{{                                       <>
}}{{{{                  õ  ȣȸ
       ڷ


                              1998 8

}}
}}
 
        츮   ȫ ô뿡 鼭  ȫ ӿ    
  ã Ͽ Ȳϴ     幰 ̴. Ư 
 õ ͵ .   Կ ""    
     ̶ ٸ Ÿ  񱳰  
´. õ  ȣȸ ̷  ϴ ̵   
  ΰ  ڴ   Ͽ ȣȸ  غϿ,    
12 õ  ȣȸ Ǿ  õ     ִ 
  Ǿ.  ̷  4õ 4  ϴ ȸ  
 õ  ϰ ִ.    ٴ ȸ鰣  ģ 
켱 ϿԴ      ִ   ٷ뿡 ұϰ 
ʵл  ǹڱ  ȸ  Ȱ ¶/ο ̷
 ִ.

         ο ü   ɰ  ޱ ϰ 
װ ̿뿡   ǰ ̷  ִ   ,   
 پ ð   ݵ ̷   ̴. ׷    
   ν ſ پ  ٸ ð 忡   
νĵ ʰ ִ       ̴.  ̿ õ  ȣ
ȸ   ùٸ νİ Ҿ, õ  ȣȸ ѱ  
ǻ  ڵ  ߵϱ  ⸦ ϰ " 
  ƴ "  ¸ ϰ Ǿ.

        ʱڵ ؼ "       ⺻" 
, ߡ ǹڵ ؼ  " н ̵    
 ̿뿡  " ϰ " ̿뿡  Ѱ " 
ϰ ϸ Ÿ OS Ͽ     Ѵ. ó
 õϴ     ̹    縦   
 ؿ 帧   ֱ  ٶ,   η þ  
.

        ¸ غϸ     ڷ Ƿ    
߰ϰ Ǿ.   ȣȸ Խǰ FAQ,  ׸ KLDP 
, ȣȸ   ߴ. ׷  ܿ  ü   
 ٸ⵵ ϰ ʱ׷ ظ ֱ ٶ.

        , 縦   Ҹ   <(õ)>, "Informix-SE 
for Linux"   <ѱ  ͽ>, Ǹ  ý   <
ý >, ǰ  CD   < Ʈ>,  "
/X R4"  <ġ>,  縦 ߰  <() >, ׸  
縦 ȹϰ   þ <SmartMate Co., Ltd.> [콺] μԲ
 縦 .

                                                               1998 8 29
                                                             ȣ ȱ漺 帲

                                                  ̵(õ ID: ̸ ڿ ּ)
                                                     콺 : μ gauss@smartmate.com
                                                   : Ȳ hackers@smartmate.com
                                                      : ڻ webadmin@webadmin.net
                                                    յ : ڰ kyungins@chollian.net
                                                     :  hwinnt@chollian.net
                                                   ٺ̿ : ֹ magic23@chollian.net
                                                                      ټ : 
                                                      :  jung0911@chollian.net
                                                       :  jjh7100@chollian.net
                                                      :  sauro@chollian.net
                                                            ̽ : ̽ lvl@chollian.net
                                                   ī : äö dataeng@chollian.net
                                                     ĳ :  casper@smartmate.com
                                                     Ķ :  zsdeer@chollian.net
                                                      Ǫ : ڽ hdb14@chollian.net
                                                        ȣ : ȣ nel78@chollian.net
                                   <   >

.  ΰ?
        1.  ź
        2.  õ
        3.   ̷

.  
        1.  ⺻
        2.  Kernel Ͽ
        3. X-Window System Ͽ

.  Ȱ
        1.  & Networking
        2.  & Internet Service
        3.  & Database
        4.  & Security

<η>
 (RedHat 5.1) ġϱ
  󿡼 ѱ۱
 X-Window ϱ
  󿡼 ǻŰ ͳ ϱ
   Internet Site 
I.  ΰ?

   1.  ź 

        [ ΰ?]{{) kldp.linux-kr.org 
}}
        츮  α׷ ϴ   ̷ ޽  ȴ. "
 α׷ ۱ǹ ؼ ȣް  ι  , , 
 ۱ǹ ǰ ó˴ϴ.", " α׷ Դϴ. α׷ 
ϱ ؼ  Ͽ մϴ.  Ⱓ   α׷  ڵ
  ˴ϴ."..... ̷     ϶. α׷
         , Ʈ ۱   
 뿡  ־ ȵǰ,  ҽ Բ Ǿ   Ӱ 
α׷ (ŷ)  ־ Ѵٰ ϴ   ϶.

         M$ Windows  ִ  PC ع   ̴. 
 PC ũ̼   ? ϴ ְ ü 
(UNIX) ϰ  ? ׷ٸ    Ѱ. ̴.  
α׷̶         ɰ ,    
  ִ α׷  Ƹ    ʰ ˰  
 ȸϰ  ̴. ̹    ǳ ҷŰ 
 ڼ ް ð ִ.

        [ ź]{{) 10 ̵ '' 
}}
        Linus Benedict Torvalds ɶ  ־. ״  Ű 
 ϴ ̾µ 88⿡ 386ȣ忡 A α׷ B 
α׷ Īϴ ۾ ȯ⸦   Ǿ. ⼭ ̰  
 þ Ŀ  ֵǾ paging, timer interrupt δ޸  
ٰ Ѵ. װ Ⱑ  Ǿ     ̽ ̹   
 ý     0.01 91 8  Ǿ.
        ⿡  縸 (Richard M. Stallman) ̶   FSF 
ü GNUƮ ռϸ鼭  ü  ϴ  α׷
    ־.  ̳ʽ Ŀθ ϰ   α׷ 
̵鿡  ߵǰ ִ.
        ⼭  GNUƮ ؼ   ڼ ˾ƺ. GNU "Gnu 
is Not Unix" ̴.  Ʈ  н ϸ鼭   
ü  ϴ ̴.  ο ǻ ޲ٴ  ׵ٿ , 
 赵  ʴ ο ü   Ϸ ϴ ̴. ׵  
 ؼ GCC Ҹ C/C++Ϸ    Emacs  
  н ƿƼ GNU  . ׸ ̷ ͵  Linux
 õ ̴. Linus  80386 Ŀ  ߵǰ ̾ GCC  Ŀ
ο õǾ. ̹  ִ  GNUα׷ GCC ϵǾ
, GNUα׷ ܿ ҽ Ǿ ִ  α׷ GCC  
Ǿ. ̷ ؼ Linux    巯 Ǿ.
         GNUſ    Ǹ  α׷ ҽ 
 Ǿִ.  ϴ    ҽ Ͽ  
ų    GNUſ    뵵 ٸ  ؾ 
. ̷  ؼ     鿡   ׽Ʈǰ , 
ߵǾ    н͵   ִ  ɰ  
 Ǿ.

        [ ]
        Ϻ Ƽ , Ƽ ½ŷ ý
        پ 
          ý
         Ʈũ 
          (TCP/IP, SLIP/PPP, IPX, AppleTalk, ISDN, Ethernet, FDDI )
         ׷̵
        ǳ Ʈ
        Ʈ  X-Window
        ڸ      (LDP, FAQ, HOWTO )
        ׸ 

        [FSF(Free Software Foundation) ΰ?]{{) "  賭 " 
}}
        FSF ϴ ü ǻ α׷  , , ,  
   öϱ ؼ ȥ  ϴ ü̴. ׵ ǻ 
  ־ (free) Ʈ ϰ    ν ̷
  ޼ϰ Ѵ. Ư ׵ GNU(GNU's Not Unix) ̸ 
н ȣȯϸ   پ    ü  ߿ ִ.  FSF 
̹ ü ߿ κе 迡 س ִ.  ߿  
 ٷ 󿡼  پ C Ϸ gcc (̴ ̹ Ϻ  Ʈ
 ȸ ݱ ؼ Ŀϰ ִ  ), ̸ƽ(Emacs)  ͵ 
ִ.
        (free) ܾ ǹϴ  ٴ   ⺸ٴ (freedom) 
ǹѴ. GNU Ʈ  ְ 絵 ǰ ¥ ص ȴ.   
 GNU Ʈ  ִٸ  󸶵 ٸ  Ӱ  
 ְ, Ѵٸ  ҽ ޾Ƽ ļ   ְ, п ؼ 
 α׷ ü ȯ   ִ   ־. ٸ ü   
Ʈ  ϴ 찡  FSF    ü
 ü  ִ Ϻ GNU ý µ  ϰ ִ. FSF ȸ
 ̸ƽ    Ǿ̴.

        [߿ ι Ұ]
          丣(Linus Benedict Torvalds)
         ü Ŀ    ɶ Ű  п 
п ٴϰ ִ. ̹   б   δ. ĥ  
   Ŀ    ʰ س ִ.  κ  ƿ
 Ͽ Ĺ ٰ ϴ .   㿡 Ŀ   ϴ 
 ׻   ذϴ  .

          (Richard M. Stallman)
          ʴ FSF ȸ   Ǿ̴.  ְ 
 ̸ƽ   ٷ   ̴. Ƹ   ٸ  
   ü ź  ̴.  ý̶ ϴ 
 δ   Ŀΰ  GNU Ʈ Ʈ, MIT  X , 
BSD Ʈŷ ڵ ̷ Ŵ η   ü   
ƾ Ѵ. Ǿ Ʈ      ְ ʿ
  Բ ؾѴٴ ö  GNU Ʈ Ͽ. Ư ý 
Ʈ ü   ο Ӱ ־ Ѵٰ Ѵ. 
  GNU (Manifesto) а  ŷ   󸶳 
? е鵵    о ٶ.
        Ȯ ؼ  GNU Ʈ ؼ    ƴϴ. GNU 
Ʈ  Hurd Ŀ  ϴ 'GNU ü' ̹  ͼ  
߿ ִ.     ǰ ̶   ִ. ״ 翬
 ǻ͸ ϸ ǰ Ư  Ѵٰ Ѵ.  ڶ 
 Ǿ GNU Ʈ ؼ ׻   ȵ ̴.

   2.  õ

        [ ǹ̿  : ü ٽɺ Ŀ]{{) "Բϴ ѱ  ¥  3.1" 
}}
         ϴ   ϸ 2    ִ. 
 ǹ̿   ǹ̿  ̴. 켱  ǹ̿  
 ؼ غ ϰڴ.   ̴.    
Ʈ  ̵  ణ οѴ.
        (Linux) ɶ Ű п а ٴϴ  
(Linus Torvalds) л ؼ ,        
鿡 ؼ Ǿ Դ.    ռ   ڵ ̷  н 
ü ȣȯ ý(clone)̴.  , н   USL(Unix  System 
Laboratories)̳ Ŭ, ĶϾ       . 
 Ͽ   ִ Ƿδ   κ ÿ  ̷
 ִٴ     ִ. ƮϸƷκ ɶ忡 ̸  
  ߿ ϰ ,  ε     и
ϴ.
             Ʈκ  ۵Ǿ. װ ص 
Ÿٹٿ(Andy Tanenbaum)  ұԸ н  ü ̴Ͻ(Minix)
  ޾Ҵٰ Ѵ.   ʱ⿡ 386 ȣ忡 Ƽ Ī  
 ٷ ־,  ۼǾ.  1991 10 5,   ù° 
  0.0.2 ǥϿ.( 0.0.1  ǥ ʾҴ) ׶ GNU Ȯ
  bash C Ϸ gcc    ۵Ǿٰ Ѵ.  0.03
   0.10  ȴ. ̹   ̸ 鿩 
ϱ ߴ. ׸  0.95 ö󰬴. ̴ ݸ   
   ǥ ӹ ˸ ̾.
        1 ̶   1993 12  1.0  0.99pl14 
 ´.(pl14  0.99 ġ    ش. Patch Level 
 ̴)  ȭ     н õ(Guru) Ŀ
  ޷ Ͽ. ̶   λ  ޶  
 ̴.  Ŀ  1.2.13  Ͽ, 2.0.0 ̸  
  1.3.X  1.3.100 ̸, 1996 6 9  10 18(ɶ
 ð) linux-2.0.tar.gz ̶  ÷ν   ¾
. ׸ ̱  ִ  ̹ 2.0.21  ִ.(1998 8 19 
翡 Ŀ  2.1.115 ִ) ׸ ״   ʰ  ٸ  
 2.1 ۾      , ftpƮ ftp.cs.helsinki.fi   
̹ v2.1 ͸  ξ.(     2.2   
 ǰ ִ)

        [ ǹ  : ]{{) "Բϴ ѱ  ¥  3.1" 
}}
         Ŀθ  üμ ǹ̰  . ̴ ġ  
PC ٸ  ϳ   ġ  Ͱ  ̴.( 
ũμƮ  6.*  ʿ  ̻ ʿ Ʈ  ־ 
 üε Ϻϰ(?) PC ų غ Ǿ ִٰ   ִ) 
 쿡  ɰѵ,  Ŀ   üδ  ϳ   
  . ⺻ ̶ ɾ ؼ(  command.com  
 ִ) ־ϰ  縦 Ϸ cp α׷  ־ϸ, 
  ؼ rm̶  ־ Ѵ.
       'ü ΰ?'   亯  ִ.   Ŀ   ü 
ý  ⺻ ʿ ƿƼ( ó, ý üũ,  ؽ
Ʈ ) ϸ, н 迭 쿡 C Ϸ ߿ κ 
Ѵ.  ư  ̴ ұԸ  α׷,  ó α׷
 ü  ȿ   ִ.   μ   ִ
, ̴ ü   (Opne Concept)̱⿡ ɰϰ   
ʿ ٰ . ,  ý   ߿  ͵ ϰ ־ 
Ѵٴ   ؿ ϸ  ̴. 
         ̸ ̳ ڰ  ϴ   Ŀ 
 12ް¥   ƴ϶, CD-ROM̳ ftp  Ʈ    ִ  
(Distribution)̶ ̴.      , , 
  ٷ ׷ ͵̴. ̶ Ҹ ͵  Ŀ 
Ͽ ý ⺻    ֵ    ü ҵ 
ϰ   ̴. ׸   ̻ Ѿ  ý   
 ִ Ʈ     ̶   ִ.   
, MIT X  ̵  ý  , ġ X쵵 
 Ϻκ   ε   X 츦 ġϿ   ⺻
 Ƽ½ŷ Ʈŷ  ϰ  ִ   X 쵵   
  ü Ϻζ ؾ   .
              ̸   ʴٴ   
ִ Ư¡̴.  , ׸     ü 
 Ǿ Ѵٴ    . װ  츮  ̱ ̴. 
,     ִ ̴. װ  츮  ̱ 
̴. ѱ    ˷  , ֱ     
ο ̸   , ؿܿ ̹ ˷ ִ   ̸ 
    CraftWorks, Yggdrasil,  S.u.S.E, Linux-FT,   WGS Linux  Pro, Linux 
Universe, LinuxWare, ׸ ޿  ΰ      
 Į(Cadera)  پ  ִ. 
           ġ α׷   ְ, ⺻ ý 
 ־ ణ ̸ ̰ ִ. ,      
   ٰ ٸ   ű  ణ    ľ 
Ѵ. ׸ŭ   ٴ  ȴ. , ̹ ׷  
 Ǿ ԰,      Ư    ͸    
 ϰ ǥ Ű ִ.

        [ Ŵ ]{{) " 3.3 ̿  ְ   " 
}}
        FSF(Free Software Foundation)    縸  MIT 
뿡  ÿ ϴ  ڽ α׷ ҽ   
ִ   ع ־.   α׷ӵ    ǥϴ 
 ҽ ؿԾ. ׷ 1980 ͼ MicroSoft   
  ȸ Ʈ ȭϴ  ַߴ.  ŭ  
α׷  ּ    Ѵ´. α׷ ڰ α׷  
   , ׷   ʴ α׷   Դ   
߸ ϴ ̴.  ̷ٺ Ϻ α׷ӵ ̿ Ʈ 
Lock μ  ũĿ(Cracker) ܳ⿡ ̸. 
        ᱹ Ҽ ڱ ö  α׷Ӹ  κ α׷ӵ 
Ʈ ġ â  ϱ⿡ ̸,   ǻ Ʈ  ȸ翡 
  , ȭǾ ȴ.   縸 1983 GNU Ʈ ȹ
ϱ⿡ ̸ ݱ    ȭ ȸ α׷ӿ 
  ִ.     ü  ϼ 1990뿡 ͼ   
α׷  GNU α׷ Linux  μ  32Ʈ 
ü źϿ.   , ,     ⺻   
GNU ý ϼǱ⿡ ̸.
        Intel(80386) ư  32Ʈ Unix  ü  
 Ҹ     ް ִ. 츮󿡼   
  Ȱȭ  Ἲ ʾ,  Ÿ  Ȱ ̷
 ִ ɷ ȴ. ݸ, ٴ  ǳ ̱ Infoworld   
PC Ű ȸ簡  1997 ְ ü ̾Ұ, ȭ ŸŸ 30
   ,   ּ žǾ  踦  
  ű⿡ ̸. ̰  縸 ö  ϱ  
 ǹϴ ̴. ,  ̿ α׷ ҽ Ǿ   
ϴ α׷   ü ȭ ޲ٰ  ̴.

   3.   ̷ 
    
        [Ŀ ü]{{) "  賭 " 
}}
         ʺ 鿡 ̺ ַ  ƴϴ.   
ü  ü ؼ ˰ ϴ    ؾ Ѵ.   
    ü  ؾ   𸣰ڴ.

" 95 ߾Ͱ ߵǳ?"
" Ʈũ پٸ鼭? ׷ ͳ ͽ÷η  ư?"

         ü ڽ ӻ ִٰ  Ѵ.    
̻ װ ̹ ؿԴ ٸ ü ⸦ ٶ   콺 
 ƴұ?  ݱ     ο  ü
 ˾ֱ ٶ.   ذ       . 
 Ŀ     ִ. 
      
       - 㳷 ٲ Ȱϴ 찡 .  û̵̴. 츮
          ܱ̳  ϰ ̵  Night Hacking̴.
       -   ̴  ɾ ϸ װ .
       -  Ⱦϸ  , ͳƮ    ص Ѵ.
       - ϵ Ʈ ǰ ȾѴ. ڱⰡ ؼ 
             ʴ´.
       - Ϸ   ȥ ־  ָ ɽ ʴ´.
       - ׻  Ѵ.
       -  ʴ   ʴ´.
       - ڽ    ѵ Ѵ.

           ̷   ְ  ó ưٰ  
  ǡĿ õ̶     ߿  
 ̴.

        [α׷Ӹ  ü]
          α׷   ƴϴ. ׸ ٽ  α
 ̹    ׸  翡 Ӿ   ִ 
̴.  ʺڵ  ġϰ   Ȱϱ ϴ   
95  ü    峭  α׷   
.  ǻ͸  о߿ 󸶳 ȿ ϰ ִ°?  
ȶ ̷ٶ 亯ϱ  찡 . Դٰ Ȩ PC   ̹ 
ǻ͸  谡 ƴ     ϰԲ    
Ұ  ߿ ҷ ڸ Ǿٴ  и ̴. ̷ κ
   ̶ ϰ ִ.
         ̰  ü Ʋȱ   亯  ʺڵ 
 Ѵ.   ȸ糪 ü  Ǹϰ ̼ 
ɾ ü谡 ƴϴ.  κ    
   .  ü  ȸ翡  װ ִٸ ׸  װͿ 
ؼ ظ Ҵٸ   ȸ翡 ع û    ̴.  ׸ 
 ְ  ̹Ƿ     α׷   䱸 
 ִ. ݸ鿡  ׷   .  ڽ ,  α
 ü̴. 
         ͳƮ    ְ ׷쿡   ִٸ 󸶵
 ׵      ִ. α׷ ڰ ִٰ ϸ  
 ļ ( 翬    ڿ ϴ  ⺻ ̴) 
ٽ ü ȯ϶. ̷   ڽ ̸  ü谡  
̴. ̷  α׷ӵ   Ǹ ȯ  ְ ִ. 
   ü ϴ  ٰ .
       ǻȰ Ȱ  ⺻  α׷  ̹   ߾ ִ. 
minicom̳  ؼ    ְ 󸶵 ڷḦ ְ  ִ. 
⺻ ׸ ׸  xpaint gimp  ϸ ǰ å   
 Ǵ  񱳰 ȵǰ Ǹ     TeX 
ϸ ȴ. ⺻ δ vi , ̸ƽ     ְ ׷ ȯ Ѵ
 X  ִ. ƽ ̶ ο ѱ μ ٴ  
   ִµ ̰ ̹ ѱ۰ ǻ 翡 HWP/X  ̸ 
н/ ̹ 10  ǸŰ ǰ ִ.    95
 ϵ ؼ ϸ ȴ.
         и     ü Ӱ    HWP/X
 ׷ ʴٴ ̴.    ̻ϰ       
ưٰ ؼ  Ῡ ϴٴ  . ͳƮ   
  ִ μ  Ǵ  Ʈ ƴ ׽
翡 ؼ   3.0    ְ   ׽ 
ftp Ʈ 湮ϸ   ִ. ÷ α׷ ξ ϱ ص 
 쿡  2.0    ϰ ְ 
XING 翡  StreamWork        ִ.  
    ǿ Ǿ ־    ̴. 
ƽ  ϳ ִٸ ͳƮ     ٴ ̶ ұ?
        Ʈũ  Ϸ  ־   Ʈũ 
 ڿ ҽ̴. 뼭  ̰ , ƴ  Ǹ 
  Ʈũ ȯ濡  Ǹ  95 Ŭ̾Ʈ    
  س ̴. ̷ 鿡 ־    ش. 
ڰ  Ǵ н  ⺻ ĸ   ִٸ ̳ Į
     ؼ ϸ    ø Ʈũ 
񽺿 Ե   ִ.  Ϻ  DB ý Ѵٸ  Ʈ׷95 
       ̽   Բ  ϸ  
̴.  κ       ׻  
 ٶ. α׷Ӱ ƴ϶ ּ  ִ  Ʈ ִ 
 ٶ.  α׷Ӷ ֱ  ٶ ִ.

        [  ϴ?]
        ־  ã´ٸ ׷.     ƴϴ.  ־ 
  ܱ ֹ û ؾ߸    ִ.  츮󿡼  ҹ 
ȣ   ־   ִ  ƴѰ?  ־  
  α׷  ̶  θ  ݹ̴. ׷  Ѵٸ 
ϴ  󸶵  ִ.  95   ڱ   
ؾ     GNU Ʈ پ ̺귯 
ִ.  ̺귯  ϰ   ã⸸ Ѵٸ   
 ƴ   ٽ    ִ ɵ ϴ Լ
  ã  ִ.   Ʈ(sunsite.unc.edu)    /pub/gnu 
丮   پ GNU ̺귯   ִ.
         ̺귯    ̱  ؽƮ,  ؽ
Ʈ, ƮũƮ        κ 200   300 
Ѿ  ڼ  ִ.   ̸ƽ  ͸  
ٸ 󸶵     캼   ִ. ϰ C ̺귯 
  ͹̳ο man  ڼ Ÿ԰    ִ. 

        [POSIX ԰ ü]
           ٵ پ н  ̶   
 POSIX ԰   õ ű ִ 庻̴.   
α׷  Ȥó ٸ   ư  ϰ    
̴.  POSIX ԰ݸ ָ 󸶵  ٸ н ýۿ  
  Ǿ ư. Ư  X   α׷ ǥ̹Ƿ 
 󸶵 ũ̼ǿ ϱ  ϴ. ׸ ϸ鼭  ߱Ⱓ 
 ɸ ̽ Ѵٸ,   Ʈ  Ƿ װ  
غ ȴ.  ̸鼭 ̺귯 Ŵ 500  Ϻ 
Ǵ xforms ̺귯, ֱ ޼ӵ ϴ  Qt Ʈ, ׸ ƽ 
 Ƽ(Motif)  ̽    ִ Xaw3d, ׸  
 Ƽ α׷   Ƽ 2.0 ȵǴ Ƽ 1.2 ȣȯ 
 ̺귯 lesstif ؼ    Ƽ ̺귯  
  ʴ  ȥڼ  ִ PC θ   ִ.

        [ : ϶!  ̴.  .]
        ׷ ֿϱ
          Ƽ̴. ͳƮ     ƴٴ 
´ٸ   ƴ϶ ؾ  ұ? ׸  ȥ  ذϷ  
  ȣȸ   Ȱ ϸ    ̴.  
   鿡Լ   ְ  Ǵ  ٸ 鿡 
   ִ. ׸ ̶   ü Ư    
ü ̷ ΰ س    ū ſ   ִ.   
   ִ  ϴ  ȣȸμ 촩 ڿ Ŀٶ 
 ȣȸ ִ. ׸   ׷   캸 ٶ.

        han.sys.linux
        comp.os.linux.*

        켱 ڴ 츮  ׷μ   Ƿ е
  ִ ̴.   ϸ ׵鿡Լ      
̴. °    ׷μ  comp.os.linux ϴ  
  ߿ϴ. tin    б α׷  Ѵٸ ˻ Ű 
 (/) ģ  linux  ϸ ȴ.  ˻   ڸ 
ָ ׸̴.  ̴ vi  Ϳ   ̴. Ư  ο   ǥ 
announce ڿ ִ   ̷. ƹ    ø 
  ״   ׷ Ư ϱ ٶ.  ٳ FAQ HOWTO 
 Ҹ   ʰ  ϸ  ܱ  忡 
 亯 縦 ø ̴. ...

        RTFM!

         Ƹ Read  The Fucking  Mannual شϰų  Read The Fine 
Mannal ̴. ó б⸸ Ѵٰ ϴ    ⸦ û
ϴ ͵   ǹǷ  п  ̴. ο  α׷
  ǥ ̷  ٷ comp.os.linux.announce  ׷̹
  鷯 ֽ  Լϴ ͵ . X  ýۿ ҿ 
ؽƮ  Lynx       α׷   ִ 
ּҸ ߰ϸ  콺 ư  ä ּҸ ܾ  ư 
 Openâ Էϴ ٰ Ѹ ٷ   .  
   ̴.

         FTP Ʈ ֿϱ
          ־ ٽ  ϴ 3  ߿ ftp Ʈ ִ.

        ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux
        ftp://tsx-11.mit.eud/pub/linux
        ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux

         Ʈ Ŀ Ͽ    α׷   
 ̴.  ϴٸ Incoming 丮 캸.    .lsm
 ؽƮ Ͽ  ڼ  о ڷḦ ޵ ϶. ׷
  ϴ ڷᰡ   ϳۿ . ٸ ƴϸ 
   ϸ ȴ.    ߿ ֱ 
 ִ.  ε    α׷  Ʈ  
Ű LSM(Linux Software  Map)  ٴ      ̶ 
  .  ̸  ؼ   غ ʰڴ°?
.  

   1.  ⺻

        [丮 ]
/bin    : Linux ϴ ⺻ ɾ ġϴ 丮.
/boot   : Linux boot ʿ booting  ϵ ġϴ 丮.
/dev    : Linux ϴ  ġ  Device ġϴ 丮.
         뷮  ʴ  丮.
/etc    : Linux Ǵ  ø̼  Linux ȯ  ʿ
           ϵ  ü. 
/home : Linux user  ⺻ 丮̸, web server  ftp server,
          Samba server  丮 ġϴ 丮.
/lib     : Linux ϴ ⺻ ̺귯 ġϴ 丮.
/mnt   : cd-rom  floppy ġ  mount pointer ġϴ 丮. 
/proc   :  丮 Linux kernel ʿ ̽
          ġϴ 丮.
/root   : system user Ȩ丮.
/sbin   : Linux kernel ʿ module  ġϴ 丮.
/tmp   :  ġ ʿ  socket  log ϵ ġϴ 丮.
/usr    : Linux ϴ  ø̼  ý ϵ ġϴ
         丮ν,  Libraryȭ, ϵ ִ. 

        [shell ]
         (shell)̶?
        ڿ  Ŀ  ̽ Ǵ α׷ ĪѴ. 
, ڰ Ʈ   ϸ װ  Ŀο  ǰ 
 Ŀ Էµ ɾ鿡  ġ  ְ Ǵ ¸ 
Ѵ. shell ɾ ȯ̸ ڽ   shell ɾ  
 ִ. ̷   ִ shell پ ° ִµ, bash, 
csh, tcsh, ksh, pdksh, zsh  پ  shell Ѵ.
{{
}}{{
}}
                                                   
{{
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}}                                               Ŀ
                                    
   2.  Kernel Ͽ [Ŀ ҽ ͸ ߽]

 Documentations : Linux kernel ϴ  ϵ     
kernel ϴµ ־    ִ subdirectory ̴.

 arch
 Additional platform support
  Linux kernel runs on the following platforms.
   O alpha
   O i386
   O mips
   O ppc
   O sparc
   O M68K(Amiga)

 Include
   Include 丮 ⺻ Ŀ ڵ  ϵ ϴ
    丮̴.
   Include/  Linux system ϴ OS(operating system) 
     header file  /usr/include soft Link ִ   ִ.
 
 init (system startup and Initialization)
    Intel ϴ ý , loadlin.exe & LILOα׷ν
      system boot   arch/i386/kernel/head.S Ŀ  ޸ 
      ý Ʈ ϴ ϵ ü.
    Head.S.? init/main.cڵ main()Լ Ϸ ɱ   
      ϴ Ư  .

 mm (Memory Management)
    ߸  ϴ ڵ带 ϴ memory.c code  ޸  
      ĳ ϴ filemap.c code, Ҿ  ڵ带 ϴ buffer.c
      code, swap ϴ "swap_state.c, swapfile.c" code еȴ.

 Kernel
    The Scheduler is in kernel/sched.c and the fork code is in kernel/fork.c.
    The bottom half handling code is in include/linux/interrupt.h.
    The task_struct data structure can be found in include/linux/sched.h.
 IPC (Interprocess Communication)
    ipc_perm    include/linux/ipc.h  ϵ ̿Ͽ  
      System V IPC Ʈ    ҽ ڵ带 Ѵ.

 fs (File Systems)
    Linux ϴ ext2 ý    ҽڵ带 
      ϰ, include/linux/ext2_fs.h, ext2_fs_i.h, ext2_fs_sb.h ϸ
      ext2 ý   ϴ 丮̴.

 net (Network)
    Linux networking ʿ include/net   ҽ ڵ带 ϸ,
      BSD  ϴ net/socket.c, IPV4  ڵ带 ϴ
      net/ipv4/af_inet.c  Ʈ ̽ ̺긦 ϰ ִ.
    The network devices drivers are in drivers/net.

 modules
    Linux kernel   ϴ 丮.
    Linux kernel    ϸ  ũ ִ
      丮.

 lib (kernel Library)
    Ŀ  ʿ ̺귯 ڵ带 ϴ 丮.

 Scripts
    Ŀ ϴµ ־, make xconfig  make menuconfig ʿ
      awk  tkũƮ ϰ ִ 丮.

 Drivers
    Linux System's  ʿ ̽ ̹ ϴ 丮.


   3. X-Window System Ͽ{{) http://kldp.linux-kr.org/ 
}}

        []
        н GUI interface   ִ X-windows MIT DEC翡 
 Athena Ʈ  ó  ߵǾ. X-windows ̸ 
 п  W  ý     ĺ X  
 Ѵ. X-windows 1985 MIT ̼     ޵Ǿ. 
 н   ü   ⺻ ý ԵǾִ.    MIT 
XFree86 Ʈ Ϲ ο ü ư  ֵ Ͽ.

        X-windows X11 Revision 6 1994  4 ǥǾ,  н
迡  ǥ ڸҴ.  ǻ  ȸ Ἲ Xҽþ
  ð ִ. X-windows Ӱ   ִ ̼   
.  X-windows  ߿ ϳ̴.  ϴ  Ȯ 
̸ XFree86̴. ̰ MIT X386κ  ̴.

        []
        X-windows н GUI̹Ƿ Ʈũ  ýۿ ˸° Ǿ־ 
Ѵ. ,   ٸ ý ϳ      ֵ  
䰡 ־. ׷  Ŭ̾Ʈ   ߰, ̿ α׷ 
ڴ  Űĸ Ű澲 ʰ       ŰĿ 
µ ǹǷ  ý    Ȱ  ִ. ̰ ٷ  α
  ̽ļ οϴ  ȴ.
         X-windows ý ̷   4   ִ.
         >> X 
         >> X Ŭ̾Ʈ
         >> X 
         >> X ̺귯

        Server-Client : ⺻, Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷  Ѵ. X 
 Ŭ̾Ʈ   ڿ    . Ŭ̾Ʈ  κ 
Ű ̳ 콺 ư   Է   ִ. Ŭ̾
Ʈ  ׸ ׸ 䱸ϴ X   Ѵ. X  
̼  ǻͿ  ۵ϸ ׷ ÷  ϵ ϰ 
 Ѵ. X  X  Ŭ̾Ʈ ø̼ ũ ΰ 
׸ų Ű 콺κ  Է  û  ޾ óѴ.  콺 
̵ ư   Է ȣ  Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ޵ Ѵ.   
 Ÿ ü Ѵ.   ̵ ü  Ŭ̾Ʈ   
ġ μ ҽŲ.  ̰ Ʈ   Ÿ ۷  ̱ 
 ʿϴ.  ϵ  X   ϵ ٸ  
Ѵ.

        X protocol :  X Window   ó Ŭ̾Ʈ   ΰ 
α׷  ϰ ִ.  Ŭ̾Ʈ  IPC ̿Ͽ  ġ 
 Ѵ. ̷ X  X Ŭ̾Ʈ ȣ ۿ ޼ ȯ 
 ̷µ, ޼ ¿  X ̶ Ѵ.  X-windows 
 Ư¡  ϳ ̷ ޼ ȯ  ǻ   ƴ Ʈũ 
ؼ ̷  ִٴ ̴. ׷⿡, ý   ǻ ڵ 
Ʈũ ǻͿ ϴ X Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ڽ ȭ鿡 ǥϿ 
Ű   ̴. X protocol  Ŭ̾Ʈ  ̿ ŵǴ 
Request, Reply, Event, Error   ⺻ ޽̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ 츦  
޶ų  ش޶ 䱸 request  queue ־  ,  
 ϵ , ȭ鿡 ÷   .   ϵ
κ   Է( ,  콺  Ű Է)  ޾Ƶ鿩 event 
queue ־ Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ŭ̾Ʈ ׿  ó Ѵ.
         IPC(Inter-process communication)  μ  ٸ 
   ִ  Ѵ.  C α׷ӵ ̿  ִ 
IPC  Ʒ   ִ. 

        н  (Half-duplex UNIX pipes) 
       FIFOs (named pipes) 
       SysV Ÿ ޼ ť (SysV style message queues) 
       SysV Ÿ   (SysV style semaphore sets) 
       SysV Ÿ ޸ ׸Ʈ (SysV style shared memory segments) 
       Ʈŷ  (Ŭ Ÿ) (Networking sockets (Berkeley style)) 
         (Full-duplex pipes (STREAMS pipes) 

̷  ȿ  ,     н  ýۿ
 Ŭ̾Ʈ/   ߰ ӿũ(framework) Ѵ.

        Xlib, X toolkit : X  α׷  ý OS ϵ  
  óִ  ȭ   ֵ X protocol  ؾ Ѵ. 
׷   X protocol  Xlib  ̺귯 ƾκ  ߻Ų. ׷ 
Xlib  ״  ʴ. ȭ鿡 ׸ ׸ 콺 ϴ  
ɸ  ִ. ,  ̴̽. ׷ ̰ͺ  ̺귯 
X toolkit Ѵ. Xt Intrinsics, Xaw, XView, Motif, Qt, GTK  װ̴. 

        [X ]
        츮 X-windows ϱ   startx ɾ  Ѵ. ׷
,  startx  ̳ʸ   ƴ϶ ũƮ ̴.   
ҷ    ִ.    xinit Ų.  ׷ xinitμ 
xinitrc  Ͽ X  Ų.

        [Ȱ]
丮   
 丮
[  丮 : /usr/X11R6/bin]
         : ⺻ X   ⺻ ̳ʸ  Ǿִ.
[ ϰ ̺귯 : /usr/X11R6/include, /usr/X11R6/lib]
         : X  α׷  ⺻ ̺귯 XLIB, X11,
         Xt intrinsics,Xaw(3d)  Ѵ. ׸ Motif ġߴٸ Xm
            ̺귯  Ѵ.
[ҽ   : /usr/X11R6/lib/X11, /var/X11R6/lib]
         :   丮 ũ Ǿִ.  ȿ 
         丮 ִµ,  app-defaults 丮  
         α׷ ҽ  ִ 丮̴.
         xinit丮 X 츦   ʿ ⺻  ϵ 
         Ǿִ.   Ŵ  , ȭ ȭ 
         locale ͵ Ǿִ.
[۲ 丮 : /usr/X11R6/lib/fonts]
         : X  α׷鿡 ʿ ۲õ Ǿִ.
[޴ : /usr/X11R6/man]
         : X 쿡 ʿ man () Ǿִ.

 ϵ 
XF86Config (/etc/X11/XF86Config, /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config)
        : X ġϰ xf86config Ű Ǵ Ϸ XFree86
         ̴. Ʈ , 콺, ī,  Ŭ, ػ 
          Ѵ.
xinitrc (/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc, $HOME/.xinitrc)
        : X    ϴ ̴. Ȩ丮 .xinitrc 
         켱 ϰ,    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc Ѵ.
          Ͽ    Xresources  ǿ  
         Ŵ,  α׷ д.
Xdefaults ($HOME/.Xdefaults)
        : Xdefaults  Ȩ 丮 ־ϸ, Ư α׷ 䱸ϴ
         ȯ  Ѵ. 
Xmodemap ($HOME/.Xmodmap)
        : Ű带 ϴ Ϸ Ű ڵ带 Ascii ڵ ٲ۴.

        ̿ܿ  Ŭ̾Ʈ /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults 丮
         ҽ   ִ.

        [ ޴ Ͽ]
         ޴ X  ý   α׷̴.  
޴ , 콺 ư , ũѹ,     ޴ 
ϴ ̴. Shell    ְ, MS-Windows α׷ Ŵ
 ܿ ٸ α׷ shell Ҽ ֵ XFree86 ϴ 
 ޴   ִ.  Ǵ  twm,  fvwm( θ 
),   olvwm(Xview[TM]   packageκ    ),   mwm(Motif[TM]   κ), 
WindowMaker, AfterStep, NeXTSTEP  ִ.  ޴  
 ̰ ְ, 콺  ư ϴ ͵  ̰ ִ. XFree86  Ǹ 
  Ŵ  ϳ, Ȥ 2 ̻ Ŵ ȴ.  Ŵ
 ణ  콺 Ű, ޴  ̰ ִ. ,  Ŵ  ƹ
  ȵȴٸ         single tasking  
ȭ ϳ  ̴.  ¿   ϳ ܼ ¿   Ȳ
, ⿡ 'fvwm&'̶ ġ Ŵ ȴ.

 fvwm
          Ǵ  Ŵ  'startx' X츦 ϸ Ÿ
  Ŵ̴. 콺 ư 3  Ѵ.
  #  ư :  ׶忡 X α׷ ޴ θ.
  #  ư :  ޴ ȣѴ. ׶忡 θ  ְ,
                  ŸƲ ٿ  ޴ ȣҼ ִ.
                 ׶忡  ޴ ȣϸ õ 
                  쿡   ְ, ŸƲ ٿ 
                 쿡 ȴ.  ư  콺
                   ư ÿ  ȴ.
  #  ư :  ǰ ִ  Ʈ ش.
                 MS-Windows ۾ڿ  ̴.

 olvwm, olwm
        olvwm openwin 츦   Ǵ  Ŵ̴. 
̰  Ž̼ OpenWindow   ̴̽. ȭ ܼ
 ȭ ʴ. 콺  ư α׷ ȣѴ. olvwm olwm 
 ȭ ϵ  ߰  ̴. 콺  ư  α
 ȣѴ. ⿡ ϵ ޴   ø̼   ִ.

 mwm
        mwm Motif Ŵ  ⺻  ִ  ƴ
. Motif ̸ X ϳ  ǥ̴. Moif ߵ α׷ 
ǻ   ҽ  ϴ ͸ ٸ  ǻ
 ̽  ִٴ  ִ.
  mwm fvwm ϰ  콺  ư α׷ Ŵ   
 fvwm    . α׷ ϱ ؼ xterm 
   Ʈ ¿ Էϰų  Ŵ ؾ Ѵ.

 WindowMaker
        WindowMaker ֱٿ   Ŵ̴. NeXTSTEP  
  Ŵ̱⵵  ϴ. ġ   ϰ ޴̳   
鿡 ϰ    ȭ    ִ.  ġϰ   
 Ȩ丮 wmaker.inst ϸ  GNUstep 丮 ִ. 
$HOME/GNUstep/Defaults/  ȿ  ִ      (WMRootMenu,WMState, 
WMWindowAttributes,WindowMaker) $HOME/GNUstep/Library/WindowMaker
ȿ ִ menu װ̴.

        [XDM(X Display Manager)]
        Loginϰ  ڵ X Ű ϴ  , .profile
̳  .login Ͽ startx ɾ θ , ƿ ó X ͹̳
ó, ڸ X αϷ xdm ̿ϸ ȴ.
 /etc/inittab Ͽ

        # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
        #   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
        #   1 - Single user mode
        #   2 - Multiuser,  without NFS (The  same as 3, if  you do not  have 
networking)
        #   3 - Full multiuser mode
        #   4 - unused
        #   5 - X11
        #   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
        id:3:initdefault:

    ִµ,  ôٽ  5    X   ̴.    ̰ 
id:5:initdefault: ٲְ ýŰ,  X Ǹ鼭 α  ȭ ´. 
xdm Ҷ Ϸ  Ŵ    /usr/lib/X11/xdm 
丮 Xsession ̳ Ȩ丮 .Xsession Ͽ  ȴ. , Ȩ
丮 .Xsession Ҷ  ۹̼ ־ִ  ƾ Ѵ. 
۹̼   ʴ´.

        [ ȯ(GUI library)]
         GUIȯ ߿õ ʾ ð  鼭 찡 
,   ̽   䱸 þ  GUI  
귯 ʿ. Ƽ 鼭  н迡 Ƽ   Ͽ
, ׷ ߼   ̾. ׷   Ƽ ̾ 
θ  ϰ Xlib, Xt, Xaw, XView ϰų Ƽ Ŭ lesstif 
Ͽ.  Ƽ Ÿϵ õ  ̽ ο ̺귯
  䱸Ǹ ̹ Ȱ ǰ ִ.  ̺귯  Ŵ, 
̸ ޹ħϴ ø̼   ũž  Ʈ  Ȱ
ϴ. Qt-KDE, GTK-GNOME   ̴.
.  Ȱ
   1.  & Networking
        Ϲ Ʈũ  ֻܼ󿡼   netcfg(X
 ȯ) ϸ ϱ . ̸  ˾ƺ.  ռ Ŀγ 
Ʈũī(Ϲ ϴ ī) Ǿ ִ ɷ Ѵ.
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켱   ׸    غ    κп ϴ   ǻ 
Hostname, Domain Search domain name ׸ ߿ Nameserver κ
.

 Hostname
         κ Ʈũ   ǻ Ӽ ̴.   κп ڽ 
ȣƮ  .
  ) host.yourname.com

 Domain
           κ̴. Ҵ κκ θ  ȴ. 
 ȣƮ  ޺κ ָ Ǵ ̴.
  ) yourname.com

 Search for hostnames in additional domains
        Ϲ Ʈũ  ǻʹ     ִ. 
  ȣƮӸ ֱ⸸ ص   ǻ͸ Ʈũ ＼    ִµ 
̰  κп    ޺κп    ν 
.  ˻ Ѵ.

 ) clug.net
    domain.net
̶ Ǿ ְ ڽ ǻ ȣƮ hostname̶  ,

# telnet hostname

̶ ģٸ 켱 clug.net ٿ  ˻ Ѵ. hostname.clug.net ׼
 ϴ   Ǵ ̴.   hostname.clug.net ˻ 
 hostname.domain.net ã ȴ. ̷ ϸ ڰ  꿡 
 ¿     ĥ ʿ ȣƮӸ  ν ׼ 
ϴ.   Ͽ  ٴ ̴.

 Nameservers
        ̺κ  γ ˻ϴ Ӽ ϴ ̴. 
   ϵǾ ִ  Ͽ      
ִٸ ߰Ͽ ϴ. ̰ 翬 ip ־ Ѵ.
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 ȭ  ǻͳ  ip г ټ ִ.  alias̶ Ͽ 
ϴ.
 

 ip:200.200.200.200      Name:moon    Nicknames: dall

̾  ipκ   ã 켱   κ  ˻ϰ 
Ǿ

# telnet moon

̶  ־  ip ٷ ã Ǵ ̴.
ϰ ϸ      ̶      ̴.  ̺κ 
/etc/hostsϿ ȴ.
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 ȭ Ʈũ  interface ϰ Ǿ ִ.  ǻͿ  ī
带 ׼   ִ κ ϰ Ǿ ִ.
Ϲ ī尡 ٸ loκ(localhost)κи  Ǿ ִ. óݸ 
Ϸ ̰ ᵵ ϴ.  ī  ϱ ̴. 
  ī尡 Ŀγ ִٸ ̸ Ʈũ ̽  ＼
 ְ ؾѴ. ׷ ؼ ߰ Ϸ add  ethernetκ  
(ppp Ÿ Ÿ ϴ κ)ϸ eth*̸  Ǿ ִ. ù 
° ī eth0  ̴.   ° ī eth1  ̷ ̸ 
. 
 κп   غ
 ip: ǻͿ Ҵ ip ´.
 netmask: Ʈũ ＼ 뿪  ϴ  Ϲ 255.255.255.0 
ϸ  ̴.
     ̽ ڵ ȰȭŰ Ͽ Activate
 üũش. Ϲݻڰ ̽  ()Ȱȭ ų  ִ  ɼ 
(ϴ  )  ִ. 
 protocol: configurationϴ protocol  ϴ    none  
dhcpbootp   ִ.
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Ʒȭ gateway ̽ ip   ִ. 
Network Packet Forwarding(IPv4): Packet Forwarding  üũ, Ϲ 
No
Default Gateway:  Ʈ ip Ѵ. Ϲ AAA.BBB.CCC.1
Default Gateway Device: Ʈ̷  ̽   eth* ϸ 
.
߰ Ϸ Addư  ߰ϸ ȴ.
Save Ѵ.
 netcfg  ʰ  Ϸ( ϱ ؼ)   
.
/etc/hosts, /etc/sysconfig/network, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth*

   2.  & Internet Service

o apache ϱ.
 --> httpd.conf .
 (ServerType) inetd Ǵ standalone    ϳԴϴ. Ư 
   standalone   մϴ.

ServerType standalone

   inetd κ ϴ ̶ "ServerAdmin"  Ѵ.

Port: standalone   ûϴ Ʈ ŵϴ. 1023  Ʈ 
Ϸ ʱ⿡ httpd  Ʈ ؾ߸ մϴ.

Port 80

ȣƮ ̸ ȸ(HostnameLookups): Ŭ̾Ʈ ̸ Ǵ IP ּ   
  ΰ մϴ.

  )   www.apache.org (on) Ǵ 204.62.129.132 (off)

    ϰų CGI 뵵  ϱ ؼ off ص
 ϴ.  on ̶ صθ   Ʈ ϴ ӵ  
  ֽϴ.

HostnameLookups off

httpd  ٸ , ٸ ׷ Ǳ Ѵٸ ϴ httpd Ʈ 
   ־ , ׷ ȯؾ մϴ.

/׷(User/Group): httpd    μ    
/׷쿡  ̸ մϴ.

HostnameLookups off
httpd  ٸ , ٸ ׷ Ǳ Ѵٸ ϴ httpd Ʈ 
   ־ , ׷ ȯؾ մϴ.

/׷(User/Group): httpd    μ    
/׷쿡  ̸ մϴ.

User nobody
Group nobody

 (directive)  Ǫ ϴ  ׽ 2.x   Ÿ 鿡 
Ͽ keepalive  ÷  մϴ.

BrowserMatch Mozilla/2 nokeepalive
BrowserMatch Java1.0 force-response-1.0
BrowserMatch JDK/1.0 force-response-1.0

(ServerAdmin):   ߻     ּҸ 
մϴ.

ServerAdmin root@localhost

Ʈ(ServerRoot):  , , α    ⺻  丮
̴.

ServerRoot /etc/httpd

ּ(BindAddress):  ɼ    ȣƮ    ֽϴ.  
ɼ   IP ּҿ ͱ  뺸   մϴ. "*" ̰ų 
Ǵ  IP  ּ   ׸        ̸       ֽϴ.   
VirtualHost ڵ Բ Ͻñ ٶϴ.

#BindAddress *

(ErrorLog):    ġ. /     ServerRoot  
θ տ ٽϴ.

ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/error_log
۱(TransferLog):    ġ. /     ServerRoot 
 θ տ ٽϴ.

TransferLog /var/log/httpd/access_log

PID (PidFile):  ڽ PID    

PidFile /var/run/httpd.pid

ScoreBoardFile:   ó    .  ŰĿ ̸ 
ʿ  ʽϴ.   ʿϴٸ (  ġ Ǹ ȴ
  ˰  ̴ϴ.)     ˾Ƶξ մϴ.  ġ   
Ű 쿡   ߺ  ʵ ؾ մϴ.

ScoreBoardFile /var/run/apache_status

̸(ServerName) α׷ ް  Ǵ ȣƮ ̸  ٸ  ̸ 
Ŭ̾Ʈ    մϴ.  ⼭ ϴ ̸   ȣ
Ʈ Ͽ Ȯ Ǿ ִ DNS ̸̾ մϴ.  

#ServerName new.host.name

CacheNegotiatedDocs: ⺻ ġ    Ͽ    
ؼ Pragma: no-cache    ϴ.  ޽ Ͻ   
Ͽ  ĳ ʵ ûմϴ.    ּ Ǯ    
ϰ Ͻ   ĳ  ֵ մϴ.

#CacheNegotiatedDocs

Timeout: ް µ Ÿ ƿ ɸ ϴ ð ()

Timeout 300

KeepAlive:      ΰ  ϴ κ̴. "Off" 
ϸ   ŵϴ.

KeepAlive On
MaxKeepAliveRequests:     ִ û     0  
ϸ   ʽϴ.  ִ ȿ ؼ      α 
մϴ.

MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

# KeepAliveTimeout:   û ٸ Ÿ ƿ ɸ ϴ ð()

KeepAliveTimeout 15

-Ǯ ũ .     μ ʿ  ʿ ġ 
ڵ Ϸ  մϴ.    ¸  ó     
  μ ϸ Ͻ ġڴ ϸ Ͽ  
 Ӵϴ.

ġ  󸶳    û ٸ ִ մϴ.  
 MinSpareServers      Ӵϴ. MaxSpareServers 
    ŵϴ.  κ Ʈ Ͽ   ̸ 
ϴٰ ϴ.

MinSpareServers 8
MaxSpareServers 20

#     -    մϴ.

StartServers 10

    մϴ.   Ŭ̾Ʈ ÿ   ִ  
մϴ.    ϰ Ǹ Ŭ̾Ʈ  ٸ · 
Ƿ ʹ  åؼ ȵ˴ϴ. ްϰ ϰ ν   
н Բ   ʵ 극ũ ɾα  뵵 ȴ.

MaxClients 150

ڽĴ ִ û(MaxRequestsPerChild): ڽ μ ױ   ó 
 û  ġ(Ǵ ġ  ϴ ̺귯) ð 
      ڽ μ մϴ. κ  ýۿ
 ̰ ʿġ  (   Solaris) ý   ̺귯κ
 ߻ϴ ޸    ʿմϴ.

MaxRequestsPerChild 100

Ͻ  .  Ͻ    ۵Ű÷   ּ Ǯ
ֽʽÿ.

#ProxyRequests On

ĳ  ۵Ű   ּ Ǯ ϰ Ͻʽÿ.

#CacheRoot /var/httpd/proxy
#CacheSize 5
#CacheGcInterval 4
#CacheMaxExpire 24
#CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.1
#CacheDefaultExpire 1
#NoCache a_domain.com another_domain.edu joes.garage_sale.com

Listen: ġ ⺻ ߰Ͽ Ư  IP ּҵ Ǵ Ʈ (bind)  Ű
   մϴ.  VirtualHost   Ͻʽÿ.

#Listen 3000
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80

ȣƮ(VirtualHost):  ӽ  ּҿ Ͽ IP Ŷ   ֵ
  ¿ ġ  ϳ ̻  ּҿ Ͽ û ó
  ֵ ݴϴ.
ifconfig alias ÷ Ǵ VIF   Ŀ ġ    ֽϴ.

 httpd.conf, srm.conf ڸ VirtualHost  ȿ   ֽϴ.
BindAddress ׸  Ͻñ ٶϴ.

#<VirtualHost host.some_domain.com>
#ServerAdmin webmaster@host.some_domain.com
#DocumentRoot /www/docs/host.some_domain.com
#ServerName host.some_domain.com
#ErrorLog logs/host.some_domain.com-error_log
#TransferLog logs/host.some_domain.com-access_log
#</VirtualHost>

 --> srm.conf .
DocumentRoot:    丮 ⺻  û  
丮κ ˴ϴ.   ɺ ũ alias Ͽ ٸ ġ 
ų  ϴ. 

DocumentRoot /home/httpd/html

 丮(UserDir): ~user û ޾   Ȩ  丮 ڿ 
 丮 ̸

UserDir public_html

丮 ε(DirectoryIndex): ӵ HTML 丮 ε   
̸̴.     ̽ մϴ.

DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.shtml index.cgi

FancyIndexing ׸ 丮 ڰ εؼ    ƴϸ ⺻
 θ    մϴ.

FancyIndexing on

AddIcon ڴ  ٸ ,  Ȯڿ Ͽ    
 մϴ.

AddIconByEncoding (CMP,/icons/compressed.gif) x-compress x-gzip

AddIconByType (TXT,/icons/text.gif) text/*
AddIconByType (IMG,/icons/image2.gif) image/*
AddIconByType (SND,/icons/sound2.gif) audio/*
AddIconByType (VID,/icons/movie.gif) video/*

AddIcon /icons/binary.gif .bin .exe
AddIcon /icons/binhex.gif .hqx
AddIcon /icons/tar.gif .tar
AddIcon /icons/world2.gif .wrl .wrl.gz .vrml .vrm .iv
AddIcon /icons/compressed.gif .Z .z .tgz .gz .zip
AddIcon /icons/a.gif .ps .ai .eps
AddIcon /icons/layout.gif .html .shtml .htm .pdf
AddIcon /icons/text.gif .txt
AddIcon /icons/c.gif .c
AddIcon /icons/p.gif .pl .py
AddIcon /icons/f.gif .for
AddIcon /icons/dvi.gif .dvi
AddIcon /icons/uuencoded.gif .uu
AddIcon /icons/script.gif .conf .sh .shar .csh .ksh .tcl
AddIcon /icons/tex.gif .tex
AddIcon /icons/bomb.gif core

AddIcon /icons/back.gif ..
AddIcon /icons/hand.right.gif README
AddIcon /icons/folder.gif ^^DIRECTORY^^
AddIcon /icons/blank.gif ^^BLANKICON^^

DefaultIcon   Ǿ    Ͽ Ͽ ϴ  
Դϴ.

DefaultIcon /icons/unknown.gif

AddDescription    ε  ڿ    ߰ϰ  
 մϴ.

ReadmeName   ⺻ ã README  ̸ Ÿϴ.

HeaderName  丮 ε տ ٴ  ̸ Ÿϴ.

ReadmeName README
HeaderName HEADER

IndexIgnore  丮 ε ܵ  ̸ մϴ.

: IndexIgnore name1 name2...

IndexIgnore */.??* *~ *# */HEADER* */README* */RCS

AccessFileName:    ϱ    丮 ã   
̸ մϴ.

AccessFileName .htaccess
DefaultType   ϸ Ȯڷκ   Ǵ     
 Ͽ  ⺻ MIME Դϴ.

DefaultType text/plain

AddEncoding   (Mosaic/X 2.1+) ۹鼭    Ǯ 
 ֵ   ϴ.  

AddEncoding x-compress Z
AddEncoding x-gzip gz

AddLanguage      ְ ݴϴ.    ϸ 
   ִ     뿡     ֽϴ. 
̻簡  Ű Ȱ ʿ ϴ.

AddLanguage ko .ko
AddLanguage en .en
AddLanguage fr .fr
AddLanguage de .de
AddLanguage da .da
AddLanguage el .el
AddLanguage it .it

켱(LanguagePriority)     ϴ   켱
 մϴ. 켱    ϴ.

LanguagePriority ko en fr de
Redirect  ϸ Ŭ̾Ʈ  ־    
´ٰ 뺸  ֽϴ.   Ŭ̾Ʈ Ͽ ٸ  ġ  ã 
  մϴ.

: Redirect fakename url

Aliases: ʿ ŭ      ֽϴ.( )  ⺻  
 ϴ.

Alias fakename realname

 fakename  /  پ ִٸ   fakename  URL ȿ 
 Ѵٰ մϴ.    "/icons" ȭ ʽϴ.

Alias /icons/ /home/httpd/icons/

ScriptAlias:  ũƮ  丮 մϴ.

: ScriptAlias fakename realname

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/httpd/cgi-bin/

AddType mime.types   ʰ ϴ ۾   ְ ݴ
.  Ǵ  Ư  Ư  ǵ   ֽϴ.

: AddType type/subtype ext1

AddHandler Ư  Ȯڿ Ͽ ȭ  Ǿ   ó
 ̷ "ó(handler)" սų   ֵ ݴϴ.  ȿ  
ϰų Ǵ Action   ߰  ֽϴ. 

: AddHandler action-name ext1

 Ǯָ /cgi-bin/ ̿  丮 .cgi  ⸸ ϸ CGI 
 Ͽ డ ϹǷ    ʽϴ.

#AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
 ó HTML  ϱ ؼ.

#AddType text/html .shtml
#AddHandler server-parsed .shtml

ġ send-asis HTTP   Ϸ   ּ Ǳϴ.

#AddHandler send-as-is asis

 ؼ ̹  Ϸ.

AddHandler imap-file map

 (type maps) Ϸ.

#AddHandler type-map var

  Ϸ   # մϴ.

#Alias /perl/ /home/httpsd/perl/
#<Location /perl>
#SetHandler perl-script
#PerlHandler Apache::Registry
#Options +ExecCGI
#</Location>

php  ۵Ű ؼ

AddType application/x-httpd-php .phtml

Action  ġǴ    ũƮ  ϰ  MIME Ÿ 
մϴ.  Ư MIME ŸԿ  û   CGI ũƮ 
Ű ó 뵵 Ź Ȱ URL  ݺϴ  ݴϴ.

: Action media/type /cgi-script/location
: Action handler-name /cgi-script/location

MetaDir: ġ Ÿ   ã 丮 ̸ մϴ.   
 HTTP   ߰   ֽϴ.

#MetaDir .web

Ÿ̻(MetaSuffix): Ÿ  ϰ ִ Ͽ   ̻縦 
ϴ.

#MetaSuffix .meta

    o.  ؽƮ 
#ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo.
  (n.b.) (") ǥô ؽƮ ǥϸ µ ʽϴ.

    o.  ȯ
#ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html
 URL /missing.html  ȯ

#ErrorDocument 404 /cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl
: ũƮ Ǵ      ȯ  ֽϴ.

    o. ܺ ȯ
#ErrorDocument 402 http://some.other_server.com/subscription_info.html


 --> access.conf .
<Directory /home>
Options Indexes IncludesNOEXEC
AllowOverride None
</Directory>

   DocumentRoot   丮 ؾ մϴ.

<Directory /home/httpd/html>

"None", "All", Ǵ "Indexes",
"Includes", "FollowSymLinks", "ExecCGI", "MultiViews"  ο  
մϴ.

"MultiViews"  ߸ ۵մϴ.
"Options All"̶   "MultiViews" μ ڵ  ʵ 
 ֽϴ.

Options Indexes Includes ExecCGI FollowSymLinks

  丮  ִ .htaccess Ͽ   ɼǿ Ͽ 缳 
 ִ 㰡ݴϴ.
"All", Ǵ "Options", "FileInfo", "AuthConfig", "Limit"  ο  
ϴ.

AllowOverride None

κ    ִ ġ մϴ.

order allow,deny
allow from all

</Directory>

⼭ /home/httpd/cgi-bin  ScriptAlias    CGI 丮  ִ  
˸° ϱ ٶϴ.  /cgi-bin/  ũƮ   ۵Ϸ ExecCGI 
ɼ ʿմϴ.

<Directory /home/httpd/cgi-bin>
AllowOverride None
Options ExecCGI
</Directory>

http://servername/server-status          ¸ ֵ   մϴ. 
.your_domain.com      Ͻñ ٶϴ.

#<Location /server-status>
#SetHandler server-status

#order deny,allow
#deny from all
#allow from .your_domain.com
#</Location>

1.1   ִ  ׸ ǿϴ  ֽϴ.   ״ ġ 
Բ Ǿ CGI ũƮ õ Դϴ.    ּ ó Ǯ
ָ  ׿     phf.apache.org    ũƮ ȯ 
ų  ֽϴ. Ǵ support/phf_abuse_log.cgi  Ͽ   
  
ֽϴ.

<Location /cgi-bin/phf*>
deny from all
ErrorDocument 403 http://phf.apache.org/phf_abuse_log.cgi
</Location>

 O. ftp ϱ.
Linux󿡼 ftp 񽺸 Ϸ,  wu-ftp α׷ ġϰų  ƴϸ,  
    Ҽ ִ. 
, /home ؿ ftp  丮 Ѵ.

# mkdir /home/ftp

 ftp  ʿ 丮 .

# mkdir /home/ftp/bin
# mkdir /home/ftp/lib
# mkdir /home/ftp/etc
# mkdir /home/ftp/pub

  ڽ Linux   ִ /bin 丮 compress, cpio,  gzip, ls, 
sh, tar  /home/ftp/bin  īǸ Ѵ.

# cd /bin
# cp compress cpio gzip ls sh tar /home/ftp/bin

 /etc/ 丮 group, ld.so.cache, passwd  /home/ftp/etc 
縦 Ѵ.

# cd /etc
# cp group ld.so.cache passwd /home/ftp/etc/

library ϵ鵵 縦 Ѵ.

# cd /lib
  
⺻ ʿ ld ̺귯  libc, libnsl,  libnss ̺귯  
.
 ʿ κ ftp ڸ .

# adduser ftp

н *  ڸƮѴ.

# chown -R root.ftp /home/ftp Ͽ ftp ڿ   οѴ.


--> ftp   .
class   anony   real.anonymous  *

             (ִ ڼ) 
limit   anony   1       Any             /etc/msgs/msg.toomany
     (Ŭ)   ( ) ( ڼ Ѿ ִ ޼) 
  
email hackers@smartmate.com --> ftp admin ̸ ּ

loginfails 1

readme  README*    login
readme  README*    cwd=*
message /welcome.msg            login (α Ͽ ִ ޼)
message .message                cwd=*

compress        yes             all
tar             yes             all
chmod           no              guest,anonymous
delete          no              guest,anonymous
overwrite       no              guest,anonymous
rename          no              guest,anonymous

log transfers anonymous,real inbound,outbound
 
shutdown /etc/msg/shutmsg

passwd-check rfc822 enforce (enforce Ȯ ̸ּҸ   
                             㰡 ʴ ɾ)


 O. sendmail ϱ.
* sendmail.cf
# Copyright (c) 1998 Sendmail, Inc.  All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1983, 1995 Eric P. Allman.  All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
#       The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
#
# By using this file, you agree to the terms and conditions set
# forth in the LICENSE file which can be found at the top level of
# the sendmail distribution.
#
#

######################################################################
######################################################################
#####
#####           SENDMAIL CONFIGURATION FILE
#####
##### built by root@linux.sarang.net on Sun Aug 16 03:26:55 KST 1998
##### in /pkg/BUILD/sendmail-8.9.0/cf/cf
##### using ../ as configuration include directory
#####
######################################################################
######################################################################
#####  @(#)cfhead.m4    8.22 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)cf.m4        8.29 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)redirect.m4  8.10 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)always_add_domain.m4 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)use_cw_file.m4       8.6 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)local_procmail.m4    8.11 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)mailertable.m4       8.9 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)access_db.m4 8.8 (Berkeley) 5/19/98  #####
#####  @(#)proto.m4     8.223 (Berkeley) 6/30/98  #####

# level 8 config file format
V8/Berkeley

# override file safeties - setting this option compromises system security
# need to set this now for the sake of class files
#O DontBlameSendmail=safe

##################
#   local info   #
##################

--> sendmail  ־ κ ڴ Cw, Fw, Dj  ָ 
     ȴ. 

Cwlocalhost : C  Ŭ  ɾ̴. Cw  w Ŭ 
              ϴ ̴.
               Ŀ  ֱ⺸ٴ sendmail.cw  ִ  .
              sendmail.cw  ؼ ؿ κп  ´.
    
# file containing names of hosts for which we receive email
Fw/etc/sendmail.cw --> w Ŭ  ȣƮ   ϼ
                        ϰԵȴ.

# my official domain name
# ... define this only if sendmail cannot automatically determine your
domain
#Dj$w.Foo.COM -->   ȣƮ  ν 
                  ϴ 쿡 # ּ ְ  ڽ ȣƮ
                  ش
                  ) Dj$hackers.smartmate.com
     

CP.

# "Smart" relay host (may be null)
DS


# operators that cannot be in local usernames (i.e., network indicators)
CO @ % !

# a class with just dot (for identifying canonical names)
C..

# a class with just a left bracket (for identifying domain literals)
C[[

# Mailer table (overriding domains)
Kmailertable hash -o /etc/mailertable






# Access list database (for spam stomping)
Kaccess hash -o /etc/mail/access --> sendmail-8.9.1 ʹ relay  
                                     Ը ܱ relay_domians 
                                     access  ٲ.


# Resolve map (to check if a host exists in check_mail)
Kresolve host -a<OK> -T<TEMP>

# Hosts that will permit relaying ($=R)
FR-o /etc/mail/relay-domains

# who I send unqualified names to (null means deliver locally)
DR

# who gets all local email traffic ($R has precedence for unqualified names)
DH
# dequoting map
Kdequote dequote

# class E: names that should be exposed as from this host, even if we
masquerade
# class L: names that should be delivered locally, even if we have a relay
# class M: domains that should be converted to $M
#CL root
CE root

# who I masquerade as (null for no masquerading) (see also $=M)
DM

# my name for error messages
DnMAILER-DAEMON


CPREDIRECT

O MaxMimeHeaderLength=256/128

# Configuration version number
DZ8.9.1a
###############
#   Options   #
###############

# strip message body to 7 bits on input?
O SevenBitInput=False

# 8-bit data handling
O EightBitMode=pass8


# wait for alias file rebuild (default units: minutes)
O AliasWait=10

# location of alias file
O AliasFile=/etc/aliases 

# minimum number of free blocks on filesystem
O MinFreeBlocks=100

# maximum message size
#O MaxMessageSize=1000000

# substitution for space (blank) characters
O BlankSub=.

# avoid connecting to "expensive" mailers on initial submission?
O HoldExpensive=False

# checkpoint queue runs after every N successful deliveries
#O CheckpointInterval=10

# default delivery mode
O DeliveryMode=background

# automatically rebuild the alias database?
O AutoRebuildAliases

# error message header/file
#O ErrorHeader=/etc/sendmail.oE

# error mode
#O ErrorMode=print

# save Unix-style "From_" lines at top of header?

#O SaveFromLine

# temporary file mode
O TempFileMode=0600

# match recipients against GECOS field?
#O MatchGECOS

# maximum hop count
#O MaxHopCount=17

# location of help file
O HelpFile=/usr/lib/sendmail.hf

# ignore dots as terminators in incoming messages?
#O IgnoreDots

# name resolver options
#O ResolverOptions=+AAONLY

# deliver MIME-encapsulated error messages?
O SendMimeErrors=True

# Forward file search path
O ForwardPath=$z/.forward.$w:$z/.forward

# open connection cache size
O ConnectionCacheSize=2

# open connection cache timeout
O ConnectionCacheTimeout=5m

# persistent host status directory
#O HostStatusDirectory=.hoststat

# single thread deliveries (requires HostStatusDirectory)?
#O SingleThreadDelivery

# use Errors-To: header?
O UseErrorsTo=False

# log level
O LogLevel=9

# send to me too, even in an alias expansion?

#O MeToo

# verify RHS in newaliases?
O CheckAliases=False

# default messages to old style headers if no special punctuation?
O OldStyleHeaders=True

# SMTP daemon options
#O DaemonPortOptions=Port=esmtp

# privacy flags
O PrivacyOptions=authwarnings

# who (if anyone) should get extra copies of error messages
#O PostMasterCopy=Postmaster

# slope of queue-only function
#O QueueFactor=600000

# queue directory
O QueueDirectory=/var/spool/mqueue
# timeouts (many of these)
#O Timeout.initial=5m
#O Timeout.connect=5m
#O Timeout.iconnect=5m
#O Timeout.helo=5m
#O Timeout.mail=10m
#O Timeout.rcpt=1h
#O Timeout.datainit=5m
#O Timeout.datablock=1h
#O Timeout.datafinal=1h
#O Timeout.rset=5m
#O Timeout.quit=2m
#O Timeout.misc=2m
#O Timeout.command=1h
#O Timeout.ident=30s
#O Timeout.fileopen=60s
O Timeout.queuereturn=5d
#O Timeout.queuereturn.normal=5d
#O Timeout.queuereturn.urgent=2d
#O Timeout.queuereturn.non-urgent=7d
O Timeout.queuewarn=4h
#O Timeout.queuewarn.normal=4h
#O Timeout.queuereturn.urgent=2d
#O Timeout.queuereturn.non-urgent=7d
O Timeout.queuewarn=4h
#O Timeout.queuewarn.normal=4h
#O Timeout.queuewarn.urgent=1h
#O Timeout.queuewarn.non-urgent=12h
#O Timeout.hoststatus=30m

# should we not prune routes in route-addr syntax addresses?
#O DontPruneRoutes

# queue up everything before forking?
O SuperSafe=True

# status file
O StatusFile=/var/log/sendmail.st

# time zone handling:
#  if undefined, use system default
#  if defined but null, use TZ envariable passed in
#  if defined and non-null, use that info
#O TimeZoneSpec=
# default UID (can be username or userid:groupid)
O DefaultUser=8:12

# list of locations of user database file (null means no lookup)
#O UserDatabaseSpec=/etc/userdb

# fallback MX host
#O FallbackMXhost=fall.back.host.net

# if we are the best MX host for a site, try it directly instead of config
err
#O TryNullMXList

# load average at which we just queue messages
#O QueueLA=8

# load average at which we refuse connections
#O RefuseLA=12

# maximum number of children we allow at one time
#O MaxDaemonChildren=12

# maximum number of new connections per second
#O ConnectionRateThrottle=3

# work recipient factor
#O RecipientFactor=30000

# deliver each queued job in a separate process?
#O ForkEachJob

# work class factor
#O ClassFactor=1800

# work time factor
#O RetryFactor=90000

# shall we sort the queue by hostname first?
#O QueueSortOrder=priority

# minimum time in queue before retry
#O MinQueueAge=30m

# default character set
#O DefaultCharSet=iso-8859-1

# service switch file (ignored on Solaris, Ultrix, OSF/1, others)
#O ServiceSwitchFile=/etc/service.switch

# hosts file (normally /etc/hosts)
#O HostsFile=/etc/hosts

# dialup line delay on connection failure
#O DialDelay=10s

# action to take if there are no recipients in the message
#O NoRecipientAction=add-to-undisclosed

# chrooted environment for writing to files
#O SafeFileEnvironment=/arch

# are colons OK in addresses?
#O ColonOkInAddr

# how many jobs can you process in the queue?
#O MaxQueueRunSize=10000

# shall I avoid expanding CNAMEs (violates protocols)?
#O DontExpandCnames
# SMTP initial login message (old $e macro)
O SmtpGreetingMessage=$j Sendmail $v/$Z; $b

# UNIX initial From header format (old $l macro)
O UnixFromLine=From $g  $d

# From: lines that have embedded newlines are unwrapped onto one line
#O SingleLineFromHeader=False

# Allow HELO SMTP command that does not include a host name
#O AllowBogusHELO=False

# Characters to be quoted in a full name phrase (@,;:\()[] are automatic)
#O MustQuoteChars=.

# delimiter (operator) characters (old $o macro)
O OperatorChars=.:%@!^/[]+

# shall I avoid calling initgroups(3) because of high NIS costs?
#O DontInitGroups

# are group-writable :include: and .forward files (un)trustwort
#O UnsafeGroupWrites

# where do errors that occur when sending errors get sent?
#O DoubleBounceAddress=postmaster

# what user id do we assume for the majority of the processing?
#O RunAsUser=sendmail

# maximum number of recipients per SMTP envelope
#O MaxRecipientsPerMessage=100

# shall we get local names from our installed interfaces?
#O DontProbeInterfaces

###########################
#   Message precedences   #
###########################

Pfirst-class=0
Pspecial-delivery=100
Plist=-30
Pbulk=-60
Pjunk=-100
#####################
#   Trusted users   #
#####################

# this is equivalent to setting class "t"
#Ft/etc/sendmail.ct
Troot
Tdaemon
Tuucp

* sendmail.cw
# sendmail.cw - include all aliases for your machine here.

   Linux ý Ű  Ī  óϰ ϴ 
ȣƮ Ű ̴.  ׸  شϴ ȣƮ ̸ ָ  ش 
ȣƮ ϵ óϴ   ִ.

 O. telnet .
 ȣƮ ƮƮ ȣƮ ϴ ý  α׷ν ڳ 
 ϴµ, ַ ٸ ȣƮ α ۾ ϴ 쿡  Ѵ.

telnet α  ۾  ȣƮ ۾  ȿ . telnet
     ޱ   ̴.  ޱ    
α׷δ ַ ϴ ztelnet̶ α׷ ִ.

ztelnet(zmodem + telnet)ν     ޱ⿡   ̴ ڳ 
׷̴.

*  ޱ
Ż󿡼 ڷḦ ް  , ڷ ޱ⸦   

{{{{PgDnŰ ġð ZMODEM Ͻʽÿ.
 ߴϽ÷ ESCŰ ġð CTRL-X  ġʽÿ.
pwB00000000000000
}}
}}

̷ ȭ Ŀ Ctrl + ] Ű     ׸ ´.

ztelnet> 

̷ ȭ鿡 rz  ġ ٿ ȴ.

*   
ε ϴ     ÿ

ztelnet> 

  ׸ Ÿ ̷  ɾ ģ.
sz ϸ -w 1024 ̷  ش.

 O. Samba ϱ.
* smb.conf
 [global]
workgroup = NT  ̸ Ǵ ũ׷ ̸
   workgroup = MYGROUP
server string   NT  ʵ  Դϴ.
   server string = Samba Server

 ɼ Ȱ Ͽ ߿ Դϴ.   ɼ   ٰŸ 
Ʈ ִ ȣƮԸ    ֽϴ.   2  C Ŭ 
Ʈ "loopback" ̽ ؼ  Ѵ.  

;   hosts allow = 192.168.1. 192.168.2. 127.

    ʰ ڵ   ԽŰ Ѵٸ 
 ɼ մϴ. printcap     ڵ ϵ˴ϴ.
load printers = no ̸ ϳϳ ּž մϴ.

   load printers = yes

printcap  ġ Ӱ ϰ   Ѵ.

;   printcap name = /etc/printcap

SystemV ýۿ printcap name  lpstat   ָ SystemV Ǯ ý
κ   ڵ  ݴϴ.

;   printcap name = lpstat

  ý ǥؿ   ƴ϶   ɼ ּ Ǯ 
ʿ䰡 ϴ. 

;   printing = bsd

մ ڸ 㰡ϰ     ּ  Ǯݴϴ. nobody  ƴ 
쿡 /etc/passwd ׸  մ   ߰ؾ մϴ.
useradd  Ͻʽÿ.

;  guest account = pcguest

 ٷ Ͽ ڽſ ϴ ȣƮ      鵵
 մϴ.

"/var/log/samba/log.ȣƮ̸"  ϸ ϴ.

%m    Ǵ Ư Դϴ.

   log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m

α  ũ Ѽ Kb  մϴ.

   max log size = 50

 Դϴ.  κ 鿡 user   ½ϴ. ڼ 
 security_level.txt  Ͻʽÿ.  user  н ̸/н
   ̸ share ũ׷  (WfW) 95 ⺻ 
Դϴ. server 쿡   NT  ʿմϴ.

   security = user

security = server  쿡 н  մϴ.

;   password server = <NT  ̸>

н  ҹ  տ Ͽ _n_  ڷ ̷ н
带 ϵ մϴ.

;  password level = 8

н  ȣȭ  ϰ         ̴ϴ.       ߿ 
ENCRYPTION.txt, Win95.txt, WinNT.txt    оñ ٶϴ.    
   ¿  ɼ  ʽÿ.  NT 4.0 
  3  ̻ ýۿ н ȣȭ ʿմϴ.

;  encrypt passwords = yes
;  smb passwd file = /etc/smbpasswd

н  ̸ SMB  ̸ ޶    ̺ ʿ  
մϴ.

;  username map = /etc/smbusers

 ɼ ϴ  ӽŸ   ٸ    մϴ.  ⼭ 
%m  ϴ ȣƮ NetBIOS ̸ ü˴ϴ.

;   include = /etc/smb.conf.%m

κ   ɼ ָ   ȿ   ֽϴ. ڼ  
speed.txt    Ͻʽÿ.

   socket options = TCP_NODELAY

ٰ   ̽ ϵ  մϴ.   Ʈ  
̽  ִٸ   ̽  Ͻʽÿ.   ڼ   
 Ͻʽÿ.

    192.168.12.2, 192.168.13.2 ̷   ּҸ  
 24 Ʈ  ݸŽũ 255.255.255.0  Ͽ 192.168.12.0, 192.168.13.0 Ʈ
 ȣƮ ؼ ޾ƵԴϴ.

;   interfaces = 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24

  ϰ ȭ  Դϴ. ǥ û ϰų Ǵ 
  ȭ  ̳ Ư ȣƮ Ǵ ü     ֽ
ϴ.
       
;   remote browse sync = 192.168.3.25 192.168.5.255

 ݿ ڱ ڽ ȭ  ϵ մϴ.  Ʈ  ȯ
    ̵   մϴ.

;   remote announce = 192.168.1.255 192.168.2.44

   ɼ: ٰ  Ʈ   ŽͰ Ǳ  ٶ   local 
master  no  Ͻʽÿ.  

;   local master = no

OS  Ž     켱  մϴ. ⺻ 
մϴ.  

;   os level = 33

domain master  ٷ Ͽ  Ž  ǵ ݴϴ. 
 ݵκ     ۾ ϰ  ˴ϴ. ̹    
ϰ ִ  NT  Ʈѷ ִٸ  ̰ ؼ ȵ˴
.
;   domain master = yes

preferred master ɼ ѵθ  õ     Ÿ ϵ   
ſ ̱  ִ    ȸ ο޽ϴ.

;   preferred master = yes

ġ    Ʈѷ  NT    մϴ.

;   domain controller = <NT  Ʈѷ SMB ̸>

ٰ 95 ũ̼ǿ    α׿    ϱ ϴ 
 ѵӴϴ.

;   domain logons = yes

 α׿ ߰  ӽ   Ǵ     α׿ ũƮ 
Ͽ Ư ġ  ۵Ű ϴ  մϴ.

;   logon script = %m.bat

 ̸ ǰϿ  ٸ α׿ ġ  ų 

;   logon script = %U.bat
;   logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U

 ͳ   WINS  :
)  /etc/lmhosts  ġ /etc/hosts  ϴ.

) 192.168.0.1   linux

;   wins support = yes

WINS  -  NMBD  Ͽ WINS Ŭ̾Ʈ  ǵ մϴ. 
 WINS  Ǵ Ŭ̾Ʈ  ϳ   ִ.

;   wins server = w.x.y.z
WINS Ͻ - ٷ Ͽ WINS    Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ͽ 
̸ شϴ ּ ã    ϵ  մϴ. ̸ ؼ  Ʈ 
    ̻ WINS  ־ մϴ. ⺻ NO

;   wins proxy = yes

DNS Ͻ - ٷ Ͽ  DNS nslookup  Ͽ  NetBIOS ̸ ã 
 ƴ մϴ. 1.9.17    ⺻ yes  1.9.18 
 no  Ǿϴ.

   dns proxy = no

ҹ  ʿ  ֽϴ.  ý ⺻ NO Դϴ.


   preserve case = yes
   short preserve case = yes

#  Ͽ  ⺻ ڴ 빮Դϴ.

;  default case = lower

# ҹ  Ǹ մϴ. -  ų  ֽϴ!

;  case sensitive = no

#========================  ==================================
[homes]
   comment = Ȩ 丮
   browseable = no
   writable = yes

 α׿  netlogin  丮  ּ  մϴ.   
α׿    ʿմϴ.

; [netlogon]
;   comment = Network Logon Service
;   path = /home/netlogon
;   guest ok = yes
;   writable = no
;   share modes = no


Ư ο (roving profile)   ϰ Ѵٸ   ּ 
Ǯֽʽÿ. the default is to use the user's home  directory ⺻  
Ȩ 丮Դϴ.

;[Profiles]
;    path = /home/profiles
;    browseable = no
;    guest ok = yes

[printers]
   comment =  
   path = /var/spool/samba
   browseable = no
guest ok = yes   ϸ 'guest account'   ڵ    
ֽϴ.  public = yes   ǥԴϴ.
   guest ok = no
   writable = no
   printable = yes


;[tmp]
;   comment = ӽ  
;   path = /tmp
;   read only = no
;   public = yes

   丮 б⸸ ϰ "staff" ׷쿡  
ڵ鸸 ⸦   ִ  Դϴ.

;[public]
;   comment = Public Stuff
;   path = /home/samba
;   public = yes
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no
;   write list = @staff

fred  ڸ ̿  ִ   . Ǯ ڷ fred  Ȩ 
丮 ϴ. fred   Ǯ 丮     ִ 
¿ մϴ.

;[fredsprn]
;   comment = Fred  
;   valid users = fred
;   path = /homes/fred
;   printer = freds_printer
;   public = no
;   writable = no
;   printable = yes

fread  ̿  ִ  丮 Դϴ. 丮 Ͽ fred 
   ִ ¿ մϴ.

;[fredsdir]
;   comment = Fred  
;   path = /usr/somewhere/private
;   valid users = fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

ϴ ӽſ   ٸ 丮 ϴ   Դϴ. 
 ν  ӽſ     ޶  ȿ   ֽ
ϴ.   ̸ Ϸ %u ɼ   ϸ ˴ϴ. %m  
ϴ ӽ ̸ ġȯ˴ϴ.

;[pchome]
;  comment = PC 丮
;  path = /usr/pc/%m
;  public = no
;  writable = yes

 ڰ а   ִ   丮 Դϴ. Ǵ  
 ⺻   ǹǷ  ٸ ڰ       
ֽϴ.  翬 ־ 丮  Ͽ ⺻ ڰ     
־ մϴ.  ٸ ڸ ϸ ⺻  ڰ ƴ    
˴ϴ.

;[public]
;   path = /usr/somewhere/else/public
;   public = yes
;   only guest = yes
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

 ׸  ڰ    丮 Ͽ ϰ    ִ 
ϰ ֽϴ.      ۵Ϸ 丮   ڿ  
 ؾ ϸ ƽŰ(sticky) Ʈ Ͽ   Ͽ Ͽ 
 ൿ     մϴ.   ̷   ڰ  
丮 ϰ ϵ Ȯ  ֽϴ.

;[myshare]
;   comment = Mary & fred .
;   path = /usr/somewhere/shared
;   valid users = mary fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no
;   create mask = 0765

O. 98  NT   Ҷ.
   ݴϴ.

# cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh >/etc/smbpasswd

  ָ /etc/  丮Ͽ smbpasswd    ϴ.  
   98  NT  н ȣȭ   ֱ Դ
.
, linux ڿ  ٰ ȣ Ϸ   ݴϴ.

# smbpasswd linux  ġ н带 ϵ 䱸մϴ.

н带      ȣȭ  ν   
 ˴ϴ.

# /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb stop   (  )
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start  (  )
  
   3.  & Database
         Linux󿡼 Database࿡ ʿ Application PostgreSQL, 
mSQL, MySQL, Informix for Linux, Oracle for Linux ִ. ݳ  õ 
 Oracle  α׷ ð ȵ ̹Ƿ ⿡ Ұ  
ĥ Ѵ.

 PostgreSQL(http://www.postgresql.org/) : PostgreSQL ü- 
DBMSμ Berkeley Postgres ͺ̽ ýۿ ĻǾ.  
PostgreSQL ü-  𵨰 ǳ  Ÿ  Ȯ强 
 , PostQuel   Ȯ SQL κ üϰ ִ 
ͺ̴̽.

 mSQL(http://www.hughes.com.au/) : Mini SQL(mSQL)   
(structured Query Language) ϴ  ͺ̴̽. 淮 
ͺ̽ν, ANSI ǥ SQL δ  ʴ° ̸  
ӵ ̴.
    
 MySQL(http://www.tcx.se/) : MySQL  Ϲ ͺ̽  
SQL(Structured Query Language)  ϴ ͺ̽ ̴. 
MySQL Ư¡ Programs/libraries  ü mysqld  ϸ 
Ŭ̾Ʈ & ν ִ Database ̴. MySQL   ӵ 
 д.

 Informix : ̱ þƲ  ͽ ̵  ۷  
"ͽSE" DBǰ "̳ 4GL"   ̽,  ȭ 
ȹ̶ ǥߴ. Ư ͽ   ڻǰ  ̽ 
ʰڴٴ ħ  ٲ  ֱ  ÷    ɰ 
ȭ ɼ ϰ ִµ   Ǯ̵ȴ. (ڽŹ )
 Oracle : Ŭ ֱ ڻ "Ŭ8.1" DB "Ŭ ø̼ 
Ʈ"   ħ̶ .  ȸ   DB  
 åڴ "Ƽ μ ýۿ  Ȯ强 Ѵ."  
 û    ̶  ߴ. (ڽŹ )

        [PostgreSQL ġ  Ȱ]

 PostgreSQL  ġ ʿ .
===========================================================
  PostgreSQL Homepage : http://www.postgresql.org/
  Source & patch : ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/6.3.2/ 
===========================================================

o postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz --> PostgreSQL ġ .
o jumbo.patch.gz --> ѱ   ġ .

 PostgreSQL ġ.
, postgres  PostgreSQL ϴ ڸ .

# adduser postgres 
# cd /etc/
# vi passwd Ͽ postgres  Ȩ丮 /usr/local/pgsql ٲپش.
  root ڷν   postgres    οѴ.
# chown -R postgres.postgres /usr/local/pgsql     

׷, ޾ƿ postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz  jumbo.patch.gz /usr/local/pgsql 
Ͽ  Ǭ.

# tar xvfz postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz
# cd postgresql-6.3.2
# cp jumbo.patch.gz /usr/local/pgsql/postgresql-6.3.2
# gzip -dc jumbo.patch.gz | patch -p0
   
jumbo.patch.gz  ѱ   ġȭ̴.
src 丮 ̵Ͽ Makefile.custom     
´.(ѱ  )

# jumbo=1

 Ŀ posrgres ڷ α Ѵ.

# su - postgres
# cd src
# ./configure
# make
# make all

ġ  Ǿ ý  ̺귯 ã ֵ /etc/ld.so.conf 
  ´.

# /usr/local/pgsql/lib

̶   

/sbin/ldconfig 

 ѹ ش.

 PostgreSQL ȯ  .
postgres ڷ α Ͽ PostgreSQL Ҽ ֵ ȯ  
 ش. ʹ  PostgreSQL ۾ postgres  ڷν 
̷.

        <bash >
bash ڶ .bash_profile ȭ ش.
------------------< .bash_profile >--------------------------
PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin
MANPATH=/usr/local/pgsql/man
PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
export PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA
----------------------------------------------------------
 Ŀ source  Ͽ ȯ溯 Ų.
 
# source .bash_profile

         <csh >
csh ڶ .cshrc Ͽ ȭ ش.
-----------------------< .cshrc >--------------------------
 setenv PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin
 setenv MANPATH=/usr/local/pgsql/man
 setenv PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
 setenv PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
 setenv PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA
----------------------------------------------------------
Ȱ  source   ش.
                 ͺ̽ ʱȭ ش.

# initdb 

 Daemon 
postmaster   ϴ ɾ 
                 postmaster > server.log 2>& 1 &

ý ý ڵ  Ű ؼ /etc/rc.d/rc.local  
 ´.

 su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -S -D /usr/local/pgsql/data"

̷ ְ  ý ýø   ȴ.


 
        [mSQL ġ  Ȱ.]
 mSQL ġ ʿ .
============================================================
     Mini SQL Homepage : http://www.hughes.com.au/
============================================================ 
  
    o msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gz --> mSQL ġ .

    
 mSQL ġ.
, mSQL Ȩ  msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gz ޾ƿ´. ׸ , ޾ƿ 
  Ǯ.

# tar xvfz msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gz
# cd msql-2.0.4.1
# make target --> ϸ ڽ ýۿ °  ش.
---------------------------------------------------------
   Making target directory for Linux-2.1.116-i586

   Building directory tree.
        Adding common
        Adding conf
        Adding lang-common
        Adding lite
        Adding makedepend
        Adding makegen
        Adding msql
        Adding regexp
        Adding tests
        Adding tests/rtest.src
        Adding w3-msql
        Adding w3-msql/tests
                                                                         
................................................................................................................................................

    Build of target directory for Linux-2.1.116-i586 complete
--------------------------------------------------------------
   Ǿ ڽ ý۰ Ŀ  ´ targets 丮 .
   Ŀ 2.1.116̴. 
  
# cd targets/Linux-2.1.116-i586
# ./setup
# make all
# make install

ϸ ġ Ϸȴ. , msql ̶ ڸ .

# adduser msql 

/usr/local/Hughes 丮 msql̶   ǾѴ.  
  /usr/local/Hughes 丮 msql ڰ /Ⱑ ϵ 
 οش.
# chown -R msql.msql /usr/local/Hughes

    .
msql ġ ǰ  msql ڷ α Ͽ msql.acl.sample  
msql.acl ̶ Ϸ 縦 Ѵ.

# su - msql
# cp msql.acl.sample msql.acl

 Ͽٸ, msql.acl  ν   غ.
------------------< vi msql.acl >----------------------------
# Access control for mSQL
#
# Entries are of the form
#

database=test  --> Database table name.
read=bambi,-root --> test ̺ д  bambi  ̰
                        root ڴ д  Ѵ,
write=root  --> test ̺  root ڸ  ִ.     
host=*
access=local,remote
option=rfc931

database=minerva
read=*
write=minerva
access=local
-------------------------------------------------------------
  msql   .

# cd bin
# ./msql2d &    

[msql@hackers bin]$ 

Mini SQL Version 2.0.4.1
Copyright (c) 1993-94 David J. Hughes
Copyright (c) 1995-98 Hughes Technologies Pty Ltd.
All rights reserved.

        Loading configuration from '/usr/local/Hughes/msql.conf'.
        Server process reconfigured to accept 200 connections.
        Server running as user 'msql'.
        Server mode is Read/Write.

  msql ڷ  Ѵ. ,  κп ڰ 
 msql.acl  ٲپٸ, ͺ̽ ڰ   
Ѵ.

# /usr/local/Hughes/bin/msqladmin reload

ϰ  ٽ  Ű ȴ.
׸, ý ð Բ msql  Ű /etc/rc.d/rc.local  
 ָ ȴ.

 /usr/local/Hughes/bin/msql2d &
 
̷ν mSQL ġ ؼ ˾ƺҴ.

        [MySQL ġ  Ȱ]

 MySQL  ġ  ʿ 
        MySQL  ġ  ʿ  ִ. װ  .
        - Ǿ  Ǯ GNU gzip α׷
        - tar α׷
        - ANSI C++ Ϸ. 
        - gcc Ϸ :  2.7 ̻ΰ

 MySQL  ġ.
===============================================================
MySQL Homepage : http://www.tcx.se/
===============================================================  

   Ǭ.

# gzip mysql-VERSION.tar.gz

⼭ mysql-VERSION.tar.gz     ̸̴. tar  
̿Ͽ ִ ҽ ٽ Ǯ Ѵ. ̰ mysql-VERSION ̶ 
丮 Ǹ鼭  ȿ  ҽ  Ǯ ȴ.

# tar -xvf mysql-VERSION.tar

 丮 ̵Ѵ.

# cd mysql-VERSION

ȯ Ѵ.   ɼ ߰ϱ⸦ Ѵٸ   Ѵ.

# ./Configure --help

   ɼ Ƿ    ϱ ٶ.  ڼ  
 ޴ о  ٶ. Ϲ ׳ Ʒ  ϸ ȴ.
        
#./Configure
# make
# make install

ϵ     ġ ǰ ȯ ȴ. ġ  
Ʒ  Ͽ  ̺ admin  ġѴ.    
ѹϴ μ ι ϸ ʵȴ. 

# ./scripts/mysql_install_db

̰ ũƮμ Ͽ ۾  MySQL  ش. ġ 
丮 Ʈ Ͽٸ /usr/local/bin/ 丮   
ġǾ ̴. Ʈ ġϿٰ ϰ   Ͽ .

# /usr/local/bin/mysqladmin version

MySQL   Ʒ ϰ µ ̴.

mysqladmin  Ver 6.8 Distrib 3.21.27-gamma, for unknown-freebsd2.2.1 on i386
TCX Datakonsult AB, by Monty

Server version         3.21.27-gamma-log
Protocol version       10
Connection            localhost via TCP/IP
TCP port              3306
Uptime:               22 hours 20 min 9 sec

Running threads:1 Questions: 20  Opened_tables: 8  Reloads: 2  Open tables: 4

 mysql α׷ Ʒ  Ͽ ⺻  ׽Ʈ.

# mysql mysql

Ȥ mysql -u root mysql (Ű  root ƴ ) Ʒ 
sql mysql 󿡼 Ѻ

select * from user

mysql   mysql  ¿   ָ ˼ ִ.

\h

   о  ϸ ȴ. SQL ǥ SQL  ϸ 
MySQL Ȯ SQL ˰ ʹٸ  ޴ ϶.

 MySQL Server  
MySQL Server  Űų Ű   root  ϸ 
ȴ.

        mysql.server start     --> mysql Server 
        mysql.server stop      --> mysql Server 

MySQL Server  ΰ μ ǹǷ Ȯ  ٶ.
        /usr/local/bin/safe_mysqld
        /usr/local/libexec/mysqld

        [Informix-SE for Linux]

ݺ Informix-SE for Linux ġϽô  Ͽ  帮ڽϴ...
..     ð սô..

Serial Number : ACN#A287337
Software Key : BECZJK

1. root loginմϴ...

2. "informix" group user  ϴ...
  (#adduser informix  Ͻø ѹ O.K.~!)

3. ״ 翬 informix password ϼž߰?
  (#passwd informix)

4. ..  ... informix  ġ ΰ մϴ...
    /usr/informix   Ǿ ϱ װ
     帮..  ٸ ġ ġϽñ ôٸ
   󸶵 ϴϱ ñ.. :-)
   ׷  ⼭ /usr/informix  帱..

5. /usr/informix  ġϷ ϱ...   /usr
   Ʒ ű⼼... 
  (#mv [ ִ ͸]/informix.zip /usr )

6.  /usr ġ ̵մϴ...
  (#cd /usr )

7.    Ǳϴ...
  (#unzip informix.zip )

8. ׷    ˴ϴ...
  (Archive:  informix.zip
      creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/
      creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ESQLC/
     inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ESQLC/ESQL.TAR  
      creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ICONNECT/
     inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ICONNECT/CONNECT.TAR  
     inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/README.TXT  
     inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/README.UNX  
      creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/SE/
     inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/SE/SE.TAR)

9. տ LINUX_se_bundle724UC5 ... ̸ ? ^^
    ̸  ª ٲ..
  (#mv LINUX_se_bundle724UC5 informix )

10. ..   ٲٰڽϴ...
  (#chown -R informix:informix informix )

11.     ͸ ż  TAR Ǯմϴ...
  (#cd /usr/informix/ESQLC 
   #tar xvopf ESQL.TAR 
   #cd /usr/informix/ICONNECT 
   #tar xvopf CONNECT.TAR 
   #cd /usr/informix/SE 
   #tar xvopf SE.TAR  )

12.   ġ մϴ...  ESQL/C..
  (#cd /usr/informix/ESQLC 
   #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/ESQLC 
   #export INFORMIXDIR 
   #./installesql 
   INFORMIX EMBEDDED SQL for C Version 7.24.UC5
   Copyright (C) 1991-1998 Informix Software, Inc.


   Installation Script

   This installation procedure must be run by root (super-user).
   It will change the owner, group, and mode of all files of this
   package in this directory.  There must be a user "informix" and a 
   group "informix" known to the system.


   Press RETURN to continue,
   or the interrupt key (usually CTRL-C or DEL) to abort.

   (⼭ ׳  Ͻɵǰ? -^^-)

   Enter your serial number (for example, INF#X999999) > 
   ACN#A287337 (<-ٰ Ʊ   ø ȣ ..)

   Enter your serial number KEY (uppercase letters only) >
   BECZJK (<-ٰ Ʊ   Ʈ Ű ...)

   WARNING!
            This software, and its authorized use and number of users, are
   subject to the applicable license agreement with Informix Software, Inc.
   If the number of users exceeds the licensed number, the excess users may
   be prevented from using the software.  UNAUTHORIZED USE OR COPYING     MAY
   SUBJECT YOU AND YOUR COMPANY TO SEVERE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL     LIABILITIES.


   Press RETURN to continue,
   or the interrupt key (usually CTRL-C or DEL) to abort.

   (⼭  ׳  Ͻ ǰ? -^^-)
   ( Ͻø ˾Ƽ ڵ ġ մϴ...))

13.  ICONNECTԴϴ...
  (#cd /usr/informix/ICONNECT 
   #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/ICONNECT 
   #export INFORMIXDIR 
   #./installconn 

   ( κ 12 ޺κа մϴ..))

14.  SEԴϴ...
  (#cd /usr/informix/SE 
   #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/SE 
   #export INFORMIXDIR 
   #./installse 

   (  κ 12 ޺κа մϴ...))

...  ٷ informix ġԴϴ...

   4.  & Security
  4.1  ý 
     4.1.1 HardWare ̿
      츮 ϴ  ǻͿ    ִ   ־ 
 ̿Ͽ ϴ ̴.       ִ ɵ  ְ ý۳ 
BIOS ̿ϸ ý ý н带    ְ      
̴. 
    
     4.1.2 Lock(xlock & vlock)
     ࿡  ϴ ߿ ڸ    ̴. ׷ ٸ  
 ǻ͸ ǵ ϵ     ִ. xlock   ȭ ״ 
̰ vlock  ͹̳ ״µ  ϴµ   ׳ ͹̳ο  
ν  ̴. 켱 vlock   캸 Ʒ ó   ϸ ϰ 
  ִ.
{{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]vlock
 *** This tty is not a VC (virtual console). ***
 *** It may not be securely locked. ***

This TTY is now locked.
Please enter the password to unlock.
hwinnt's Password:
}}
}}  
    Ʈ 󿡼 ڳ   ؼ  ͹̳  ͹̳  ƴ϶ 
°ε   ɾ ְ Ǹ alt + function key  ͹̳  ٲپ 
Ҽ ִٴ   ̴. ̷ vlock  ̶ ɾ ְ Ǹ  ܼ
  . ٽ Ʈ ư н带 ˾ƾ  ̴. vlock   
 ɼ  .
       -a,--all         ͹̳ װ  ϴ ɼ̴.
       -c,--current    ͹̳ ۼ ִ ɼε ̰ ⺻ ɼ̴..
       -h,--help      
       -v,--version   vlock    Ѵ.
   xlock ͹̳οʹ ޸       ɼ   ִµ 
    ؾ  ̴(ɼ ʹ Ƿ).   쿡 ȭ 
 ̶ ޴ ã   ̴. ̰    ڿ   
 Ʋ ̴.

     4.1.3 System Log  ó
   ħ  ־ ˾ƺ  ϰ α   ε  
 ִ.  log Ͽ Ȯؾ    . 
      1. ªų ҿ . 
      2. ̻ ð ǥø  . 
      3. ߸ 㰡̳   . 
      4. ̳  ۿ  . 
      5.  . 
      6. su ϰ ̻ κ  . 

  4.2 ġ ⺻   Ʈ ȯ溯
   < ʿ    ϵ õ Ѵ! >
   ⼭ ϴ ٴ н/  Ǵ ̴. Ʈũ   ũ 2 
  Ǵµ ϳ inetd     ڵ Ǵ ̸  
ϳ н Ÿ μ    Ű ̴.  쿡 
   캸 ʿ    ۵ ʵ ý ʱȭ   
ϸ ȴ.   Ͽ ص      ýۿ 
ϸ ׸̴.   ׸ ,    ǿ  ġ/
 οǷ  ϵũ  ϰ  ʿ  ϴ   ٰ 
.    ý   ġϰ    ϱ ̴.  츮
 ġ  κ ٷ inetd     Ǵ ̴. 
      4.2.1 /etc/inetd.conf  Ͽ
  /etc/inetd.conf ûϱ   ϳ 񽺸 Ѵ.    .
 <񽺸> < Ÿ> <> <÷> <> < > < μ>
{{{{#
# These are standard services.
#
ftp    stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.ftpd -l -a
telnet  stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.telnetd
gopher stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd  gn
}}
}}
   ftp,telnet   񽺴   ⺻ ̴.     ٿ ִ   
(gohper) 񽺴      α⵵   κ   ̶
 .   𸥴ٸ  ̰ ϰ   ʴ ̸ 񽺸  ɷ
  Ƿ    տ (#) ڸ ־ ּ óع ٶ. 
{{{{#
# Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
#
#shell   stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.rshd
#login   stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.rlogind
#exec    stream  tcp  nowait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rexecd
talk     dgram   udp  wait    root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.talkd
}}
}} 
     񽺵  (?)  񽺵̴. н   α
ų ݿ   α׷ ų  ִ  ϱ ̴. ̷ 
񽺿   ݴϸ ε   ´.  shell, login, exec   ο  ƴ 
̻ ó ּóϱ ٶ.
{{{{## Finger, systat and netstat give out user information         
# which may be valuable to potential "system crackers."  
# Many sites choose to disable 
# some or all of these services to improve security.
#
# cfinger is for GNU finger, which is currently not 
# in use in RHS Linux
#
# finger  stream tcp  nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.fingerd
#cfinger stream  tcp  nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.cfingerd
#systat stream   tcp  nowait  guest   /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/ps -auwwx
#netstat stream  tcp  nowait  guest   /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/netstat
}}
}}
   ̹ inetd.conf  Ͽ    ִ ̴.  ⿡ ִ   
ο   , ڿ    Ѵ. finger,  systat, netstat ּ ó
 ΰ  ΰ? finger  .
{{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]finger linux
Login: hwinnt                           Name: Red Hat Linux User
Directory: /home/hwinnt                 Shell: /bin/bash
On since Mon Aug 17 22:27 (KST) on ttyp1 from carrot
   39 minutes 39 seconds idle
On since Mon Aug 17 22:28 (KST) on ttyp0 from carrot
   1 minute 36 seconds idle
No mail.
No Plan.

Login: Administrator                    Name: Red Hat Linux User
Directory: /home/Administrator          Shell: /bin/bash
Never logged in.
No mail.
No Plan.
}}
}}
   ٽ ü    ȣƮ ۾ϰ ִ  и
  ϰ ִ.  Ű     ۾ϰ ִ 
ִ ̴.  ǵ κ finger    ֵ صξµ ̴ ȿ 
   ƴϴ.  ȣ ŷڿ  ߵǴ ü̱ ̴.  
 ߿ ӹ ϰ ħڸ ƾ ϴ   ̸ ƾ  Ѵ. finger
  ȣƮ 쿡   ޽ ´.
{{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]finger linux
[linux.klug.org]
finger: connect:  źε
}}
}}

     4.2.2 /etc/ftpuser
      鿩         Ǿִµ ̰ FTP  
 ϵ ϴµ ̴  ̴ vi   ø  ˰  ý
  ̴. ̰ ftp    ϴ  ̴.  ڳε 
 ȵǴ ̴.

     4.2.3 /etc/securetty
     Ͽ tty1 - 8      Ǿ  ̴. ̰  ܼ Ÿ
µ  ⺻ 8  ܼ Ҽ ֵ  Ǿ ִµ ⼭ 
̳  ̴ ͵   ̶ Ҽ ִ.  ׸ Ȥ ڳ  Ʈ 
 ȵǳİ Ͻô е ִµ ̰    ƴϴ.   
   ý  ܺ  ͳ 󿡼   ϵ  ⺻ 
 Ǿ ֱ ̴.  Ʈ  ʿϴٸ su  ɾ Ͽ Ʈ 
  ϴ   ȿ̴.

     4.2.3 /usr/sbin/tcpd
    inetd.conf   ο /usr/sbin/tcpd  Ǿ  ִ   
̴. inetd.conf Ͽ ͳ 񽺸    Ҵµ  tcpd  α׷ 
ؼ     Ҽ   ֵ  ִ   ̴.  ̶   ýۿ     
(/etc/hosts.allow)         ź(/etc/hosts.deny)              ִ. 
/etc/hosts.allow   Ģ Ѵ.   ſ ϴ.

< >: <ȣƮ > [: ]

  < > Ģ   μ  ׸ ޸(,)  Ͽ 
Ѵ. δ ftpd, telnetd, fingerd    ִ.<ȣƮ > ȣƮ 
 ε   ޸ Ѵ. ȣƮ ̿ܿ IP ּҸ   ִ.    
ȣƮ IP ּҿ  Ͽ ϵ ī  ڸ ϴ    ϴ.    
gw.vk2ktj.ampr.org  ϳ ȣƮ ϴ  ְ .uts.edu.au  ȣ
Ʈ    ȣƮ Ͽ ϰ ϴ ͵ ϴ.   44.̶ 
ǥϸ  ڷ ϴ  IPּҸ   ȣƮ Ű ̴. ̿ܿ Ư
 ɺ ִµ ALL   ״ ͳ    ȣƮ ǹϸ LOCAL 
Ʈ(.) ڸ  ʴ  ȣƮ Űµ   ȣƮ ӽŰ  
ο   ȣƮ Ų. PARANOID     ּ 
ڵ ϱ Ͽ ּҿ ȣƮ  ġ ʴ  ȣƮ ų  Ѵ. 
 EXCEPT   ״ ü ȣƮ   ȣƮ   
 Ű̴.
    <> κ Ϲ  ʴµ شٸ tcpd     Ģ 
  ־  ϵ ϵ Ǿ ִ.    н 
 Ѵ.   ȣƮ Ϸ õϴ Ȯϴ , Ư   
 ڿ ڵ ̳  ޽  ϴ  ´.  
{{{{  # /etc/hosts.allow
  #
  #    
  in.smtpd: ALL
  # telnet ftp  ο    ִ  ȣƮ
  #  
  telnetd, ftpd: LOCAL, linux.klug.org
  # finger ϵ  ûߴ  .
  fingerd: ALL: (finger @%h | mail -s "finger from %h" root)
}}
}}
   /etc/hosts.deny   źο  ̴. Ϲ  ALL: ALL̶  
ϳ ־ /etc/hosts.allow 㰡 ʴ  Ϳ Ͽ ⺻ ź å
 ϴ   ٰ .  /etc/hosts.deny ⺻ å  񽺿 Ͽ  
׸     ڿ Ͽ    źθ س     tcpd  /etc/hosts.allow 
/etc/hosts .deny  ˸ Ģ ߰   㰡Ѵٴ  å  
ֱ ̴. ⺻ ź å  /etc/hosts.allow ϳ 㰡ϴ  ùٸ 
 .    /etc/hosts.allow  ALL: ALL     
 ƴ޶ ̴. ׸ tcpd Ģ  Ư   Ư Ģ տ ΰ Ϲ
 Ģ ڿ д.  ߿ϱ ̴.  tcpd   صξ Ǹ 
ڶ 򰡸     ũĿ  忡  Ű ̴  ࿡ 
̴. ͳ     ձ      ̻ ȸϷ 
  ̴.

  4.3  ε н
     4.3.1  /etc/passwd  ܾ ϳ?
    Shadow Suite    Linux system,  password    
/etc/passwd Ǿ ִ. password ȣȭǾ (encrypted) ȴ.  ȣ
  ´ٸ, ״ password encrypt ̶ ٴencode  
Ǿ ִ.  crypt(3)  , text null ϰ password key ϱ 
̶ Ѵ.    encode̶    ̴. ( :  
encode encrypt   ϰ  ϴ. - ȣ ٲ㾲 -   Դϴ
, ȣ Ͻ е鿡Դ  ӽ ٸ Ͱϴ. ̿    ٶϴ.)   
password encodeϴ  Ǵ algorithm δ ܹ hash function 
  ֵǰ ִ.   δ ϱ  ϰ Ǿ   
 ſ   Ǿ  ִ.   algorithm   ڼ   section 2.4 
crypt(3) manual page ִ.
  ڰ password ϰų Ҵ , password  salt(ұ?) Ҹ 
    encodeȴ. ̰   password 4096 ٸ  
  ִٶ . salt  encode password  ȴ.
  ڰ loginϰ password ϸ, salt encodeǾ   password 
 ´. ״ Էµ  password salt  encodeȴ.  ׸,encodeǾ  
password Ѵ.  ,  ٸ ڴ ȴ.
  ϰ encode password ȹؼ  password  ǵ  
δ (׷ Ұ ʴ). ׷,   ڰ ϴ  system̶
,   password ϻܾ ̷ ִ (Ǵ° ̴).
  system cracker ̷   ˰,  ̴ password  ܾ   
4096 salt  ؼ encrypt  ̴. ״ ׵ ׵database 
  /etc/passwd file encode password   ̴. ϴ ϳ ġ
ٸ ׵ Ǵٸ   password  Ǵ ̴.  ̴ dictionary attack( 
?)̶  Ҹ, system 㰡        
 ϳ̴.
  غ, 8ڵ password 4096 * 13ڿ encodeȴ. ׸,  400,000 
 ܾ, ̸, password, ణ  ̷  4G Byte hard   ä 
̴. ڵ ̷   ʿϰ, ´  ˻   ʿ䰡 ִ.  10000 
޷Ϸ ̷ 4G byte¥  hard    ִٸ, κ system cracker鿡Դ 
ϴ.
  , cracker  /etc/passwd file ̹   ִٸ, ׵ /etc/passwd file
 ԵǾ ִ salt    encodeϸ ȴ.   200Megabyte  
 486 computer  ִ  ûҳ̸ ̿  ִ.  
    , crack(1)  utility  ּ   ڸ Ȯ
 ִ system password 2   ִ  (user ڱ ڽ password 
  ִ system̶ Ѵٸ).
  /etc/passwd file user ID group ID  κ system program  
   ִ.  Դٰ /etc/passwd  file  " б   "  ־   Ѵ. 
/etc/passwd file ƹ  ϰ  ϸ,   ls -l    user ̸ 
user ID ϴ    ̴!
  Shadow Suite password ٸ file(밳 /etc/shadow) ġŴν   
Ѵ. /etc/shadow file       Ǿ  ִ. root /etc/shadow 
  ְ,   ִ.  program (xlock ) password  ٲܼ ִ Ǹ 
 ʴ´. password Ȯ   ȴ. ̷  program suid root ǰ
, /etc/shadow  б⸸      ִ shadow group   ٲپ ָ  ȴ. ׷ 
program sgid shadow ų  ִ.
  password /etc/shadow file Ű ν, dictionary attack ϱ ؼ encode 
password鿡 ϴ ڵ ȿ   ִ.
߰ Shadow Suite      ִ: 

      login ⺻(/etc/login.defs) غ configuration file 
      user   group ߰, , ϴ utility 
      password ȿⰣ    
       ȿ  
      group password shadow (û) 
      2 ̸  passwrd (16 password) ( ) 
      user password  ,   
      ȭӿ password 
        program ( ) 

  Shadow Suite ġϴ      ȭ system   ش. ׷, 
Linux system  ȭִ ٸ  ͵  ְ,  ñ ٸ 
  õ  ٷ Linux Security HOWTO series  ̴.
  ˷   Linux      Linux Security  home 
page 湮ϱ ٶ.

     4.3.2 /etc/passwd file 
   shadow ʸ   /etc/passwd file   Ǿ ִ. 
      username:passwd:UID:GID:full_name:directory:shell
 Ҵ
{{{{username    (login) ̸
passwd     encode password
UID        ڷ  user ID
GID        ڷ  ⺻ group ID
full_name   user  ̸ -   field GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive
            Operating System: Ϲ    ü?) field Ҹ, 
             ̸ٴ ٸ    ִ. Shadow ɵ manual page 
             field comment ٷ. 
directory      home directory (Full pathname)
shell           login shell (Full pathname)
     username:Npge08pfz4wuk:503:100:Full Name:/home/username:/bin/sh
}}
}}
Np salt̸, ge08pfz4wuk encode password̴. encode salt/password 
kbeMVnZM0oL7I   ְ,   password Ų.  password 
 4096 ٸ encoding   ִ. (   password 'password'̸, 
  password̴).
shadow suite ġǸ, /etc/passwd file ó ٲ: 
      username:x:503:100:Full Name:/home/username:/bin/sh

ι° field x ƹ ͵  ƴϴ. ( ϰ   ̴.) /etc/passwd file 
   ٲ  ʾҴ.    encode password     ̴.  ̴ 
/etc/passwd file б⸸   password  ˻  program ƹ ̻ 
ưٴ  ǹѴ.
 password shadow file(κ /etc/shadow file) ġȴ.

     4.3.3 shadow file 

/etc/shadow file     ִ: 
      username:passwd:last:may:must:warn:expire:disable:reserved
 Ҵ: 

username       ̸
passwd        encode password
last           ֱ password ٲ  (1970, 1, 1Ϻ  )
may           password ٲ ,  ٲٱ  ٸ  ( password 

              Ⱓ)
must           password ٲܾ   Ⱓ ( password ȿⰣ)
warn          password Ǳ  user ٲ  ϴ Ⱓ
expire         password  , user   Ұϱ Ⱓ
disable          Ұϰ  (1970, 1, 1Ϻ  )
reserved      ܵ

    :    username:Npge08pfz4wuk:9479:0:1000

    4.3.4 crypt(3) ؼ.
  crypt(3) manual  ϸ:
  "crypt password encryptϴ Լ̴. ̴ Data Encryption Standard algorithm 
, () key ã    ̿Ǳ 鵵 ణ  
 ִ.
key ڰ Է password̴. encodeǴ string  NULL̴.
  salt a-zA-Z0-9./ ̷ κ  ιڷ ̷ ڿ̴.  
ڿ 4096  ϳ algorithm ȥ  ̷  δ. key 
   7 bit ν, 56-bit key ־.  56-bit key  ڿ
, ݺؼ encryptϴ  δ.   13 ASCII ڿ, encrypt password 
Ų (ó ΰ ڴ salt  ڽ̴).   Ź ȣ  ٽ ̴ 
 data Ų.
  : key space 2**56,   7.2e16   ̷ ִ.  key space  
  Ŵ  computer  ϸ  ̴. crack(1)  , κ 
 password  key space Ư κ ã software ִ. , ּ 
password  ,  ̴ ܾ  ̸ ϱ ٶ. passwd program 
Ͽ, ã  password ϴ  ˻ϱ⸦ ٶ.
  DES algorithm,  ü  crypt(3) interface ϴ  ٸ password 
   ͺ         ִ.   ȭ ؼ 
crypt(3) Ϸ Ѵٸ, DES  : encryption   å θ 
̴ DES library ϶."
  ( :  The DES algorithm  itself has a few quirks  which make the use of 
the  crypt(3)  interface   a very   poor  choice   for anything   other  than   password 
authentication. If you are  planning on using  the crypt(3) interface  for a cryptography 
project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption  and one of thewidely available DES 
libraries." Դϴ. ߿ don't do it: get ...κ ſ ָմϴ. it   Ű 
 Ȯ ʽϴ. ϴ, get ...ϴ  ϰ  ߴ ...)
  κ Shadow Suite password ̸  16ڷ ̴ code Ѵ. des 
 ̸  ʴ´. ֳϸ ݺθ encoding ,   password Ĺ
θ encodingϴ ܼ ̱ ̴. crypt  Ĵζ,  password 
 ʴ ͺ    password    ִ. , ڰ  16ڳ Ǵ 
password ϱ   ٴ 鵵  ִ.   crypt    ȣȯ ϸ鼭,    
password ϰ  ȭ (Ư, MD5 algorithm)   ִ  
. encryption  å  Ѵ: 
        "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C"
        by Bruce Schneier <schneier@chinet.com>
        ISBN: 0-471-59756-2

    4.3.5 Shadow Suite  ִ ͳ ּ
      ftp://ftp.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz 
      ftp://iguana.hut.fi/pub/linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz 
      ftp://ftp.cin.net/usr/ggallag/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz 
      ftp://ftp.netural.com/pub/linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz 

    4.3.6 Shadow Suite Installation Guide
     4.3.6.1 Ǯ.
   package   ó    Ǯ ġ ̴. package  gzip  tar 
(tape archive)  Ǿ Ƿ, /usr/src ű : 

      tar -xzvf shadow-current.tar.gz

׷, /usr/src/shadown-YYMMDD directory Ǯ ̴.

     4.3.6.2 config.h file  մϴ.

ù°, Makefile config.h Ѵ: 
      cd /usr/src/shadow-YYMMDD
      cp Makefile.linux Makefile
      cp config.h.linux config.h

׸ config.h .  file    ׿   Ǹ  ִ.   ǰ 
package  ִٸ, ϴ group shadow    ʵ ϱ⸦ Ѵ. 
, shadow group  password    ִ. ̸  ٲٱ ؼ  config.h 
#define SHADOWGRP #undef SHADOWGRP ٲ۴.   ׵  ʰ 
  Ѵ. ߿  group password group ڸ Ѵٸ, ٽ 밡
ϵ   compileϸ ȴ.   밡 ܵдٸ, ݵ /etc/gshadow 
file  Ѵ.  password  ϴ  տ Ѵ  ʴ´.

#undef AUTOSHADOW   ٲ .

AUTOSHADOW û shadow ϴ program  ۵ϵ Ϸ 
 غ ̾.  ̾߱ ̷лδ ,    ʴ´.  
option ϰ rootν program Ű,   getpwnam() root 
, Ŀ /etc/passwd file   ٽ  ȴ (̻ shadow   ä
). ׷ program chfn chsh ִ. (getpwnam() ȣϱ  ,  uid 
ȿ uid ٲ۴ص ̸ ȸ  . ֳϸ root chfn chsh  ̱⶧
̴. (: ȣϳ׿. system programming  배 ... ƽô   
ٶϴ.)) libc    찡 ִ.  SHADOW_COMPAT option  ̴. 
   ȴ! /etc/passwdκ encode password  Ѵٴ  
.  ϰ ִ libc  version 4.6.27̶, config.h Makefile  ĥ  
 ִ. config.h ٲ : 

      #define HAVE_BASENAME     #undef HAVE_BASENAME
      . ׸ Makefile: 

      SOBJS = smain.o env.o entry.o susetup.o shell.o \
              sub.o mail.o motd.o sulog.o age.o tz.o hushed.o
      SSRCS = smain.c env.c entry.c setup.c shell.c \
              pwent.c sub.c mail.c motd.c sulog.c shadow.c age.c pwpack.c rad64.c \
              tz.c hushed.c

 

      SOBJS = smain.o env.o entry.o susetup.o shell.o \
              sub.o mail.o motd.o sulog.o age.o tz.o hushed.o basename.o
      SSRCS = smain.c env.c entry.c setup.c shell.c \
              pwent.c sub.c mail.c motd.c sulog.c shadow.c age.c pwpack.c rad64.c \
              tz.c hushed.c basename.c

.  ħ libc 4.6.27̳  Ŀ Ե basename.c ִ code δ.

         4.3.6.3  program backup copy .

shadow suite üų  program ؼ  backup   ͵   ̴. 
Slackware 3.0  : 

      /bin/su 
      /bin/login 
      /usr/bin/passwd 
      /usr/bin/newgrp 
      /usr/bin/chfn 
      /usr/bin/chsh 
      /usr/bin/id 

BETA package Makefile backup   , ٸ ǿ  ٸ ġ 
   ֱ⿡  óǾ ִ.  /etc/passwd  file backupޱ⸦ ٶ
. ׷,  directory  ,  passwd    ϵ,  ̸  
 ض.

      4.3.6.4 make 
 κ ġ  root   ʿ䰡 ִ. package compileϱ 
 make Ų: 
      make all
    찡  ִ: rcsid defined but not  used (rcsid ǵǾ 
  ʽϴ). ,   ڰ version control package ϱ⿡ 
 ̴.

      4.3.6.5  ߸ž  츦 ؼ boot disk غսô.
    ߸Ǿ ٸ, boot disk غؾ  ̴. ġ boot/root disk 
ٸ,  ɷ ϴ. ׷ ʴٸ, Bootdisk-HOWTO booting disk  
  ϶.

      4.3.5.6 ߺ man page ϱ
   , ü manual page ű ٶ.  backup Shadow Suite ġ
  ,    manual page ϱ⸦  ̴.  밳  
manual page Ǿ Ǿ Ƿ,  ͵  Ϳ     ִ. 
 Ǵ  ű ʿ䰡  ִ manual  page ã   man  -aW command  locate 
command   ִ. make install Ű  ׷    page ã
  Ϲ  .
Slackware 3.0  Ѵٸ, ؾ  man page: 
      /usr/man/man1/chfn.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man1/chsh.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man1/id.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man1/login.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man1/passwd.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man1/su.1.gz 
      /usr/man/man5/passwd.5.gz 
, /var/man/cat[1-9] subdirectory ؾ  Ͱ  ̸   ִ.

        4.3.6.7 make install 

 غ : (rootμ   սô) 
      make install
    ų,  Ͱ üϸ file permission ģ. , man page ġ
Ѵ.
׸, /usr/include/shadow  Shadow Suite  ִ include  file ġش.   BETA 
package ٸ,  login.defs /etc ϰ, root ̸ ٲ  ֵ ־
 Ѵ. 

      cp login.defs /etc
      chmod 700 /etc/login.defs

 file login program  file̴.   ٽ ,  system ° ġ 
ٶ. ̰ root login  ִ tty ϰ, ٸ    setting Ѵ
(password ҿ  ⺻).

       4.3.6.8 pwconv 

  pwconv Ű  ̴. ݵ rootμ    ؾ   Ӹ ƴ϶, 
/etc directory ϸ ݻ÷ȭ: 

      cd /etc
      /usr/sbin/pwconv

pwconv /etc/passwd  ȿ  field    file : 
/etc/npasswd  /etc/nshadow.

pwunconv program /etc/passwd /etc/shadowκ  /etc/passwd file 
쿡  ־.

       4.3.6.9 npasswd nshadow ̸ ٲ۴.

 pwconv Ѽ /etc/npasswd /etc/nshadow .  ͵
/etc/passwd /etc/shadow  ʿ䰡 ִ. 츮  /etc/passwd backup
ޱ⸦ ϰ, root   ְ Ѵ. ׸ backup root home directory
ű: 

      cd /etc
      cp passwd ~passwd
      chmod 600 ~passwd
      mv npasswd passwd
      mv nshadow shadow

file  permission   Ȯϰ ض.  X-Windows  ̶, xlock
 xdm program shadow file   ְ Ѵ  (  ).   ϰ 
ϴ  ΰ. xlock suid root    ִ(xdm root  
  ִ). Ǵ shadow file shadow group root    ̴. 
  °  ϱ  shadow group(/etc/group )  ִ  Ȯ ض. 
 system  ڵ shadow group  ȵȴ. 
      chown root.root passwd
      chown root.shadow shadow
      chmod 0644 passwd
      chmod 0640 shadow
  system shadow password  file  Ǿ. ٸ   terminal , 
login  ִ   ϴ    ̴.   ض!   Ÿ,   ߸ȰŴ! 
shadow  · ư ؼ ó Ѵ: 
      cd /etc
      cp ~passwd passwd
      chmod 644 passwd

׸ ,  ִ ҷ  file ǵ ƾ  ̴.

     4.3.7 Shadow Passwd 
    section system Shadow Suite    ˰     ٷ.  
ڼ    manual page ϱ ٶ.

       4.3.7.1 ڰ ߰, , 
  Shadow Suite   ϴ,   ɵ ߰ߴ.  ̹ adduser 
program  ġǾ ־ ̴.

useradd

useradd  ڸ ߰Ѵ. , ⺻  ٲٱ    Ҽ 
.
ó ؾ   ⺻  Ȯϰ, system ° ġ ̴: 

      useradd -D


GROUP=1
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=0
EXPIRE=0
SHELL=
SKEL=/etc/skel

⺻ ġ Ƹ    ̴.   ڸ ߰Ϸ,  
 Ǵ   ؾ Ѵ. · 츮 ⺻ ġ ٲٰ ϰŴ.
 system: 

      ⺻ group 100̴. 
      password 60ϸ ѹ ٲ۴. 
      password ҵ  Ƿ   ʱ⸦ ٶ. 
      ⺻ shell /bin/bash̴. 

̷ ٲٱ ؼ: 

      useradd -D -g100 -e60 -f0 -s/bin/bash

 useradd -D ġ: 

GROUP=100
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=0
EXPIRE=60
SHELL=/bin/bash
SKEL=/etc/skel

̷ ⺻ġ /etc/default/useradd ȴ.  useradd Ἥ system 
 ߰  ִ.  , fred ڸ ⺻ġ ؼ ߰Ѵٸ: 

      useradd -m -c "Fred Flintstone" fred

/etc/passwd file   (?) ȴ: 

      fred:*:505:100:Fred Flintstone:/home/fred:/bin/bash

׸, /etc/shadow file: 

      fred:!:0:0:60:0:0:0:0

fred home directory , -m switch Ƿ /etc/skel  ü   
ȴ., Ư UID  ʾ, ̹  UID   .  fred
  , 츮  Ǯֱ  fred login  .  Ǯ
ֱ ؼ password ٲپ ־ Ѵ. 

{{{{ passwd fred

Changing password for fred
Enter the new password (minimum of 5 characters)
Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.
New Password: *******
Re-enter new password: *******
}}
}}
 /etc/shadow   ̴: 

      fred:J0C.WDR1amIt6:9559:0:60:0:0:0:0

׸, fred loginؼ system   ִ. Shadow Suite ִ ٸ  program
  useradd   /etc/passwd  /etc/shadow file  ٲ   ع 
ʴ´ٴ  ̴.    ÿ    ڸ  ߰ϰ,  ٸ  ̿ڴ  ڽ 
password ٲ۴ص,     ȴ. (: mutex lock,  race condition 
 ϸ  Ͱϴ.)
 /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow  ϴ ͺ ̷      .  
 /etc/shadow file ϰ ְ,  ߿  ڰ password ٲٰ, ׸
     ϸ,   ڰ     Ҿ ȴ.  ⿡ 
useradd passwd   ȭ script ִ: 

#!/bin/bash
#
# /sbin/newuser - Shadow Suite useradd passwd  ̿ؼ 
#                 ڸ ߰ϴ script
#
# Linux Shadow Password Howto ν Mike Jackson <mhjack@tscnet.com>
#  ۼ.   Ư 㰡.
#
#   Slackware Adduser programó ⺻ġ ְ,   ֵ
# ٲ  ־.  û Է źϵ ٲ  ־. 
# (,    ˻...)
#
##
#  useradd  ⺻ ġ
##
GROUP=100        # ⺻ Group
HOME=/home       # Home directory ġ (/home/username)
SKEL=/etc/skel   # Skeleton(   file?) Directory
INACTIVE=0       # password      ȿ 
                 # Ǳ Ⱓ (0=׷ ϰ  )
EXPIRE=60        # password ȿⰣ
SHELL=/bin/bash  # ⺻ Shell (full path)
##
#  passwd  ⺻ ġ
##
PASSMIN=0        # password ٲ۴  ٲٱ  Ⱓ
PASSWARN=14      # password   ϴ Ⱓ
##
#  script ϴ ڰ root Ȯ
##
WHOAMI=`/usr/bin/whoami`
if [ $WHOAMI != "root" ]; then
        echo "You must be root to add news users!"
        exit 1
fi
##
#   ID(username)  ̸(Full name) 
##
echo ""
echo -n "Username: "
read USERNAME
echo -n "Full name: "
read FULLNAME
#
echo "Adding user: $USERNAME."
#
# $FULLNAME ֺ "" ʿϴٴ Ϳ  .   field 
# ݵ ̻ ΰ ϸ, "  useradd command
# Ųٸ,  ̾ parameter鵵  field Ϻκ
# νĵȴ.
#
/usr/sbin/useradd -c"$FULLNAME" -d$HOME/$USERNAME -e$EXPIRE \
        -f$INACTIVE -g$GROUP -m -k$SKEL -s$SHELL $USERNAME
##
#  password  ⺻ ġ Ѵ.
##
/bin/passwd -n $PASSMIN -w $PASSWARN $USERNAME >/dev/null 2>&1
##
#  passwd  password Է¹޴´.
##
/bin/passwd $USERNAME
##
#   .
##
echo ""
echo "Entry from /etc/passwd:"
echo -n "   "
grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/passwd
echo "Entry from /etc/shadow:"
echo -n "   "
grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/shadow
echo "Summary output of the passwd command:"
echo -n "   "
passwd -S $USERNAME
echo ""

ο ڸ ߰ϴ  script    /etc/passwd /etc/shadow  
ϴ ų Slackware adduser  ͺ  .  Ư system ˸·η 
Ӱ ġ ٶ.

useradd  ڼ  manual page ñ...
usermod
usermod ڿ   ģ. option useradd ϴ.

 fred shell ٲٰ ,   ԷѴ: 
      usermod -s /bin/tcsh fred

 fred /etc/passwd file ִ  ó ٲ ִ: 
      fred:*:505:100:Fred Flintstone:/home/fred:/bin/tcsh

̹ fred  97 9 15ϱ  : 
      usermod -e 09/15/97 fred

׷ fred /etc/shadow file ִ : 
      fred:J0C.WDR1amIt6:9559:0:60:0:0:10119:0

usermod  ڼ  manual page...
userdel

userdel Ȯ    -   ̱ -  ġ. 
      userdel -r username

 ġ ȴ. -r  home directory ִ  file Բ directory ü 
. ٸ  ִ file  ãƼ  Ѵ.     ϰ 
 Ŷ, passwd   ٶ. 
              
          4.3.7.2 passwd ɰ passwd  ϱ.
   passwd  ״ password ٲٴ  ȴ. , root    
  ִ: 

       (lock) Ǯ(unlock)(-l -u) 
      password ȿⰣ(-x) 
      password ٽ ٲٱ  ٷ ϴ Ⱓ(-n) 
      password ȿⰣ  ˸    ΰ(-w) 
      password ȿⰣ    ױ(lock)ϱ Ⱓ(-i) 
          ڼ   (-S) 

ٽ fred  ư 

      passwd -S fred
      fred P 03/04/96 0 60 0 0

̰ fred password ȿϰ, 96 3  4Ͽ  ٲپ,  ٲ 
 ִ. ׸, 60ϵ password  ٲ  Ŀ ,    fred 
ƹ      ̸, password     ȿϴ. ,  fred 
password ȿ       , ο  password  ˹  ̴.  fred 
password ҵǱ 14  ϰ, ҵ  14   Ű: 

      passwd -w14 -i14 fred

׷ ó fred   ٲ: 

      fred P 03/04/96 0 60 14 14

passwd  ڼ  manual page...

             4.3.6.3 The login.defs file.

/etc/login file  login program,   ü Shadow Suite        ִ. 
/etc/login prompt   ϰ ִ  ڰ password ٲٸ ⺻ 
ȿⰣ   ΰ     ִ. /etc/login.defs file ο ִ 
 comment  ȭǾ ִ. ִ   ϸ: 
 
      ߻ϴ log (?) ϴ on/off flag. 
      ٸ  file Ű pointer. 
      password ȿⰣ  ⺻ ġ. 

     ߿ file̴. ,  ִ Ȯϰ, system  
⿡ ´   .

       4.3.7.4 Group passwords.
     /etc/groups file ڰ Ư group ȸ   ֵ ϴ password 
 ִ.    /usr/src/shadow-YYMMDD/config.h SHADOWGRP  
  ۵ȴ.    ٸ,  /etc/gshadow file , group password 
group ڿ     ֵ ϶. /etc/shadow  ,  pwconv
 , /etc/gshadow   ׷ program  .  . ˾Ƽ 
ϴϱ. ó /etc/gshadow  ؼ ó ض: 

      touch /etc/gshadow
      chown root.root /etc/gshadow
      chmod 700 /etc/gshadow

 ο group ٸ, ڵ  /etc/group /etc/gshadow file ׵ 
ٿ.   group  ڸ   ߰ϰų  ,   Ǵ  group   password  ٲٸ, 
/etc/gshadow file  ٲ ̴.  groups, groupadd, groupmod, groupdel program
 group ġ ν Shadow Suite ԵǾ ޵ȴ. /etc/group  file  
 : 

      groupname:!:GID:member,member,...

 Ҵ:  groupname     group ̸
            !               field password /etc/gshadow file Ű.
            GID           group ID number
            member        group member list
̴.

/etc/gshadow file    : 
      groupname:password:admin,admin,...:member,member,...
 Ҵ: 
             groupname     group ̸
             password       encode group password.
             admin          group  list
             member         group member list

̴. gpasswd  group ڳ ڸ ߰, Ǵ   . rootǴ 
ڸ group member ߰,    ִ. group password root group 
  passwd  ٲ   ִ. gpasswd   manual page  Ǿ 
 , ƹ  parameter gpasswd ġ  option   list Ƿ, file 
format 丸  ϸ    ִ.

         4.3.7.5 ϰ  program

     pwck

pwck program /etc/passwd /etc/shadow file Ʋ    Ѵ.   
 ڿ     Ѵ: 
      field  ´° 
       ̸ Ѱ 
      ڿ group id 
      ⺻ group 
      home directory 
      login shell 
, password     ش.

Shadow Suite  , pwck Ű   ̴. ֳ  ֱ 
Ű⸦ Ѵ. -r option ٸ, cron Ͽ  ϰ  
ϵ   ִ.

        grpck

grpck program /etc/group /etc/gshadow file Ʋ     Ѵ. ̰ 
   Ѵ: 
      field  ´° 
       ̸ Ѱ 
      ڿ  list ´° 

ڵ   -r option ִ.

     4.3.7.6 Dial-up passwords.

Dial-up password ȭ ϴ systemԴ  ϳ  ̴.  
̵ network ؼ    system ϰ    , ȭ 
    ִ   ϰ  ʹٸ, dial-up   password   ذå̴.  dial-up 
password  ʹٸ, /etc/login.defs DIALUPS_CHECK_ENAB yes ٲٸ ȴ. 
 file ȭӿ    ִ. /etc/dialups ttys   ̴ ("/dev/"
 ŵ ä line ϳ). tty list öִٸ dial-up ˻簡 ȴ(?). ι
° /etc/d_passwd̴.  file password shell  pathname  ִ. tty
 ؼ logϴ ڰ /etc/dialups,  shell  /etc/d_passwd ִٸ, ״ 
 password Էϸ ȴ. dial-up password  ٸ ̿   line  
 (밳 PPP UUCP )  ΰ ϴ ̴. ڰ ٸ  
(Ư, Ϸ shellν) õϰ Ѵٸ, line   ִ password ˰ 
־ Ѵ. dial-up  ϱ , file  Ѵ.
dpasswd   password /etc/d_passwd  ִ shell   ش. ڼ  
manual page...

  4.4  ȭ

   ͳ/Ʈ  Ȱ о߿ ־  Ŀΰ     ϳ
ε  Ǹ ȭ  س  ִٴ ǿ   ϰ ִ.  
    ڵ      󸶳 ־
? ׸  ϴ   ڵ  ̹ ˰ ִ  Ʈ 
Ÿ    ٸ.   ڵ      򰡿   
  ǸǸ  ̰  ׷ ϴٸ ä  ׸̴.

      4.4.1 غ 
1. Ŀ  ؾ ϹǷ Ŀ ҽ ʼ̴.  ǿ Ŀ ҽ  ⺻
 ԵǾ ִ(Ŀ  2.0.0 ̻).

2. ipfwadm ̶ Ʈũ   ־ Ѵ. ֽ ǿ   ԵǾ 
.      ǿ ã  ٸ <ftp:/ftp.xos.nl/pub/linux/ipfwadm> 
 ipfwadm
-2.3.0. tar.gz  ޾ƿͼ  make  ׸ make install    ġ 
  ̴.

       4.4.2  Ʈŷ ڵ   ִ ?

켱 IP ȭ   ִ. IP  ȭ̶   ϴ Ģ( ȣƮ 
Ǵ Ʈũκ  Ǵ  Ŷ    ΰ?  񽺿  Ŷ 
  ΰ?)  Ŷ 㰡ϰų  ź  ִ  ̴. ̷ ƿ Ŷ 
ؿ ν    Ʈ ü  ɺ ξ  
  å õ  ְ Ǿ. ̹ Ŀٶ ü鿡  ȭ ϵ
 Ʈ ϰ ִ.  ȭ  Ŀ Ʈŷ ؿ ó
 ִ. ̴      ȭ   Ʈ   ʰ  
ܼ  ġϴ  ϳε Ʈ,    س  ְ Ǿ
ٴ  ǹѴ.   ȸ ϴ ġ  б 񿵸 ȸü 
   κ   غ Ǿ ִٰ    ִ. Ȳ Ϲ
  . ϳ ̼Ʈ  Ǵ Ÿ  Ʈ Ǿ ִ ̴. 
׸  Ʈݰ ͳ    ž Ʈ ӽ   
. Ʈ  ͳݰ ϸ鼭  ߿  ٷ ͳ ڿ ǳ Ȱ
ϸ鼭 Ʈ  ܺη  ʰ ͳ  ݿ   Ҿ 
ؼϴ  ̴. ٷ  ͳݰ Ʈ ߰   Ŷ ͸(Filtering) 
۾ سν  ذϰ  ̴.     ִ Ϸδ IP 뷮 
 м(IP Acco unting) ׸ ϳ  ͳ IP Ʈ    ǻ͵
 Ͽ   ֵ ϴ  IP ŽĿ(IP Masquerading)     ִ.  
IP м   Ȱϸ  忡 ġ  ȭ    ߰
  ϴ.

IP ȭ(IP Firewall) 켱 Ŀ  ؾ  ʿ䰡  𸥴.
{{{{Networking options  --->
[*] Network firewalls
....
[*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
....
[*] IP: firewalling
[ ] IP: firewall packet logging
}}
}}
 Ÿ ɼ Ŀ ɿ  ־߸ ϴ.    ϴ  
    Ŀ     Ȯغ ٶ. Ľ 
    Ŀ صΰ   ġ Ŀ ϰ lilo  ٽ 
Ű ʴ 찡 ϴ.    lilo.conf  Ű  ִ Ŀ ġ
 /  ͸ ƴ϶  /boot ͸̴. Ŀ     make zlilo  Ŀ 
/boot  ġ ƴ / ġ ϰ lilo ŰǷ  ϶.

       4.4.3 ȭ(Firewall)̶ ΰ?

ȭ̶  ڵ о ٰ Ѵ.  ȭ ڵ  °  
  ִ  ġ Ų. ڵ    ٴ  Ȳ  ȭ
 °  ȣϱ ؼ ȵǾ.    ״ Ʈũ  о߷ ͼ ǻ
 Ʈũ  ǹ̸  Ǿµ ⼭ ȭ̶  Ʈũ  Ϲ
 ͳݰ    Ʈũκ ȣϴ ġ Ʋ Ѵ. ȭ
  س ǻ͸ ׳   ȭ̶ θ.  ȭ  ȣ
ϰ ϴ Ʈݰ   Ʈũ  ͳ     ִ Ư 
ġ  ǻ̴.   Ʈ ͳ      ͳ 
 ͳ     ϴ ̴. ̷ Ʈݰ  ͳ   
п ȭ ϰ Ƿ  Ʈݿ ִ   ͳ  ϰ
 Ѵٸ 켱 ȭ ڳ α    ͳ ؾ Ѵ.  
   ȭ  Ʈũμ  ٸ Ʈũ   
 Ͽ  Ǿ ִ. ̼Ʈ ī带 2 ް ְų ϳ ̼Ʈ,  ϳ
 ȭ̳ 뼱  PPP  찡 .

       4.4.4 ȭ ֿ 

   ȭ, Ϲ Ʈũ   ش 񽺸 䱸 ȣƮ IP ּҿ 
Ʈ ȣ,    ΰ ܺο ħκ  ϰ ȴ.  㰡 
Ʈũ ڿԴ ϴ 񽺸 ϸ鼭    Դ 񽺸 
ϰ, ش   Ǵ п  α  .
      1. ܺ Ʈũ   â (Gateway)
      2.     ź
      3.   
      4.  ֺ ȣ ӵ Ʈũ  Ʈ , 

       4.4.5 Kind of FireWall

   <Packet Filtering type>
   Ŷ ͸  Ʈũ OSI 𵨿  Ʈũ(IP Protocol)  (TCP 
Protocol) Ŷ ͸ ϴ  ϸ鼭, ű     ü 
 Բ ϴ  ȭ  ý̴. Ŷ ͸   ȭ ũ 
ͷ Ҽ , õ ȣƮ Ŷ ͸ Ʈε   
.
   <Application Proxy type>
   ø̼   ȭ, OSI 7 Layer Network Model  7 
ø̼  ȭ  ϰ ȴ. ̷   Ʈ ̴   
 Proxy  ֱ   Ʈ   Ǵ  Ʈ ̶ θ⵵ 
Ѵ. ø̼   Ʈ  ̴  񽺺 ð   䱸 
IP address and port   Ʈũ   ϸ,  ƿ﷯    
Ÿ ΰ 񽺸 Ҽ ִ.  
   <Circuit Gateway type>
    ˾ƺ ø̼   ȭ,     ð 
 , Ŷ Ʈ   ȭ OSI 7 Layer Network Model 4
 5  شǴ κп TCP Proxy  UDP Porxy  ϰ ȴ. 

       4.4.6 IP Ŷ ͸ ȭ
ȭ ϴµ ũ 2   ִٰ  Ѵ.  ϳ ݺ ϰ 
 Ŷ ͸  ȭ(IP Packet  Filtering  Firewall)̰  ϳ  Ͻ(Proxy, 
븮)   ִ. Ŷ ͸̶  ǹϵ ̷  ȭ Ŷ 
 ϴ Ư Ģ    ɷ ̴.  Ŷ ׳  źع  
ְ   Ŷ ؼ 㰡  ִ. ⼭ ߿  ٷ   Ŷ̶ 
  Ǵ°ϴ ̴. Ŷ  ο Ŷ  ߽ ּ,  Ŷ  
ϰ ϴ    ּ,   Ŷ ϰ  ϴ    Ʈ(Port)  ׸ 
TCP/UDP  Ŷ      ԵǾ ִ. IP  Ŷ ͸ ȭ 
 Ŷ θ Ѵ.

       4.4.7 IP Ŷ ͸ Ģ

 ߽/ ּ
  Ŷ κ  ׸     ϴ  Ͽ Ѵ.  
 縦 ΰ ִ ȸ簡 ִٰ .     Ʈ Ǿ ְ  
Ʈ ͳ  Ǿ ִ.  Ʈ ͳ     
ȭ ġϰ  Ʈ  ּҸ ϵ ϰ  ּҿ  Ŷ
 źع.
   : TCP, UDP, ICMP
 IP ɼ
IP Ŷ    ƮũԴ   ɼǵ ִ.   ϳ ҽ 
Ʈ(source route) ɼε   Ŷ  Ʈũ ƴٴϸ ܺο  
Ʈũ  Ǿ ִ ľ  ֱ ̴.  Ϲ ̷ Ŷ 
ؾ  Ѵ. ܺο   Ʈũ   ʿ䰡  ?
 ߽/ Ʈ ȣ
TCP/UDP  κп Ʈ ȣ  ԵǾ ִ. TCP/IP Ʈũ  ٷ Ʈ 
ȣ  񽺸 Ѵ.  ȣƮ   Ŷ̶   23 
Ʈ  ޷ Ŷ ڳ 񽺿  Ŷ̸ 25 Ʈ  񽺿 
 ̴.   ˰ ִ  񽺴 Ϲ 80 Ʈ Ѵ. Ư  
Ʈ ȣ Ե Ŷ ͸ν          ִ. 
    /etc/services   캸 ٶ.  񽺿 Ͽ 
 TCP ϴ UDP  ϴ ׸ ϴ Ʈ   ִ.
 TCP ÷
(Connection-Oriented)    TCP  Ŷ    Ȯ   ACK/SYN 
 Ʈ ִ. ̰ ͸ϸ ܺο  Ʈݿ   
     ο ܺη Ӹ 㰡   ִ. ֳϸ  Ȯ 
ûϴ Ŷ  ع ̴.
 ICMP ޽ 
ICMP Ŷ ICMP ޽    ִ.  ޽   ɷ 
 ִ.     ȣƮ  ִ Ȯغ ping  ɿ ߽ŵǴ  
û(Echo Request) Ŷ źϰ Ǹ ܺ  ħ 忡 ü ȣƮ ǻ
  ִ  ִ   ʰ Ȯ   .
 Ŷ  ڷ, Ʈũ ġ, Ŷ ¥/ð
̷  ǰϿ  Ǵ   Ѵ.  Ŀο  ϴ ͸ 
å(Policy)  3 ̴.
 㰡(Accept)
 (Deny)
 (Reject)
  ⼭  ʿ κ ٷ ΰ    ̴.  Ģ ǰ
 ͸    Ŷ ƹ Ҹ  µ   ͸    
  Ŷ  鼭  Ŷ               ޽(ICMP 
Destination Unreachable) ģϰ ش. ̷ ϸ ߽   ƹ  
 ü   ٸ   ȴ.     ؼ  
 ޷ȴ.

  4.5 ipfwadm  
  Ʈũ ȿ        ϳ  ذѴ.   
 ִ  Ʈũ ڰ  Ƿ  ɼؾ  Ѵ. е ϰ
 ϳ ɿ    ذϱ  ణ  ɼǵ   ִ.  
׷  ó   ʿ .     ̵ 丸     
ΰ  ̻     ٰ ڽſ غ.

:
   ipfwadm -A command parameters [options]
   ipfwadm -I command parameters [options]
   ipfwadm -O command parameters [options]
   ipfwadm -F command parameters [options]
   ipfwadm -M [ -l | -s ] [options]


 4 ַ   ִµ 
IP  ȸм(IP Accou nting), IP Է ȭ(IP Input Firewall) 
IP  ȭ(IP  Ouput Firewall), IP  ȭ(IP Forward Firewall)
  ڿ  ipfwadm  -A, -I, -O, -F  踦  Ƶα ٶ.

(command)
ipfwadm  Ŀ ־ ָ      .

 -p   <å> ȭ   ⺻ å  ϰų     
ȭŲ. <å> ġ     ִ        ִ accept, deny, 
reject̴.  ƹ Ģ ش  ʴ Ŷ ߰ߵǸ ٷ  ⺻ å 
Ѵ. -I, -O, -F ÷׿    ִ(policy).
 -f    Ģ  (flush).
 -l    Ģ ȭ鿡 ǥѴ(list).
 -a   <å>Ģ ߰Ѵ(append).
 -i   <å>Ģ  տ Ѵ(insert).
 -d   <å>Ģ Ѵ(delete).μ(parameters)
 -P   Ŷ ¸ Ѵ. tcp, udp, icmp ׸  Ŷ Ű all 
  ִ. ϸ all̶ Ѵ(Protocol).
 -S  ּ[/ũ] [Ʈ ...] ּҿ   ִ ǥ  ȣƮ, Ʈũ ׸ 
 IP  ̴ּ.  ũ ְų Ǵ ׳ ڸ  ִ ͵ ѵ 
   24 255.255.255.0 . 24 ǹ̴ ⼭ IP ּ 32 Ʈ Ͽ  24
 Ʈ 1̰  0̶  ̴. Ʈ 23, 25   Ʈ  ȣ ų 
telnet, smtp   񽺸Ī Ǵ  ICMP  Ÿ  ´. Ʈ   ǥ  
1023:65535  Ʈ:Ʈ  Ѵ. ϸ 0.0.0.0/0̶   ϴ
 ̴  ּҸ Ѵ(Source).
 -D  ּ[/ũ] [Ʈ  ...]  -S  .   ICMP Ʈ    
(Destination).  ɼǵ(Options)
 -m  ϵ 㰡 Ŷ Ͽ  ŽĿ̵ Ѵ.   ɼ  
ȭ 㰡(accept) Ģϰ       Ŀ    ŽĿ̵ 
 ־ Ѵ(masquerade). 
   < ipfwadm  뿹 >
 2  ڴ.       ϴ.        
ٸ ⸦    ̶  Ͽ  ҰѴ.  ù ° Ȳ ͳݰ 
 ̽ 199.1.2.10̶ ּҸ  Ʈ  192.168.2.1̶  ּ
  Ȳ̴.

#
# IP Ŷ ȸм ޿  
#
#   (Forwarding)
#
# ⺻  񽺸 Ѵ.
ipfwadm -F -p deny
# , Է, ¿ Ͽ Ģ .
ipfwadm -F -f
ipfwadm -I -f
ipfwadm -O -f
# ڿ   
ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535 -
  D 192.1.2.10 25
# ܺ ڿ  ӿû 
ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2.10 25
   -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

#   û    
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0
 /0 1024:65535 -D 196.1.2.11 80

# ܺ    û 
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2.
  * 80 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

# DNS Ŷ 
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P udp -S 0.0.0.0
  /0 53 -D 196.1.2.0/24

#  м Ģ 
ipfwadm -A -f
# ȸ м(Accounting)
/sbin/ipfwadm -A -f
/sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
/sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24
/sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
/sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24
  
ͳݰ PPP Ǿ ְ  Ʈũʹ ̼Ʈ  Ǿ ִ  ȭ
  ȭ     ̴.   ϳ      ũƮ  صΰ      
/etc/rc.d/rc.local     ָ .

#!/bin/sh
# '(Forwarding)' Ģ ̺ .
# ޿  ⺻å '㰡(accept)' Ѵ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -f
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -p accept
#
# .. ̹ '' Ŷ Ͽ
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -f
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

# 켱 PPP ̽ Ѵ.
# δ '-a reject -y'  '-a deny' ϰ  
# ϸ ̽  ü Ұϰ ȴ.
# -o  źε ͱ׷ صε Ѵ. Ǽ   
#  ־°    ũ  ʿ Ѵ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -I -a reject -y -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 
  172.16.174.30/sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

#  Ŷ   :
# ƼĳƮ/ִĳƮ/εĳƮ ּҷκ  ͵ ͼ 
# ȴ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 224.0/3 -D 172.16.37.0/24
#
#  Ʈũ Ŷ ȸ  ƴٴϸ ȵȴ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 127.0/8 -D 172.16.37.0/24

# ܺηκ  SMTP, DNS  ޾Ƶ  / 
# Ը Ѵ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.
    19 25 53
#
# DNS TCP  ƴ϶ UDP Ѵ.     ؼ
# UDP ؾ Ѵ.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37. 19 53
#
#  NFS Ǵ Larry McVoy NSF Ȯ    Ʈκ 
#  亯  ϰ Ѵ. squid ϰ ִٸ  Ʈ 
#  ߰ϱ ٶ.
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 53 -D 
172.16.37.0/24 2049 2050

#   Ʈ ؼ .
#
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 53  -D 
     172.16.37.0/24 53 1024:65535

# identd   û (reject)
# 츮 ⼭ 'reject' ν ϴ ȣƮ  
# ص ҿٴ  ش. ׷  ident ŸӾƿ ɸ  
#    .
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a reject -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 
  172.16.37.0/24 113

# 192.168.64 ׸ 192.168.65 Ʈũ 츮 ϴ ģ̹Ƿ 
#   Ϲ 񽺸 㰡Ѵ.

#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 192.168.64.0/23 
   -D 172.16.37.0/24 20:23

# ο ߻ϴ Ͽ ؼ 㰡ϰ Ų.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 172.16.37.0/24 -D 0/0

# ٸ κ TCP  û źϰ صд.
# ( ftp  ۵ ʴ´ٸ 1:1023  ߰϶)
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -y -P tcp -S 0/0 
    -D 172.16.37.0/24

# UDP ̴.
#
/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 
   -D 172.16.37.0/24

  ̱  ipfwadm    ϴ    
  ̴. 

  4.6   ڵκ 
    ָؾ     (local user) ݿ  ̴.  ڰ 
 __ ڵ̶ ߴٴµ ָϱ ٶ.   ٱ  
̾߸ ýۿ ħϰ ϴ    õϴ    ϳ.  
ڵ鿡  ϸ, ħڵ    ׵ ý ϴ  
 ̿ؼ ׵  ִ   ٱ (root) ٱ  "
̵"   ִ.  ڵ鿡    öϸ ħڵ پѾ   
ϳ ֹ  Ǵ ̴.
   ¥ ƴ϶ ص (¼  ٷ ̷ 쿡)   ڵ  ý 
   ִ.  𸣰ų   𸣴 鿡  ִ  
ſ   ̴.   ý ̰ 㰡 ٲٱ    ϰ ִ 
 Ȯ ϰ ִ Ȯϵ ϶.  ۵ϵ  ϴ   ٴ 
  㰡 ٲٴ    ȵȴ.  㰡 ٲٱ    ׷ 
㰡  ϴ ϵ ϶.

         4.6.1 ο  
         ۾  ּ  Ѹ ؾ Ѵ.  
   Ƶ鿡  شٸ,  μ ׸ α׷   Ѹ 
־ ϸ,  ̰   ֵ ؼ  ȴ. ٸ    ٱ
 Ϸ  , ο  Ʒ   Ģ ִ.

      ڵ鿡Դ ׵ ʿ ϴ ּ Ѹ ־ Ѵ. 
      ڵ / α ϴ Ȥ α ؾ ϴ ˾ƾ Ѵ. 
      ڵ  ̻  ʿ䰡 ٸ ׵  ϰ
      Ȯ϶. 

ħԿ Ǵ    밳   ̻   ʰ ִ ͵̴. 
 ϰ  ʱ  ̷  ְ  ȴ.

         4.6.2 Ʈ 

 ýۿ  ϴ  ٸ  ڴ    ,  ٷ 
̴! :) Ʈ  ſ ª Ư ۾ ؼ ϸ, κ 쿡 
 ڽŵ  ڷμ ؾ Ѵٴ  ؾ Ѵ. ׻ Ʈ ۾ ϴ 
 ſ ſ  ſ  ̴.  Ʈ ؾ߸ ϴ  Ư ۾  ؼ su 
sudo  ϶. Ʈ ۾ϴٰ ڽ ǻ͸ ׹   ϱ 
    ִ. 
{{{{           ı     ϶.
      Ư ϵī带   쿡 ϶.   "rm foo*.bak"
      ϱ   "ls foo*.bak" ؼ   ϴ ϵ鸸
       Ǵ Ȯؾ Ѵ. ı   ڸ  ͵ δ
       ̴. 
        "touch /-i"    ȴٰ Ѵ.   "rm -rf
      /"    , ſ   ϵ   
      ϴ ̴. 
      Ư ϳ ۾ ϱ ؼ Ʈ ǵ ϶.   ϴ
       ˾Ƴ ʹٸ, Ʈμ Ǿ߸ ϴ ۾  Ȯ
         з ư ϶. 
      Ʈμ ۾    ϰ ϰ ൿ϶.  ϴ
      ൿ  ͵鿡    ִ.   Ŀ  ε! 
}}
}}
   (ٶǴ   )   ǻͿ  μ   
 ̰ Ȯ ʿ䰡 ִٸ,       ִ. Sudo 
ڰ ڽ н带 Ἥ    ѵ  Ʈμ    ֵ ش. 
 sudo ̿ؼ  ý  ڰ  ٸ Ʈμ Ư  
 õ̳  ϰų Ʈϴ  ϵ    ִ. sudo 
  ϱ    ߴ   ֵ,  sudo  õ 
   ۼѴ. ̷    Ʈ ٱ   
    ֵ sudo  ϴ  .
    
          4.6.3 Ʈ 
   Ʈ 񸶴 ȣ  ǰ   å Ե ̸̴. 
׷ ̴  α׷̳   ε ,  ٸ  װ 
 ޾Ƽ Ʈμ  Ѵٴ ̵. ׷ Ǹ    Ų 
 Ǹ  ʴ  ׵ ý ջų  ִ. ڵ  
ƿ      (Ƹ ſ ) Ѵٰ ϰ ִ ,   
  ջŲ.  ǻͿ ġ α׷   Ǹ ￩
 Ѵ.  md5 checksum pgp ǥð  rpm ϵ ϹǷ ġϰ 
 α׷ ¥ Ȯ  ִ. ҽ  ְų ſ   ƴ , 
  ϵ Ʈμ Ѽ  ȴ! ҽ Ͽ   ˻縦 ޵ 
ϴ ħڴ  .
     ,  α׷ ҽ ùٸ ó Դ Ȯϵ 
϶. α׷ Ʈμ ų ̶, ̳    ҽ Ⱦ
 Ȯϵ ؾ Ѵ.

           4.6.4 н  & ȣȭ
     ȣ ó ̰ ִ   ߿     ϳ. ϰ  
  н带    ſԳ  ڵ鿡Գ ߿  ̴.  
   κ       ִ  н       ϴ 
'passwd' α׷ ϰ ִ.  passwd α׷ ̷  Ư  ִ 
ֽ Ȯϵ ϶.
    ȣȭ         , Ұ ʿϴ. 
ȣȭ ſ ϸ,   ô뿡 ʼ̱ ϴ. 󿡴 ڷḦ ȣȭ
   ,   ԰  ִ.  ˰ ־   
 ̴    Ʒ    ͵  ִ.  н  ȣ  ȣȭ(unix  password 
encryption): κ н ü ( ܰ  ƴϴ)  н带 ȣ
ȭϱ  DES(ڷ ȣȭ ǥ, Data Encryption Standard) Ѵ. ̷ ȣȭ
 н () /etc/passwd (Ȥ  ϰԴ) /etc/shadow  ȴ.  
 Ϸ õϸ,  Է  ٽ ȣȭǾ passwd   װ 
񱳵ȴ.  ġϸ   н иϹǷ    㰡ȴ. DES 
Ϲ  ȣȭ ̴. DES  ǻͰ    ô뿡  
ϴٰ ˷ ִ.   н尡   ұĢ   ƴ϶,  crack̳ 
John the ripper (Ʒ ÿ)   ݿ  н带   ϴ 찡 
  ִ. PAM  н带 Ű  (MD5  ) ٸ ȣȭ 
   ֵ ش.  (Ʒ ÿ) PAM - Pluggable  Authentication Modules 
   ο  "PAM"̶ ο   ϰ ִ. PAM 
ý  ߿   䱸 ٲ  ֵ  ش.  ̳ʸ ϵ ٽ 
 ʿ䰡 . PAM       ѾǷ  ڼ 
        ʿϴٸ         PAM        Ʈ        캸         ٶ. 
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/index.html 
PAM   ִ       Ʒ .

      DES ƴ ȣȭ  н忡 . (н带  ȣ ص õ
       ߰ϰ ) 
       ڵ鿡   ڿ  ν, ׵ 
      ź     Ѵ.(μ , ޸  ) 
       ߿  н带 ϰ Ѵ.(Ʒ ÿ) 
      Ư ڰ Ư ð Ư ҿ α  ֵ Ѵ. 
      
            4.6.5 Crack John the Ripper

      н带  ϴ   passwd   ʴ
ٸ, н ũŷ α׷ Ѽ   ڵ  н带  
ִ Ȯϰ   ִ. н ũŷ α׷   ̵  ۵
Ѵ. ̷ α׷  ִ  ܾ   Ѵ.  ܾ ȣ
ȭϿ ý ȣȭ н ϴ ̴. ࿡  ´ ܾ ãԵ
, ȣ ˾Ƴ ̴.
 󿡴  н ũ α׷ ִ.  ߿  Ǹ    ٷ 
"Crack" "John the Ripper". http://www.false.com/security/john/index.html  α׷
 cpu û ϰ,   н ũ  α׷ Ẹ 
 н带  ڵ ˾Ƴν, ڰ  ̷ α׷ Ἥ ýۿ 
ħ  ִ Ȯؾ Ѵ. ڴ  passwd (н  /etc/passwd) 
  ؼ  ٸ  ̿Ͽ ϰ,  ̷   ϴ 
ͺ ξ ϴٴ  ؾ Ѵ.

             4.6.6 Tripwire ̿  ˻

   Tripwire   ˻ α׷ Ű ͵  ڿ  (׸ 
Ʈ ) ý  Žس ſ   ̴. Tripwire ý ߿ 
 ϵ  ϵ ο  ۾ ϰ    ̷ 
ͺ̽ Ѵ.    ȭ ؼ ȣ ް ȴ. Tripwire 
÷ǿ ġϰ    ٿδ  . ̷  ϸ ħڴ tripwire 
ü ϰų ͺ̽ ٲ    ȴ. ϴ tripwire ġϰ , Ϸ
   Űų ؼ  ٲ  ִ Ȯ   . Tripwire 
  ħڸ س  ִٴ   ֽ   ִ.  밳 
  ϵ ٲǷ  ũĿ ̰   ڽ   
ؼ  Ѵ.

              4.6.7 CFS - Cryptographic File System  
                   TCFS -transparent cryptographic File System. 

    CSF  ý ü ȣȭϰ ڵ ȣȭ   ȣȭ   
ýۿ   ֵ ִ ̴. ̰  ǻͿ   NFS 
 Ѵ. rpm  http://www.replay.com/redhat/   ְ,   ۵
   ftp://ftp.research.att.com/dist/mab/   ִ. TCSF ȣȭ   
  ڿ    ǵ  ϼ  CSF  ̴. 
http://edu-gw.dia.unisa.it/tcfs/       ִ.

             4.6.7 X11, SVGA ÷ .

         <X11>
 ׷ ÷  ߿ϴ. ڰ  𸣰  Էϴ н带 
äų,   ũ 󿡼 а ִ   аų,   
    ̿ϱ ϴ ϵ   ؼ. Ʈ ؼ 
ִ ǻ  X α׷  ϴ ͵  (sniffer) Ű   
ý  ȣۿ    ֱ   ϴ. X   
  ִ.    ȣƮ  ̴.  ÷̿   
ִ ȣƮ ϱ ؼ xhost   ִ.  xhost    
 ƴϴ.   ǻͿ ߴٸ ׵ "xhost +׵ ǻ" 
ؼ    ִ. ƿ﷯    ǻͷκ  ߴٸ,  
ǻ  ̰   ÷̸    ִ. α  xdm(x  display 
manager) ٸ,      MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1    ִ. 128 
Ʈ cookie ϳ   .Xauthority Ͽ ȴ.  ǻͿ 
 ÷̿ ϴ   ʿ䰡 ִٸ,   ǻͷκ   
ϱ  xauth ɰ  .Xauthority Ͽ ִ     ִ.  
X  ؼ ssh( ִ ssh  )   ִ.  ssh ȣȭ  
ڷ Ʈ  귯 ٴ   ϸ,   ڿԴ ƹ ٸ  
 ʴ´ٴ   ִ. X ȿ      ʿϸ Xsecurity man 
  ٶ.   ֿܼ αϱ ؼ  xdm , X α
  Ű   Ʈ  ؼ ssh  ̴.

           <SVGA>

SVGAlib α׷    ǻͿ ִ    ϵ   
ֵ ϱ  Ʈ  (suid) Ǿ ִ.   α׷ , 
 ܼ ϱ ؼ ٽ ýѾ Ѵ.  Ű մ  SVGA 
α׷ ó и  , ּ      Ȯ϶.      
SVGA α׷ ƿ Ű ʴ ̴.

           <GGI (Generic Graphics Interface project) >

   GGI ȹ   ̽      ذ
 ϴ õ̴. GGI  ڵ   κ  Ŀ  Ű  
̸,  ýۿ     ̴. ̰ GGI    ܼ  
̹ ˷  · ȸų   ִٴ  Ѵ.  GGI  ó ؼ 
 ֿܼ ǰ ִ α α׷ Ʈ 񸶰   Ȯ  ִ. 
http://synergy.caltech.edu/~ggi/ 

            4.6.8 identd

   identd ַ inetd ܺο Ǵ   α׷,  ڰ  tcp 
񽺸 Ű  ϰ,   䱸ϸ    Ѵ.     
identd 뼺 ϰ, ̰  ʵ ϰų ܺηκ  û  
ϵ Ƶд. identd  Ʈ  ֱ ؼ  ִ  ƴϴ.  
 identd  ڷᰡ    . identd û ƹ   
. ׷ٸ   identd  Ѿ ұ? identd __ ֱ  ̰, 
 ãƳ   ٸ ڷ̱ ̴.  identd  ʾҴٸ 
 tcp 񽺸  ִ   ̸̳ uid identd  Ʈ 
 ִ  ˰ ȴ.  ϳ  Ʈ  ڰ ſ ãƿͼ  ǻ
 ڰ ڱ Ʈ ħϷ ߴٰ Ѵٸ,     ڿ 
 ൿ   ִ.  identd Ű  ʾҴٸ,  ϵ 
    ־ ãƳ Ѵ. ̷  Ϲ ξ  ð ɸ 
. κ ǿ ִ identd   ϴ ͺ  پ  
ϴ. Ư ڵ鿡 ؼ identd ۵ ʵ   ְ(̷ ڵ
 .noident    ִ),  identd û ϵ    (ڴ 
 ϱ⸦ Ѵ)  ̸  uid NO-USER ȯϵ   ִ.

  4.7 Ʈ 󿡼 
     ð Ʈ  ·   Ʈ   ߿
 ִ. Ʈ  մ   ̳    մ ͺ 밳 
   ξ  Ͼ.  Ʈ       ,  
   Եǰ ִ.

     4.7.1 Ŷ (Packet Sniffers)
    ϴ  ȣƮ ħ ħڰ Ʈ    ý۵鿡   
   ϰ ϴ   ϳ ̹ ħ ȣƮ Ŷ 
 ϴ ̴.   ""  ̴ Ʈ   Ŷ 帧   "Password", 
"Login", "su"  Ϳ ͸ ̰,     صд. ̷ 
 ڴ ħϷ õ ʾҴ ý  н带  ȴ. 
 ؽƮ н ̷ ݿ ſ ϴ.  :  ȣƮ A ̹ ħ ߴ. 
ڴ ۸ ġѴ. ۴ ȣƮ C  ȣƮ B    
, ڰ B α     н带 ´.   ڰ 
  ذϱ  'su'  ϸ, ۴ ȣƮ B  Ʈ н带  
ȴ. ߿ ڰ ڱ κ ٸ  Ʈ ִ ȣƮ Z ڳ ϸ, 
ڴ ȣƮ Z α н  ȴ. ó  ڰ Ŷ 
    ýۿ ħ ʿ  . ڵ ž̳ PC ǹ 
  ͼ Ʈ ϸ Ǵ ̴.
  ssh ٸ ȣȭ н  ϸ ̷    ִ. pop  
 ATOP  ͵     ִ. (   ؽƮ н
带 ϴ   ׷,  pop α ۿ  ϴ.)

      4.7.2 ý 񽺿 tcp_wrapper
   Ʈ   ý  ,      
 Ͽ ϴ° ̴.  ʿ䰡  񽺴 Ƽ Ÿ ϳ  , 
ڰ  ã   ϳ ٿ Ѵ.   ýۿ 񽺸 Ұ
 ϴ   ִ.  /etc/inetd.conf    inetd   
 ϰ ִ ˾ƺ ִ. ʿ  񽺴  ּ ó ؼ ƹ
 (#   տ), inetd SIGHUP ȣ   ϶. ƿ﷯ شϴ 
 /etc/services Ͽ ּ ó ϰų    ִ.   Ű
     ȴٸ,  Ű  Ҽ ִ.  
 rpm -e   Ű ü   ִ.  ȿ dpkg  ۾ 
   ̴.
   /etc/rc.d/rcN.d Ȯؾ Ѵ. ⼭ N  ý  ̴.  
͸ ȿ   Ǵ   Ȥ ʿ    ִ . ʿ 
 ũƮ ׳ ,       ʴ´. BSD 
 rc ϵ  ִٸ ʿ  α׷ /etc/rc* Ȯؾ Ѵ. 
  κ            tcp  񽺵   "ִ(wrapping)" 
tcp_wrapper ִ. inetd 䱸  ¥   tcp_wrapper (tcpd) ϳ 
. tcpd 񽺸 û ȣƮ Ȯϰ, û 񽺿 شϴ  
Űų  ȣƮκ  źѴ.   tcpd ̿ؼ  tcp 
    ִ. /etc/hosts.allow  ,  ǻ 񽺿 
 ʿ䰡 ִ ȣƮ鸸 ߰ϵ Ѵ.     ڶ,  
ڴ  񽺿   źϵ Ѵ. tcpd 񽺿 Ϸٰ  
õ ϹǷ,  ް ִٴ  ˷  ִ. tcp   ο 
񽺸 ߰ ϰ Ǹ, ݵ tcp wrapper   񽺸 ߰Ͽ Ѵ.

      4.7.3 SATAN ISS,   Ʈ ˻ α׷
   󿡴 Ʈ 񽺸  ǻ͵ Ʈ  ˻縦 ϴ  
Ʈ Ű ִ. SATAN ISS     ˷ α׷̴.  
Ʈ ǥ ǻ (Ȥ   Ʈ   ǥ  ǻ͵)   
Ʈ Ϸ õϸ,  񽺰  ǰ ִ ãƳ Ѵ.    
 ǥ ǻͰ  ݿ  ã  ִ.
  SATAN(Security Administrators Tool for Analyzing  Networks)  ̽ 
 Ʈ ˻ α׷̴. ǻ  볪 ϳ Ʈ  ˻  ,, 
   ִ. SATAN ؼ   ǻͳ Ʈ غ ߰ߵ 
 ġ  . SATAN Ʈ  FTP,   Ʈ ϵ 
    Ѵ.   ͳݿ    SATAN       Ʈ   񸶰    ־   ̴. 
http://www.trouble.org/~zen/satan/satan.html 
  ISS (Internet  Security Scanner)  Ʈ   ˻ϴ   ٸ α׷̴. 
SATAN  ,   Ը Ʈ ˻ϱ⿡      ִ.  
SATAN    ϴ  ִ.

      4.7.4 Ʈ ˻ ϱ.

    SATAN̳ ISS  Ʈ  ǻ͸ Žϰ ִٴ   溸
      ִ.  tcp_wrapper  Ȱϰ   ϵ 
 캸⸸ ص, ׷ Ž ˾   ִ. tcp_wrapper   
  δ SATAN   ý Ͽ ڱ .

      4.7.5 pgp public key ȣۼ/ص

   pgp (pretty good privacy)  Ѵ. 2.62 5.0    ۵Ѵٰ 
 ִ. pgp  Ǹ Թ  ʿϴٸ pgp FAQ  ٶ. 
http://www.pgp.com/service/export/faq/55faq.cgi

      4.7.6 ssh stelnet

   ssh (secure shell) stelnet  ý αΰ   ȣȭ ִ 
׷̴. ssh ȣƮ spoofing  Ƴ (ssh  Ǿ ȣƮκ 
Ư Ű ƿ⸦ Ѵ),  ǻͿ   ȣȭ  ƴ϶ 
 X11  forwarding Ѵ.  ssh packet  sniffer   ġϱ⿡  ſ . 
(packet sniffer ȣȭ Ŷ  ٹ   ̴) ssh  ڿԴ 
Ƿ  Ʈ ġؼ ϵ Ѵ.  http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/ stelnet 
  ȣȭִ ڳ  ü̴.

      4.7.7 sendmail, qmail MTA. 

       ִ  ߿ 񽺵   ϳ  ̴. ϰ
   ݿ     ϳε,     װ 
 ϴ ۾ ڿ ʿ ϴ   ̴.  sendmail  ִٸ, ֽ 
 ϴ  ſ ߿ϴ. sendmail ſ ſ    Ȼ  
ݴ Դ. ׻   ֱ   ϵ ϶.  http://www.sendmail.org  
 sendmail  ׷̵ϱ⿡ ƴٸ, qmail ٲ㺸 ͵ غ ϴ. 
qmail ó  ο ΰ Ǿ.  α׷ ̰ 
. http://www.qmail.org

     4.7.8  źθ ̿ .

    źθ ̿  ý ڿ Ϻθ ſ ٻڰ ,  û
  ϰ ų,   ý  źϰ  ̴.  ̷ 
 ٳ⿡  ũ ؿԴ.  ֱ ݹ   ˷ ͵ 
 Ұߴ. ο ݹ ׻ Ÿ Ƿ   Ұ ͵   
 ʿ Ұϴٴ  ؾ Ѵ.  ο     
Ʈ е ϶.
    SYN (flooding). SYN ̶ Ʈ    ź ̴.    
TCP    ִ "" ̿Ѵ. (2.0.30 ) ο   Ŀ
ε SYN  ݿ     ǻͳ 񽺿  ϴ  
  CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES CONFIG_RST_COOKIES     ɼǵ
  ִ. SYN     ̱ ؼ  ɼǵ ؼ  Ŀ 
ٽ  ϵ ϶.
    Ƽ "FOOF" .  ǰ Ƽ μ Ϸ  ڵ带  
 ǻͰ  ٴ  ֱٿ ߰ߵǾ. ̰  üΰ 
 (ǰ Ƽ , Ƽ2  ) Ƽ μ ϴ   ǻͿ 
 ģ. 2.0.32 ̻  Ŀο  ׷   ǻͰ ٿǴ  
  ۾  ԵǾ ִ. Ƽ ϰ ִٸ,  ׷̵带  ؾ 
Ѵ.
    Ping .  Ping   ϰ     ź   ̴. ڴ 
ICMP Ŷ ϳ ""  ǻͿ . ڰ     ǻ 
  ļ 뿪  ǻͿ Ѵٸ,  ǻʹ Ʈ ƹ ͵ 
    ̴.  ݹ   ϳ "ĵŸ"  ǻ IP 
 ư ؼ ICMP Ŷ ٸ ȣƮ . ̷ ϸ  ãƳⰡ  
. Ping   ް ִٸ, 𿡼 Ŷ  (Ȥ   ó 
) ˾Ƴ ؼ tcpdump    ϶. ׸  Ʈ ڿ
   ϵ ϶. Ping   ؿ ϴ   .

         4.7.9 NFS (Network File System) . 

     NFS ſ θ ̴   ̴. NFS  ̿ϸ nfsd Ű
  ü  ý mountd ϴ  ٸ ǻ͵   ִ.  
Ʈ ڵ鿡 Ȩ͸ ϱ  NFS ϰ  , ̷ 
ν ڵ α   ǻ̰ ڵ ׵  Ȩϵ  
 ȴ. Ͻý     ִ ""    ִ.   
ǻ Ʈ (uid=0) nobody ڷ Ѽ,   Ͻýۿ  
ٱ   źϵ nsfd ؾ Ѵ. ׷  ڴ  (Ȥ
 ּ  uid) Ͽ  ٱ ֱ ,   ڱ 
 α̳ su  ϸ, ڱ ϵ鿡 ؼ  ٱ   
. ̷ ϴ   Ͻý Ʈ    ڿԴ  
ۿ  Ѵ.
     NFS  Ѵٸ,  ؾ߸  ϴ ǻ͵θ Ű ϶. 
Ʈ ͸ θ ؼ  ȵǸ,  ʿ ͸鸸 ؾ Ѵ. NFS
   ڼ  ʿϸ NFS Ͽ  ϶. NFS HOWTO

        4.7.10 NIS (Network Information service) (YP). 

    Ʈ  (Network Information service,  YP)   ǻ͵鿡 
 ִ   ̴. NIS    ǥ  鼭  װ͵ 
NIS  ϵ ȯѴ.   ϵ Ʈ  ν NIS Ŭ̾
Ʈ ǻ͵ αΰ н,  Ȩ ͸ п   (  /etc/passwd 
Ͽ ִ  )   ְ ȴ. NIS  ̿ϸ ڵ н带 
  ٲν  NIS  ִ  ǻ͵鿡     ִ. NIS 
  ϴ. ϵ ϰ ߴ  . NIS ϰ  ֵ 
ȵǾ. (Ʈ   ְ)  NIS  ̸   ִ  
 passwd  纻    ְ,    н带   crack 
john the ripper   ְ ȴ. NIS ӿ °   Ӽ   ִ.  
NIS  ٸ, ̷   ˰ ־ Ѵ.

       4.7.11 ȭ

   ȭ(firewall)   Ʈ    ִ  ϴ   
̴.   ȭ ȣƮ ͳݰ  lan Ű, lan ͳ 
  ȭ ؼ ϵ ϴ ̴. ̷ ϸ ȭ ͳ
  lan ̸     ִ. ȭ ϴ   
 ִ.  ǻʹ  ϸ鼭 Ǹ ȭ   ִ. ȭ 
   2.0 ̻ Ŀο ٷ Ե  ִ.     ipfwadm
 ,  ߿ Ǵ Ʈ   ٲ  ִ. ȭ Ʈ  
ϰ ϴ ſ ߿ϰ  ̴.  ȭ  ϱ   Ʈ
 ִ ǻ͵  ʿ ٰ ؼ   ȴ. ̷ ϴ  
ġ Ǽ. ȭ         Ʈ  
ſ Ǹ ȭ Ͽ о ϶.
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html

      4.7.12 IP Spoofing 
    漺 TCP/IP  ǥ 1979  ͳ ϱ ؼ εǾ. 
  ̴ TCP/IP 4.2BSD ýۿ    Bell Lab ̱漺 Ʈ
 Ǿ. 4.2BSD н TCP/IP  α׷ ſ ̸ ϱ 
 鿡     ִ.    ϳ ϴ  IP Spoofing 
Attack 1985  Morris Ͽ   ̵ ó Ǿ,    1995⵵ San 
Diego Supercomputer Center ŷϴµ Kevin Mitnick ϱ⵵ Ͽ.

      4.7.12.1  
   TCP/IP   Ȯ ұϰ    ؼ Ȼ 
ū   ִ.    . 

      ȣƮ   

      ȣƮ   IP ҽ ּҸ Ѵ. ռ   TCP  
 ü迡   ֵ   IP ּҿ Ʈ ȣ ˷ ְ, ҽ ȣ
Ʈ Ʈ ephemeral Ʈ ȣ ϹǷ ҽ  ȣƮ IP ּҸ   ִ
 ٸ ȣƮ    ִ. Berkeley `r-utility'   ̴.  
ȣ(sequence number)     TCP 忡   ȣ ʴ  250,000,  4 
microsecond  ѹ Ű ϰ ִ[1]. ׷, Berkeley   TCP 
 ȣ 4.2BSD ʴ 128ŭ ϰ 4.3BSD 쿡  ʴ 128,000ŭ 
Ѵ. , ʴ ѹۿ ȭ ʴ´. 
 
      4.7.12.2 IP spoofing  ?
   IP spoofing  SYN ݹ  `Denial of Service'  ݹ  ǹǷ 
Denial of Service     IP spoofing    ȴ. ߺǴ  
,    ҰѴ. 

      Ŷ ͸  ͸ Ͽ  ܺο η  Ŷ   
IP ּҸ   Ѵ. ̷   ִ ʹ   .
            Bay Networks/Wellfleet routers, version 5 and later 
            Cabletron - LAN Secure 
            Cisco - RIS software all releases of version 9.21 and later 
            Livingston - all versions 
      ׷, Ŷ ͸   ͸ ġϰ, ͸ Ͽ ϴ 
 ʿ ִ ýۿ IP spoofing   Ѵ.  
        ȣ   Ѵ. 
        ȣ ȣȭѴ. 
     ȣ     ռ   ߵ   ȣ 
 ʹ ܼϿ    ϴ  ̴. ǻ, TCP 忡 
  ʴ 250,000 ȣ Ű  ü  ϸ 
 ̹Ƿ,  ȣ  ݰ  ϴ    м ϵ
 ڴ ̴. ׷, ȣȭ ϴ    ϰ ġ Ǿ ǰ  ִ 
BSD 迭 TCP α׷   üϿ ȣ Ǯ  ֵ  ؾ ϹǷ Ǳ 
ƴٰ .  α(logging)  (alerting)  ȭѴ. ,  
Ŷ ߻Ű Ѵ. 
   IP spoofing  ϰ ϴ ȣƮ  ŷϰ ִ ý ȭ 
ϴ  ϴ    ̴. ռ       
Ʈ ϳ ȭ ϱ ؼ SYN Ŷ    Ѵ. , Ϲ Ȳ
 SYN Ŷ ѹ  Ǳ  , ̷ Ŷ ִ ̸   ڴ 
̴. ׷, ̷ Ŷ ϰ  Ҷ Ư  Ŷ ϰ  ϴ 
 α׷  Ǿ Ѵٴ  ִ. 

  4.8  
 
      4.8.1 
    ؼ    ʾƵ  ̶  . ,  ͳ Ȯ
 ϵ ̶ ϴ   ̿ ؼ ݹ   ̶ 
  ̴.   Ͽ  ,  ŷ ̷ ִ 
     츮 Ȱ   ĥ    
̰  ݵ  𸣸 ݸ̶ ġ   ϻ Ȱ ū  
ġ ִ. ׸  ư ͳݿ  ̶       
 Ȩ   ;ϸ,ٷ Ȩ  ۿ  ǳ Ұ ִ. Ȩ 
 ϴ   å    Ǹ, Ȩ    ִ ȸ糪 
ü  Ȳ      ϰ ִ  Բ     
ȿ  ɵ ϰ  . 
   Ϲ  ̶ ϸ  ڷ   ȣȭ  ̽   
̳  ָ ̷ ְ,   , CGI,   õ α׷ 
(hole)̳     ߵǾ   ū  ġ 
 Java   ̿   ߱  ִ   Ұ  ǰ ִ ̴. 
̹     ڵ鿡Դ  ƽ ٸ    
 ִ.   ۿ   ϴ ٺ (working  architecture) ϰ 
ִ  輺 ذϿ  ϰ     ְ ϱ ؼ 
 н ϰ ִ chroot ý Լ ̿Ͽ   ġϴ 
 Ұϰ Ѵ. 

      4.8.1.1     
    񽺸 ϱ ؼ  ӽſ ׻    ǰ ִ.  
 ϴ ⺻  캸  . 
{{{{       μ Ŭ̾Ʈ   û ٸ ִٰ û
        񽺸 ó  ִ ο ڽ(child) μ
      Ͽ ̸ óϰ Ͽ ְ  ڽ μ Ŭ̾Ʈ
      û óϰ  ڵ Ҹǰ ȴ. 
}}
}} 
      ణ   ޶  ְ    ϳĿ 󼭵 ݾ ޶  ְ Ư  ǰ ϰ    κ     տ ̾߱ ó ũ  ʴ´.    ġ     ӽſ ų  κ   ý  ÿ   μ Ű     ڵ Ʈ  
                                                                                     
ϰ Ǿ ִ. ׷Ƿ  ó ϸ Ŭ̾Ʈ û óϱ ؼ  ڽ μ  Ʈ  ϰ Ǵ ̴.    ̷   ſ ϴٰ   ִ. ֳϸ, ̴ Ŭ̾Ʈ û     ο Ʈ  μ Ǳ  ý ʿ Ʈ μ   ִ ȿ  Ǳ ̴. ׷Ƿ, κ   Ŭ̾Ʈ û óϱ ؼ ڽ μ ų   μ  Ʈ ƴ ٸ ڷ   ִ  ϰ ִ. ġ  츦  Ʒ  κ ִµ ⼭ User nobody ְ /etc/passwd Ͽ nobody ڸ Ͻ θ Ǵ ڽ μ nobody̶   ϰ ȴ. 
{{{{ /conf/httpd.conf file:
      # User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.
      #  On SCO (ODT 3) use User nouser and Group nogroup
      User nobody

      /etc/passwd file: 
      # grep nobody passwd
      nobody:x:1001:1001:nobody user::
}}
}}
nobody ڸ     н κ * , ȣȭ (encrypted 
result)    ڷ  ξ Ѵ.  shadow passwd Ѵٸ shadow 
passwd Ͽ ȣȭ κ  ξ Ѵ.  ̷   ó 
Ŭ̾Ʈ ׻ nobody      ϱ    μ
 Ͽ Ŭ̾Ʈ ϴ ۾ ϰ ϴ   ۾ nobody  
̹Ƿ Ʈ  ϵ (  /etc/passwd ) ϴ  ۾     
ȴ.  ̰͸δ /etc/passwd  ߿ ý  Ͽ ϴ  õ
  Ѵ. , б  ο ý ϵ    ϱ 
̴. 

      4.8.1.2     
     ⼭ ϰ ϴ   ȿ   ܼ    
  ִ ׿    ̾߱ϴ  ƴ϶    ϰ 
ִ ٺ   ؼ ̾߱Ϸ  ϰ ʹ. 

      տ  ó,  ڽ μ  Ʈ ƴ 
      ϰ ϴ     ⿡  ɰ   
      ϰ    ִ.   Ŭ̾Ʈ û ޾ ̴ 
       Ʈ Ǳ        nobody 
        ο ڽ μ Ű   Ʈ
       ǰ Ƿ   ħ Ͼ Ǵ 쿡 Ʈ
       ϴ  ó  ְ Ǵ    ִٰ  
      ִ ̴.  ̷ װ  ߰ߵ ʾҴٰ ϴ
      ̷   ؼ ȵȴ.  ý ħ԰ õ
      ׵ 縦  ̴      ̴. 
       ڽ   μ  Ʈ ƴϴ  μ ü
       ý  (access)  ֱ     ִ.
      ̰  Կ ־ ǻ  ʿ  ٸ 丮
      ϵ(/etc  ý  ϵ)   ְ Ǵ ʿ
       ʷϰ ִ. ̴    ý  ų 
      ִ ſ ʿ ̸ ħ    ִ Ұ ȴ. 

        ̷  ؼ  Ǿ  ѹ .
      Ϲ н峪 ׷  ο б  ְԲ Ǿ
      ־ Ѵ. ̷  CGI α׷ ̿Ͽ   ִ ӽſ
      α ʰ н    ִ. ̴   α׷
      ν , Ʈ cgi-bin Ե CGI α׷  phf
      α׷ ؼ ϴ. phf ״  θ ˷ ־ ġ
       Ǿ  CGI α׷  Ŀ 󸶵 ħԹ
       ִٴ ɼ û ִ ̴.    cgi-bin 丮
      phf α׷ ˻   CGI Ѵٸ  ̸ ų
      ġ ϱ ٶ. 
      
      4.8.2 chroot ǹ̿ 
   chroot ο Ʈ 丮 Ͽ   chroot μ  丮 
 丮δ       丮θ   ְ ִ 
ȿ ſ ȿ ý Լ̴.  ϳ μ  ų   μ 
  ִ  μ  ñ⿡ ̸ ѽų  ְ ִ ̴.  
   Լ ̿Ͽ   chroot ɾ ϴµ ̴ 
Ʈ󿡼 μ  ų   ̷  ۾ ϰ  ֱ ؼ̴.    
chroot  ذ ȵȴٸ  ޺κ wrapper ڵ带      
 ȴ. 

      4.8.2.1 
    Ұ ߴ    ذ ְ ִ. 

      chroot 丮   μ Ʈ 丮 νĵǱ 
      ʿ ̳ 丮    ִ. 
      տ Ұߵ Ʈ  μ nobody  ڽ μ
      Ѽ Ʈ ѱ   Ͽ Ʈ  ۾ Ѵٰ
      ϴ ̷ ۾ chroot 丮      ýۿ
      ū  ġ Ѵ.  ̴ chroot 丮 Ͽ ý
      ħϴµ Ҹ ̳ 丮  ܼ html, ׸ ,
      CGI   ̱ ̴. 
          ڵ Ȩ ̳  񽺸 ϱ 
      α׷( BBS, DB    DB) ũ  ־.
      ̴      ڽ μ ũ  
       ־ ̴. ׷ chroot ̿Ͽ  񽺸 ϰ  쿡
      ϳ ū ũ Ƽ ϴ 丮 chrootϿ   
         ϵ  ũ Ƽǿ  ΰ ȴ. ׷  
        ũ Ƽ, ȮϰԴ  ũ Ƽ ϴ chroot
      丮    鼭 ߱   ũ  
      ޾ дٸ ý װų ũ  ٸ ȣƮ  ũ
       Ǯ    ų  ְ ȴ. ̶  ð
      ܼ  ͸ ο ũ ϴ ð ҿǰ  ̴.
        ű ȣƮ DNS entry   ȣƮ ̸ alias
         񽺸 ̿ϴ   (ȣƮ Ű
      ͸ ϰ ִ ũ ٲٴ )   ̴. 
      (transparency)   ִٴ ̴. 

       ̿   ʰ  ڷ  ũ лǾ ִٰ ϸ
        ϳ ũ  Ǹ  ũ ִ  ڷḸ
      Ű   Ӹ ƴ϶ ý ı 쿡  
      ü    ð  ̸ ڵ鿡 ū δ ְ 
      ̴. 

      4.8.2.2 
   chroot ϴ   ؼ ſ Ǹ     ణ 
 ϰ ִ  ̴. ̸ ⼭  ϰ Ѿ .

      ġϱⰡ ٷӴٰ   ִ(  ڶ ū  
       ̴).  κп ϰ  ϵ bin丮 
        ׳ ýۿ ִ  ϰ Ǹ ̵   ̺귯
      ϰ ֱ  ̵ ʿ ϰ ִ  ̺귯 usr/lib
        ʿ䰡 ִ. Ư  CGI ̿ϰ ֱ  ̷ 
      ſ ǰϴ. ׷ κ ڵ  ϵ  
      ϴ  õϰ ִ.  쿡  ̺귯  ʿ䰡 
        ϱⰡ ϰ ϴ.   ̿  
      ϵ  ٽ ־ ϹǷ ʱ ġ ÿ  ð
      ҿǴ  ִ. ڿ     ʴ 
      Ұϰ ִ. 
       ̹   ġ Ǿ ִ ¿ chroot ̿  ġ
      쿡 chroot ̿ϴ  츮   ִ.  
      緮  Ұ  ƴϴ.   ̹    ִٸ
      ε  Ȩ 丮 ڽ Ȩ    ε  Ȩ
       chroot ̿ϴ  ý̳ chroot tree ٱ  
      ִٴ ̴. ̿  ذå Ұϸ  .  ڵ Ȩ
       chroot ̿ϴ tree ٱ    ý  ִٸ
      ϵ ũ ̿ؼ ذ   ִ(chroot treeϿ ٱ Ʈ
      ũ  ʴ´).   ٸ  ýۿ ڵ Ȩ
      ̰  쿡 loop back Ʈ(  ýۿ ٸ  
      ý Ʈ) ̿Ͽ ذ   ִ. loop back Ʈ 
      ڼ  ϵ ϰڴ. 

      4.8.2.3 chroot ̿   ġ 

    chroot ̿Ͽ ο   α׷ ġϴ    Ұ 
 ϰڴ. Ʒ  ֶ󸮽 2.5 ӽſ  α׷  ̺귯  ̿
ϰ Ͽٴ Ͽ  ġ  Ͽ   ̴.   ֶ
 2.5 ̹Ƿ  ü Ǵ  ƴ  ⺻   
Ѵٸ ٸ ü ū    ̶ ϰ,   ߻  ִ  
  緮 ذ   ̶ ȴ. 

  chroot  丮 ο Ʈ 丮  ̱   ũ 
 뷮  ũ ϳ Ѵ. 

            # df -k
            Ͻý           KƮ           뷮    ġ
            /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0      86879   21416   56783    28%    /
            /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6     480919  417695   15134    97%    /usr
            /proc                      0       0       0     0%    /proc
            fd                         0       0       0     0%    /dev/fd
            /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7    1952573  135576 1621747     6%    /WWW
            /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5     288855  212963   47012    82%    /opt
            /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7     724031  227921  423710    35%    /usr1
            swap                  409672     224  409448     1%    /tmp

  ⼭ /WWW 丮 chroot ϱ ϰڴ.  Ʒ  丮 
鵵 . 

            # pwd
            /WWW
            # ls 
             28               2 cgi-bin/       2 etc/           2 logs/
               2 HOME_PAGE/     2 conf/          2 home/          6 src/
               2 bin/           2 dev/           4 icons/         2 usr/

       丮  ϸ  . 

  HOME_PAGE            ⺻ ã 丮  
  bin                  ϵ   丮 
  cgi-bin              CGI α׷   丮 
  conf                 httpd     丮 
  dev                 ̽    丮 
  etc                  passwd group   丮 
  home                Ȩ    DB ڷ   
丮 
  icons                 丮 
  logs                 httpd  α   丮 
  usr                  usr/lib usr/tmp  丮 
  src                  httpd   丮 

   ڽ ϴ   α׷  /WWW/src ؿ .  
 ġ   ҽ α׷    ִ. 

            http://www.apache.org

   ⺻ ġ    ġ  ,  ġ  
 ȴ. տ  conf 丮 Ʒ ϵ  ´. 

            # ls conf
             36                12 httpd.conf      14 srm.conf
               4 access.conf      6 mime.types

  confؿ ִ httpd.conf   ־ Ѵ. 

            #ServerRoot /usr/local/etc/httpd
            # for chroot()
            ServerRoot /

  ̰ ̿    ϴ.  ڼ  ġ  ⺻  
  Internet 1996 10 ȣ ϱ ٶ. src  httpd bin
 Űܵΰ  httpd ̿ϴ  ̺귯  /usr/lib /WWW/usr/lib
  д. httpd ϴ   ldd ɾ Ѵ. 

            # ldd httpd
                    libsocket.so.1 =>/usr/lib/libsocket.so.1
                    libnsl.so.1 =>   /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1
                    libc.so.1 =>     /usr/lib/libc.so.1
                    libdl.so.1 =>    /usr/lib/libdl.so.1
                    libintl.so.1 =>  /usr/lib/libintl.so.1
                    libw.so.1 =>     /usr/lib/libw.so.1

  ̰ ϴ   ̺귯  ִ  /usr/lib 丮 httpd 
Դ  ̻  ʱ ̴. , httpd 󿡰  Ʈ 丮 /WWW
 ο usr/lib  ʿ ̺귯  ξ ϴ ̴. etc ؿ 
/etc/passwd, /etc/group, /etc/netconfig Ѵ.  , ؾ   н 
 н κ x  ´.  ֶ󸮽 shadow  passwd ϱ  
 ̷  ʿ 
  ̸ ̿   н ȣȭ κ ݵ   Ѿ Ѵ. ׸
 ʿ ڴ ϴ  . dev ؿ ʿ ̽    
´. ֶ󸮽 쿡     ִµ ̴ ü  ޶  
ִ Ұ  ũ  ٸ ü ̿ϴ 쿡  ʿ䰡 ִ. 

            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/ip c 11 3
            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/tcp c 11 42
            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/ticotsord c 105 1
            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/udp c 11 41
            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/zero c 13 12
            # mknod /www/httpd/dev/null 13 2
            # ls
             0                0 null           0 ticotsord      0 zero
               0 ip             0 tcp            0 udp

   ̷ ϸ ̽    ִ. ࿡ major, minor ڸ 𸣴 
  /dev ؿ ִ  Ʒ  캸 ȴ. 

            # ls -lL /dev/zero
               0 crw-rw-rw-   1 root     sys       13, 12  5  8  04:48 /dev/zero

    zero  δ(dynamic  loader) ؼ Ǵ  ̸  Ʈ
(network) Ǵ ̴. CGI α׷        CGI 
α׷ ڵ ̿  ְ Ϸ, CGI α׷ ϴ   
 ,   CGI α׷  ϴ    ϰ ׿    ̺귯 /WWW/bin, 
/WWW/usr/lib  ־ ֿ Ѵ. ׷  CGI α׷ ʿ  
(sh, perl) chroot ο Ʈ  丮 ã ϰ ǹǷ  CGI α׷ 
̿   ȴ. 켱 ⺻ sh perl    bin ؿ ־ ش. ⼭
   ʴ  ̹Ƿ sh perl ̿ϴ  ̺귯 ȮϿ 
usr/lib Ͽ д.   ⺻ ־  θ CGI 뿡  α׷
. 

            cat     comm      cp     csplit       cut  
            du      expand    find   fmt          fold
            grep    head      join   locate       ls
            mkdir   mv        nl     od           paste
            pr      rm        rmdir  sort         split 
            sum     tail      touch  tr           unexpand
            uniq    wc        xargs

     bin csh, sh, perl, httpd ־ ξµ  ̵ ʿ  ϴ 
귯  Ҵ. 

            # pwd
            /WWW
            # ls usr
             4          2 lib/     2 tmp/
            # ls usr/lib
             3322                     2 libmapmalloc.so@      78 libw.so.1*
              48 ld.so*                14 libmapmalloc.so.1*    32 nss_compat.so.1*
             288 ld.so.1*               2 libmp.so@             22 nss_dns.so.1*
               2 libc.so@              32 libmp.so.1*           42 nss_files.so.1*
            1312 libc.so.1*             2 libnsl.so@            48 nss_nis.so.1*
               2 libdl.so@           1136 libnsl.so.1*          58 nss_nisplus.so.1*
               6 libdl.so.1*            2 libsocket.so@          2 straddr.so@
               2 libintl.so@          136 libsocket.so.1*       20 straddr.so.2*
              32 libintl.so.1*          2 libw.so@

   httpd  Ű  wrapper .  wrapper ҽ 
̴. 

            #include <stdio.h>

            main(int argc, char *argv[])
            {

            if (chdir(argv[1])) {
                    fprintf(stderr,"change directory to %s failed !",argv[1]);
                    exit(1);
            }

            if (chroot(argv[1])) {
                    fprintf(stderr,"chroot %s failed !",argv[1]);
                    exit(1);
            }

            execl("/bin/httpd","httpd","-f","/conf/httpd.conf",(char *)0);
            exit(0);
            }

    α׷ ǹ̴       Ȯ      ̴. 
  /WWW 丮     www Ѵ. 
 www̶ ڴ /etc/passwd ϵǾ ־ Ѵ. ̰ nobody ϽŲ 
 ϰ ϸ ȴ. 

            # grep www /etc/passwd
            www:x:1000:1000:WWW server:/www/httpd:

            # grep webgroup /etc/group
            webgroup::1000:web

            # chown -R www /WWW
            # chgrp -R webgroup /WWW
            # chmod -R 755 /WWW

   wrapper α׷    ũƮ ߰ ֱ⸸ ϸ  ȴ. 
{{{{ # pwd
            /etc/rc3.d
            # ls
             1258                 4 S15nfs.server*  2 S97wrapper*
               4 README             2 S98smbd*
            # cat S97wrapper 
            #!/bin/sh
            # for httpd wrapper daemon

            if [ -f /WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper ] 
            then
                    echo  "start httpd wrapper"
                    /WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper
                    echo  "/WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper"
            fi

}}
}}
           
      4.8.3 CGI  ȿ  
    ͳ ǳ ٻڰ ̰ ִ. ͳ 𸣸 ڰ Ǵ , ʵ
 ͳ 뿭 𿩵 ִ. ,  ȭ  ӵ ŭ̳  κ
    ִ. ׷,    ȸ  Ű  ñⰡ ƴѰ  
.    ȿ õǾ CertAdvisory 8lgm  Ͽ  
 ϰ ִ. ڰ CGI   ڰ   ýۿ ħϴ ȿ 
  ִ  κа ׿  å ϰ,  ߿ ̹  Ǿ 
 ϰ Ѵ.   
   1.Interpreters in CGI bin Directories 
   2.Vulnerability in NCSA/Apache CGI example code 

      4.8.3.1 CGI ؼ
      Ȩ   湮 Ƚ  Ȩ  ִ. ̰ 
ڿ   ȣ ۿϴ CGI   ̴.  CGI ũƮ ϱ 
ؼ ؼⰡ   ýۿ ؾ Ѵ. ڰ   CGI ũƮ 
Ű ؼ   ؼ⿡    ־ Ѵ. ׷, ʱ⿡ 
ڰ CGI ũƮ ̿  ִٴ   ȮŽֱ ؼ CGI bin  丮 
ؼ⸦ ġ״. ׷,  CGI bin丮 ִ   α׷(interpreters) 
 (argument)   ֱ  CGI α׷  ǵ θ 
  ֵ ϴ  ߿ϴ.

      4.8.3.2 
    ؼ(/bin/sh Ǵ PERL ) CGI bin 丮 ġ ִٸ ħ
 ؼ⸦    ְ    ýۿ  ɸ   
.  Ŀ ҰǴ  ̷ ؼ  ̰,   ذϱ   
  ϰ Ѵ. 

      4.8.4 NCSA/Apache CGI  ڵ ༺ 
   α׷ ν    src 丮  util.c  ߰
   ̴.   Լ ߿ escape_shell_cmd() Լ ༺ 
 ִ.  Լ system(), popen()  shell-based ̺귯 ͸Ͽ ȣ
 Ȱ Ѵ. , escape_shell_cmd() Ͽ shell-based ̺귯  ȣϴ 
α׷ ݴϴ      

      4.8.4.1 α׷ 
   phf CGI α׷ ׷ ̴. ؾ    httpd  ü 
  ƴ϶, escape_shell_cmd() ϴ CGI  α׷ ִٶ ̴. , 
 escape_shell_cmd() ϴ α׷      ִٴ  
 Ѵ. , escape_shell_cmd()  ָ ȴ. 

      4.8.4.2 
   phf α׷ ִ   Ϲ ڰ /etc/passwd   ִ ɷ 
 ýۻ󿡼 ٸ ȣ (shell)  ɾ   ִ ɼ  ִٴ 
.   CGI α׷  util.c   ý۰  ϴ   Ѵ.  Ư 
escape_shell_cmd() CGI α׷  ߻ (shell) ߰    
   ְ ϴ  (control characters) ͸Ѵ. 

      /* In util.c */

      void escape_shell_cmd(char *cmd) {
             register int x,y,l;
             l=strlen(cmd);
             for(x=0;cmd[x];x++) {
                    if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\",cmd[x]) != -1){
                    /*the line above is the filter for control chars*/
                           for(y=l+1;y>x;y--)
                           cmd[y] = cmd[y-1];
                           l++; /* length has been increased */
                           cmd[x] = '\\';
                           x++; /* skip the character */
                    }
             }
      }

 ҽ ڵ带   , κ  (control characters) ͸Ű  
 `n' ͸ ʴ´. ̷    ԵǾ.  ù  °  
󿡼 ǰ ִ Ϲ phf  ̴. ̰ ؼ ̵ Ǹ 
ϴ ̴.  ,   ° ù   °ʹ ٸ ̴.  ڼ 캸   ̰ 
/etc/passwd ִ(cat)     ִ. ǹϸ  Ϲ phf  
 ӿ н  ִ ̻ԵǾ   ߰ߵȴ. 
http://aaa.bb/cgi-bin/phf?Pserver=xxx.xx.xx.xx&Qalias=morphy &name=ChrisTerry
http://aaa.bb/cgi-bin/phf?Jserver=xxx.xx.xx.xx%0Acat%20/etc/passwd%0A&Qalias=&Qna
me=foo

      4.8.4.3 ħ 

   1.  ȣƮ ǥ Ѵ. 
   2.phf  Ҿ . ,`n' ͸  Ǵ ȮѴ. 
   3.   /etc/passwd ų,  Ų. 
   4.   httpd α׿ ´. 

      4.8.4.4  ذå
  C ̺귯 Լ(system() popen() )  ʴ´. CGI α׷ 
. , escape_shell_cmd() Լ ϴ CGI α׷  ̿   Ѵ. ̰ 
α׷   ϰų, α׷  ü Ѵ. Ư, phf ġ
 ִ Ʈ ʿ  Ʈ װ ̿   Ѵ. CGI α׷ 
 . escape_shell_cmd() ǵ shell meta-characters θ  Լ  ؼ 
shell meta-characters  ͸Ͽ ȣϴ Ȱ Ѵ.  ,     
̷ ̺귯   Լ   ϴ ̴.   ̹ shell-based  ̺귯  Լ
(system() , popen()) ϴ CGI α׷ ϰ ִ Ʈ ̷ α׷
 ٽ  Ѵ. ġ util.c  CGI α׷(cgi-bin  ִ  α׷) 
ٽ Ѵ. 

      ܼ ġ  
      1)  if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\",cmd[x]) != -1){
      2)  if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\\n",cmd[x]) != -1){

  util.c escape_shell_cmd()  1) 2) ٲٸ  ȴ. ׸, ҽ α׷ 
ٽ make Ű ȴ. 

  4.9 Ĩ ߽߰ÿ  ӹ

     4.9.1 ħ ް    Ŀ ؾ ͵.
     ħ       ϰ Ѵ. ù °   
 ϴ ̴.  ൿ ڰ    ִ ͺ  ū  ظ ĥ  
ִ.

     4.9.1.1    .
        ˾  Ǵ   ִ.   
°  ߿    ִ.   ̶,  ˾ 
   ̳ 繫, ǿ ħߴٴ  ̴.    å
ڿ ˷ Ѵ.
ǿ  ̽  ߰ų ǻ͸ Ϸ ߴٴ  ˾
 ̴.  Ѱ  ,  ׵鿡 ϵ 䱸ϰų    
åڿ   ִ.  ڰ  Ѽϰ ϴ   , 
  ؾ    ڰ    Ȯϴ ̴.  ڰ 𿡼 
αϷ ϰ ִ Ȯ  ϶.    ÿ α  
? ׷ ?  ǻ͸      غ ϶. 
  ȭ ɰų    Ȥ 繫Ƿ   ̾߱⸦  ִ. 
  ڰ ڱ  Ѵٸ,     ؼ ϵ 䱸 
 ְ ׷  ϶   ִ. װ ϰ,  ϴ ǿ  
ؼ 𸥴ٸ   縦 ؾ Ѵ.  ǵ
˾ƺ  ̳     Ȯϵ ϶.
    Ʈ  ħ ߴٸ, ó   (   ִٸ) Ʈ  
 ̴. ħڰ  ߴٸ    ̾ƹ ϰ, ̴   
ߴٸ ̴  ̾ƶ. ̷ ϸ ħڰ  ū  ظ     
ְ, ħڴ Ƹ ڽ 복ٰ ϱ⺸ٴ  Ʈ   ̶ 
 ̴.
     Ʈ    ٸ (  Ʈ̰ų, ǻͿ  
  ٸ), å ħ Ʈκ      
 tcp_wrapper ipfwadm  α׷ ϴ ̴.
    ħ Ʈ     ź  ٸ, ڵ 
 Ͽ Ѵ. ϳ  ϴ    ƴ϶  ϶. 
 .rhosts ϰ FTP  , ȣƮ  ޹(backdoor) ο ξ Ѵ.
     ġ (Ʈ ,   Ʈκ   õ  ź, ׸/Ȥ 
׵  )    ϰ  ,    μ ̰ 
׵ α  Ѿ Ѵ.
    ڴ ٽ  õ ̹Ƿ,       Ʈ ڼ
 ؾ Ѵ. ڴ Ƹ ٸ   ̰, ٸ Ʈ ּҸ   
.

       4.9.2 ̹ Ͼ  Ѽ.
     ̹ Ͼ  ڴʰ ˾   ְ  ϰ (ٶδ)
ڸ  ýۿ Ƴ  ִ.   ؾ ұ?

       4.9.2.1   
   ڰ  ýۿ         ִٸ,  
  ؾ Ѵ.   ڰ α    FTP ׵   
  ߰  ִ.   FTP 񽺸 ϰ   ̳ ˷  
  ִ ãƺ Ѵ. (log) ϵ Ȯϰ,  ã  Ʈ 
  ĥ  ִ
Ӱ  ʰ ִ  캸 ϶.
   ڸ   ʾҴٸ, ״ 밳 ٽ ƿ´.  ǻͷ ٷ 
ƿ ,  lan    ̴. ڰ Ŷ ۸ ۵Ű
 ־ٸ, ״   ٸ ǻͷ   ִ.

      4.9.2.2  
   ù °   ظ ϴ ̴.   ѼյǾ°? Tripwire   
˻ α׷ ϰ ִٸ, tripwire Ѽ ˾ƺ  ִ. ̷ α׷ 
ٸ,  ߿ ڷ   캸ƾ Ѵ.  ý   ġϱ 
 Ƿ,  ϵ  ΰ ũ     ٽ 
ġ  κ  ϰ   ϵ ϴ      ִ. 
̷ ϸ  ý   ȴ.

      4.9.2.3 , , !

      صδ    ־  ̴.  ý
  ,  κ  ϴ ڷḦ   ִ.  ڿ
 ġ ִ ڷ İ ڱ 纻    ıϰ, ּ 
 ڷḦ    ʴ´.     ϱ , 
   Ȯ ƾ Ѵ. ħڰ    ĳҴٸ,  
 ϵ鸸 ܶ    ֱ ̴.  鿡 ؼ  
 ִ.   ҿ ξ ȮϿ ϰ,  ű   ִ 
˰ ־ Ѵ. (ڰ    ִٸ,  𸣴  ̿   
ڷῡ   ְ Ǵ ̴.)

      4.9.2.4 ħ 
   ħڸ Ƴ, ý ߴٰ ؼ     ƴϴ. 밳 ħ
  , ׷   ؾ Ѵ.  ڰ  ý 
ߴ Ʈ ڿ   ˷־ Ѵ. ó "whois" internic 
ͺ̽ ̿ؼ ãƺ  ִ.     װ ¥   ð ÷ؼ 
 ڿ email   . ħڿ ؼ  Ư  ߰ߴٸ 
װ͵ Բ ˷ֵ ϶. email  ڿ (ϰ  ʹٸ) ȭ ϵ ϶.  
ڰ ٽ  ڸ ãƳ´ٸ,  ڰ ٽ  ڰ  Ʈ 
ڿ ϰ  ׷.
    پ Ŀ 밳  ߰ ý۵ Ѵ.   ý۵   (Ȥ 
)  ħ ߴٴ    ִ. ũĿ  ý۱ Ѿư 
  ̴.  ̾߱ϰ Ǵ ڵ鿡 ϰ ϴ  ׵κ
  µ .
      (cert ̿ )   鿡 ˷־ Ѵ.

  4.10   ڷ  Ÿ ͳ ּҷ
   н  Ϲݿ  Ȥ Ư  ȿ  Ǹ Ʈ   
ִ. ϳ ̻   ϸ Ʈ ؼ  ֽ  ׵ 
  ſ ߿ϴ. ̷ Ʈ 밳 ſ з 鼭 ϴ.

     4.9.1 FTP Ʈ
  CERT ǻ   (Computer Emergency Response  Team) ڴ. ̵
  ֱ  ǰ ׵鿡  溸   Ѵ. cert.org Replay 
  α׷ ϰ ִ. Replay ̱ ȿ  ʱ  ̱ 
 ȣ ѿ  ʿ䰡 . replay.com
  Matt Blaze CFS ̸ Ź  ̴. Matt Blaze's stuff
  Sorosis  PAM Ʈ ̴. ⿡ PAM    

ִ. Linux PAM ftp site 
  tue.nl ״忡 ִ Ǹ   ftp Ʈ̴. ftp.win.tue.nl

    4.9.2 The Hacker FAQ 

  COAST ڷǿ ſ  н  α׷  ִ. COAST
  Rootshell.com ũĿ   ħ  ˾ƺ⿡  Ʈ̴.
    rootshell.com exploits 
  BUGTRAQ     Ȳ ǥѴ. BUGTRAQ archives 
  ǻ   , CERT н ýۿ     Ѵ.
    CERT home (http://www.cert.org)
  Dan Farmer SATAN  ٸ   ̸,  ȨƮ  
  ƴ϶ ȿ  ̷ο  ۵鵵 ִ. Dan Farmers trouble.org 
    WWW  ý ȿ   ڷ̴. Linux Security
WWW
  Reptile   Ʈ   ȿ       ִ.  Reptiles 
Linux Security Page 
  Infilsec    Ư  ÷   ִ  ˷ִ   
(vulnerability engine) ִ. Infilsec vunerability engine 
  CIAC  ħ ǵ鿡     ش. CIAC bulitins 

    4.9.3 ϸ Ʈ
  Bugtraq: bugtraq Ϸ,  subscribe bugtraq Ἥ
    listserv@netspace.org email  ȴ.
  CIAC:  ( ) subscribe ciac-bulletin Ἥ
    majordomo@tholia.llnl.gov e-mail .

    4.9.4 å - μ Ÿ.
        ִ.   ̷ å   ݸ ϰ 
Ѵ.   ٷ å  ƴ϶, ý    å ȿ  
ؼ ٷ ִ.

Building Internet Firewalls By D. Brent Chapman & Elizabeth D. Zwicky
1st Edition September 1995
ISBN: 1-56592-124-0

Practical UNIX & Internet Security, 2nd Edition By Simson Garfinkel & Gene
Spafford
2nd Edition April 1996
ISBN: 1-56592-148-8

Computer Security Basics By Deborah Russell & G.T. Gangemi, Sr.
1st Edition July 1991
ISBN: 0-937175-71-4

Linux Network Administrator's Guide By Olaf Kirch
1st Edition January 1995
ISBN: 1-56592-087-2

PGP: Pretty Good Privacy By Simson Garfinkel
1st Edition December 1994
ISBN: 1-56592-098-8

Computer Crime A Crimefighter's Handbook By David Icove, Karl Seger & William
VonStorch (Consulting Editor Eugene H. Spafford) 
1st Edition August 1995
ISBN: 1-56592-086-4

 ġ
         ƺ ־.   ٴϴ Ƶ ¿ ȸ   ̾. 
ȣ    ƺ ߴ. ׷ Ƶ  װ 
 .    ҿ   ҿ  µ, 
ƺ  ҿ ô ̾.
Ƶ ƺ .

        "ƺ,  ҿ ?"

Ƶ  ȣ Ⱦ  տ  ִ ȣ̾, ƹ  ȣ  
  ִ ȣ̾   ٸ  ۿ  ̴. ƹ 
鿡  ϱ⸦

        "Ƶ, ڵ  ̴ ȣ     Ű,
         Ⱦ  ִ ȣ    Ŷ."

ƺ   Ƶ ظ  ߴ.

        '̻....???'
        ' ƺ ҿ Ǳ?  ׷ ȹµ...??'
        '???'
        "!"

̰ 𰡸 ޾ҳ.

        "ƺ, ƺ, ¾Ҿ... ڵ ׶   °ű,
         ׸   °ž!"

̰  ? ׸ ̴  ޾?

        ̹ 縦          ̴.   
ؼ  ָ    ٶ󺸾ƾ  Ȯϰ      
 ִ.   ӿ  ͺٴ  ָ  ٶ󺸰  Ŀ  
     ٸ ظ       
 غߴ. ü ȹ غ  ð Ҿ    
δ. ̷ κ  δٸ  ű⿡  ձ ʿ  κ̶
 ϰ پ ֱ ٶ.
ȸ û ĥ  ̷ ƴ. 

        '츮 οԴ ϳԲ ֽ ޶Ʈ(talent) ִ.  ޶Ʈ
         ˰ ʹٸ ڱ⸦     Ȯϸ
        ȴ.'

'ڱ⸦    ' ڱ ޶Ʈ̴. ޶Ʈ ִ  ڱ ޶
Ʈ   ̴  ޶ ̴.  ؾ   ,   
    ִ  ڱ  ޶Ʈε, ؾ  ߰ߴٸ   ӿ 
ູ ã,   ߰ߴٸ     ڱ ޶Ʈ ä Ѵ. 
 ޶Ʈ  ٸ ڱ ޶Ʈ ִ  Ȱϰ   ູ 
̴.

        ¸ ġ   Ҹ  ̰    
 Ұ ׸   ̴. ƹ͵  ߴٸ ٽ ȸ 
 ٶ. å ִ Ÿ  Ǽ Ҵٸ,  Ÿ Ǽ   
ִ   ־ ̴.     ߰ϴ 
 Ǳ ٶ.

        "Ƶ ҿ ٴ  ˾Ұ,    ׶ Ұ
         ׸ ׶  ߰ϰ ű⼭ ̸  ޾Ҵ."

<η>
 Linux ġ
         Ʈ ũ ۼϴ  ˾ƺ ϰڽϴ. Ʈ ũ 
 ؼ ϴ 3.5ϰ Linux CD ʿϰ?   ?

        < DOS 󿡼 Ʈũ ۼ >
DOS 󿡼 Linux õ ְ DIR غø Ʒ  ɴϴ.

C:\>CD E:  
E:\>DIR  

 ̺ E   ̸ Red Hat Lin
  Ϸ ȣ 9172-0EBA
 ͸ E:\

COPYING             19,686  97-05-28  13:45 COPYING
DOC            <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 DOC
DOSUTILS       <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 DOSUTILS
GNOME          <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 GNOME
IMAGES         <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 IMAGES
LIVE           <DIR>        98-05-11  11:14 LIVE
MISC           <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 MISC
README               3,023  98-05-07  11:58 README
REDHAT         <DIR>        98-05-11  13:12 REDHAT
RPM-PGP-             2,751  97-09-19   9:59 RPM-PGP-
RR_MOVED       <DIR>        98-05-11  13:20 RR_MOVED
TRANS    TBL           440  98-05-11  13:20 TRANS.TBL
         4                25,900 Ʈ
         8 ͸                0 Ʈ  


 丮  Ʈũ   丮 IMAGES  
丮 DOSUTILS 丮Դϴ.  IMAGES 丮 Ʈũ  ʿ
 IMG ִ 丮̰, DOSUTILS  丮 DOS󿡼 ʿ 
Ͱ ִ 丮Դϴ. ϴ IMAGES 丮  ڽϴ.

E:\>CD IMAGES  
E:\IMAGES>DIR  

 ̺ E   ̸ Red Hat Lin
  Ϸ ȣ 9172-0EBA
 ͸ E:\IMAGES

.              <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 .
..             <DIR>        98-05-11  12:59 ..
BOOT     IMG     1,474,560  98-05-11  11:48 BOOT.IMG
RESCUE   IMG     1,474,560  98-05-10  16:24 RESCUE.IMG
SUPP     IMG     1,474,560  98-05-11  11:49 SUPP.IMG
TRANS    TBL           192  98-05-11  13:20 TRANS.TBL
_NFS1095         1,474,560  98-04-30  19:09 _NFS1095
         5             5,898,432 Ʈ
         2 ͸                0 Ʈ  

⼭ BOOT.IMG     ֵ  ִ ̹Դϴ. ׸ 
SUPP.IMG  ġ  FTP NFS ġ    ʿ ̹
ϴ.
̹ DOSUTILS 丮  ڽϴ.

E:\IMAGES\>CD \DOSUTILS  
E:\DOSUTILS\>DIR  

 ̺ F   ̸ Red Hat Lin
  Ϸ ȣ 9172-0EBA
 ͸ F:\DOSUTILS

.              <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 .
..             <DIR>        98-05-11  12:59 ..
AUTOBOOT       <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 AUTOBOOT
AUTOBOOT BAT            53  96-09-10   5:13 AUTOBOOT.BAT
COPYING             17,982  91-06-05   9:03 COPYING
FIPS     EXE        61,810  95-08-23   0:26 FIPS.EXE
FIPS15   ZIP       118,821  96-12-10  17:56 FIPS15.ZIP
FIPS15C        <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 FIPS15C
FIPSDOCS       <DIR>        98-05-11  12:40 FIPSDOCS
GZIP     EXE        39,910  96-07-28  14:58 GZIP.EXE
LOADLIN  EXE        32,208  96-08-22  15:38 LOADLIN.EXE
LODLIN16 TGZ        87,210  97-01-13  14:20 LODLIN16.TGZ
RAWRITE  EXE        14,305  96-07-28  14:58 RAWRITE.EXE
RAWRITE3 DOC         2,017  96-07-28  14:58 RAWRITE3.DOC
RDEV     EXE         9,480  96-07-28  14:58 RDEV.EXE
README                 332  97-06-05  12:12 README
RESTORRB EXE        13,614  95-08-23   0:30 RESTORRB.EXE
TRANS    TBL           710  98-05-11  13:20 TRANS.TBL
        13               398,452 Ʈ
         5 ͸                0 Ʈ  


   ַ     µ,     ʿ     RAWRITE.EXEԴϴ.    
RAWRITE.EXE  BOOT.IMG  ű  մϴ. ׷
 BOOT.IMG RAWRITE.EXE  Ʈũ   ֽϴ.

 Ʈ ũ  ڽϴ ϴ IMAGES 丮 ̵մϴ.

E:\>CD IMAGES  
E:\IMAGES>

  RAWRITE ȣϿ  Դϴ. IMAGES 丮 ִ 
¿ Ʒ  Էմϴ.

E:\IMAGES>\DOSUTILS\RAWRITE  

׷   ޽ ɴϴ.

Enter disk image source file name:

 ״ Ʈ̹ ҽϳ  ϴ. BOOT.IMG Էϸ ˴
.(ҹ ) ׷   ޽ ɴϴ.

Enter target diskette drive:

  BOOT.IMG   ̺ Էϴ ̴ϴ. A:  
 ݴϴ. ׷ ,

Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- :

̷ µ ⼭ ͸  ġ A: ̺꿡    Ʈ̹ 
ϴ.

FTP ϵũ, NFS  ġ  Ͻô е SUPP.IMG ž 
µ SUPP.IMG      ֽø ˴ϴ.

 ׷  Linux ġϱ   ּ غ  Ǿϴ.  
  Ʈũ Linux ġغڽϴ.

ġϱ   ȮҰ ֽϴ.  ϰ ڱ ýۿ ؼ  ˾ƾ 
մϴ. ׸   ƴϰ, ڱ ý 縸  ƽø ˴ϴ.
ϰ  ý   帮ڽϴ.

{{{{ CPU : AMD 486DX4-100MHz
 HDD : 1.2Gb
 FDD : 3.5
 RAM : 32Mb
 CDROM : 12
 Monitor : NEC MulitSync 3D
 KeyBoard : 106 Key
 Video Card : ET4000 w32P
 Mouse : Logitech 2 Button Serial Mouse
}}
}}

׸  ϳ ȮҰ ֽϴ. Pentiumý  ø ⺻ ϵ带 4
     ֽϴ. Primary  Mater,  Primary Slave,  Secondary  Master, 
Secondary Slave ̷ 4 ļ Ͻ  ֽϴ.    
  Linux ġϽ   Ƽ  Ͻô е   ͼ 
̿  ϰ  ̷   帮 ̴ϴ.  ׷Ƿ, Primary  Master 
Linux Ƽ ǥϸ hdaǰ  Primary Slave Linux Ƽǿ  hdb 
˴ϴ. ׷ Secondary Master hdcǰ Secondary Slave hdd ˴ϴ.

        1 : ࿡ hda Ƽ     찡 ֽϴ. 
ٸ OS ؼ   ׷ 찡 ִµ, ׶ Ƽ   
Ǵ ϸ Ʒ   帮ڽϴ. 3.2Gb ϵ带 2.1Ⱑ  
 ϰְ  1.1Gb  Linux ϰ ֽϴ. ׷  hda  
 Ǵ ϸ hda1, hda2 ̷ ǥð ˴ϴ. hda1   
 hda2 Linux ġؼ  ϰ ֽϴ.
        2 : SCSI  ִ   Ʋϴ. SCSI  ϵ带 7 
 Ͻ  ֽϴ. Linux ǥ    ϴ ϸ sda, sdb, 
sdc ̷  ǥð ˴ϴ.

    ϵ尡 hda ޷ְ CD-ROM hdb ޷ ֽϴ.
׷ϱ ϵ尡 Primary  Master ޷ְ CD-ROM  Primary Slave ޷ 
ִ . ̰ ο ΰ ġ  Ͻø Ƽ   ϼŵ  ˴
.

   Linux Ʈũ ÷ǿ  ְ ǻͿ  ־ ô. 
׷ Ʒ  ȯ ޽ 鼭  Linux ġ  մϴ.

{{{{                Welcome to Red Hat Linux!

 0 To install or upgrade a system running Red Hat Linux 2.0
   or later, press the <ENTER> key.

 0 To enable expert mode, type: expert <ENTER>. Press <F3> for
   more information about expert mode.

 0 This disk can no longer be used as a rescue disk. Press <F4> for
   information on the new rescue disks.

 0 Use the function keys listed below for more information.


  [F1-Main] [F2-General] [F3-Expert] [F4-Rescue] [F5-Kickstart] [F6-Kernel]
  boot:_
}}
}}

 ȭ鿡  Ű Է  쿡 ڵ    ȭ Ѿ 
ϴ. ý üŷϴ    ̴ϴ. ׸ ŰἭ Ⱥŵ 
 ׳ Ѿ ŵ մϴ. {{
}}
  Ʒ  ȭ  ̴ϴ.

                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
ٽ ѹ ȯ ޽ ±. ׸ Red Hat Web siteּҵ ֳ
.  ż Update  ֳ ȮϽø  ǽ   մϴ. "OK" 
ư Ŀ ְ ͸ ġø ȭ Ѿ ϴ.

                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         

"" ϶ ±. ְ   (?)  ִµ KOREA 
ƹ ãƺ . Ÿ ڷ ä English ϰ ͸  Է
մϴ.
{{
}}




                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
Ű  ϴ  ȭԴϴ. ó  "us" ϰ ȭ  Ѿ 
ϴ. Ʒ ׸   ġұ  ȭԴϴ.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
5 ִµ,   ϴ  Local CDROM FTP ؼ  
ڽϴ.
 Local CDROMԴϴ. CD-ROM ִ Linux   ġ ϴ° 
 ̴ϴ.

         : ġȭ鿡 Ŀ̵  "Ű"( )Դϴ. Ű ̿ؼ  Ŀ
 űø ˴ϴ.

Local CDROM ϰ "OK" Ŀ Űܼ ͸ Էϸ õ  
 ȭ ɴϴ.
{{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
õ ְ 
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
"Install" "Upgrage" Դµ, "Install"    Linux ġϴ° 
ϰ "Upgrade"  ġǾ ִ Linux  ߰Ͽ ġϴ° 
մϴ. 
{{
}}"Install" Ͽ  ȭ Ѿڽϴ.








                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
"SCSI" ͸ ִ ȭԴϴ. "SCSI" Ͱ  "Yes" 
,  "No" ϰ   ȭ Ѿ ϴ.  ϴ "No" ϰ Ѿ 
ڽϴ.
{{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         

 ȭ Linux ý ġϱ  Ƽ  ִ ȭԴϴ. "Disk 
Druid"κ 5.1  ߰  κԴϴ.  Ϲ  ϴ "fdisk"κ 
캸 ϰڽϴ. "fdisk" ϰ  ȭ Ѿڽϴ.



{{
}}


                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
ȭ  ýۿ Ǿ ִ Hard Disk  ִ ȭԴϴ. 
⿡ ö Hard Disk  Ƽ  ڽϴ. "Edit" ϰ 
 ȭ Ѿ ڽϴ.

{{{{This is the fdisk program fot partitioning your drive. It is running
on /dev/hda.
Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

   ȭ °       ̴ϴ. ⿡  "m" ԷϽø 
fdisk ϴ Ű  ɴϴ. ⼭    Ű 鿡 ؼ ˾ƺ
  ϰڽϴ.
Linux fdisk DOS fdisk ϴٰ    ,  ڼ ˰ 
 ǰ ణ Ǹ ￩ ˴ϴ. Ʒ ȭ "m" Է  
 ȭԴϴ. "fdisk"   κ     ȭ  Ͻø 
 Ǯ    ˴ϴ. ϳ 캸 ϰڽϴ.

{{{{Command (m for help): m  
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
}}
}}

d : Ƽ  Ű Դϴ.
    Ƽ ϴٰ Ǽ ߸   ֽϴ.
    ׶ d ɼ Ƽ     ֽϴ.
   
l : Linux  ƼǸ ϴ° ݾ Ʋ,
   Ƽ   ɼ ִ Ű Դϴ.

m : fdisk ̴ ɼǵ ִ Ű Դϴ.

n : ο Ƽ    ϴ Ű Դϴ.

p : Ƽ  ִ Ű Դϴ.

q : Ƽ  ʰ fdisk  Ű Դϴ.

t :   Ƽǿ  ȯ ִ Ű Դϴ.

w : Ƽ    fdisk     Ƽ ϰ 
     ϴ Ű Դϴ.

P  Ǹ Hard Disk Ǿ ִ Ƽ  ɴϴ.

{{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
    tmp/hda1      *      1      1   620  1249888+    6  DOS 16-bit  >=32M
Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

 ȭ hda1 DOS Ƽ  ִ Դϴ. 츮 ʿ ϴ° 
Linux Ƽ̱   "d" Ű ڽϴ.

{{{{Command (m for help):_
d 
Partition number (1-4):
1 
Command (m for help):_
p  

Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

  ϼ̴ٸ DOS Ƽ ٴ°     ̴ϴ. 
 Linux Ƽ غ ϰڽϴ. Linux Ƽ ּ 2 
Ƽ ž մϴ. "Linux swap"  "Linux native"  ΰ ⺻ 
 մϴ.
 "Linux swap"   ϰڽϴ.   "Linux swap"뷮  
  ִϸ  ýۿ ִ RAM 뷮 1.5迡 2 
  ֽø ˴ϴ. block ؼ 뷮 ִ  ְ 
 size ִ  ִµ, ƹ size Ͻô     
մϴ. size ϴ  "+sizeM"  Դϴ.  ڸ  ý 
RAM뷮 32Mb̹Ƿ 64Mb Linux  swap뷮 ϰڴµ, "+sizeM"
 ϸ "+64M"Ͻø 64Mb Linux swap ˴ϴ. Ʒ ȭ Ͻñ 
ٶϴ.
{{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help):_
n 
Command action
    e   extended
    p   primary partition (1-4)
_
p  
Partition number (1-4) : _
1 
First cylinder (1-621):_
1 
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([1]-621):_
+64M  
Command (m for help):_
p 
Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

 ø  Ѱ  ̻ϰ Ǿ  ִ  κ ̴ϴ.   и "Linux 
swap"  ߴµ ǥⰡ Ǳ "Linux native" Ǿ  ִ°   
̴ϴ. ̰ Ȯ ϼ̴ٸ  Ͻñ. ޺κп  Ƽ  
 ִ κ ֱ   ׳ Ѿð ׶    ϴ  
 帮 ϰڽϴ.

    Linux ġǴ  Ƽ  ڽϴ.   Linux 
swap κ  ִ°Ŷ ̰ ϴ. Linux  native κ  
       ̴ϴ.  ׷      Ȥó 
Linux Ͻôٰ ҹ̽Ϸ Ƽ ų  찡  
ϴ. ׷ ؼ ߿ ۾Ÿ     ְ  츱   
ֱ    Դϴ. ó Linux ġϽô  ׳ 
ϰ   Ƽθ  ּż  Linux    
Ŀ ׷ ϼŵ ˴ϴ. ⼭   帮    ƼǸ  
ϴ° 帮ڽϴ.

Linux native Linux swap    θ  ֽø ˴ϴ.
Ʒ ȭ ϼ.

{{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
n  
Command action
    e   extended
    p   primary partition (1-4)
_
p  
Partition number (1-4):_
2 
First cylinder (34-621):_
34  
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([34]-621):_
621  
Command (m for help):_
p  
Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux native
     /tmp/hda2          34     34   621   1185408   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

  Ƽ   ҽϴ.
/tmp/hda1 Linux swap Ǵ κ̰ /tmp/hda2 Linux native Ǵ  Ƽ
Դϴ.
/tmp/hda2 κ Linux native Ǿ ֱ    ʾƵ ǰ
/tmp/hda1  κ Linux swap ٲ ּž Ǵµ,  ٲٳ ϸ
Ʒ ׸ó "t" Ű    ֽ  ֽϴ.

{{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux native
     /tmp/hda2          34     34   621   1185408   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
t  
Partition number (1-4):_
1 
Hex code (type L to list codes):_
82 
Changed system type of partition 1 to 82 (Linux swap)

Command (m for help):_
p  
Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux swap
     /tmp/hda2          34     34   621   1185408   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
}}
}}

 Ƽ ֽð,  Ƽ  ؾ  ٷ

Ʒ  L Էմϴ.
{{{{Command (m for help): l  
 
 0  Empty            9  AIX bootable    75  PC/IX           b7  BSDI fs
 1  DOS 12-bit FAT   a  OS/2 Boot Manag 80  Old MINIX       b8  BSDI swap
 2  XENIX root       b  Win95 FAT32     81  Linux/MINIX     c7  Syrinx
 3  XENIX usr       40  Venix 80286     82  Linux swap      db  CP/M
 4  DOS 16-bit <32M 51  Novell?         83  Linux native    e1  DOS access
 5  Extended        52  Microport       93  Amoeba          e3  DOS R/O
 6  DOS 16-bit >=32 63  GNU HURD        94  Amoeba BBT      f2  DOS secondary
 7  OS/2 HPFS       64  Novell Netware  a5  BSD/386         ff  BBT
 8  AIX             65  Novell Netware                                      
}}
}}

  Linux ġϱ  ּ Ƽ ߽ϴ.
"p" Ű  Ȯϸ "Linux native" "Linux swap" Ǿ ִ° Ȯ
  ̴ϴ. Ȯ Ǽ̴ٸ "w" Ű   Ȱ ϰ "fdisk"
ȭ ڽϴ.

{{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

        Device Boot  Begin  Start   End    Blocks   Id  System
     /tmp/hda1           1      1    33    66496+   83  Linux swap
     /tmp/hda2          34     34   621   1185408   83  Linux native

Command (m for help):_
w 
}}
}}

 ϰ fdiskȭ ø   ȭ ɴϴ.
{{
}}









                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ   Linux Ƽǵ  Ʈ  ִ ȭԴϴ. 
 Ƽ  쿡 "Type"κп    öµ,  츮
   ƼǸ  ߱  "Linux native" "Linux swap" ̴ 
̴ϴ. Linux  丮 ִµ,  丮  Ƽ 
  ֽϴ. Mount Point   Ƽ  쿡 丮
  Ƽ  ִ° ϴ  Դϴ.    쿡  Ŀ
 "hda2"κп  "/"  ֽø ϳ Ƽǿ Linux ġ ˴ϴ. 
 ׸ hda2 κп  "/" μ ϳ Ƽǿ   ġǰ ϴ 
ȭԴϴ.

                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
  ٸ ""Ű ̿ؼ "Ok"  ȭ Ѿ ڽ
.
{{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ swap   Ƽ      ȭԴϴ. α   
[ ] ǥð ִµ  ִ  swap  Ƽ   ΰ ǥ
ϴ ̰ Ʒ ִ  ϵũ  ˻ ΰ ǥ
 ִ ̴ϴ.  ͸ ǥø ֽø    ǰ Ʒͱ ǥ
ø ָ ð  ɸ Դϴ.  üũϱ . ؿ 
 ȭ swap Ƽ ϴ Դϴ.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
swap Ƽ   native Ƽ   մϴ. Ʒ ȭ  ȭ
Դϴ. swap  ̰ ϴ.  ɼ  . ó ϽŴٸ  ð  
ɸ  üũִ  ϰ ͽϴ.
{{
}}



                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ  ˵Ǵ  ִ  ƴ϶ Package 
 ȭ ɴϴ. ⿡   Package Linux õ  Packaging
ϴĿ    Ʋϴ. ѱ  ¥  ѱ Ű
  ִ°    ̴ϴ. Ʒ ׸ ø ʿ κи 
 ġ Ͻ  ְ, ؿ ø "[ ] Select individual package"κп üũ
 ָ Package  ϳϳ ؼ  ġ Ͻ   ֽϴ.  "[ ]  Select 
individual package"  κ ؼ Linux ġϽø Linux ׸ ͼ 
 е ణ ȥ ø մϴ.  Ű  ظ 
Ⱑ ׸   ƴϱ .
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
  ϼ "Ok" ؼ  ȭ Ѿ  ڽϴ.



                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ Package ġǴ°"install.log"Ͽٰ   Ųٴ ȭԴ
. ׸ Ű Ⱦŵ ɵϳ׿.  ȭ  Ѿ  ext2 Ƽ 
ϴ°    ̴ϴ. Linux File  System ext2̱   ext2 
Ͻý  ִ ȭԴϴ.
{{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         

ext2 Ͻý   ڵ   Package ġϴ  ȭ
   ֽϴ.






Ʒ ȭ Package ġȭԴϴ.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 Package 򸮰   Package ġǰ   ð   
  ϸ鼭 ġ ˴ϴ.  Package  ġð 
? 
 ġ     ȭ      ̴ϴ. ؿ ȭ
 콺 ãҴٴ  ִ ȭԴϴ. ø󸶿콺 com1 ãҴٰ 
ϴ±. Linux  cua0, cua1,  cua2, cua3   ǥϸ  com1, com2, 
com3, com4 ˴ϴ. ׷ϱ Ʈ ǥϴ    Ʋٴ  ƽ   
 ̴ϴ. "Ok"ϰ Ѿ  ڽϴ.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         



{{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ 콺   ȭԴϴ.   Ǵ  Microsoft 
compatible (serial)̰  PS/2 Mouse   þ ߼ ̰  ֽ
ϴ. "[ ] Emulate 3 Buttons?"  κ 콺 ư 2 ڵ ġ 3
ξ ְ ִ Դϴ.   콺  Ͽ   ȭ 
Ѿ ڽϴ.
ؿ ȭ 콺 Ʈ   ִ ȭԴϴ.   cua0  ֱ 
  ִ "/dev/cua0 (com1 under DOS)"  κ  Ͻø ˴
.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         





  X-window غڽϴ. X  ȭ԰  ...  
  ±.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ  ī带   ȭԴϴ. Linux ġϽñ  
ڽ ī  chip  set ѹ   Ȯϴ ͵  ?    tseng 
et4000 chip ϰ ֽϴ.  ũ ٸ  Ʒ  ڽ 
ī ġϴ  ֽð  ȭ Ѿ ڽϴ.
ī带 ߴٸ ͸   ڽϴ. ģϰԵ   
 ϱ ȽϽð ũ  ٸ   ͸   ֽø 
˴ϴ.

                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ʹ  "NEC MultiSync 3d" ϰ ֱ  װ ϰ {{
}}
 Ѿ ڽϴ.

                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ ػ󵵸 ִ ȭԴϴ. ػ󵵴 X    Ŀ 
 ϼŵ մϴ. "Don't Probe" ϰ  ȭ Ѿ ϴ.
Ʒ ִ ȭ  ī  ޸𸮰   ް  ȭ
Դϴ.  ý۵ Ͻ  ּ 2ް ̻ Ͻô󱸿. ޸
  ػ󵵿  Color ϹǷ    ޸𸮰  
Ǵ   ī带 Ͻô  մϴ.  1ް ϰ 
Ƿ "1 meg" ϰ  ȭ Ѿ ڽϴ.

                                                          {{
}}
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          

{{
}}



                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
Linux      ߿ ϳ  NetworkingԴϴ.   ȭ Lan 
Card ְ 뼱 ִ  쿡 Ͻø ˴ϴ.      
ּžϱ   κ ׳ "No" ϰ  ȭ  Ѿ ڽ
.
Ʒ ȭ ð븦  ִ ȭԴϴ. 5.1  ̶  ִ
.  ݰ. ũ ٸ  "Asia/Seoul" ֽø ˴ϴ.

                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
{{
}}





                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ Linux ġϰ    õ  Ǵ  Դϴ. Dos 
ϸ config.sys Autoexec.bat   ϴ Դϴ. ڰ Linux
 ϴ 뵵   ȭ鿡 ʿ   ֽø ˴ϴ.
Ʒ ִ ȭ ͸ ִ ȭԴϴ. ڰ ϴ  
 ãƺð,  ֽø ˴ϴ.  Ͱ   "No" 
ϰ ȭ Ѿ ڽϴ.
                                                          {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         







                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ ߿ ȭԴϴ. Linux ƹ Login ؼ   ִ  
մϴ. ڱ⸸ йȣ  ִ ýԴϴ. ó ׷ ȣȣ
  ƴϴ, Ű  ż Է ֽø  ˴ϴ. ׸ ʹ ªƵ  ȵǴ, 
ּ 8 ̻ ֱ մϴ.
Ʒ ȭ  ؼ Linux  Ʈ ũ    ǰ  
ȭԴϴ.  ġ  ϼ̴ٸ  Ʈũ   ʿ䰡  
? ׳ ̷ ִٰ ϰ ׳ Ѿ ø ˴ϴ.

                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
{{
}}




                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ Lilo  Ұǰ  ȭԴϴ.  Lilo  ƮŴ
  Ͻø ˴ϴ.   ڸ ý F8 ø 
 ޴ ֵ Linux  OS     ֽϴ.  ȭ 
 Lilo  ִ ȭԴϴ. "dev/hda  Master Boot Record" ϰ 
 ȭ Ѿ ø ˴ϴ.
                                                         {{
}}
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 ȭ ý Ư ɼ ʿϸ Էϴ Դϴ. ڽ  ִ 
ý Ư ɼ ʿϸ ̿ϴ ε 밳 ڵ Ƹ ʿ䰡 
 ̴ϴ. ׳ "Ok" Ͻð  Ѿ ڽϴ.
{{
}}




                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
   ưԸ  Linuxġ ϴ.  ġߴٰ Ѵٰ 
ϳ׿.   ؼ߽ϴ. "Ok"  ϸ  Ǹ鼭 Linux 
 ˴ϴ.
  ѱ 
        -  :  libc5 ̺귯 Ͽ XFree86 ѱ  ȭ 
ν, ѱ ԡ¿ ū  ,  libc6(glibc2)Ͽ ѱ ԡ
 XFree86 ȭ(i18)   ϴ Ȳ̴.   Ĺ
ν   libc6(glibc2) ̺귯 ν  XFree86(X)
 i18   ̷  Ȳ̴.   (1998 ) ѱ ġ  
   XFree86  i18  ġ  ġ  ̸, 
 ̴. 2Ʈ ǿ ϴ 츮 ѱ  ʼ̴.    
 ¿ ѱ  ؼ   ̴. ׷,  ⺻
 ʿ ѱ  Ͽ ˾ƺ.

        <  ⺻ ѱ  >
          ѱ  ѱ Ʈ ġϸ ¿   
. , ѱ Էϱ ؼ ѱ۷ Ǿ߸ Ѵ. 츮 
 ⺻ ѱ ԡ¿ Ͽ ˾ƺ .  ġϰ  
  츮 root ν      ̴.
        ѱ  ȯ濡  ־    ߿    ٷ  LANG  ε,    
LANG(locale)   ˾ƺ.

==================< LANG (locale)  >=========================  
if [ -z "$LANG" ] && [ ! `tty |grep -c 'tty[0-9]'` -eq 1 ]; then
        export LANG=ko
fi

if [ -z "$LESSCHARSET" ]; then
        export LESSCHARSET=latin1
fi
================================================================

         Ȳ Ȩ 丮 .bash_profile  ش.
() X   ̿ؼ ѱ   ְ,    ѱ ġ 
XFree86  ġϿٸ  ѱ۱ .  ׷, ֿܼ han̶ 
α׷  ʴ  ѱ  ʴ´. ̷ 츦 ؼ X 
 ⺻ LANG=ko   ϰ, ֿܼ ⺻  LANG=C  
µ,   han  ϰ ȴٸ LANG=ko   ٲ ϴ ũƮ
̴.  н ͹̳ ġ tty1~12   ̷  ϰ 
Ǵµ, ̳ han, telnet,  ftp  ϰ ȴٸ  ttyp1 ̷ Ī 
οް  ϰ ȴ. ,  tty  ؼ ǥ   Ǵ 
α׷ ߿ tty0-9  Ϸùȣ ִ Ȯغ  LANG=ko 
 ϰ  LANG=C  ϰ Ǵ ̴.
        bash    о̰  ϱ ؼ     
ش.

# source .bash_profile

̷ root  ѱ ԡ ⺻ Եȴ.

        < ⺻ ѱۻ   ġ >
         ش Ÿ ڷ̳ FTP Ʈκ  ̳ʸ   
  ҽ ϵ ؾѴ. 밳 ҽ ·  Ǿ    
ڽ ýۿ µ ̸  Ǿ   Ǿִ ̳ʸ  
  쿡 pkgtool ̿Ͽ ġ   ְ,  쿡 
rpm ؼ ġ   ְ,   쿡 deb ؼ ġ    
ִ. ,  ҽ Ͽٸ  ڽ ýۿ  Ͽ Ͽ
 Ѵ.

=================< ѱ ͹̳() Ʈ >=====================
1. source: http://pseudo.snu.ac.kr/~hwang/
2. rpm: ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/hangul/linux/AlzzaLinux
3. deb: ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/hangul/linux/Debian-KR
================================================================

ġ    ȴ.
# tar xvfz hanterm-xf-p15.tar.gz ϸ  Ǯ鼭  ҽڵ尡
                                   ִ 丮 ȴ.
# cd < ҽ 丮> Ͽ 丮 ̵ ,
# xmkmf Ͽ imagefile makefile ȯѴ.
# make Ͽ  Ѵ.

̷   Ǹ hanterm̶  ȴ.
   
# cp hanterm /usr/X11R6/bin 縦 Ѵ.
# cp Hanterm.ad /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/Hanterm : Hanterm.ad 
                              Hanterm̶ Ϸ 縦 Ѵ.
   
=================<ҿ ʿ Ʈ ϴ° >===================
* ftp.kornet.nm.kr: ftp://ftp.kornet.nm.kr/pub/Hangul/fonts/    
================================================================
           ⺻  ҿ   ʿ  Ʈ..?   :   hanyang-font-pcf.tar.gz, 
iyagi.pcf.Z, iyagi16.pcf.Z, johabg16 - johabsm16.pcf.Z

# dir *.bdf ϸ  11 Ʈ µ   ϵ .pcf  
پִ ۾ ϸ ȴ.  , iyagi16.bdf  ȯϴ ,
# bdftopcf iyagi16.bdf > iyagi16.pcf
         11 ƮϿ Ͽ Ȱ  ۾ ϸ ȴ.
        ۾   *.pcf  Ȯ Ǿ Ȯ ģ ,
# cp *.pcf /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
# mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
# xset fp rehash /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
        ,  x-window Ʈ   x-window ش丮
        ϰ, ش丮 Ʈ ϵ鿡  ε ϴ
         ۾ .

        < ݽ ѱ ԡ  >
           ϱ  ؼ ڵ ݽ ַ   
̿ϰ ȴ. , lynx  ؽƮ  ̿Ͽ     
,  κ Ȩ   ̹  Ȩ   . lynx 
 ̿     Ѱ谡 ִ.  ׷, ݽ  ̿ϴ
  ѱ ݽ   ̴. ѱ ġ  ݽ
 ִ  ѱ ݽ  , ѱ    
ݽ ѱ ԡ¿     ȴ. ⼭ ѱ  ġ 
 ݽ ƴ    ݽ   ѱ ԡ 
ϵ ֱ ̴.
        , ݽ ġ Ǿִٰ  Ͽ  ϴ.

=================<Netscape Ҽ ִ° >====================
     ftp.netscape.com: ftp://ftp.netscape.com/
===============================================================

, ݽ ҽ ް     .

=========================<locale.c >============================
#include <locale.h>
#include <X11/Intrinsic.h>

char *_Xsetlocale (int, const char *);

#undef setlocale
char *setlocale (int c, const char *l) {
        if ((c == LC_ALL || c == LC_CTYPE) && l != NULL
        && !(*l == 'C' && l[1] == '\0')) {
                XtSetLanguageProc(NULL, NULL, NULL);
                l = NULL;
        }
        return _Xsetlocale(((c == LC_ALL || c == LC_CTYPE) ? 2 : 3), l);
}
===============================================================

      Ѵ.

# gcc -fPIC -shared -Wl,-rpath=/usr/X11R6/lib,-soname,liblocale.so \
       -o liblocale.so locale.c -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 -lXt
      
׷, liblocale.so  ̺귯 .
׸ , /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale ko 丮 Ŀ

   ش.

====================<XLC_LOCALE >===========================
XLC_FONTSET
# fs0 class (7 bit ASCII)
fs0 {
        charset {
                name    ISO8859-1:GL
        }
        font {
                primary         ISO8859-1:GL
                vertical_rotate all
        }
}

# fs1 class
fs1 {
        charset {
                name    KSC5601.1987-0:GL
        }
        font {
                primary KSC5601.1987-0:GL
                substitute KSC5601.1987-1:GR
        }
}
END XLC_FONTSET
   
XLC_XLOCALE
encoding_name           ko.euc
mb_cur_max              2
state_depend_encoding   False
wc_encoding_mask        \x30000000
wc_shift_bits           7

# cs0 class
cs0 {
        side            GL:Default
        length          1
        wc_encoding     \x00000000
        ct_encoding     ISO8859-1:GL

}

# cs1 class
cs1 {
        side            GR:Default
        length          2
        wc_encoding     \x30000000
        ct_encoding     KSC5601.1987-0:GL; KSC5601.1987-0:GR
}
END XLC_XLOCALE 
==============================================================

  ݽ   Ŀ liblocale.so ̺귯 
 η 縦 ָ ݽ ѱ . ȴ.

=======================< netscape2 >===========================
#!/bin/sh
NS_EXE=/usr/lib/netscape/netscape
NS_LIB=/usr/lib/netscape
LD_PRELOAD="/usr/lib/netscape/liblocale.so:/lib/libc.so.5.3.12"
export LD_PRELOAD

## exec $NS_EXE $* >/tmp/netscape.log1 2>/tmp/netscape.log2 &
exec $NS_EXE $*
===============================================================

 ȭ path  ɸ /usr/X11R6/bin  ϰ   ϸ ȴ.

        < ݽ ѱ Է± ġ >
        * hanIM ġ
        hanIM  ġ ʿ ϵ : xfntmizi-1.1-1.noarch.rpm
                                           hanIM-0.9-1.i386.rpm
, Ʈ ġѴ.

# rpm -ivh xfntmizi-1.1-1.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh hanIM-0.9-1.i386.rpm

׸ , /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc ̵ؼ Ʈ  .

# cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
# mkfontdir
# xset fp rehash

 ɾ Ű, Ʈ   . ,   ݽ
 ѱ ̺귯 hanIM, kims  locale.so Է  Ϲ
  ݽ Ű   hanIM Ű, ѱ Է  
.

        * kims ġ
        kims ʿ  : kims.1.0a-971009.tar.gz

, kims  ޾ƿͼ  Ǯ. root  丮  Ǭٰ Ͽ 
ġ غڴ.

# tar xvfz kims.1.0a-971009.tar.gz
# cd usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc

ϸ, ʿ 3 Ʈ ִ. 
3 Ʈ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc  縦 .

# cp *.gz /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
# mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc
# xset fp rehash /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc

̷ ϸ kims  ʿ Ʈ ġ Ͽ.

# cd /root/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults ϸ CHterm̶ kims 
ϴ ѱ Į ͹̳   ִ.
̰ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults  縦 Ѵ.

# cp CHterm /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults 

׸ , /root/usr/X11R6/bin    kims  chterm ̶   
 ִ. ̰ /usr/X11R6/bin  縦 غ.

# cd /root/usr/X11R6/bin
# cp kims chterm /usr/X11R6/bin

׸ , /root/usr/local/lib 丮   kims ʿ  ڻ ִ.
(丮 ° Ѵ)

# cd /root/usr/local/lib
# cp -r dic /usr/local/lib

׷ ϴ kims ġ  ȴ.    .
  Ȩ 丮 ִ .bash_profile Ѵ.

=========================<.bash_profile >========================
export LANG=ko
export XMODIFIERS="@im=kims"
===============================================================

ϰ , source .bash_profile̶   о ̰Բ ش.
׸, kims  Ǭ 丮  .Xdefults_kims  ִµ  
 Ȩ 丮 ִ .Xdefaults ش.

  kims  .Xdefaults ̴.

========================< .Xdefaults >==========================
kims.hangulEnglishToggle: Shift_space
kims.hanja: Meta_g
kims.hanjaBack: Meta_e
kims.hanjaWindowPopup: Meta_c
kims.special: Control_p
kims.fontSet:\
-schumacher-clean-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1,\
-kaist-myeongjo-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-160-ksc5601.1987-1
kims.foreground: black
kims.background: white
!!
!!chterm
!!
CHterm*Title: ѱ Է ͹̳ 
CHterm*scrollBar: on
CHterm*foreground: black
CHterm*background: white
CHterm*jumpScroll: on
CHterm*saveLines: 1000
CHterm*fontSet:\
-schumacher-clean-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1,\
-kaist-myeongjo-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-160-ksc5601.1987-1

Netscape*international: true
Netscape*inputMethod: kims
Netscape*preeditType: Root
==============================================================

̷  ڽ Ȩ丮 ִ .Xdefaults  ְ 

# xrdb -load .Xdefaults   о̰ ϸ   
 ȴ.

* ǻ : ݽ ѱ Է±⸦   ѱ Է Ϸ , kims 
 hanIM  ѱ Է±⸦  Ų  ݽ Ű ȴ.

*  : kims  hanIM   ڼ   Ȩ Ѵ.
@ kims :  http://members.iworld.net/bumchul/kims.html
@ hanIM : http://www.mizi.co.kr/hanIM/hanIM-right.htm

        < ѱ ۾   >
        Linux ͹̳ 忡 ѱ۸ ȯ   ѱ   ذ
     ִ. ̷  Ȥ LINUX ͹̳θ
  , ѱ۸ ȯ Ŀ ѱ ĺ ̻ϰ  찡 ִµ 
  STTY Ͽ 8Ʈ EUCڵ尡 µǵ   ִ 
 ִ.

# stty cs8 -parenb -istrip Ǵ
# stty pass8

 ָ ȴ.  ϳ ٷ ѱȯ漳  ִ ̴.

bash  : # vi /etc/profile ϸ
--------------------------------------------------------------
export LESSCHARSET=latin1
export LANG=ko
--------------------------------------------------------------
 Ѵ.
 ڽ Ȩ丮 ִ .bashrc   Ͽ .

csh  : ڽ Ȩ丮 ִ .cshrc  Ѵ.
# vi .cshrc ϸ
 -------------------------------------------------------------
setenv LANG ko
setenv LC_TYPe iso_8859_1
setenv LESSCHARSET latin1
stty cs8 -istrip -parenb
--------------------------------------------------------------
 Ѵ.

        < Han ġ   ǻ >
        han2  ܼ̳ н  ֿܼ ѱ ϱ  
̴. SVGA 带 ϸ  ī忡  Ư Ÿ  ִ.
S3 virge, S3 Trio64V+, TGUI 9680, Milenium I, Cyber 9683(ThinkPad)
̻  ī忡   ư. ġ  .

# tar xvfz han2-0.3.7.tar.gz
# cd han2-0.3.7H
# make config
# make 
# make install : han ̶   ȴ.

Ʈ /usr/share/fonts ġϸ, 8x16pc.bdf.gz(Ʈ), h16m.bdf.gz(ѱ
Ʈ) ϰ ִ.

minix-zcat:Startup
gzip -d < /usr/local/share/fonts/han/h16m.bdf.Z | /usr/local/bin/hanfld
gzip -d < /usr/local/share/fonts/han/8x16pc.bdf.Z | /usr/local/bin/hanfl
* Startup  پִ°  о̴ Ʈ κ̴.

han    /etc/han.cfg  ִ.
ѱ  :    2   ڶ                 HangulKeyboard: 2
                3   ڶ                 HangulKeyboard: 3
/ ȯ : han / ȯ shift+space Ϸ /etc/han.cfg  keymap 
 ϸ ȴ.

# cp /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/us.map /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/han.map 

̰ us.map han.map̶ ̸ ϴ ̴.
han.map "keycode 57  = space   space"  ã   ڿ  ִ space 
"Contorl_underscore" ٲ۴. , "keycode 57 = space  Control_underscore"ó 
ٲٸ ȴ. ׸  , /etc/han.cfg

---------------------------------------------------------------
# Show "NO warranty" message
StartupMessage: on
HanguelToggleChar: 31
HanguelKeyboard: 2
---------------------------------------------------------------

̿   ָ ȴ. ⼭  "loadkeys han"̶ ϸ han.map 
 keymap ٲ鼭 / ȯ  shift+space   ְ,  ġ 
"loadkeys us" 󺹱ϸ ȴ.

        < MC(Midnight Commander)  ѱ  >
         ϴ  MC   ѹ ̻  ̴. 
    MC   ѱ   ϴ. MC   Ű,   
Options  ׸  ̴. Options  ׸  ϸ, Display bits 
 ׸ Ÿµ ϰ , * Full 8 bits output ̶ ׸ Full 
8 bits input ̶ ׸  ڿ,  Save setup  ϸ 2Ʈ 
ش.    ׸ /etc/profile.d  mc.sh ̶  Ϸ  
 Ѵ.

=====================< mc.sh >=============================
mc() {
        MC=/tmp/mc$$-"$RANDOM"
        /usr/bin/mc -P "$@" > "$MC"
        cd "`cat $MC`"
        rm -f "$MC"
        unset MC;
}
===========================================================

 ѵ,    ɰ  ָ ѱ  ȴ.

# chmod 755 mc.sh
# source mc.sh 

 о̰ Ǿ   ѱ  ȴ.

        < lynx(ؽƮ )  ѱ  >
        lynx  ؽƮ  ν   ӵ  ̴.  ׷, 
lynx  ѱ ¿ ؼ ˾ƺ .  lynx   "O" Ű 
ϸ Option   µ, display  (C)haraster set Korean  ٲ , 
Raw 8-bit or CJK m(O)de ON Ͻø ˴ϴ. ׷,   ʹ 
 Ǽ ֽϴ.

        < GNU Emacs ѱ  >
        GNU Emacs 20.x ʹ  Mule  յǾ ٱ(ѱ,  ߱
, Ͼ, Ʈ, ŸϷ, ...) ϰ    ִ. ׷  ѱ/
 ȯ ۼ 迭 θ ̴ ۼ谡 ƴ϶   ִµ, Ʒ  
Ȩ 丮 .emacs   ϸ SHIFT-SPACE ۼ ѱ/  ȯ 
SHIFT-CTRL-SPACE ۼ / ȯ    ִ. (CTRL-SPACE
 Emacs  κ ϴµ Ǵ ۼ̹Ƿ,   ۼ踦 /
ȯ    ϴ       ȥ          Ƿ    ⿡ 
SHIFT-CTRL-SPACE ۼ ߴ.) 

=========================< .emacs >================================
 $HOME/.emacs  

 ѱ ȯ 
(set-language-environment 'Korean)
(set-keyboard-coding-system 'korean-iso-8bit)
(set-terminal-coding-system 'korean-iso-8bit)

 ѱ/ ȯ Լ
(defun toggle-hangul-key ()
        "Toggle Hangul Key"
        (interactive)
        (cond ((equal current-input-method "korean-hangul")
                (toggle-input-method))
                (t (select-input-method 'korean-hangul))))

 / ȯ Լ
(defun toggle-hanja-key ()
        "Toggle Hanja Key"
        (interactive)
        (cond ((equal current-input-method "korean-hanja")
                (toggle-input-method))
                (t (select-input-method 'korean-hanja))))

 ۼ 
 / ȯ ۼ踦 F9 ٲٰ ,
[(shift control ?\ )] [(f9)] ϸ ȴ.
(define-key global-map [(shift ?\ )] 'toggle-hangul-key)
(define-key global-map [(shift control ?\ )] 'toggle-hanja-key)
===================================================================
 X-Window ϱ
         :  ڿ  ϱ⵵     ϴ 
 ٷ X-Window  ƴѰ ʹ. MS-Windows  Mac  ȯ濡 ͼ 
ó   X-Window  ȭ   ؼ ʼ
  ޾Ƶ̴   ʹ. LinuX X-Window  ȯ  XFree86 
Ʈ  ϰ ,    ϰ ִ.  VGA ȸ
翡 ̺   ʰ, Linux  ؼ ׸ ū  ޾Ƶ
 ʱ ̴. ׵鿡 MS-Windows  ū  ֱ⿡ Linux 
  ũ    ʰ  ֱ  ̴.   ׷, 2-3       Linux 
X-Window ũž     ƴϾ. ׷,  ߼ 
 VGA ü ̺    Linux ڿ ϰ  , 
XFree86 3.3.2 AGP  ī忡   ϱ Ͽ.    
Linux ڿ ó ϰ Ǵ X-Window  پ ð 
 ̴.

        < ġ ʿ XFree86 Ű  >
preinst.sh :             Pre-installation script.
Postinst.sh :           Post-installation script.
extract :               XFree86 extraction utility.
X332bin.tgz :           clients, run-time libs, and app-defaults files.
X332doc.tgz :          Documentation.
X332fnts.tgz :          75dpi, misc and PEX fonts.
X332libs.tgz :          Data files required at run-time.
X332man.tgz :         Manual pages.
X332set.tgz :           XF86Setup utility.
X332VG16.tgz :        16 colors VGA server (XF86Setup needs this server).
X332upd.tgz :          XFree86 3.3.2 patch 2 update.
X332cfg.tgz :           Sample config files for xinit, xdm.
X3328514.tgz :         8514/A server.
X332AGX.tgz :         AGX server.
X332I128.tgz :          I128 server.
X332Mach32.tgz :      Mach 32 server.
X332Mach64.tgz :      Mach 64 server.
X332Ma8.tgz :         Mach 8 server.
X332Mono.tgz :        Mono server.
X332P9k.tgz :          P9000 server.
X332S3.tgz :           S3 server.
X332S3V.tgz :         old S3 VIRGE server (please use SVGA server).
X332SVGA.tgz :       SVGA server.
X332VG16.tgz :        16 colour VGA server (XF86Setup needs this server).
X332W32.tgz :         ET4000/W32, ET6000 server.
X332f100.tgz :          100dpi fonts.
X332fcyr.tgz :          Cyrillic fonts.
X332fnon.tgz :         Other fonts (chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hebrew).
X332fscl.tgz :          Scalable fonts (Speedo and Type1).
X332fsrv.tgz :          Font server and config files.
X332prog.tgz :         X header files, config files and compile-time libs.
X332nest.tgz :          Hested X server.
X332vfb.tgz :          Virtual framebuffer X server.
X332prt.tgz :           X Print server.
X332ps.tgz :           Postscript version of the documentation.
X332html.tgz :         HTML version of the documentation.
X332lkit.tgz :          X server LinkKit.
X332lk98.tgz :          X server LinkKit for PC98 servers. 

        < XFree86 ġ >
         XFree86  ִٸ /usr/X11R6/ 丮  νϱ 
  ϱ ٶ.

# mkdir /home/X11R6
# ln -s /home/X11R6 /usr
# cd /usr/X11R6

          ν XFree86 Ű  δ /var/tmp 丮 縦 
Ѵ. Ű νϱ   post installation script Ų  

# sh /var/tmp/preinst.sh
# chmod 755 extract

 XFree86  ν غ Ǿ. ν Ű   丮 ī
Ǹ ϴ   ⸦...

# cd /usr/X11R6
# /var/tmp/extract /var/tmp/X332[8-z]*.tgz
׷, Ű ġ Ǳ Ѵ.

        < XFree86 ġ >
         XFree86 3.3.2    ֽ ġ  X332upd.tgz ̴.   
 ޾Ƽ ġ غ.

extract :                XFree86 extraction utility.
X3322upd.tgz :          XFree86 3.3.2 patch 2 update.

, XFree86 3.3.2  ġ Ǿִٰ  Ѵ.

# chmod 755 extract

׸, X3322upd.tgz  /var/tmp 丮 縦 Ѵ.

# cp X3322upd.tgz /var/tmp/
# /var/tmp/extract /var/tmp/X332upd.tgz
()X3322upd.tgz νϱ  X3321upd.tgz ġ ǾѴ. 

        < Xconfigurator ϱ >
        ֽ  ýۿ X ϴµ ־     
. ù°,    X ϱ   ϰ ð           ֵ 
Xconfigurator  ̿Ͽ X  ϴ İ, ι°,   ؽƮ 
ν ִ xf86config ִ. ⼭ ڵ      ִ 
Xconfigurator ؼ ˾ƺ . Xconfigurator X  interface  ܼ 
忡   ϴ.     .

# Xconfigurator

=========================< Xconfigurator >===================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on Menu
       selections you make.

       The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 or
       /etc/X11. A sample XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it
       is confgiured for a standard VGA card and monitor with 640x480
       resolution.

       You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it
       for your configuration, or let this program produce a base
       XF86Config file for your configuration adn fine-tune it. Refer
       to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config for a detailed overview


                  ----                         ----------
                 | OK |                       |  Cancel  |
                  ----                         ----------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements  | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen  
=========================================================================

̷ ȭ  ̴. ⼭, OK ư   ڽ  ī
 Ĩ ã鼭  ȭ ð̴.
  
=========================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
                ------------------------------------------
                                  PCI Probe
          
                  PCI probing found a:

                    PCI Entry: Mystique
                    X server : SVGA

                                  ---------
                                  |  OK   |
                                  --------

                ------------------------------------------- 
    <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
========================================================================
⼭   ī  ̽Ƽṵ̃, ⿡ ´ X  server  SVGA  
޽  ´.  ī尡  Ǿ,  Ѿ .
   
========================================================================
   Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
        --------------------------------------------------------------  
                               Monitor Setup

        What type of  monitor do you  have? If  you would rather  specify the     
        sync frequencies of your monitor, choose "Custom" from the list. 

                     Custom                                
                     Acer Acerview 11D                     
                     Acer Acerview 33D/33DL             
                     Acer Acerview 34T/34TL             
                     AOC-15                               
                     Apollo 1280x1024-68Hz                
                     Apollo 1280x1024-70Hz       

                --------                       -----------------
                |  OK  |                       |    Cancel     |
                -------                        -----------------
        --------------------------------------------------------------
    <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements  | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
=========================================================================
  
⼭ ڽ  ִ ͸ ãƺ ٶ.  Ｚ  
  ִ ڶ  ߱  ̴. LG ʹ   
 ʴ. ڽ  ִ Ͱ Ͽ ٸ,    Custom   
  Ŵ ãƼ   ļ   ļ ˾Ƶα 
. ͸ Ͽٸ  Ѿ .

  =============================================================              
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others 

  -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                 Monitor Setup

       Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The             
       two critical parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which          
       is the rate at which the the whole screen is refreshed, and           
       most importantly the horizontal sync rate, which is the rate          
       at which scanlines are displayed.                                     
             
       The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should          
       be documented in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt,             
       check the monitor database /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors            
       to see if your monitor is there.                       
   

 
                ---------                   -----------------     
                |       |                   |               |
                |  OK   |                   |     Cancel    |
                |       |                   |               | 
                --------                    ----------------
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
    <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen   
=========================================================================

͸ ϱ  ޽̴. ͸ Ϸ OK ϰ Ѿ.
  
=========================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
                        Monitor Setup (Continued)

      You must indicate the  horizontal sync range  of your monitor.  You can    
      either select  one of  the predefined  ranges below  that correspond  to     
        industry-standard   monitor   types,   or   give   a   specific    range.                
      It is  VERY IMPORTANT  that you  do not specify  a monitor  type with  a      
      horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities  of your monitor.  
      If in doubt, choose a conservative setting.

      Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz                               
      Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz                                  
      8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)   
      Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz  
      Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz       
      Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz      
      High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz                     
      Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz           
      Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz                    
      Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz      

            ---------                     ---------------------
            |       |                     |                   | 
            |  OK   |                     |      Cancel       |
            |       |                     |                   |
            ---------                     ---------------------
      --------------------------------------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
  =======================================================================
  
 κ Ϳ ػ󵵿    ļ ߴ ׸̴. ڽ 
Ϳ   ļ Ŵ󿡼 ã ߾  ٶ.  ļ
 ߾   ļ ߴ κ̴

========================================================================= 
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others 
       -------------------------------------------------------------
                      Monitor Setup (Continued)

       You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor.           
       You can either select one of the predefined ranges below             
       that correspond to industry-standard monitor types, or give          
       a specific range. For interlaced modes, the number that              
       counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).               
          
                                 50-70                                     
                                 50-90                                     
                                 50-100                                    
                                 40-150 


         ---------                    --------------------- 
         |       |                    |                   |
         |  OK   |                    |       Cancel      |
         |       |                    |                   |
         ---------                    ---------------------

       --------------------------------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen   
  ======================================================================

⼭    ļ ߴ κ̴.

======================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
               ---------------------------------------------
                           Probing to begin

                 Xconfigurator will now run the X                        
                 server you selected to probe                            
                 various information about your                          
                 video card. It is normal for the                        
                 screen to blink several times.  

                                ----------
                                |        |
                                |   OK   |
                                |        |
                                ----------

                --------------------------------------------

  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen 
  ========================================================================
 κ      ļ    ļ  
 ī Ĩ Ŭ ´ Ȯϴ ̴.  ׽Ʈ  ʴ´ٸ 
ٽ    ִ.  ʴ´ٸ ̷ ޼  ̴.

 =========================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
                 -------------------------------------------
                                  X Error

                      There was an error executing the                        
                      X server in a probing mode. You                         
                      should try configuring the video                        
                      card manually. 

                                  ----------
                                  |        | 
                                  |   OK   |
                                  |        |
                                  ----------

                 -------------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
  =======================================================================  

  ޸𸮸 ϴ κ̴.

  =======================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others
                     ------------------------------------
                                   Video Memory

                      How much video memory do you have?                      
                                      256 k                                 
                                      512 k                                  
                                      1 meg                                  
                                      2 meg                                  
                                      4 meg                                  
                                      8 meg
                       -------           ----------------
                       |     |           |              |
                       |  OK |           |    Cancel    |
                       |     |           |              |
                       -------           ---------------- 

                     ------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
  ========================================================================

 κ  ī ޸𸮴 1-2MB̴.  ڽ  ޸𸮰 
 Ǵ Ȯغ.  Ͽ   ī Ŭ Ĩ 
 κ̴.

  ========================================================================
  Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others 
       -------------------------------------------------------------
                            Clockchip Configuration

       Which Clockchip do you have ?

       No Clockchip Setting (recommended)                                 
       Chrontel 8391                                                      
       ICD2061A and compatibles (ICS9161A, DCS2824)                       
       ICS2595                                                            
       ICS5342 (similar to SDAC, but not completely compatible)           
       ICS5341                                                            
       S3 GenDAC (86C708) and ICS5300 (autodetected)                      
       S3 SDAC (86C716)                                     
       STG 1703 (autodetected)                                            
       Sierra SC11412                                                     
       TI 3025 (autodetected)                                             
       TI 3026 (autodetected)                                             
       IBM RGB 51x/52x (autodetected       

            ---------                       -------------------
            |       |                       |                 |
            |  OK   |                       |      Canecel    |
            |       |                       |                 |
            ---------                       -------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  <Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen  
=========================================================================

ڽ  ī ޴ Ƽ  ī  Ŭ Ĩ Ȯ ̸ 
˾ƾ    ̴. S3  迭    κ   ī  No Clockchip 
Setting (recommend) ϸ ȴ. ⼭ ڽ  ϰ ϴ ÷ 
󵵸 üũϱ ٶ.
  =======================================================================

      ----------------------------------------------------------------
                                You're Done!

      File has been written. Take a look at it before running               
      'startx'. Note that the XF86Config file must be in one of the         
      directories searched by the server (e.g. /usr/X11R6/lib/X11)          
      in order to be used. Within the server press ctrl, alt and            
      '+' simultaneously to cycle video resolutions. Pressing ctrl,         
      alt and backspace simultaneously immediately exits the server         
      (use if the monitor doesn't sync for a particular mode).              
              
      For further configuration, refer to                                   
      /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config.  
                         
                                  --------
                                  |      |
                                  |  OK  |
                                  |      |
                                  --------
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
=========================================================================


̰μ,   Xconfigurator   ̿Ͽ X    Ҵ.  
ؽƮ  X  ϴ  ؼ ˾ƺ .

        < xf86config  ϱ >
           ߵ ؽƮ ν X   ϴ ̴. 
ֿܼ  X  interfaces        ִ   ̴. ׷,   ƹ 
xf86config ϱ ٶ.
   
# xf86config

 ======================================================================
 This program will create a  basic XF86Config file, based on  menu selections 
you
 make.

 The XF86Config file  usually resides  in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11  or /etc/X11.  A 
sample
 XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard
 VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a
 pathname when it is ready to write the file.

 You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your
 configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your
 configuration         and         fine-tune         it.         Refer         to 
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config
 for a detailed overview of the configuration process.

 For accelerated servers (including accelerated drivers in the SVGA server),
 there are many chipset and card-specific options and settings. This program
 does not know  about these.  On some configurations  some of  these settings 
must
 be specified. Refer to the server man pages and chipset-specific READMEs.

 Before continuing with this program, make sure you know the chipset and
 amount of video memory on your video card. SuperProbe can help with this.
 It is also helpful if you know what server you want to run.

 Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
 =======================================================================

xf86config   κ̴.  Ϸ  ͸, ߴѴٸ ctrl-c  
. ͸ ļ   غ.
 =======================================================================
 The directory '/usr/X386/bin' exists. You probably have an old version of
 XFree86 installed (XFree86 3.1 installs in '/usr/X11R6' instead of
 '/usr/X386').

 It is important that the directory '/usr/X11R6' is present in your
 search path,   *before* any   occurrence of   '/usr/X386/bin'. If   you have 
installed
 X program binaries that are not in the base XFree86 distribution in
 '/usr/X386/bin', you can keep the directory in your path as long as it is
 after '/usr/X11R6'.

 Your PATH is currently set as follows:
 
/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/opt/kde/bin:/root/bin:/usr/X11R
6/bin:/opt/kde/b
in:/root/bin

 Note that the X binary directory in your path may be a symbolic link.
 In that   case you  could modify   the symbolic  link to   point to  the new 
binaries.
 Example: 'rm -f /usr/bin/X11; ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/bin/X11', if the
 link is '/usr/bin/X11'.

 Make sure the path is OK before continuing.
 Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
 =======================================================================

 XFree86  ġ н Ȯϴ ̴.    Ϸ ͸ 
ġ Ѿ ȴ.
 =======================================================================
 First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list:

 1.  Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol)
 2.  Mouse Systems (3-button protocol)
 3.  Bus Mouse
 4.  PS/2 Mouse
 5.  Logitech Mouse (serial, old type, Logitech protocol)
 6.  Logitech MouseMan (Microsoft compatible)
 7.  MM Series
 8.  MM HitTablet
 9.  Microsoft IntelliMouse

 If you have a two-button mouse, it is most likely of type 1, and if you have
 a three-button mouse, it can probably  support both protocol 1 and  2. There 
are
 two main varieties of the latter type: mice with a switch to select the
 protocol, and mice that default to 1 and require a button to be held at
 boot-time to  select protocol  2.  Some mice  can be  convinced  to do  2 by 
sending
 a special sequence to the serial port (see the ClearDTR/ClearRTS options).

 Enter a protocol number: 
 ======================================================================

ڽ ýۿ  콺   ϴ κ̴. PS/2 콺  4,  
Ϲ ø 콺  ִ ڴ 1 ϰ Ѿ ȴ.
 =======================================================================
 If your mouse has only two buttons, it is recommended that you enable
 Emulate3Buttons.

 Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
 Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? 
 ========================================================================
 
Ϲ 2ư ڶ  ư  ġ  3ư 콺ó  
Ʈ ִ     ׸̴. 2ư 콺 3ư 콺 
ó Ϸ YES ϰ Ѿ ٶ.

 ========================================================================
 Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example
 /dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse.

 Mouse device:
 ========================================================================

콺 ý ̽ ϴ κ̴. Ʈδ /dev/mouse  Ǿ
. ͸ ġ Ѿ ȴ.

========================================================================
 Beginning with XFree86 3.1.2D, you can use the new X11R6.1 XKEYBOARD
 extension to manage the keyboard layout. If you answer 'n' to the following
 question, the server will use the old method, and you have to adjust
 your keyboard layout with xmodmap.

 Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
 Do you want to use XKB?
 =========================================================================

Ű   ϴ κ̴. κ  NO    Ű
 ϱ ٶ.

 =========================================================================
 If you want your keyboard to generate non-ASCII characters in X, because
 you want to be able to enter language-specific characters, you can
 set the left Alt key to Meta, and the right Alt key to ModeShift.

 Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
 Do you want to enable these bindings for the Alt keys?
 =========================================================================

̰ ʰ  ALT Ű ٸ   Ұ   ׸̴. 
 ÿ ޷ȴ.

 =========================================================================
 Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
 parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
 the whole  screen is  refreshed, and  most importantly  the  horizontal sync 
rate,
 which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.

 The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
 in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database
 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there.

 Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
 =========================================================================

  ռ    ļ   ļ Ȯϱ 
. ͸ Ϸ ͸ ġ Ѿ.

 =========================================================================
 You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
 select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
 standard monitor types, or give a specific range.

 It is   VERY IMPORTANT  that  you  do not   specify a   monitor type  with  a 
horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor.  If in 
doubt, choose a conservative setting.

   hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
1  31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
2  31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
3  31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
4  31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
5  31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
6  31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
7  31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
8  31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
9  31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10  31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11  Enter your own horizontal sync range

 Enter your choice (1-11): 
 =========================================================================
 
 κ ڽ   ִ     ļ ϴ  ̴. 
, ڽ  Ŵ󿡼   ļ 뿪 Ȯ Ŀ ãƺ 
ٸ 11 Ͽ ڽ ļ 뿪 ָ ȴ. 1-10 ̸ 
 ڸ  11 Ͽ     ļ Ϸ  
   Ȯϱ ٶ.
 ========================================================================
 Please enter the horizontal sync range of your monitor, in the format used
 in the table of monitor types above. You can either specify one or more
 continuous  ranges   (e.g.  15-25,  30-50),   or  one  or   more  fixed  sync 
frequencies.

 Horizontal sync range: 
 =========================================================================

11 Ͽ Ÿ  κ̴. ڽ     ļ 뿪  (Horizontal 
sync range: )  κп ָȴ.   ڽ   ļ 뿪
 30-65 ̶

ex)  Horizontal sync range: 30-65

̷  ָ ȴ.    ߴٸ    ļ  
ϴ κ ̵ .
 ========================================================================
 You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
 select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
 standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
 the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

 1  50-70
 2  50-90
 3  50-100
 4  40-150
 5  Enter your own vertical sync range

 Enter your choice: 
 ========================================================================
 
    ļ ϴ κν,  ڽ   Ŵ󿡼 
  ļ 뿪 Ȯ   Ŀ ϱ ٶ. ڽ    
 ļ 뿪 ڼ  ƴ ڶ 5 ׸񿡼  Ȯ  ļ 
뿪 ִ  Ѵ. 5  Ŀ   ļ 뿪 
ϴ ̴.

 ========================================================================
 Vertical sync range: 50-110
 ========================================================================
  
⼭   ļ 뿪 50-110 ̶ ־.    
 ļ 뿪̴.  Ǿ ͸ ġ  Ѿ.

========================================================================
 You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
 identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
 in default names.

 The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
 Enter an identifier for your monitor definition:
 ========================================================================

  ̸  ׸̴.  ʾƵ .
 ========================================================================
 Enter the vendor name of your monitor: 
 ========================================================================

 ̸  ׸̴.
 ========================================================================
 Enter the model name of your monitor:
 ========================================================================

 ʾƵ ȴ.
 ׷ ī带 ϴ κ̴.
========================================================================
 Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
 choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
 Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
 between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
 the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
 selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
 the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.

 The database entries include information about the chipset, what server to
 run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
 Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what server
 to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.

 If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
 You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
 your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
 GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
 hardware as can be).

 Do you want to look at the card database? 
 =======================================================================

 κ ׷ ī带 ϴ κ̴. Yes  ϰ ϰ Ѿ 
.
 =======================================================================
 
  0  2 the Max MAXColor S3 Trio64V+                    S3 Trio64V+
  1  928Movie                                          S3 928
  2  AGX (generic)                                     AGX-014/15/16
  3  ALG-5434(E)                                       CL-GD5434
  4  ASUS 3Dexplorer                                   RIVA128
  5  ASUS PCI-AV264CT                                  ATI-Mach64
  6  ASUS PCI-V264CT                                   ATI-Mach64
  7  ASUS Video Magic PCI V864                         S3 864
  8  ASUS Video Magic PCI VT64                         S3 Trio64
  9  AT25                                              Alliance AT3D
 10  AT3D                                              Alliance AT3D
 11  ATI 3D Pro Turbo                                  ATI-Mach64
 12  ATI 3D Xpression                                  ATI-Mach64
 13  ATI 3D Xpression+ PC2TV                           ATI-Mach64
 14  ATI 8514 Ultra (no VGA)                           ATI-Mach8
 15  ATI All-in-Wonder                                 ATI-Mach64
 16  ATI Graphics Pro Turbo                            ATI-Mach64
 17  ATI Graphics Pro Turbo 1600                       ATI-Mach64 
 18  ATI Graphics Ultra                                ATI-Mach8
 19  ATI Graphics Ultra Pro                            ATI-Mach32
 20  ATI Graphics Xpression with 68875 RAMDAC          ATI-Mach64
 21  ATI Graphics Xpression with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC    ATI-Mach64
 22  ATI Graphics Xpression with CH8398 RAMDAC         ATI-Mach64
 23  ATI Graphics Xpression with Mach64 CT (264CT)     ATI-Mach64
 24  ATI Graphics Xpression with STG1702 RAMDAC        ATI-Mach64
 25  ATI Mach32                                        ATI-Mach32
 26  ATI Mach64                                        ATI-Mach64
 27  ATI Mach64 3D RAGE II+, Internal RAMDAC           ATI-Mach64
 28  ATI Mach64 3D RAGE II, Internal RAMDAC            ATI-Mach64
 29  ATI Mach64 CT (264CT), Internal RAMDAC            ATI-Mach64
 30  ATI Mach64 GT (264GT), aka 3D RAGE, Internal RAMDACATI-Mach64
 31  ATI Mach64 VT (264VT), Internal RAMDAC            ATI-Mach64
 32  ATI Mach64 with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC                ATI-Mach64
 33  ATI Mach64 with CH8398 RAMDAC                     ATI-Mach64
 34  ATI Mach64 with IBM RGB514 RAMDAC                 ATI-Mach64
 35  ATI Pro Turbo+PC2TV, 3D Rage II+DVD               ATI-Mach64
 36  ATI Ultra Plus                                    ATI-Mach32
 37  ATI Video Xpression                               ATI-Mach64
 38  ATI Win Boost with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC             ATI-Mach64
 39  ATI Win Boost with CH8398 RAMDAC                  ATI-Mach64
 40  ATI Win Boost with Mach64 CT (264CT)              ATI-Mach64
 41  ATI Win Boost with STG1702 RAMDAC                 ATI-Mach64
 42  ATI Win Turbo                                     ATI-Mach64
 43  ATI Wonder SVGA                                   ATI vgawonder
 44  ATI Xpert@Play PCI and AGP, 3D Rage Pro           ATI-Mach64
 45  ATI Xpert@Work, 3D Rage Pro                       ATI-Mach64
 46  ATrend ATC-2165A                                  ET6000
 47  Actix GE32+ 2MB                                   S3 801/805
 48  Actix GE32i                                       S3 805i
 49  Actix GE64                                        S3 864
 50  Actix ProStar                                     CL-GD5426/5428
 51  Actix ProStar 64                                  CL-GD5434
 52  Actix Ultra                                       S3 928
 53  Acumos AVGA3                                      CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9
 54  Alliance ProMotion 6422                           AP6422
 55  Ark Logic ARK1000PV (generic)                     ARK1000PV
 56  Ark Logic ARK1000VL (generic)                     ARK1000VL
 57  Ark Logic ARK2000MT (generic)                     ARK1000MT
 58  Ark Logic ARK2000PV (generic)                     ARK1000PV
 59  Avance Logic 2101                                 Avance Logic
 60  Avance Logic 2228                                 Avance Logic
 61  Avance Logic 2301                                 Avance Logic
 62  Avance Logic 2302                                 Avance Logic
 63  Avance Logic 2308                                 Avance Logic
 64  Avance Logic 2401                                 Avance Logic
 65  Binar Graphics AnyView                            ET6000
 66  Boca Vortex (Sierra RAMDAC)                       AGX-015
 67  COMPAQ Armada 7380DMT                             S3 Aurora64V+
 68  COMPAQ Armada 7730MT                              S3 Aurora64V+
 69  California Graphics SunTracer 6000                ET6000
 70  Canopus Co. Power Window 3DV                      S3 ViRGE
 71  Canopus Total-3D                                  Verite 1000
 72  Cardex Challenger (Pro)                           ET4000/W32(i/p)
 73  Cardex Cobra                                      ET4000/W32(i/p)
 74  Cardex Trio64                                     S3 Trio64
 75  Cardex Trio64Pro                                  S3 Trio64
 76  Chips & Technologies CT64200                      ct64200
 77  Chips & Technologies CT64300                      ct64300
 78  Chips & Technologies CT65520                      ct65520
 79  Chips & Technologies CT65525                      ct65525
 80  Chips & Technologies CT65530                      ct65530
 81  Chips & Technologies CT65535                      ct65535
 82  Chips & Technologies CT65540                      ct65540
 83  Chips & Technologies CT65545                      ct65545
 84  Chips & Technologies CT65546                      ct65546
 85  Chips & Technologies CT65548                      ct65548
 86  Chips & Technologies CT65550                      ct65550
 87  Chips & Technologies CT65554                      ct65554
 88  Chips & Technologies CT65555                      ct65555
 89  Chips & Technologies CT68554                      ct68554
 90  Cirrus Logic GD542x                               CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9
 91  Cirrus Logic GD543x                               CL-GD5430/5434
 92  Cirrus Logic GD544x                               CL-GD544x
 93  Cirrus Logic GD5462                               CL-GD5462
 94  Cirrus Logic GD5464                               CL-GD5464
 95  Cirrus Logic GD62xx (laptop)                      CL-GD6205/15/25/35
 96  Cirrus Logic GD64xx (laptop)                      CL-GD6420/6440
 97  Cirrus Logic GD754x (laptop)                      CL-GD7541/42/43/48
 98  Colorgraphic Dual Lightning                       ET4000/W32(i/p)
 99  Creative Labs 3D Blaster PCI (Verite 1000)        Verite 1000
 100  Creative Labs Graphics Blaster 3D                 CL-GD5464
 101  Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA201              CL-GD544x
 102  Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA202              CL-GD544x
 103  Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA302              CL-GD5462
 104  Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA334              CL-GD5464
 105  DFI-WG1000                                        CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9
 106  DFI-WG5000                                        ET4000/W32(i/p)
 107  DFI-WG6000                                        WD90C33
 108  DSV3325                                           S3 ViRGE
 109  DSV3326                                           S3 Trio64V+
 110  DataExpert DSV3325                                S3 ViRGE
 111  DataExpert DSV3365                                S3 Trio64V+
 112  Dell S3 805                                       S3 801/805
 113  Dell onboard ET4000                               ET4000
 114  Diamond Edge 3D                                   nv1
 115  Diamond Multimedia Stealth 3D 2000                S3 ViRGE
 116  Diamond Multimedia Stealth 3D 2000 PRO            S3 ViRGE/DX
 117  Diamond SpeedStar (Plus)                          ET4000
 118  Diamond SpeedStar 24                              ET4000
 119  Diamond SpeedStar 24X (not fully supported)       WD90C31
 120  Diamond SpeedStar 64                              CL-GD5434
 121  Diamond SpeedStar HiColor                         ET4000
 122  Diamond SpeedStar Pro (not SE)                    CL-GD5426/28
 123  Diamond SpeedStar Pro 1100                        CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9
 124  Diamond SpeedStar Pro SE (CL-GD5430/5434)         CL-GD5430/5434
 125  Diamond SpeedStar64 Graphics 2000/2200            CL-GD5434
 126  Diamond Stealth 24                                S3 801/805
 127  Diamond Stealth 32                                ET4000/W32(i/p)
 128  Diamond Stealth 3D 2000                           S3 ViRGE
 129  Diamond Stealth 3D 2000 PRO                       S3 ViRGE/DX
 130  Diamond Stealth 3D 3000                           S3 ViRGE/VX
 131  Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM SE                        S3 Trio32
 132  Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM with S3 SDAC              S3 864
 133  Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM with S3 Trio64            S3 Trio64
 134  Diamond Stealth 64 VRAM                           S3 964
 135  Diamond Stealth 64 Video VRAM (TI RAMDAC)         S3 968
 136  Diamond Stealth Pro                               S3 928
 137  Diamond Stealth VRAM                              S3 911/924
 138  Diamond Stealth Video 2500                        Alliance AT24
 139  Diamond Stealth Video DRAM                        S3 868
 140  Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2001 series            ARK2000PV
 141  Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2xx0 series (864 + SDAC)S3 864
 142  Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2xx0 series (Trio64)   S3 Trio64
 143  Diamond Stealth64 Video 2001 series (2121/2201)   S3 Trio64V+
 144  Diamond Stealth64 Video 2120/2200                 S3 868
 145  Diamond Stealth64 Video 3200                      S3 968
 146  Diamond Stealth64 Video 3240/3400 (IBM RAMDAC)    S3 968
 147  Diamond Stealth64 Video 3240/3400 (TI RAMDAC)     S3 968
 148  Diamond Viper 330                                 RIVA128
 149  Diamond Viper PCI 2Mb                             Weitek 9000
 150  Diamond Viper VLB 2Mb                             Weitek 9000
 151  EIZO (VRAM)                                       AGX-014/15/16
 152  ELSA Gloria-4                                     S3 968
 153  ELSA Gloria-8                                     S3 968
 154  ELSA VICTORY ERAZOR                               RIVA128
 155  ELSA Victory 3D                                   S3 ViRGE
 156  ELSA Victory 3DX                                  S3 ViRGE/DX
 157  ELSA WINNER 1000/T2D                              S3 Trio64V2
 158  ELSA Winner 1000AVI (AT&T 20C409 version)         S3 868
 159  ELSA Winner 1000AVI (SDAC version)                S3 868
 160  ELSA Winner 1000ISA                               S3 805i
 161  ELSA Winner 1000PRO with S3 SDAC                  S3 864
 162  ELSA Winner 1000PRO with STG1700 or AT&T RAMDAC   S3 864
 163  ELSA Winner 1000PRO/X                             S3 868
 164  ELSA Winner 1000TRIO                              S3 Trio64
 165  ELSA Winner 1000TRIO/V                            S3 Trio64V+
 166  ELSA Winner 1000TwinBus                           S3 928
 167  ELSA Winner 1000VL                                S3 928
 168  ELSA Winner 2000                                  S3 928
 169  ELSA Winner 2000AVI                               S3 968
 170  ELSA Winner 2000AVI/3D                            S3 ViRGE/VX
 171  ELSA Winner 2000PRO-2                             S3 964
 172  ELSA Winner 2000PRO-4                             S3 964
 173  ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-2                           S3 968
 174  ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-4                           S3 968
 175  ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-8                           S3 968
 176  ELSA Winner 3000                                  S3 ViRGE/VX
 177  ELSA Winner 3000-L-42                             S3 ViRGE/VX
 178  ELSA Winner 3000-M-22                             S3 ViRGE/VX
 179  ELSA Winner 3000-S                                S3 ViRGE
 180  ET3000 (generic)                                  ET3000
 181  ET4000 (generic)                                  ET4000
 182  ET4000 W32i, W32p (generic)                       ET4000/W32(i/p)
 183  ET4000/W32 (generic)                              ET4000/W32
 184  ET6000 (generic)                                  ET6000
 185  ET6100 (generic)                                  ET6100
 186  ExpertColor DSV3325                               S3 ViRGE
 187  ExpertColor DSV3365                               S3 Trio64V+
 188  Generic VGA compatible                            Generic VGA
 189  Genoa 5400                                        ET3000
 190  Genoa 8500VL(-28)                                 CL-GD5426/28
 191  Genoa 8900 Phantom 32i                            ET4000/W32(i/p)
 192  Genoa Phantom 64i with S3 SDAC                    S3 864
 193  Genoa VideoBlitz III AV                           S3 968
 194  Hercules Dynamite                                 ET4000/W32
 195  Hercules Dynamite 128/Video                       ET6000
 196  Hercules Dynamite Power                           ET4000/W32(i/p)
 197  Hercules Dynamite Pro                             ET4000/W32(i/p)
 198  Hercules Graphite HG210                           AGX-014
 199  Hercules Graphite Power                           AGX-016
 200  Hercules Graphite Pro                             AGX-015
 201  Hercules Graphite Terminator 64                   S3 964
 202  Hercules Graphite Terminator 64/DRAM              S3 Trio64
 203  Hercules Graphite Terminator Pro 64               S3 968
 204  Hercules Stingray                                 ALG-2228/2301/2302
 205  Hercules Stingray 128 3D                          Alliance AT3D
 206  Hercules Stingray 64/V with ICS5342               ARK2000MT
 207  Hercules Stingray 64/V with ZoomDAC               ARK1000PV
 208  Hercules Stingray Pro                             ARK1000PV
 209  Hercules Stingray Pro/V                           ARK1000PV
 210  Hercules Terminator 3D/DX                         S3 ViRGE/DX
 211  Hercules Terminator 64/3D                         S3 ViRGE
 212  Hercules Terminator 64/Video                      S3 Trio64V+
 213  Integral FlashPoint                               ET4000/W32(i/p)
 214  Intel 5430                                        CL-GD5430
 215  Interay PMC Viper                                 ET6000
 216  JAX 8241                                          S3 801/805
 217  Jaton Video-58P                                   ET6000
 218  Jaton Video-70P                                   CL-GD5464
 219  Jazz Multimedia G-Force 128                       ET6000
 220  LeadTek WinFast 3D S600                           S3 ViRGE
 221  LeadTek WinFast 3D S680                           S3 ViRGE/GX2
 222  LeadTek WinFast S200                              ET4000/W32(i/p)
 223  LeadTek WinFast S430                              S3 968
 224  LeadTek WinFast S510                              S3 968
 225  MELCO WGP-VG4S                                    S3 ViRGE
 226  MELCO WGP-VX8                                     S3 ViRGE/VX
 227  Matrox Comet                                      ET4000/W32(i/p)
 228  Matrox Marvel II                                  ET4000/W32(i/p)
 229  Matrox Millennium (MGA)                           mga2064w
 230  Matrox Millennium II                              mga2164w
 231  Matrox Millennium II AGP                          mga2164w AGP
 232  Matrox Mystique                                   mga1064sg
 233  MediaVision Proaxcel 128                          ET6000
 234  Mirage Z-128                                      ET6000
 235  Miro Crystal 10SD with GenDAC                     S3 801/805
 236  Miro Crystal 12SD                                 S3 Trio32
 237  Miro Crystal 16S                                  S3 928
 238  Miro Crystal 20SD PCI with S3 SDAC                S3 868
 239  Miro Crystal 20SD VLB with S3 SDAC (BIOS 3.xx)    S3 864
 240  Miro Crystal 20SD with ICD2061A (BIOS 2.xx)       S3 864
 241  Miro Crystal 20SD with ICS2494 (BIOS 1.xx)        S3 864
 242  Miro Crystal 20SV                                 S3 964
 243  Miro Crystal 22SD                                 S3 Trio64
 244  Miro Crystal 40SV                                 S3 964
 245  Miro Crystal 80SV                                 S3 968
 246  Miro Crystal 8S                                   S3 801/805
 247  Miro MiroVideo 20TD                               ET4000/W32(i/p)
 248  Miro Video 20SV                                   S3 968
 249  NeoMagic (laptop/notebook)                        NeoMagic 128/V/ZV
 250  Number Nine FX Motion 331                         S3 Trio64V+
 251  Number Nine FX Motion 332                         S3 ViRGE
 252  Number Nine FX Motion 531                         S3 868
 253  Number Nine FX Motion 771                         S3 968
 254  Number Nine FX Vision 330                         S3 Trio64
 255  Number Nine GXE Level 10/11/12                    S3 928
 256  Number Nine GXE Level 14/16                       S3 928
 257  Number Nine GXE64                                 S3 864
 258  Number Nine GXE64 Pro                             S3 964
 259  Number Nine GXE64 with S3 Trio64                  S3 Trio64
 260  Number Nine Imagine I-128 (2-8MB)                 I128
 261  Number Nine Imagine I-128 Series 2 (2-4MB)        I128
 262  Number Nine Visual 9FX Reality 332                S3 ViRGE
 263  Oak (generic)                                     Oak-067/77/87
 264  Ocean (octek) VL-VGA-1000                         ARK1000VL
 265  Orchid Celsius (AT&T RAMDAC)                      AGX-015
 266  Orchid Celsius (Sierra RAMDAC)                    AGX-015
 267  Orchid Fahrenheit 1280                            S3 801
 268  Orchid Fahrenheit VA                              S3 801/805
 269  Orchid Fahrenheit-1280+                           S3 801/805
 270  Orchid Kelvin 64                                  CL-GD5434
 271  Orchid Kelvin 64 VLB Rev A                        CL-GD5434
 272  Orchid Kelvin 64 VLB Rev B                        CL-GD5434
 273  Orchid P9000 VLB                                  Weitek 9000
 274  Orchid Technology Fahrenheit Video 3D             S3 ViRGE
 275  Paradise Accelerator Value                        Oak OTI-087
 276  Paradise/WD 90CXX                                 WD90CXX
 277  RIVA128                                           RIVA128
 278  Rendition Verite 1000                             Verite 1000
 279  S3 801/805 (generic)                              S3 801/805
 280  S3 801/805 with ATT20c490 RAMDAC                  S3 801/805
 281  S3 801/805 with ATT20c490 RAMDAC and ICD2061A     S3 801/805
 282  S3 801/805 with Chrontel 8391                     S3 801/805
 283  S3 801/805 with S3 GenDAC                         S3 801/805
 284  S3 801/805 with SC1148{2,3,4} RAMDAC              S3 801/805
 285  S3 801/805 with SC1148{5,7,9} RAMDAC              S3 801/805
 286  S3 864 (generic)                                  S3 864
 287  S3 864 with ATT 20C498 or 21C498                  S3 864
 288  S3 864 with SDAC (86C716)                         S3 864
 289  S3 864 with STG1703                               S3 864
 290  S3 868 (generic)                                  S3 868
 291  S3 868 with ATT 20C409                            S3 868
 292  S3 868 with ATT 20C498 or 21C498                  S3 868
 293  S3 868 with SDAC (86C716)                         S3 868
 294  S3 86C260 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE/MX
 295  S3 86C325 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE
 296  S3 86C357 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE/GX2
 297  S3 86C375 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE/DX
 298  S3 86C385 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE/GX
 299  S3 86C764 (generic)                               S3 Trio64
 300  S3 86C765 (generic)                               S3 Trio64V+
 301  S3 86C775 (generic)                               S3 Trio64V2
 302  S3 86C785 (generic)                               S3 Trio64V2
 303  S3 86C801 (generic)                               S3 801/805
 304  S3 86C805 (generic)                               S3 801/805
 305  S3 86C864 (generic)                               S3 864
 306  S3 86C868 (generic)                               S3 868
 307  S3 86C911 (generic)                               S3 911/924
 308  S3 86C924 (generic)                               S3 911/924
 309  S3 86C928 (generic)                               S3 928
 310  S3 86C964 (generic)                               S3 964
 311  S3 86C968 (generic)                               S3 968
 312  S3 86C988 (generic)                               S3 ViRGE/VX
 313  S3 86CM65                                         S3 Aurora64V+
 314  S3 911/924 (generic)                              S3 911/924
 315  S3 924 with SC1148 DAC                            S3 924
 316  S3 928 (generic)                                  S3 928
 317  S3 964 (generic)                                  S3 964
 318  S3 968 (generic)                                  S3 968
 319  S3 Aurora64V+ (generic)                           S3 Aurora64V+
 320  S3 Trio32 (generic)                               S3 Trio32
 321  S3 Trio64 (generic)                               S3 Trio64
 322  S3 Trio64V+ (generic)                             S3 Trio64V+
 323  S3 Trio64V2 (generic)                             S3 Trio64V2 
 324  S3 Trio64V2/DX (generic)                          S3 Trio64V2
 325  S3 Trio64V2/GX (generic)                          S3 Trio64V2
 326  S3 ViRGE (generic)                                S3 ViRGE
 327  S3 ViRGE (old S3V server)                         S3 ViRGE
 328  S3 ViRGE/DX (generic)                             S3 ViRGE/DX
 329  S3 ViRGE/GX (generic)                             S3 ViRGE/GX
 330  S3 ViRGE/GX2 (generic)                            S3 ViRGE/GX2
 331  S3 ViRGE/MX (generic)                             S3 ViRGE/MX
 332  S3 ViRGE/VX (generic)                             S3 ViRGE/VX
 333  S3 Vision864 (generic)                            S3 864
 334  S3 Vision868 (generic)                            S3 868
 335  S3 Vision964 (generic)                            S3 964
 336  S3 Vision968 (generic)                            S3 968
 337  SHARP 9080                                        S3 Aurora64V+
 338  SHARP 9090                                        S3 Aurora64V+
 339  SNI PC5H W32                                      ET4000/W32(i/p)
 340  SNI Scenic W32                                    ET4000/W32(i/p)
 341  SPEA Mercury 64                                   S3 964
 342  SPEA Mirage                                       S3 801/805
 343  SPEA/V7 Mercury                                   S3 928
 344  SPEA/V7 Mirage P64                                S3 864
 345  SPEA/V7 Mirage P64 with S3 Trio64                 S3 Trio64
 346  SPEA/V7 Mirage VEGA Plus                          ALG-2228
 347  SPEA/V7 ShowTime Plus                             ET4000/W32(i/p)
 348  STB Horizon                                       CL-GD5426/28
 349  STB Horizon Video                                 CL-GD5440
 350  STB LightSpeed                                    ET4000/W32(i/p)
 351  STB LightSpeed 128                                ET6000
 352  STB MVP-2                                         ET4000
 353  STB MVP-2 PCI                                     ET4000/W32(i/p)
 354  STB MVP-2X                                        ET4000/W32(i/p)
 355  STB MVP-4 PCI                                     ET4000/W32(i/p)
 356  STB MVP-4X                                        ET4000/W32(i/p)
 357  STB Nitro (64)                                    CL-GD5434
 358  STB Nitro 3D                                      S3 ViRGE/GX
 359  STB Nitro 64 Video                                CL-GD5446
 360  STB Pegasus                                       S3 928
 361  STB Powergraph 64                                 S3 Trio64
 362  STB Powergraph 64 Video                           S3 Trio64V+
 363  STB Powergraph X-24                               S3 801/805
 364  STB Systems Powergraph 3D                         S3 ViRGE
 365  STB Systems Velocity 3D                           S3 ViRGE/VX
 366  STB Velocity 128                                  RIVA128
 367  STB Velocity 64 Video                             S3 968
 368  SiS SG86C201                                      SIS86C201
 369  Sierra Screaming 3D                               Verite 1000
 370  Sigma Concorde                                    ET4000/W32
 371  Sigma Legend                                      ET4000
 372  Spider Black Widow                                AGX-015
 373  Spider Black Widow Plus                           AGX-016
 374  Spider Tarantula 64                               S3 964
 375  Spider VLB Plus                                   CL-GD5428
 376  TechWorks Thunderbolt                             ET4000/W32
 377  Techworks Ultimate 3D                             CL-GD5464
 378  Toshiba Tecra 540CDT                              S3 ViRGE/MX
 379  Toshiba Tecra 550CDT                              S3 ViRGE/MX
 380  Toshiba Tecra 750CDT                              S3 ViRGE/MX
 381  Toshiba Tecra 750DVD                              S3 ViRGE/MX
 382  Trident 8900/9000 (generic)                       TVGA8900/9000
 383  Trident 8900D (generic)                           TVGA8900D
 384  Trident Cyber 9382 (generic)                      Cyber9382
 385  Trident Cyber 9385 (generic)                      Cyber9385
 386  Trident Cyber 9388 (generic)                      Cyber9388
 387  Trident Cyber 9397 (generic)                      Cyber9397
 388  Trident TGUI9400CXi (generic)                     TGUI9400CXi
 389  Trident TGUI9420DGi (generic)                     TGUI9420DGi
 390  Trident TGUI9430DGi (generic)                     TGUI9430DGi
 391  Trident TGUI9440 (generic)                        TGUI9440
 392  Trident TGUI9660 (generic)                        TGUI9660
 393  Trident TGUI9680 (generic)                        TGUI9680
 394  Trident TGUI9682 (generic)                        TGUI9682
 395  Trident TGUI9685 (generic)                        TGUI9685
 396  Trident TVGA9200CXr (generic)                     TVGA9200CXr
 397  Unsupported VGA compatible                        Generic VGA
 398  VI720                                             CL-GD5434
 399  VL-41                                             S3 801/805
 400  VidTech FastMax P20                               S3 864
 401  VideoLogic GrafixStar 300                         S3 Trio64
 402  VideoLogic GrafixStar 400                         S3 Trio64V+
 403  VideoLogic GrafixStar 500                         S3 868
 404  VideoLogic GrafixStar 550                         CL-GD5464
 405  VideoLogic GrafixStar 600                         ET6000
 406  VideoLogic GrafixStar 700                         S3 968
 407  ViewTop PCI                                       ET4000/W32(i/p)
 408  WD 90C24 (laptop)                                 WD90C24
 409  WD 90C24A or 90C24A2 (laptop)                     WD90C24A
 410  WinFast 3D S600                                   S3 ViRGE
 411  WinFast 3D S600                                   S3 ViRGE/GX2
 412  WinFast S200                                      ET4000/W32(i/p)
 413  WinFast S430                                      S3 968
 414  WinFast S510                                      S3 968
 415  XGA-1  (ISA bus)                                  XGA-1
 416  XGA-2  (ISA bus)                                  XGA-2
 417  miro miroMedia 3D                                 S3 ViRGE

 Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
 Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.
 ================================================================

XFree86 3.3.2    ī尡 Ǳ ߴ. Ư, ̹ 
 AGP  ī尡   Ǿ. ΰ  ڸ ʿ 
ִ   ī 𵨸̰, ʿ ִ   ī Ĩ̴.
 󿡼  ī  ī Ĩ¿  X   ¿ϰ 
ȴ. Ͽ ڽ  ī带 Ͽٸ   ޽  Ÿ 
̴.
  ===================================================================
  Your selected card definition:

  Identifier: Matrox Mystique
  Chipset:    mga1064sg
  Server:     XF86_SVGA
  Do NOT probe clocks or use any Clocks line.

  Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
  =====================================================================

XFree86 3.3.2  ߰ Ǵ  ī  ߿  ̴. 
͸ ġ Ѿ   ޼ Ÿ ̴.
  ======================================================================
  Now you must determine which server to run. Refer to the manpages and other
  documentation. The following servers are available (they may not all be
  installed on your system):

 1  The XF86_Mono server. This a monochrome server that should work on any
    VGA-compatible card, in 640x480 (more on some SVGA chipsets).
 2  The XF86_VGA16 server. This is a 16-color VGA server that should work on
    any VGA-compatible card.
 3  The XF86_SVGA server. This is a 256 color SVGA server that supports
    a number of SVGA chipsets. On some chipsets it is accelerated or
    supports higher color depths.
 4  The accelerated servers. These include XF86_S3, XF86_Mach32, XF86_Mach8,
    XF86_8514, XF86_P9000, XF86_AGX, XF86_W32, XF86_Mach64, XF86_I128 and
    XF86_S3V.

These four server types correspond to the four different "Screen" sections in
XF86Config (vga2, vga16, svga, accel).

 5  Choose the server from the card definition, XF86_SVGA.

  Which one of these screen types do you intend to run by default (1-5)? 
  =======================================================================

  ī ׸񿡼  Ͽ 5  , , ڽ 
 ī尡 Ͽ  쿡 1-4 ׸   ִ.

1 ׸   X  ϵ ϴ ׸̴.
2 ׸ Mono(, 16÷)  X  ϵ ϴ ׸̴.
3 ׸ 256 ÷ SVGA  X  ϵ ϴ ׸̴.
ýۿ ִ  ī尡 Ͽ  쿡 SVGA  X  
.
4 ׸  accelerated  ִ   ī带 ϴ ׸̴. 
  X ϱ   ī带 ϴ ׸̴.
  =======================================================================
  The server  to run   is selected by   changing the symbolic   link 'X'. For 
example,
  'rm  /usr/X11R6/bin/X;  ln  -s  /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA   /usr/X11R6/bin/X' 
selects
  the SVGA server.

  Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
  Do you want me to set the symbolic link? 
  ======================================================================
  
 ׸ õ X  /usr/X11R6/bin/X   ũ Ű ׸̴. YES 
 ϰ  Ѿ.

  =======================================================================
  Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
  the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config.

  You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good
  idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you
  intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server
  not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to
  1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the
  server.

  How much video memory do you have on your video card:

  1  256K
  2  512K
  3  1024K
  4  2048K
  5  4096K
  6  Other

  Enter your choice: 
  =======================================================================

 ׸ ýۿ   ī ޸𸮸 ϴ κ̴. ڽ 
 ī ޸𸮸 캸 ٶ.

  =======================================================================
  You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
  identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
  in default names (possibly from a card definition).

  Your card definition is Matrox Mystique.

  The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
  Enter an identifier for your video card definition:
  =======================================================================

 ׸  ī ȸ ִ ̴.  ʾƵ .
=======================================================================
  You can simply press enter here if you have a generic card, or want to
  describe your card with one string.
  Enter the vendor name of your video card: 
  =======================================================================

 ׸  ī 𵨸 ִ ׸̴.  ʾƵ .

=========================================================================
  Enter the model (board) name of your video card:
  
=========================================================================

 ׸ ̴.

=========================================================================
  The RAMDAC setting only applies to the S3, AGX, W32 servers, and some 
  drivers in the SVGA servers. Some RAMDAC's are auto-detected by the server.
  The detection of a RAMDAC is forced by using a Ramdac "identifier" line in
  the Device section. The identifiers are shown at the right of the following
  table of RAMDAC types:

   1  AT&T 20C490 (S3 and AGX servers, ARK driver)                att20c490
   2  AT&T 20C498/21C498/22C498 (S3, autodetected)                att20c498
   3  AT&T 20C409/20C499 (S3, autodetected)                       att20c409
   4  AT&T 20C505 (S3)                                            att20c505
   5  BrookTree BT481 (AGX)                                       bt481
   6  BrookTree BT482 (AGX)                                       bt482
   7  BrookTree BT485/9485 (S3)                                   bt485
   8  Sierra SC15025 (S3, AGX)                                    sc15025
   9  S3 GenDAC (86C708) (autodetected)                           s3gendac
  10  S3 SDAC (86C716) (autodetected)                             s3_sdac
  11  STG-1700 (S3, autodetected)                                 stg1700
  12  STG-1703 (S3, autodetected)                                 stg1703
  13  TI 3020 (S3, autodetected)                                  ti3020
  14  TI 3025 (S3, autodetected)                                  ti3025
  15  TI 3026 (S3, autodetected)                                  ti3026
  16  IBM RGB 514 (S3, autodetected)                              ibm_rgb514
  17  IBM RGB 524 (S3, autodetected)                              ibm_rgb524
  18  IBM RGB 525 (S3, autodetected)                              ibm_rgb525
  19  IBM RGB 526 (S3)                                            ibm_rgb526
  20  IBM RGB 528 (S3, autodetected)                              ibm_rgb528
  21  ICS5342 (S3, ARK)                                           ics5342
  22  ICS5341 (W32)                                               ics5341
  23  IC Works w30C516 ZoomDac (ARK)                              zoomdac
  24  Normal DAC                                                  normal

  Enter a number to choose the corresponding RAMDAC.
  Press enter for the next page, q to quit without selection of a RAMDAC.
 =======================================================================

 ī RAMDAC ϴ ׸̴. ַ S3 迭   ī尡 
 ׸  .  S3 迭    ī  ̿   ī  24 
Normal DAC  ϴ q ؼ   ٶ.
 ========================================================================
 A Clockchip line in the Device section forces the detection of a
 programmable clock device. With a clockchip enabled, any required
 clock can be programmed without requiring probing of clocks or a
 Clocks line. Most cards don't have a programmable clock chip.
 Choose from the following list:

  1  Chrontel 8391                                               ch8391
  2  ICD2061A and compatibles (ICS9161A, DCS2824)                icd2061a
  3  ICS2595                                                     ics2595
  4  ICS5342 (similar to SDAC, but not completely compatible)    ics5342
  5  ICS5341                                                     ics5341
  6  S3 GenDAC (86C708) and ICS5300 (autodetected)               s3gendac
  7  S3 SDAC (86C716)                                            s3_sdac
  8  STG 1703 (autodetected)                                     stg1703
  9  Sierra SC11412                                              sc11412
 10  TI 3025 (autodetected)                                      ti3025
 11  TI 3026 (autodetected)                                      ti3026
 12  IBM RGB 51x/52x (autodetected)                              ibm_rgb5xx

  Just press enter if you don't want a Clockchip setting.
  What Clockchip setting do you want (1-12)? 
 =======================================================================

 ī Ŭ Ĩ ϴ κ̴. ַ  S3 迭  ī尡  
׸ .  ī Ŵ   Ƽ ڽ Ŭ Ĩ ⿡  
 ͸ ġ Ѿ.
 =====================================================================
 For most configurations, a Clocks line is useful since it prevents the slow
 and nasty sounding clock probing at server start-up. Probed clocks are
 displayed at server startup, along with other server and hardware
 configuration info. You can save this information in a file by running
 'X -probeonly 2>output_file'. Be warned that clock probing is inherently
 imprecise; some clocks may be slightly too high (varies per run).

 At this   point I  can  run  X -probeonly,   and try   to extract  the  clock 
information
 from the  output. It  is recommended  that you  do this  yourself and  add a 
clocks
 line (note that the list of clocks may be split over  multiple Clocks lines) 
to
 your Device section afterwards. Be aware that a clocks line is not
 appropriate for drivers that have a fixed set of clocks and don't probe by
 default (e.g. Cirrus). Also, for the P9000 server you must simply specify
 clocks line that matches the modes you want to use.  For the S3 server with
 a programmable clock chip you need a 'ClockChip' line and no Clocks line.

 You must be root to be able to run X -probeonly now.

 The card definition says to NOT probe clocks.
 Do you want me to run 'X -probeonly' now?
 ======================================================================

X  ־  ļ 뿪   ī Ŭ Ĩ  
踦 ߾ִ κԴϴ.    ʴ´ٸ  ޽ ְ  ˴
. ڽ    ī尡 ´ Ȯ  ؼ YES  
ϰ ´ Ȯ ñ ٶϴ.
=======================================================================
 The card definition says to NOT probe clocks.
 Do you want me to run 'X -probeonly' now? y

 It is  possible that  the  hardware detection  routines in  the  server will 
somehow
 cause the system to crash and the screen to remain blank. If this is the
 case, do not choose this option the next time. The server may need a
 Ramdac, ClockChip or special option (e.g. "nolinear" for S3) to probe
 and start-up correctly.

 Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
 ========================================================================

YES   Ͽٸ   ޼ ´.  ͸ ġ Ѿ 
  ȭ ̸鼭 ļ 뿪 ãƳ ȴ.  ,  ٸ 
  ޼  ȴ.

 ========================================================================
 Running X -probeonly -pn -xf86config /tmp/XF86Config.tmp.
 X -probeonly call failed.
 No Clocks line inserted.

 Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
 ========================================================================

͸ ļ ػ  غ.
 ========================================================================
 For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
 resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
 mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
 Currently it is set to:

  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp
  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 16bpp
  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp
  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp

 Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations.
 Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
 be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel)
 4  Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color)
 5  The modes are OK, continue.

 Enter your choice: 
 ========================================================================

ڽ ϴ ÷  ׸̴. 
 ========================================================================
 Select modes from the following list:

  1  "640x400"
  2  "640x480"
  3  "800x600"
  4  "1024x768"
  5  "1280x1024"
  6  "320x200"
  7  "320x240"
  8  "400x300"
  9  "1152x864"
 10  "1600x1200"
 11  "1800x1400"
 12  "512x384"

  Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
  For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
  default mode of 1024x768.

  Which modes?
 =======================================================================
ڽ ϴ ÷  ػ󵵸 ϴ ׸̴.
 =======================================================================
 You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
 than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
 of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
 you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
 differently-sized virtual screen

 Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
 Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen?  
 ========================================================================

X ȭ鿡 ȭ    ֵ ϴ ׸̴.  ȭ ϰ 
 YES   ϰ,  ʿ NO   ϰ  Ѿ ٶ.  , 
YES   Ͽٸ   ޼  ̴.
 ========================================================================
 For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
 resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
 mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
 Currently it is set to:

  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp
  "1280x1024" for 16bpp
  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp
  "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp

 Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations.
 Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
 be automatically skipped by the server.

  1  Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors)
  2  Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors)
  3  Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel)
  4  Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color)
  5  The modes are OK, continue.

  Enter your choice: 
 =====================================================================

ȭ ÷ ϴ κε, ڽ Ͽ ÷  ÷
 ؾ߸ Ѵ.
 
 ȭ
======================================================================
 Select modes from the following list:

  1  "640x400"
  2  "640x480"
  3  "800x600"
  4  "1024x768"
  5  "1280x1024"
  6  "320x200"
  7  "320x240"
  8  "400x300"
  9  "1152x864"
 10  "1600x1200"
 11  "1800x1400"
 12  "512x384"

  Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
  For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
  default mode of 1024x768.

  Which modes?
 =======================================================================

ػ󵵸 ϴ κ̴.
 ========================================================================
 You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
 than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
 of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
 you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
 differently-sized virtual screen

 Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
 Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen?
 =======================================================================

 ȭ ̿ ΰ   ȭ̴. ȭ ϰ Ѵٸ YES 
 ϸ ǰ, ׷ ʴٸ NO ϰ Ѿ ٶ.
 =======================================================================
 For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
 resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
 mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
 Currently it is set to:

 "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp
 "1280x1024" for 16bpp
 "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp
 "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp

 Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations.
 Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
 be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel)
 4  Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color)
 5  The modes are OK, continue.

 Enter your choice: 
 =========================================================================

÷ ػ󵵸    5 ϰ  Ѿ ٶ.

 =========================================================================
 I am going to write the XF86Config file now. Make sure you don't accidently
 overwrite a previously configured one.

 Shall I write it to /etc/X11/XF86Config?
 =========================================================================

ݱ X  /etc/X11/XF86Config Ͽ      ׸
. YES  ϰ xf86config  ġ X   ȴ.

        < XF86Config  >
        ⼭ X-Window ζ   ִ XF86Config   
    ؼ ˾ƺ .

 ==============================<XF86Config >==============================
 # File generated by XConfigurator.

 # **********************************************************************
 # Refer to the XF86Config(4/5) man page for details about the format of
 # this file.
 # **********************************************************************

 # **********************************************************************
 # Files section.  This allows default font and rgb paths to be set
 # **********************************************************************

 Section "Files"

 # The location of the RGB database.  Note, this is the name of the
 # file minus the extension (like ".txt" or ".db").  There is normally
 # no need to change the default.

    RgbPath     "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"

 # Multiple FontPath entries are allowed (they are concatenated together)

 *  κ Ʈ н  丮 ϴ°̴.

    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/"
    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/"
    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/"
    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/"
    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/"
    FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/truetype/"

 EndSection

 # **********************************************************************
 # Server flags section.
 # **********************************************************************

 Section "ServerFlags"

    # Uncomment this to cause a core dump at the spot where a signal is
    # received.  This may leave the console in an unusable state, but may
    # provide a better stack trace in the core dump to aid in debugging
    #NoTrapSignals

    # Uncomment this to disable the <Crtl><Alt><BS> server abort sequence
    # This allows clients to receive this key event.
    #DontZap

    # Uncomment this to disable the <Crtl><Alt><KP_+>/<KP_-> mode switching
    # sequences.  This allows clients to receive these key events.
    #DontZoom

 EndSection

 # **********************************************************************
 # Input devices
 # **********************************************************************

 # **********************************************************************
 # Keyboard section
 # **********************************************************************

 * ý Ű带 ϴ°̴.
 
 Section "Keyboard"

    Protocol    "Standard"

    #when using XQUEUE, comment out the above line, and uncomment the
    #following line
    #Protocol   "Xqueue"

    AutoRepeat  500 5
    
    # Let the server do the NumLock processing.  This should only be
    # required when using pre-R6 clients
    #ServerNumLock

    # Specify which keyboard LEDs can be user-controlled (eg, with xset(1))
    #Xleds      1 2 3

    #To set the LeftAlt to Meta, RightAlt key to ModeShift,
    #RightCtl key to Compose, and ScrollLock key to ModeLock:

    * Ű Űڵ带 ϴ°̴. ,  ALT Ű ٸ
      Ҽ ִ.
 
    LeftAlt        Meta         
    RightAlt        Meta
    ScrollLock      Compose
    RightCtl        Control

 # To disable the XKEYBOARD extension, uncomment XkbDisable.

 #    XkbDisable

 # To customise the XKB settings to suit your keyboard, modify the
 # lines below (which are the defaults).  For example, for a non-U.S.
 # keyboard, you will probably want to use:

 #    XkbModel    "pc102"
 # If you have a US Microsoft Natural keyboard, you can use:
 #    XkbModel    "microsoft"
 #
 # Then to change the language, change the Layout setting.
 # For example, a german layout can be obtained with:
 #    XkbLayout   "de"
 # or:
 #    XkbLayout   "de"
 #    XkbVariant  "nodeadkeys"
 #
 # If you'd like to switch the positions of your capslock and
 # control keys, use:
 #     XkbOptions  "ctrl:swapcaps"

 # These are the default XKB settings for XFree86
 #    XkbRules    "xfree86"
 #    XkbModel    "pc101"
 #    XkbLayout   "us"
 #    XkbVariant  ""
 #    XkbOptions  ""

   XkbKeycodes     "xfree86"
   XkbTypes        "default"
   XkbCompat       "default"
   XkbSymbols      "us(pc101)"
   XkbGeometry     "pc"
   XkbRules        "xfree86"
   XkbModel        "pc101"
   XkbLayout       "us"
 EndSection

 # **********************************************************************
 # Pointer section
 # **********************************************************************

 Section "Pointer"
    Protocol    "ps/2"
    Device      "/dev/mouse"  

 # When using XQUEUE, comment out the above two lines, and uncomment
 # the following line.

 #    Protocol   "Xqueue"

 # Baudrate and SampleRate are only for some Logitech mice

 #    BaudRate   9600
 #    SampleRate 150

 # Emulate3Buttons is an option for 2-button Microsoft mice
 # Emulate3Timeout is the timeout in milliseconds (default is 50ms)

 * 콺 3ư  ϴ ̴.

    Emulate3Buttons
    Emulate3Timeout    50      

 # ChordMiddle is an option for some 3-button Logitech mice

 #    ChordMiddle

 EndSection

 # **********************************************************************
 # Xinput section -- this is optional and is required only if you
 # are using extended input devices.  This is for example only.  Refer
 # to the XF86Config man page for a description of the options.
 # **********************************************************************
 #
 # Section "Xinput"
 #    SubSection "WacomStylus"
 #        Port "/dev/ttyS1"
 #        DeviceName "Wacom"
 #    EndSubSection
 #    SubSection "WacomCursor"
 #        Port "/dev/ttyS1"
 #    EndSubSection
 #    SubSection "WacomEraser"
 #        Port "/dev/ttyS1"
 #    EndSubSection
 #
 #    SubSection "Elographics"
 #        Port "/dev/ttyS1"
 #        DeviceName "Elo"
 #        MinimumXPosition 300
 #        MaximumXPosition 3500
 #        MinimumYPosition 300
 #        MaximumYPosition 3500
 #        Screen 0
 #        UntouchDelay 10
 #        ReportDelay 10
 #    EndSubSection
 #
 #    SubSection "Joystick"
 #        Port "/dev/joy0"
 #        DeviceName "Joystick"
 #        TimeOut 10
 #        MinimumXPosition 100
 #        MaximumXPosition 1300
 #        MinimumYPosition 100
 #        MaximumYPosition 1100
 #        # CenterX 700
 #        # CenterY 600
 #        Delta 20
 #    EndSubSection
 #
 # The Mouse Subsection contains the same type of entries as the
 # standard Pointer Section (see above), with the addition of the
 # DeviceName entry.
 #
 #    SubSection "Mouse"
 #        Port "/dev/mouse2"
 #        DeviceName "Second Mouse"
 #        Protocol "Logitech"
 #    EndSubSection
 # EndSection


 # **********************************************************************
 # Monitor section
 # **********************************************************************

 # Any number of monitor sections may be present

 Section "Monitor"
 
 Identifier  "My Monitor"
    VendorName  "Unknown"
    ModelName   "Unknown"

 # HorizSync is in kHz unless units are specified.
 # HorizSync may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a
 # comma separated list of ranges of values.
 # NOTE:   THE VALUES  HERE ARE   EXAMPLES ONLY.   REFER  TO YOUR 
MONITOR'S
 # USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS.

 *    ļ ϴ ̴.

    HorizSync   30-65

 # VertRefresh is in Hz unless units are specified.
 # VertRefresh may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a
 # comma separated list of ranges of values.
 # NOTE:   THE VALUES  HERE ARE   EXAMPLES ONLY.   REFER  TO YOUR 
MONITOR'S
 # USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS.

 *    ļ ϴ ̴.
 
    VertRefresh 50-110

 # Modes can be specified in two formats.  A compact one-line format, or
 # a multi-line format.

 # These two are equivalent

 #    ModeLine "1024x768i" 45 1024 1048 1208 1264 768 776 784 817 Interlace

 #    Mode "1024x768i"
 #        DotClock       45
 #        HTimings       1024 1048 1208 1264
 #        VTimings       768 776 784 817
 #        Flags          "Interlace"
 #    EndMode

 # This is a set of standard mode timings. Modes that are out of monitor spec
 # are automatically deleted by the server (provided the HorizSync and
 # VertRefresh lines are correct), so there's no immediate need to
 # delete mode timings (unless particular mode timings don't work on your
 # monitor). With these modes, the best standard mode that your monitor
 # and video card can support for a given resolution is automatically
 # used.

 # 640x400 @ 70 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x400"     25.175 640  664  760  800   400  409  411  450
 # 640x480 @ 60 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x480"     25.175 640  664  760  800   480  491  493  525
 # 800x600 @ 56 Hz, 35.15 kHz hsync
 ModeLine "800x600"     36     800  824  896 1024   600  601  603  625
 # 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 35.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"    44.9   1024 1048  1208 1264   768   776  784   817 
Interlace

 # 640x400 @ 85 Hz, 37.86 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x400"     31.5   640  672 736   832   400  401  404  445 -HSync 
+VS
 # 640x480 @ 72 Hz, 36.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x480"     31.5   640  680  720  864   480  488  491  521
 # 640x480 @ 75 Hz, 37.50 kHz hsync
 ModeLine  "640x480"    31.5   640  656  720  840   480  481  484  500 -HSync 
-VS
 # 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync
 Modeline "800x600"     40     800  840  968 1056   600  601  605  628 +hsync 
+vs

 # 640x480 @ 85 Hz, 43.27 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x400"     36     640  696  752  832   480  481  484  509 -HSync 
-VS
 # 1152x864 @ 89 Hz interlaced, 44 kHz hsync
 ModeLine "1152x864"    65     1152 1168 1384  1480   864   865  875  985 
Interlace

 # 800x600 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync
 Modeline "800x600"     50     800  856  976 1040   600  637  643  666 +hsync 
+vs
 # 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 48.4 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"    65    1024 1032 1176 1344   768  771  777  806 -hsync 
-vs
 
 # 640x480 @ 100 Hz, 53.01 kHz hsync
 Modeline "640x480"     45.8   640  672  768  864   480  488  494  530 -HSync 
-VS
 # 1152x864 @ 60 Hz, 53.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline  "1152x864"   89.9  1152 1216 1472 1680   864  868  876  892 -HSync 
-VS
 # 800x600 @ 85 Hz, 55.84 kHz hsync
 Modeline  "800x600"    60.75  800  864  928 1088   600  616  621  657 -HSync 
-VS

 # 1024x768 @ 70 Hz, 56.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"    75    1024 1048 1184 1328   768  771  777  806 -hsync 
-vs
 # 1280x1024 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 51 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"   80     1280 1296  1512 1568   1024 1025  1037 1165 
Interlace

 # 800x600 @ 100 Hz, 64.02 kHz hsync
 Modeline  "800x600"    69.65  800  864  928 1088   600  604  610  640 -HSync 
-VS
 # 1024x768 @ 76 Hz, 62.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"    85    1024 1032 1152 1360   768  784  787  823
 # 1152x864 @ 70 Hz, 62.4 kHz hsync
 Modeline  "1152x864"   92    1152 1208 1368 1474   864  865  875  895
 # 1280x1024 @ 61 Hz, 64.2 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  110    1280 1328 1512 1712  1024 1025 1028 1054

 # 1024x768 @ 85 Hz, 70.24 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"   98.9  1024  1056 1216 1408   768  782 788 822  -HSync 
-VSync
 # 1152x864 @ 78 Hz, 70.8 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1152x864"   110   1152 1240 1324 1552   864  864  876  908

 # 1280x1024 @ 70 Hz, 74.59 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  126.5 1280 1312 1472 1696  1024 1032 1040 1068  -HSync 
-VSy
 # 1600x1200 @ 60Hz, 75.00 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1600x1200"  162   1600 1664 1856 2160  1200 1201 1204 1250 +HSync 
+VSy
 # 1152x864 @ 84 Hz, 76.0 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1152x864"   135    1152 1464 1592 1776   864  864  876  908

 # 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz, 78.85 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  135    1280 1312 1456 1712  1024 1027 1030 1064

 # 1024x768 @ 100Hz, 80.21 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1024x768"   115.5  1024 1056 1248 1440  768  771  781  802 -HSync 
-VSy
 # 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz, 81.13 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  135    1280 1312 1416 1664  1024 1027 1030 1064

 # 1600x1200 @ 70 Hz, 87.50 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1600x1200"  189    1600 1664 1856 2160  1200 1201 1204 1250 -HSync 
-VS
 # 1152x864 @ 100 Hz, 89.62 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1152x864"   137.65 1152 1184 1312 1536   864  866  885  902 -HSync 
-VS
 # 1280x1024 @ 85 Hz, 91.15 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  157.5  1280 1344 1504 1728  1024 1025 1028 1072 +HSync 
+VS
 # 1600x1200 @ 75 Hz, 93.75 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1600x1200"  202.5  1600 1664 1856 2160  1200 1201 1204 1250 +HSync 
+VS
 # 1600x1200 @ 85 Hz, 105.77 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1600x1200"  220    1600 1616 1808 2080  1200 1204 1207 1244 +HSync 
+VS
 # 1280x1024 @ 100 Hz, 107.16 kHz hsync
 Modeline "1280x1024"  181.75 1280 1312 1440 1696  1024 1031 1046 1072 -HSync 
-VS

 # 1800x1440 @ 64Hz, 96.15 kHz hsync
 ModeLine "1800X1440"  230    1800 1896 2088 2392 1440 1441 1444 1490 +HSync 
+VSy
 # 1800x1440 @ 70Hz, 104.52 kHz hsync
 ModeLine "1800X1440"  250    1800 1896 2088 2392 1440 1441 1444 1490 +HSync 
+VSy

 # 512x384 @ 78 Hz, 31.50 kHz hsync
 Modeline "512x384"    20.160 512  528  592  640   384  385  388  404 -HSync 
-VSy
 # 512x384 @ 85 Hz, 34.38 kHz hsync
 Modeline "512x384"    22     512  528  592  640   384  385  388  404 -HSync 
-VSy

 # Low-res Doublescan modes
 # If your chipset does not support doublescan, you get a 'squashed'
 # resolution like 320x400.

 # 320x200 @ 70 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync, 8:5 aspect ratio
 Modeline "320x200"     12.588  320  336  384   400   200  204   205  225 
Doublescan
 # 320x240 @ 60 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync, 4:3 aspect ratio
 Modeline "320x240"     12.588  320  336  384   400   240  245   246  262 
Doublescan
 # 320x240 @ 72 Hz, 36.5 kHz hsync
 Modeline "320x240"     15.750  320  336  384   400   240  244   246  262 
Doublescan
 # 400x300 @ 56 Hz, 35.2 kHz hsync, 4:3 aspect ratio
 ModeLine "400x300"     18     400   416  448  512    300  301  302   312 
Doublescan
 # 400x300 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync
 Modeline "400x300"     20     400   416  480  528    300  301  303   314 
Doublescan
 # 400x300 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync
 Modeline "400x300"     25     400   424  488  520    300  319  322   333 
Doublescan
 # 480x300 @ 56 Hz, 35.2 kHz hsync, 8:5 aspect ratio
 ModeLine "480x300"     21.656  480  496  536   616   300  301   302  312 
Doublescan
 # 480x300 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync
 Modeline "480x300"     23.890  480  496  576   632   300  301   303  314 
Doublescan
 # 480x300 @ 63 Hz, 39.6 kHz hsync
 Modeline "480x300"     25     480   496  576  632    300  301  303   314 
Doublescan
 # 480x300 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync
 Modeline "480x300"     29.952  480  504  584   624   300  319   322  333 
Doublescan

 EndSection

 # **********************************************************************
 # Graphics device section
 # **********************************************************************

 # Any number of graphics device sections may be present

 # Standard VGA Device:

 Section "Device"
    Identifier  "Generic VGA"
    VendorName  "Unknown"
    BoardName   "Unknown"
    Chipset     "generic"

 #    VideoRam   256

 #    Clocks     25.2 28.3

 EndSection

 # Sample Device for accelerated server:

 # Section "Device"
 #    Identifier "Actix GE32+ 2MB"
 #    VendorName "Actix"
 #    BoardName  "GE32+"
 #    Ramdac     "ATT20C490"
 #    Dacspeed   110
 #    Option     "dac_8_bit"
 #    Clocks      25.0  28.0  40.0   0.0  50.0  77.0  36.0  45.0
 #    Clocks     130.0 120.0  80.0  31.0 110.0  65.0  75.0  94.0
 # EndSection

 # Sample Device for Hercules mono card:

 # Section "Device"
 #    Identifier "Hercules mono"
 # EndSection

 # Device configured by xf86config:

 Section "Device"
    Identifier  "Matrox Mystique"
    VendorName  "Unknown"
    BoardName   "Unknown"
    VideoRam    4096

     # Insert Clocks lines here if appropriate
 EndSection


 # **********************************************************************
 # Screen sections
 # **********************************************************************

 # The Colour SVGA server

 *   ī  ִ ׸̴.
 
 Section "Screen"
    Driver      "svga"
    # Use Device "Generic VGA" for Standard VGA 320x200x256
    #Device      "Generic VGA"
    Device      "Matrox Mystique"
    Monitor     "My Monitor"
    DefaultColorDepth 16 ---> * X-Window ۵ ÿ
                                   ÷(16bit) ⺻ 
                                  ǵ ϴ ̴.  
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       8
        # Omit the Modes line for the "Generic VGA" device
        Modes       "1024x768"
        ViewPort    0 0
        # Use Virtual 320 200 for Generic VGA


       Virtual     1024 768
    EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       16          --> X-Window  ÷ ϴ°̴.
        Modes       "1280x1024" --> X-Window  ÷  ػ.
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual      1280 1024  --> ȭ ػ󵵸 ϴ κ̴.
                                     Modes   ȭ  쿡
                                     ȭ  ʴ´. 
    EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       24
        Modes       "1280x1024"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1280 1024
    EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       32
        Modes       "1152x864"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1152 864
    EndSubsection
 EndSection

 # The 16-color VGA server --> 16÷   ī尡 
                                  Ǿ .                               
 Section "Screen"
    Driver      "vga16"
    Device      "Generic VGA"
    Monitor     "My Monitor"
    Subsection "Display"
        Modes       "640x480" "800x600"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     800 600
    EndSubsection
 EndSection

 # The Mono server -->   Ǿ .

 Section "Screen"
    Driver      "vga2"
    Device      "Generic VGA"
    Monitor     "My Monitor"
    Subsection "Display"
        Modes       "640x480" "800x600"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     800 600
    EndSubsection
 EndSection
 
 # The accelerated servers (S3, Mach32, Mach8, 8514, P9000, AGX, W32, Mach64)
    --> accelerated  Ǵ  ī  .

Section "Screen"
    Driver      "accel"
    Device      "Matrox Mystique"
    Monitor     "My Monitor"
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       8
        Modes       "1024x768"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1024 768
    EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       16
        Modes       "1280x1024"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1280 1024
    EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       24
        Modes       "1024x768"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1024 768
      EndSubsection
    Subsection "Display"
        Depth       32
        Modes       "1152x864"
        ViewPort    0 0
        Virtual     1152 864
    EndSubsection
 EndSection
 =========================================================================
 
        < X ѱ   >
        X ѱ  ⺻ ϰ ϱ  ؼ   ׸
 /etc/X11/xinit/xinit   Ǿ Ѵ.

========================<xinit >=================================
   export LANG
   LANG=ko
 ==================================================================

 Ŀ ٽ X  Ű ѱ  ⺻ о̰ ȴ.

        < XFree86 3.3.2  Ǵ VGA  >
 Support for ET6100 has been added to the Tseug driver.
 Acceleration has been added for W32 and W32i.
 Test performance has been improved for the Tseug driver.
 Support for new RAMDACs, including the ch8398, the ch8391, and the
   MUSIC MU9C4910 has been added to the Tseug driver.
 Accelerated support fot the AT3D and AT25 has been added to the NY driver.
 Support for accelerated NY1 and accelerated Riva128 has been added to
   the NY driver.
 Support for the Matrox Millennium II AGP has been included into the
   MGA driver.
 New support for several Trident chips has been added, including 
   Cyber9397, 3DImage975 and 3DImage985 (unaccelerated and not completed yet)
   , TGUI9685.
 CrealTV support has been added for the TGUI9685.
 Acceleration of all TGUI chipsets has been improved.
 Support for Rage Pro based PCI and AGP cards has been added.
 Maximum dorclock for newer Mach64 cards has been increased.
 Support for 1600x1200 and 1600x1280 mode has been added for VT and newer
   Mach64 chips.
 Support for the auxiliary register apertune fot newer Mach64 cards has
   been added.
 Support for the I128 Revolution (T2R) has been added.
 Additional acceleration for the I128 server has been added.
 Support for sw cursor, pci, retry, 24bpp, HW cursor has been added to
   cirrus Laguna chipsets.
 S3 VIRGE/MX and VIRGE/G X2 support has been added (SVGA server only).
 support for S3 VIRGE hardware cursor added in SVGA server.
 An S3 driver has been added to the SVGA server.
 S3 server and SVGA/S3 server now recognize some fake S3 chips and print  
   out a warning message.
 XAA has been extended to support hardware cursor and provide accelerated
   support dashed lines and trapezoid fills.
 Several new mouse protocols have been added to all servers.
   They should now support Kensington ThinkingMouse, ALPS GlidePoint,
   Genius NetScroll, Genius NetMouse, ASCII MieMouse, Logitech MouseMan+,
   Logitech FirstMouse+.
   This includes all buttons on these mice as well as the wheels.
   The wheel can be used to either create additional buttons or for z-axis
   indication.
 XF86Setup now supports setting the default color depth and choosing
   the modes the user wants to use.
 XF86Setup allows to select all the new mouse protocols (depending on 
   the OS it is running on).
  󿡼 ǻ Ű ͳ ϱ
[ ]
ϴ   ؾѴ.
 com4 Ǿ ִٰ ϰ   ڴ.
Ʈ com4 ̸ Linux ǥϸ cua3 ȴ
"ln -s /dev/cua3 /dev/modem" ̶ ԷϽø cua3 modem̶ Ϸ ũ
 ˴ϴ.
𵩼    options ּž    ִµ, Ʒ  
 ֽø ˴ϴ.

# lock
38400
/dev/modem
defaultroute

 Control Panel Network Configuration̶  Ŭ 
,   names   domain׸񿡴  dacom.co.kr   ð,   name   servers 
164.124.101.2, hosts ip  164.124.101.2 name dacom.co.kr  ä
ø ˴ϴ.

׷  seyon   ȭ 鼭 ϰڽϴ.

͹̳θ(hanterm) "seyon" Էմϴ.
{{
}}Ʒ ȭ  ʱ ȭԴϴ.

"ȭȣ" Ͻðϴ BBSȣ Ͻðų  Էϼż,  
 ϰڽϴ. 01421 õ  ϰڽϴ.

׷ CONNECT    

Chollian Net________________
1. õ (Chollian)
11. ũ (EDI,/Ȩŷ)
x.  (Disconnect)

  ȭ Դϴ.
׷ 1 ϸ  ̵ йȣ  ϴ.

 Է Ͻð   "go internet"  ԷϽø Ʒ  ȭ 
ϴ.
{{
}}

 ȭ õȿ Internet 񽺸 ϴ Դϴ.
"$1. ̵ (WWW)" ԷϽø Ʒ ȭ ° Ȯ  Ͻ  
ϴ.
{{
}}

{{
}}
 ȭ鿡 츮  ؾϴ  PPP ̿ Web ̹Ƿ "$ 11. õ ޴ PPP " մϴ.
 ȭ õ  PPP  ϰ ִ ȭԴϴ.     
ڿ   µ ׶ Ʒ ׸ "⵿" Ͻø
{{
}}
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  

Ʒ "⵿" â "" Ͻø Ʈ  ̴µ,  
Ʈ
                      {{
}}
                      
                      
                      
                      
                      
                      
                      

"pppd" ԷϽø õ PPP  Ǿ WEB, FTP, TELNET 
Ǽ ְԵ˴ϴ.


   ͳ Ʈ
1. Communicator
    BitchX
        Description : IrcII Ǹ ǰ̴. 
        URL : http://www.sasknet.com/~pionh/index.htm
    FtpTool
        Description : Xview ʷ  FTP-Client̴. 
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/xstools/
    IrcII
        Description : Ϲ ϴ ircα׷̴.  ణ Ʊ
                      ϳ  Ư¡ .
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/chat/
    LynX
        Description : text ʷ  web browser̴.
        URL :  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/www/browsers/
    Minicom
        Description :  Ư¡   ͹̳ α׷̴. ۰ .
        URL : ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/miquels/software/
    Netscape
        Description : Ϲ ϴ web browser̴. 
        URL : http://home.netscape.com/
    Pine
        Description :  Ư¡  email-reader̴.
        URL : http://www.washington.edu/pine
    Pluins
        Description : Netscape-Linux-Plugins̴.
        URL : http://mbc07.cl.ba-karlsruhe.de/netscape-plugins.html
    RealAudio
        Description : live sound player̴. 
        URL : http://www.realaudio.com/
    Seyon
        Description : Linux-X   ͹̳ α׷̴.  
        URL : ftp://sipb.mit.edu/pub/seyon/

2. Desktop
    AfterStep
        Description : NextStep  window manager̴. FVWM ʷ 
                     ϰ ִ.
        URL : http://afterstep.edoc.com/
    DesktopFileManager
        Description : desktop-filemanager-system̴. OS/2ó  Ǿִ.
        URL : http://www-c.informatik.uni-hannover.de/~kaiser/dfm/dfm.html
    Everything X!
        Description :  window manager ũ Ǿִ.
        URL : http://x.unicom.net/
    FileRunner
        Description :   ̴. Tcl/Tk  
                     Ǹϴ. ̰ ϸ  ۾  .
        URL : http://www.cd.chalmers.se/~hch/filerunner.html
    KDE
        Description :   ϱ  window manager̴.
                      windows95 ϰ .
        URL : http://www.kde.org/
    TKDesk
        Description : ĿǮ  ̴. ׷  ణ װ
                     ִ.
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xutils/managers
    Xfce
        Description : CDE   window manager. 
        URL : http://www.linux-kheops.com/pub/xfce/en/index.html
    XPostit
        Description : X postit ̴.
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xapps/

3. Emulation
    DOS Emu
        Description : Dos Emulator. ̰   α׷ 
                      ֵ ִ  ø̼.
        URL : http://www.ednet.us.ca/~macleajb/dosemu.html
    Excutor
        Description : Mac Emulator.  Ų α׷ 
                      ֵ ִ  ø̼.
        URL : http://www.ardi.com/
    MMX Emu
        Description :  ̺귯 MMX  ʴ μ
                      MMX ϴ ̳ʸ ϵ ش
                      (׷ ).   MMX ȵǴ Intel CPU
                      MMX code ϱ Ѵٸ Ǵ MMX ̳ʸ
                      Ű⸦ Ѵٸ  MMX Emu   ִ.
        URL : http://www.inria.fr/prisme/personnel/pion/progs/mmx.emu/
    Wabi
        Description :  ũ Ʈ Windows 3.x α׷
                        ũž ַ.
        URL : http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/wabi/resources.html
    Wine
        Description :  Windows 3.x α׷   ֵ
                     ִ  ø̼.
        URL : http://www.winehq.com/

4. FTP Sites
   sunsite.unc.edu              Chapel Hill ִ North Carolinaб.
   tsx-11.mit.edu              Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)
   alpha.gnu.org               
   ftp.gnu.org
   ftp.kreonet.re.kr
   ftp.kaist.ac.kr               KAIST
   ftp.sogang.ac.kr             б

5. Graphics
    Ansi
        Description : Ansi drawer ̴.
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/draw/
 Gimp
        Description : ׷ α׷ ̴ְ.   
                      Photoshop Gimp 1.0  ٰ  ̴.
        URL : http://xcf.berkeley.edu/~gimp/
    ImageMagick
        Description : Image converter/viewer ̴. ſ Ǹ ̴.
        URL : ftp://ftp.wizards.dupont.com/pub/ImageMagick/linux/
    Mind's Eye
        Description :  Gimp 2-D ׷ ְ, ̰ 3-D ׷
                     ̴ְ.
        URL : http://www.ptf.hro.nl/free-d/
    PostShop
        Description : ̰ Postscript PDF ̹ ϵ  Ʈϰ
                     ش.
        URL : http://www.vividata.com/postshop.html
    Scanshop
        Description : ̰ 70 ĳ  ϴ ̹ 
                     ִ.
        URL : http://www.vividaya.com/scanshop.html
    X-LoadImage(XLi)
        Description : ̰ xv  ū ׸ ٷ . ׷ ſ
                       α׷̴.
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X/Related
    XV
        Description : ̰     ŭ ʹ Ϲ
                     ׷ α׷̴.   picture viewer  Ư
                     ϰ ִ.
        URL : http://www.sun.com/sunsoft/catlink/xv/xv.html

6. Link
    LAUP (Linux Application and Utilities Page)
        Description : Shell, Desk and File Utilities ũǾ ִ..
        URL : http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/Linapp2.html#file
    Linux Application
        Description : Linux software оߺ ũǾ ִ.
        URL : http://www.linuxapps.com
    Linux Database List
        Description : Linux/Uinx Database List. 
        URL : http://linas.org/linux/db.html
    Linux FTP Watcher
        Description :  ø̼ǵ ִ FTP ũ Ǿִ.
        URL : http://lfw.linuxhq.com/
    Linux Link by Good
        Description : оߺ ũ Ǿִ.
        URL : http://www.linuxlinks.com/
    Linux-OS of the Future
        Description : ũ Ʈ.
        URL : http://www.microgear.net/xo/
    Linux Software Encyclopedia
        Description : A-Z Linux software , ũ Ǿִ.
        URL : http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/linuxlist/linuxlist/linuxlist.html
    Linux Software Map
        Description : Linux Software оߺ ũ Ǿִ. ٸ ũ
                     Ʈ ũ Ǿ־   ǳϴ.
        URL : http://www.linuxresources.com/apps/index.html
    Linux Software Map
        Description : Linux Software ũ Ǿִ. ˻ ϴ.
        URL : http://www.boutell.com/lsm/
    SAL (Scientific Applications on Linux)
        Description : ̰ ڳ ڵ   Linux
                      software ũǾְ,   ִ.
        URL : http://bioinfo.bioneer.com/sal/

7. Multimedia
    TK3Play
        Description : ſ Ǹ Mpeg3 Player̴.  ϴ. 
        URL : http://www.mpeg3.org/main.html
    WorkMan
        Description : ſ Ǹ XView CD Player̴. 
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pup/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/X/
    X-Anim
        Description : X  animation player̴. پ  Ѵ.
                      ̴.
        URL : http://smurfland.cit.buffalo.edu/xanim/home.html
    XView Mpeg
        Description : mpeg movie player̴. Ư  .
        URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X/
    X11amp
        Description : X mp3 player̴.  winamp .
        URL : http://www.x11amp.bz.nu/

8. Office
    Andrew
        Description : μ̴.
        URL : http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~AUIS/
    Applixware
        Description : office suite Ű̴.
        URL : http://www.applixware.com/
    Emacs
        Description :  ٱ ̴. 
        URL : http://www.xemacs.org/
    LyX
        Description : LaTeX ϴ μ̴.
        URL : http://www.lehigh.edu/~dlj0/Lyrix.html
    MacroCalc
        Description : Ʈ̴. Lotus123 ȣȯ ִ.
        URL : http://home.t-online.de/home/Axel-Reihold/#mc
    StarOffice for Linux
        Description : StarDivision  Ϻ office suite Ű̴. 뷮
                      ũ ſ .
        URL : http://www.stardivision.com/

9. ѱ & 
    GNU Documentation
        Description : GNU Program   ִ.
        URL : http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/
    KIMS (Korean Input Method Server)
        Description : KIMS for Linux  ״ Linnux XFree86
                     3.1.2̻(X1186) 밡 ѱԷ±̴.
                     ѱ Է± XIM(X Input Method)̶  ȯ
                      I18N X Client   ѱ Է   ִ
                     ø̴̼.
        URL : http://www.iworld.net/~bumchul/kims.html
    KLDP (Korean Linux Documentation Project)
        Description :   Ǵ âۿ, Ǵ   ȣȸ
                      ׷ Ǿ    
                     ؼ   ̴. 
        URL : http://kldp.linux-kr.org/
    Linux Gazette
        Description :  ͳ Ű̴.
        URL : http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/lg/
    Linux Journal
        Description : Linux Linux Jounal ͳ Ʈ̴.
        URL : http://www.linuxjournal.com/
    Linux Weekly News
        Description : Linux Worldκ ֽ  ش.
        URL : http://lwn.net/
    MIZI Research
        Description : ġ н ü ѱ ó  
                      ٸ ڵ   ִ · Ѵ.
        URL : http://mizi.co.kr/
    
        Description : X1186 ѱ Է±̴.
        URL : http://entropy.kaist.ac.kr/~jhpa/byeoroo/

10. Others
    Caldera
        Description : Caldera Homepage
        URL : http://www.caldera.com/
    Debian
        Description : Debian Homepage
        URL : http://www.debian.org/
    GNU's Not Unix
        Description : GNU Ʈ.
        URL : http://www.gnu.org/
    LinuxHQ
        Description : kernel patches. 
        URL : http://www.linuxhq.com/
    Linux Mall
        Description : Linux superstore.  
        URL : http://www.LinuxMall.com/
    Linux News Group
        Description :   ׷ ũǾִ. 
        URL : http://www.ameritech.net/users/dbarber/links.html
    Linux Now
        Description :  Ϻ  Ʈ.
        URL : http://www.Linuxnow.com/
    Linux Online
        Description : Linux home page̴. ' ΰ'   
                      ׷, FTPƮ, ֽ ,   
                       Ǵ ̴.
        URL : http://www.linux.org/
    Redhat
        Description : Red-Hat Homepage
        URL : http://www.redhat.com
