ    
  (16Ʈ ȯ..)    亯  ִ comp.lang.
  asm.x86  FAQ ִ.
  ߿   32Ʈ  α׷ֿ  Ǵ , 
    FAQ    ִ.
         http://www2.dgsys.com/~raymoon/faq/asmfaq.zip

* FAQ doc  е ÷ α׷ֿ õ ͵
  ִ. ׸ ÷  ͵  α׷ֿ ٷ 
    ʴ ٴ  Ͽ Ѵ.

2. 

2.1 GCC ζ 

 ˷ ٿ , GNU Ʈ ߿ ġ ϰ ִ ȭ
32Ʈ Ϸ GNU C/C++ Ϸ (GCC) x86 Űĸϰ 
Ѵ. ׸ C α׷ȿ  ڵ带   ִ ɷ Ѵ.
GCC  κ  ÷ Ѵ.
߿ Linux, *BSD, VSTa, OS/2, *DOS, Win*, ..


2.1.1 GCC ִ 

GCC Ʈ
         ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/
 ٸ GNU ȹ  ø̼ Ʈ  ǥȴ.
׸,   ̷ Ʈ ϰ ִ.

е  OS µ  ҽ ̸ ϵ ̳ʸ
 FTP Ʈִ.

Linux  GCC Ѵٸ Ʒ .
         http://www.linux.org.uk/

 α ִ  GCC DJGPP̴.
 Ʈ 丮 ߰  ִ:
         http://www/delorie.com/djgpp/

OS/2   ۵ϴ GCC  EMX Ҹ;
         http://www/leo.org/pub/comp/os/os2/gnu/emx+gcc/
         http://warp.eecs.berkeley.edu/os2/software/shareware/emx.html


2.1.2 GCC ζ  DOC ϴ 

GCC  texinfo  ϵ Ѵ.  װ ؽ 
ȯ  ְ, ؽ  Ҽ , Ʈ ϴ, ̸ .info
̳ , Ÿ е ϴ  ȯ  ִ.
.info  GCC  ġ  ִ  .

 κ  :
         C Ȯ::Ȯ Asm::

κ
         GCC ҷ:: ɼ::i386 ɼ::
̷ ͵   ̴. ϰ , װ i386 ͸ 
 Ư  ̸ Ѵ:
abcdSDB  %eax, %ebx, %ecx, %edx,%esi, %edi, %ebp  ϳ ġѴ.
(%esp ڰ Ǿ  ʴ.)

HTML  ȯ ̷  κе URL  .
         http://www/cygnus.com/doc/usegcc_89.html#SEC92

DJGPP Ӹҽ ( Ŀ鿡 Ӹ ƴ϶) Ưϰ  
̷   ִ:
         http://www.rt66.com/~brennan/djgpp/djgpp_asm.html

, ̷  "DJGPP Quick ASM Programming Guide" 
Ҹ FAQ AT&T x86  ,  ζ  ,
.obj/.lib ϵ ȯϴ ͵鿡  ͵  ִ.
         http://remus.rutgers.edu/~avly/djasm.html


GCC   GAS ϰ Ʒ  ;
ζ  ο ۼƮ ڸ ʿ Ѵ.
׷ װ͵ GAS Է ǳ.
Ʒ GAS  κ .

    linux/include/asm-i386/ ҽ 丮
 ãƺ.


2.1.3  GCC ȿ Ȯ  ڵ带 ҷ°?

ȭ ζ  ϰ ϱ ؼ GCC  "-O" ÷׿ 
ҷ.
׷  ʴ ٸ, ڵ ϵǱ ϳ, Ȯ   
̴.

  Ϲ, x86 ÷   ÷״
         gcc -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -m386
  ̴.

-O2   ȭ ̴. ȭ Ͽ Ϸ ڵ带 ũ .
    ׷ װ  bit faster ̴;
    ׷  ȭ  ŸƮϰ     
    ִ. е Ե  Ѵٸ ̴.
    װ ʿϴٸ ʿ ŭ ƾ鿡 ϶.

-fomit-frame-pointer  stupid frame pointer maintenance ǳʶٰ ڵ带
   Ű, ڵ带  ۰  ,  ̻ ȭ ؼ
   ͸ Ӱ Ѵ.
   ̰  (gdb) ϱ ư  ϳ, ̻  ӵ
     ų   ̴.

-m386   ӵ Ͼ   Ʈ ڵ带  .
   (  ڵ  ũ   ϰ   Ѵٴ 
     .)
   ׷ Ƹ   ŸƮ 󿡼  ̴.

 ȭ Ϸ, -mregparm=2 ɼ̳ ̿ ϴ Լ  
̴. ׷ ܺ ڵ ŷ Ҷ   е
  ̴.

е ̷ ÷׵ ⺻
         /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.7.2/specs
 ߰  ִ. (  ýۿ   Ʋ  ִ.)


2.2 GAS

GAS GCC ѽ ̴ GNU ̴.

2.2.1  ã  ִ°

binutils ̸ٿ Ű ӿ GCC ִ   ã  ִ.

2.2.2 AT&T   ϴ°

GAS 32Ʈ н Ϸ ϱ  âȵǾ  ǥ AT&T
 ̿Ѵ.
AT&T   ͵ ǥ 680x0  Ҵ.
  "Intel"  ؼ  ʰ,  ʴ.
 ٸ ̴.
е װ غ Ǹ,      Ģ 
 ˰  ̴.

е α׷ ȯϴ    α׷ Ѵ.
̰ TASM  AT&T  ȯϴ ̴.
         ftp://x2ftp.oulu.fi/pub/msdos/programming/convert/ta2asv08.zip

gas.doc̳ as.doc(GAS ã     ̴)  
Ѵ.

 FTP 丮 ִ
      ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/GCC/
      ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/GCC/ (?)

ٽѹ ̾߱,    ִ;
Ʒ linux/arch/i386  ϵ :
kernel/entry.S, kernel/head.S, boot/compressed/head.S, mathemu/*.S


2.2.3 ѵ 16Ʈ 

GAS  32Ʈ ̸ 32Ʈ Ϸ Ѵٴ  ǹѴ.
GAS   ѵ 16 Ʈ带 ϴµ,  16Ʈ ̸ ,
ɾ 32Ʈ ξ ̷ ,  32Ʈ CPU 16Ʈ
忡 ư 32Ʈ 带   ִ.
忡 , װ 16Ʈ   ϳ, 16Ʈ 巹
  ʴ´.
̸ ȯϷ "code16" "code32" ڸ ϶.
ζ  asm("code16\n") ´ 32Ʈ GCC Ͽ !
 ư ڵ带  Ѵ.
е ʿϴٰ ٸ Ǯ 16Ʈ ν  .



2.3 GASP

GASP  GAS ó̴.
̰ GAS ũο    ߰Ų.


2.3.1 GASP  ã ΰ

 Ȯϰ 𸥴. GNU Ʈ (prep.ai.mit.edu & mirrors) ٶ.
Ƹ GAS  binutils Ű   ̴.


2.3.2 GASP   ϴ°


 ƹ  , ׷ װ ü texinfo   ̴.
׷ װ Ʈ ؼ , ƴϸ .info ϵ ϱ ٶ.
ũ  Ģ  ָ ڴ.



2.4 AS86

AS86 Bruce Evans' C Ϸ κ 16Ʈ, 32Ʈ   ϴ
80x86 ̴.
װ ֱ     as  巹 带 ޸Ѵ.


2.4.1 AS86    ִ°

 ô뿡 ڶ AS86 HJLu  Ǹ ٷ  Ŀ 
   ִ.  Ű bin86( 0.3) Ǿ  Linux GCC
Ʈ ߰  ִ.
׷  ⿡  ϸ ϰ ƹ  ʰ
ִ.
   ŷ ̴н Ʈ   ϸ 32Ʈ忡
  װ ִµ,   ϸ ϱ ؼ .

 ֱ  FreeBSD ǰ  õǾ.
 װ  ߴ.
ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/FreeBSD/packages-2.1/development/bcc-95.3.12.tgz

׷      ̴.
 ߿ AS86   GNU a.out  Ѵ. ׷ 
鵵 ڵ带  α׷ ũ ų  ְ, Ÿ ٷ 
GNU binutil Ű      ̴.
   ͵ Բ ƹ ջ    ִ.
(Ʒ  2.4.4 ).

BCC  1995.3.12   Ǽ  32Ʈ  α׷ ÿ
 ׸Ʈ ˰ Ǫ 16Ʈ óν ſ ŷӰ   ־.
 ġ Tunes Ʈ   ǥǾ.
         http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/Tunes/

         files/tunes.0.0.0.25.src.tgz
̴.
Ǯ 丮
         LLL/i386/
 ġ  ٷ  ã  ִ.
         http://www/eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/files/as86.bcc.patch.gz
Bruce Evans   ġ ޾Ƶ鿴µ,  ֱ bcc   ġ
 ϰ ִ.

 ڸ  ǻ:
*   Ϸ POSIX_HEADERS_MISSING   ϶.
* bcc/as ־ DJGPP  ʴ´ٸ mops.c mcall() Լ
  "far" ̸ ٿ   ٲ Ѵ.
  ֳϸ   Ϸ "far" ̱ ̴.
  bcc/ld 丮κ typeconf.obj ũ Ѿ Ѵٴ  ϶.
* bcc/ld ־ Ƹ a.out.h ar.h 纻 ʿ ̴.
  DJGPP װ  ִµ, ٸ C Ϸ  쿡 ٸ GCC(,
  , VSTa, )  ¦ ؾ  ̴. ( ^.% )
* bcc/ld ־ BSD_A_OUT ũǸ  Ͽ ؾ  ʿ䰡 
  ̴. ׸ STADARD_GNU_A_OUT Ǹ writebin.c صΰ 
  a.out.h 纻 밡  ̸ Ѵ.
* turns  a.out asm/a.out.h  Ǿ ִµ, ̰͵  
   ؾ Ѵ. 16Ʈ  asm/a.out.h  24Ʈ   Ʈ
  ʵ Ʈ Ϳ ϴ 24Ʈ Ʈʵ带 Ͽ Ѵ.
* cc1 õ  ʾҴµ, ׷  е غ ʹٸ
  cc1     ̴. ׷, Ƹ bcc frontend ٽ 
  ϰų ٷ cc1 ؾ Ұ̴.ֳϸ װ   cc1, as,
  ld ۵ų  fork()/exec()/wait() Ʈ ϱ ̴.
* ó   ߰  ִ.
         http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/files/asld86.zip
   װ͵  Ϸ  ϰ ȴٸ  ޶.
  ׷ ſ  ̴.

2.4.2 doc  ã  ִ°

doc bcc Ű  Ǿ ִ.   FreeBSD Ʈ 
 ̴    ̴.
ǽ ٸ, ׵ ҽ   doc ִ:
׸     ƴ, α׷ Ÿ ϰ Ǿ ִ.
 ִٸ Tunes 0.0.0.25   as86 Ǿ  캸.


2.4.3   ҷ° ?

bcc ؼ .s  ҽ  GNU a.out .o Ʈ , .l 
Ϸ ȯϴ GNU ũ   ϳ .

%.o %.l:       %.s
         bcc -3 -G -c -A-d -A-l -A$*.l -o $*.o $<

  ϵ  ʴ´ٸ "%.l", "-A-l", "-A$*.l" ֶ.
GNU a.out ̿   Ѵٸ bcc doc߿ ٸ ϴ ˿ 
 ų GNU binutils Ű objcopy ƿƼ   ִ.


2.4.3  ο    Ҽ ٸ  ؾ ϴ°?

 Ϸ ռϰ Ȱϰ ִ.  a.out as86  
ϴ  ġ װ  Ѵ.
, ̰͵  Ѵٸ: bin86 Ű /usr/bin ִ е
as86   ְ,   as86 /usr/local/libexec/i386/bcc/as 
ƶ. Ƹ  "" as86 θ ʿ䰡 ̻  ̴.



2.5 ٸ 


2.5.1 Win32Forth 

Win32Forth  Win32s, Win95, Win/NT Ǹϰ ư  32Ʈ FORTH
ý̴.
װ  յ  32Ʈ (λ Ǵ ̻ ) 
ϰ ִ.
ũ ó  FORTH  full power  óȴ.
׷   Win32For װ ü ̿ ̴.
 ã  ִ.

      ftp://ftp.forth.org/pub/Forth/win32for/


2.5.2 NASM

Ʈũ 󿡼  ִ  Ʈ  ٸ 
  ϰ ִ ̴. ̰ C µ,  ˷
 Ʈ ˵ ϴ   ⷯ ɰ̴.

   ſ    ̳ʸ ¿ ־
ߵư;
ũ μ̿ ̰ δ.

Ȯ NASM  Ͽ Ʈ Ǵ    ϰ ִ;
׷ٰ NASM  䱸Ǵ  Ư¡   ̶ 
 .  е װ ȹ  غ̴...

         http://www/dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~jules/nasm1.html


2.5.3 Tunes

Tunes OS Ʈ ׵ ڽ  Scheme  ν
ü   Ϻκ ϰ ִ.
װ   ư ʰ   ʿ ϰ ִ.

  ɺ  Ʈ óϴ , ̰   ʷ
ϰ    , 𽺾,  /Ϸ back-end
, ׸   Scheme ǮĿ ũó/Ʈó ־
Ÿ  Ѵ.
         http://www/eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/Tunes/


2.5.4  ƴϰų 32Ʈ ƴ x86 

е x86  α׷ ⺻μ װ͵鿡   ã
  ִ. Raymond Moon comp.lang.asm.x86  FAQ  ãƺ ٶ
.
         http://www2.dgsys.com/~raymoon/faq/asmfaq.zip



3. META α׷/ ũ ó

е ̷ ۾ ؼ     , װ 
ʴٸ    ;
C, OCAML, perl, Scheme   α׷ ּ   ̴.
׷, ̷  󿡼     ʴ´ٸ,
 ϰų ʿ ̴.
ٸ 쿡,  е  α׷,    ϴ
ζ Ȯ忡  ڵ ý ũó Ÿα׷ 
 Ѵٸ װ ѹ ǵǴ   ̸,  ð 
 ̴.
""    ƾ C ũų    
ִ.


3.1  յ ̶  ϴ°

3.1.1 GCC

GCC  ζ  ڵ带 Ѵٸ  ӿ  Ģ Ĳ
ϰ 캸ƾ Ѵ. ȭڴ ׻ װͿ  ˰ Ƿ, ζ
 ڵ Ȯ ʴ ڵ带  .

׷, е  CPP ũο   ,  鵵
װ C Լ/ũη    ̴.
ζ Լ ũο ſ  ѵ, װ   ϱ 
ϰ ûҵ  ִ.
׷ 쿡 ڵ尡 簡    ؾ Ѵ.
׷  ("1:" Ÿ)  ڵ忡 ǵǾ ־
Ѵ.
׷ , ũδ  ƴ Ƕ ̸   Ѵ.
, е ڵ峪 GCC  ״   Ƹ 
 ʾ , ζ Լ  ڵ  , Ÿ   
̸ GCC ȥ ߸.

, C  ü  α׷ֿ ־  
߻ȭ  ް ִ.  濡  κ   
̴.

׸ Լ ڸ ͸  Ѱִ  ȭ  
Լ θ     ִ.  е Ʈ asmlinkage
 װ͵ ־ Ѵ.  Ŀ ҽ κ    ִ.


3.1.2 GAS

GAS  ũ  ϰ  ʴ.
׷, GCC  ǳ .S ϵ װ͵ GAS ǳ  CPP 
  ִ.
.s  ϳ Ű ٷ GASԷ ǳ.
ٽѹ ,    ҽ .


3.1.3 GASP

   ũξ GAS Ĵ.
texinfo doc .


3.1.4 AS86

̰  ũθ Ѵ.  doc ãҴ.
 ҽ  ϰ ϴ.
е ̸ ٸ װ͵     ̴.
ʺ ͺ   ˰ ʹٸ ܺ͸ ̿  ִ.
(Ʒ 3.2 κ .)


3.1.5 ٸ 

Win32FORTH:
CODE  END-CODE ؼκ    ũ̴.
׷   FORTH ܾ  ͵鿡     ̴.

NASM:
 ũθ  ʴ´. Ʒ ܺ  κ .

TUNES:
̰͵   ʴ´. ׷ Scheme гŰ  Ÿ
α׷ ϴ  ޾̴.


3.2 ܺ 

  ũε  ϴ, Ǵ е  
Ѵٰ ϴ(C !)   ǥϴ  ġ  ̴.
е Makefile Ģ    ܺ͸  ǳ 
ִ.

%.s:     %.S other_dependencies
         $(FILTER) $(FILTER_OPTIONS) < $< > $@


3.2.1 CPP

CPP  ǥ¿ ־    ͵鿡 ϴ.
װ ǥ̶ GCC  Ҹ  ̴.

CPP ѵ  , Ʈ    ,  ı
(destructors) ڵ   ݵȴ. ׸ Ÿ
ڵ带 óϱ  װ     .

CPP C Ϸ ´.
GCC е   ִ ο C Ϸ̴.


3.2.2 M4

M4 ũó ־ Ź ɷ ش.  ǥ, 
Ģ ־  δ.
CPP     ͵ װ   ִ.

macro4th/This4th  Ʒ .
         ftp://ftp.forth.org/pub/Forth/ in Reviewed/ ANS/ (?),
Ǵ Tunes 0.0.0.25 ҽ m4 ϴ  ũ ó μ
 ͵  ̴.

m4 Ʈ GNU m4 1.4 (̻)   ִ.


3.2.3 ͸  ũ ó

е  ũ Ȯ ͸   ִ. perl, awk, sed 
ν ϴ.
̷ ϴ  ,        ̴.


3.2.4 Ÿ α׷

[]


4.  θ


4.1 Linux

4.1.1 GCC ũϱ

32Ʈ ڴ 32Ʈ near 巹 û Ǫȴ.
%ebp, %esi, %edi, %ebx  ȴ.
%eax  ų %edx:%eax 64Ʈ  .

GCC  Ϳ  ȣǴ    ִ ɼ
 , Ϳ ڸ   FPU  ʴ´.
i386   üũ϶.

GCC ̷ ǥ  ҷ Լ  asmlinkage attribute
ؾ Ѵ.
(  װ  ҷ ϴ   Ѵ.)


4.1.2 ELF vs a.out 

 C Ϸ  ɺ   غѴ.

Ư,  a.out GCC   ELF GCC   ׷ غ Ѵ.
 ҽ Ʈ װ  ϴ  .
(linux/include/linux/linkage.h).

е C->asm ̸     ν پ 
ִ.
            void foo asm("bar") (void);
foo Լ Ȯ ϱ ؼ  bar ȣؾ Ѵ.
binutils Ű objcopy ƿƼ a.out  ELF Ϸ
  ݴ 쵵    ̴.


4.1.3   ý 

̰   . ֳϸ ̰ ٲ ȣȯ  ̴.
׸ ̰ libc  ͵ Ȯ ͵ Ѵ.
 ڸ,  ý   ϴ  libc ؼ
Ѵ.

, libc ũ Ű    ̴. Ʒ linux-eforth-
1.0c.tgz  .
         ftp://ftp.forth.org/pub/Forth/Linux/
 ҽ  ̴.  ý    ϴ
asm/unistd.h ϵ ´.

⺻ е %eax __NR_syscallname ȣ ְ, ĶŸ %ebx,
%ecx, %edx, %esi, %edi  ְ int $0x80     ̴.
 %eax ϵǰ, ÿ libc errno ϴ Ϳ شϴ
  %eax ´.
  Ǵ ʴµ, ý  Ҹ   ٴ  
  ̴.


4.2 

ֱ  ͽٴ鿡 񽺸  ̽ ´.
׿  docϵ о.
 int 0x21 䳻µ,  带   ְ ȴ.
( װ͵, ʿ  32Ʈ ۵ڸ Ͽ 16Ʈ  񽺸
ȣν ۾    ġ ʴ´.)

DPMI  doc  ã  ִ.
         ftp://x2ftp:oulu.fi/pub/msdos/programming/

DJGPP  ü (ѵ) ü libc ´.

̰   ũν ϴ.
׷  ִ ġ a.out GCC̸ ֱ ELF GCC ġ ʿ
̴.
 װ͵ ο ġ ʿ Ѵٸ 𸣰ڴ..



4.3 е OS
[ α׷ӵ  װͿ  ̾߱ ϰ ִ ̴.]

4.3.1 Ʈ δ ڵ 32Ʈ  
4.3.2 ؼ 
4.3.3 ͷƮ ٷ
4.3.4 16Ʈ ý 񽺸 ϴ V86/R86 
4.3.5 ̰͵鿡     ΰ

[ٸ  ̺κе鿡  ȳǥø ֱ ٶ]

 ߿ ҽ OS ϰ ִ.
 ȳǥõ Ʒ WWW  ִ.
       http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/rideau/Tunes/Review/OSes.html

5. ؾ 
* ҿ κ ä
* Ʈ    ȳǥ ±
*  Ȱ  ǵ ȵ  ַǵ , Ŀ, 
     ִ   ±

.

