    The Linux Tips HOWTO
    Paul Anderson, paul@geeky1.ebtech.net
    v2.4, 12 October 1996
   howto ˾Ƴ  Ʈ    ̽ϰ 
   tweeking ϰ ִ. 
  
  1. Ұ
  
    հ ִ ſ  Ʈ ȭ  Ʈ
     Ͽ  Ե  ȯѴ.  ⿡ 
       Ӹ ⿡(?)     -
    ִ  ̴.   ϴ Ʈ  ִٸ
    -Ͽ  ֵ   ٶ.
  Paul Anderson Maintainer--Linux TIPS HOWTO
  panderso@ebtech.net
  
  2.  
  
  2.1 Handy Syslog Trick Paul Anderson, Tips-HOWTO maintainer
   /etc/syslog.conf ϰ   ߰ض:
  
         # Dump everything on tty8
         *.*                                     /dev/tty8
  
   : TAB ؾ Ѵٴ   ض. syslog space 
  Ѵ...
  
  2.2.  ohammers@cu-online.com Handy Script to Clean Up Corefiles. 
  Otto
  
       rmcores Ҹ   file  .(ڴ   װ 
  handle-cores θ) :
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
         #!/bin/sh
         USAGE="$0 <directory> <message-file>"
         if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
                 echo $USAGE
                 exit
         fi
          echo Deleting...
         find $1 -name core -atime 7 -print -exec rm {} \;
         echo e-mailing
         for name in  `find $1 -name  core -exec  ls -l {}  \; | cut 
  -c16-24`
         do
                 echo $name
                 cat $2 | mail $name
         done
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
  
  ׸ cron job װ  ϵ ض. 
  
    2.3.  Moving directories between filesystems. Alan Cox,
    A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk
  file Ʈ ü  ũκ ٸ ũ  ű 
  
        (cd /source/directory &&  tar cf  - . )  | (cd  /dest/directory 
  && tar xvfp -)
  
      丮     ϱ  ؼ cd 
  /source/directory; tar...etc ض.  ˷ذͿ  Jim 
  Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net, Ѵ. 
  
  2.4             丮             ū      ˾Ƴ. 
  mghazey@miso.lowdown.com
   ǻͿ  ū 丮  ñ   
  ?
   ˾Ƴ  ִ  ִ.   
         du -S | sort -n
  
  2.5 The Linux Gazette
   Linux Gazette â John Fisk ư. װ 
   e-zine plus̸, װ ̴!!   ̻  
  . ̰ Ȯ϶.
      http://www.redhat.com/lg
  װ ִµ John Fisk e-zine LG 󸶳    
   ִ Ʈ ܶ. 
  
  2.6 Ted Stern,  stern@amath.washington.edu  Pointer  to patch for 
  GNU Make 3.70 to change VPATH behavor.
    ̷  ϰ ִ ˼,  
   ʴ 3.70  GNU make Ư¡  ִ. װ  
  θ   VPATH ִ ൿ Ѵٴ ̴. ̰ 
  ϴ                ġ     ִµ,      Paul 
  Smith<psmith@wellfleet.com>κ װ   ִ.  ״ 
      ο    make    ġ  ׷ 
  |gnu.utils.bug| ÷ ̴. 
  Ϲ,   ＼ϴ  ýۿ  ġ ϰ 
  gmake ٽ ĿѴ. 
  
  2.7     ýø fscking  ϴ   ΰ.  Dale 
  Lutz, dal@wimsey.com
  Q: Ź Ҷ e2fsck ũ  üũ ϴ    
  ?
  A: Ŀ ٽø , filesystem  'dirty'ϰ ϵǰ ׷ 
   ũ  ø üũ ̴. ̰ Ϸ  
  ض:
  rdev -R /zImage 1
  ̰  ̻ filesystem 'dirty'ϴٰ  ʵ Ŀ 
  ش. 
˾Ƶα : lilo Ѵٸ lilo config file   ¾ read-only
 ߰ض. ( /etc/lilo.conf)
  
  
  2.8 Ʈÿ   "device busy"    ߱Ǵ fscks   ϱ. Jon 
  Tombs, jon@gtex02.us.es
     filesystem fscks  ʿ ϰ    ˴ٿ 
  device busy   ٸ,   ذå ִ:
   /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt Ȥ /etc/rc.d/rc.0   ߰Ѵ. 
       mount -o remount,ro /mount.dir
  Ʈ '/'   Ʈ   filesystem ־ umount  -a 
  ȣϱ  ̷ ó  ش. ̰    ־ 
  shutdown  μ ̰ ũ umount ϴµ 
   reboot    'clean'   ǹѴ.   쿡 
  reboot   ð ش. 
  
  2.9 ϵũ 󿡼  ū  ˾Ƴ
  Simon Amor, simon@foobar.co.uk
       ls -l | sort +4n
  Ǵ ϵũ    ִٸ ̰ ð  ɸ 
   Ǹ  ̴. 
     cd /
     ls -lR | sort +4n

2.10  How   to  print  pages   with  a   margin for   hole   punching. Mike   Dickey, 
      mdickey@thorplus.lib.perdue.edu
    
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
            #!/bin/sh
            # /usr/local/bin/print
            # a simple formatted printout, to enable someone to
            # 3-hole punch the output and put it in a binder
            cat $1 | pr -t -o 5 -w 85 | lpr
    
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____

2.11 Raul Deluth Miller, rockwell@nova.umd.edu file  Ʈ Ͽ Ư ϻ ǥ ã
     Ƴ 
   ̰ 'forall' ũƮ θ. ̷ ض:
         forall /usr/include grep -i ioctl
         forall /usr/man grep ioctl
   forall ִ:
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
         #!/bin/sh
         if [ 1 = `expr 2 \> $#` ]
         then
                 echo Usage: $0 dir cmd [optargs]
                 exit 1
         fi
         dir=$1
         shift
         find $dir -type f -print | xargs "$@"
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____

2.12 Barry Tolnas, tolnas@nestor.engr.utk.edu ڵ ̺곪   file  α׷
      ѵ ûҸ  ũƮ   
   emacs ڵ-̺(#) (~) file .o file ׸ TEX.log 
  file ϸ鼭 ݺ 丮  ҽŰ  
  two-liner ִ. ̰  .tex README file ϱ⵵ 
  .   ý ̰ 'sqeeze' θ. 
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
         #!/bin/sh
         #SQUEEZE removes unnecessary files  and compresses .tex 
  and README files
         #By Barry tolnas, tolnas@sun1.engr.utk.edu
         #
         echo squeezing $PWD
         find  $PWD \( -name \*~ -or -name \*.o -or -name \*.log 
  -or -name \*\#\) -exec
         rm -f {} \;
         find $PWD \(  -name \*.tex -or  -name \*README\*  -or 
  -name \*readme\* \) -exec gzip -9 {} \;
         
  _________________________________________________________________
  _____
  
  2.13 simon@foobar.co.uk  μ ޸𸮸   Ƹ
   ִ ˾Ƴ
         ps -aux | sort +4n
    -OR-
         ps -aux | sort +5n
  
  3.  tip
  
  3.1 Linux   windows swap   Ƽ ϱ.   Tony acero, 
  ace3@midway.uchicagi.edu
  1. ش Ƽ  Ƽ ϰ, ű⿡  swap file
       츦  ƶ.  (  켱 
  swap file  ִ · Ǳ⸦ ٶ ̰,  ׷
   װ  ȴ.)
  2. Linux ѵڿ  Ƽ file Ѵ.  Ƽ
   /dev/hda8̾ٸ 
      dd if=/dev/hda8 of=/etc/dosswap
  3.   swap file Ѵ. װ   0̱ 
   ſ   ̴. 
     gzip -9 /etc/dosswap
  4. Linux swap  غϰ ġϱ /etc/rc file  
   ߰Ѵ. 
     xxxxx swap Ƽ block ̴. 
         mkswap /dev/hda8 XXXXX
         swapon -av
  /etc/fstab file swap Ƽ  Ʈ ߰ Ȯ϶. 
  5. init/reboot Ű /etc/brc  Ȥ /sbin/brc Ѵٸ  
  /etc/brc ߰ϰ, ׷   dos | os/2 ϰ   
  ׸ swap Ƽ dos/windows  ٲٰ   ̰ 
   ־.
         swapoff -av
         zcat /etc/dosswap.gz | dd of=/dev/hda8 bs=1k count=100
  # ̰  ó 100    Ƽǿ  ˾Ƶξ. 
    100    ̸  ˾Ƴ. 
  >> ̰   ΰ.
   :   ũ ̽   ִ. 
 : step 5 ڵ ̷  ,  װ  ־  
       ؾ ϸ, reboot μ  . 

3.2  ʴ flag ϱ Jim Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net
 ʴ flag ϱ 
   ý ġϰ  ȯ   ٷ ڿ  /bin, /sbin, 
  /usr/bin, and /usr/lib ׸ ٸ usual suspects    'chattr +i 
  command'  ϶.  װ root Ŀ file ߰
  ض.  'mkdir /etc/.dist/' ϰ /etc      丮
   ض. ( recursion ϱ  ̰ /tmp/etcdist.tar 
  ϴ  step Ѵ.) (ɼ  /etc/.dist.tar.gz 
   ִ)-- ׸ װ  ʵ  . ̷ 
    root α   Ҽ  ִ ظ ̱ ؼ
  ̴.  stray redirection ۷̼ Ʈ   
   ̸, 'rm -rf'    ý Ұϰ  ϴ 
     ̴. (     ظ ԰,  libs 
  bins   ̴)
  ̰ پ Ȱ denial  of service exploits  Ұϰ Ȥ 
   ư  ̴. ( ׵   κ  shell 
   ʴ SUID α׷  Ȱ  file  overwrite ϴµ 
  ϱ ̴) 
  ̰  Ѱ   پ  ý  ̳ʸ 
  'make install'  ̴. ݸ鿡  װ  'make install'  file 
  overwrite ʵ ش.  Makefile д   
   ٽ ϵ file chattr -i   (׸  file Ǯ
   丮), make ϸ, chattr  Ͽ  װ 
   ؾ Ѵ.  ڽ  bins,  libs, Ȥ ̴
   .old/ 丮 ű ȸ Եȴ. Ǵ װ͵ ϰ
   tar  Ҽ ִ. 
  
  3.3 Jim dennis, jadestar@rahul.net ο stuff  ΰ
    
   ο stuff /usr/local Ȥ /usr/local/'hostname' 
  Ѵ.      /usr/local       ϳ 
  /usr/local/src, /usr/local/bin   װ ض.  
    /usr/local  Ʈ   ִ´ٸ,   'mkdir 
  /usr/local/'hostname'' ϰ װͿ 'wheel' ׷ +w οϰ 
   𸥴. ( wheel ׷    Ʒ  
   ڽ file ٷ絵, ׸ Ǵ   file 'wheel' 
  쿡 ϵ SUID SGID )
                         ο                      Ű 
  /usr/local/src/.from/$WHEREVER_I_GOT_IT ֵ  ׻ 
      ƷýѶ.     ׸    ׵     /usr/local/src(Ȥ 
  .../$HOSTNAME) build ض. װ  heirarchy Ʒ 
  ġǾ Ȯض.  װ  /bin Ǵ /sbin Ʒ 
  ġ Ǿ Ѵٸ, 򰡿    heirarchyκ 
   Ʈ ɺ ũ . 
  ̷ ϴ  -- װ ŷο ӿ  ұϰ -- 
   쿡 ǰ, ǰ κ  ٽüġ
     µ  ֱ ̴. /usr/local/.from 丮 
  ν, ҽ °  log Ҽ ִ --
   ο Ʈ  ã    ش -- .  security 
  announcement Ʈ ͸   ߿Ҽ ִ. 
   ִ  ý ϳ  ڽ ̷ å Ű 
   ȴ.    װ ġ  ýμ stock 
  ٸ  𸥴. ̰    ýۿ    
   ʾҴٴ ,  װ ϴ  ̶  
   ̴. 
  ݴ  忡  س ý( װ ý 
  μ ӹ ð )   ̷ Ǿ ְ, 
   ûΰ ٸ MIS 鿡   Ǿ ,  
  ̵ Ű ġ ̷. ׷  Դ ʱ ġ
    ڿ  ְԵ ߿ Ʈ鿡   
   ִ. 
  
  3.4 Jim Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net ý۰ڸ   
  /README.'hostname' /etc/README.'hostname'   
  . Ȥ /usr/local/etc/README.'hostname' ϴ. 
  , ý    ùκ ¶  α file 
   ض. root /bash_logout | vi /README.$(hostname) |  
     . ̰  ϴ  ٸ  su  sudo 
     ϴ ũƮ ϴ ̴. 
                    function exit \
                            { unset exit; exit; \
                              cat ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d) \
                              >> /README.$(hostname) && \
                              vi /README.$(hostname)
                              }
                    script -a ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d)
                    /bin/su.org -
  (session log    typescript ϰ,  ڵ  log 
  appending updating  Լ ).
      ڵȭ    ʾ   ̴
  --     Ʒÿ   ̴. ׷ 
   峭 ׷ ̵  Ծ.  ( ̹   
  ũƮ Ÿ̳ shell   .) ̰ 
   ٽ ٵ  'script'   ü̴.  ̰ ϱ 
   ҽ Լϰ  Ŀǵ  Ķ͸ ߰ؾ߰ڴٰ 
  Ѵ(Ŀǵ κ ũƮ ߴϰų Ű 
  ؼ).
     ϴ  : root 'PATH=/bin' Ǿ 
  Ѵٴ ̴. ٷ ׷. ٸ   root path ̾ 
  ȴ. root ϴ  /binκ Ȥ alias shell Լ 
  ؼ ɺ  ũ ޴  Ǵ Ȥ  /bin 丮  script 
  binary̴ Ǵ ѷ н ŸԵǴ  ̴. ̰  
  binary 󸶳 ϴ νϰ  rootμ ϵ 
  ش. Ƽ  ȣƮ  ڴ Ư  ̳ loophole 
  ãƳ  ڽ /bin /*history  캼 ̴. 
   Ⱑ ο  ڵȭ  ִ sequence ˾ä
  ,  üũ Ե  ִ°  ġŰ, root Ư 
   ﰡ  ۾ Ѵ(͸ ġϰ,  ũ
  Ʈ   MTA Ǵ  ٸ Ŀٶ ;Ƽ α
    ġѴ.  (׵  Ҹ  vi  ./.exrc   ׸ emacs 
  ./.emacs ׸ Ȱ $EXINIT ׸ Ӻ header/footer ũ
  ó transparent data file Ӻ  ִ.  翬 
     Ŀǵ尡   ִ:
                         cp $data $some_users_home/tmp
                         su -c $origcommand $whatever_switches
                         cp $some_users_home/tmp $data
밳  ġ Ȩ  Ǵ ̱   ũ̼ ڿ شϴ  ̴ 
    -- ׷ װ Ƽ ý, Ư ߿ Ǿ ִ ý ڿ
      ̴.
  3.5 xdm   host ڸ    Ұΰ.  Arrigo  Triiulzi, 
  a.triulzi@ic.ac.uk
1. 밳 etc/rc/rc.6 Ȥ /etc/rc.local xdm ġϴ file  xdm startup  
       ߰϶. 
         /usr/bin/X11/xdm
         exec /usr/bin/X11/X -indirect hostname
2. /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xserver Ͽ  starting 0   ӽŻ󿡼 
    ϰϴ    ϶.   
3. ӽ ϶. ׷ you are home and away.(..^^;)
   װ  ݿ ° ϱ  ʻ  ϴ
  ,   ϱ ؼ   ̳ ɷȱ  
   ̰ ߰Ͽ. 
  
 :  SLS(1.1.1)     xdm  ڿ -nodaemon 
      ܳ  ִ. ̰    ʴ´. 
  
  
