  Network Administrator Guide

     lvl@chollian.net
  1998 2 4

         Դϴ.  Ȥ  
   Ͻô  ̱    ֽʽÿ. (1  
     ҽϴ.)   nag 0.4 1  7 1
  ѱ۷  Դϴ.    Ͻñ ٶϴ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

   

  1.      Introduction to Networking

  1.1.    

  1.2.    UUCP Networks

  1.2.1.  UUCP ϴ 

  1.3.    TCP/IP Networks

  1.3.1.  Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks

  1.3.2.  Ethernets

  1.3.3.  Other Types of Hardware

  1.3.4.  The Internet Protocol

  1.3.5.  IP over Serial Lines

  1.3.6.  The Transmission Control Protocol

  1.3.7.  The User Datagram Protocol

  1.3.8.  More on Ports

  1.3.9.  The Socket Library

  1.4.    Linux Networking

  1.4.1.  Different Streaks of Development

  1.4.2.  Where to Get the Code

  1.5.    Maintaining Your System

  1.5.1.  System Security

  2.      Issues of TCP/IP Networking

  2.1.    Networking Interfaces

  2.2.    IP Addresses

  2.3.    Address Resolution

  2.4.    IP Routing

  2.4.1.  IP Networks

  2.4.2.  Subnetworks

  2.4.3.  Gateways

  2.4.4.  The Routing Table

  2.4.5.  Metric Values

  2.5.    The Internet Control Message Protocol

  2.6.    The Domain Name System

  2.6.1.  Hostname Resolution

  2.6.2.  Enter DNS

  2.6.3.  Name Lookups with DNS

  2.6.4.  Domain Name Servers

  2.6.5.  The DNS Database

  2.6.6.  Reverse Lookups     ٶϴ. ̰

  3.      Configuring the Networking Hardware

  3.1.    Devices, Drivers, and all that

  3.2.    Kernel Configuration

  3.2.1.  Kernel Options in Linux 1.0 and Higher

  3.2.2.  Kernel Options in Linux 1.1.14 and Higher

  3.3.    A Tour of Linux Network Devices

  3.4.    Ethernet Installation

  3.4.1.  Ethernet Cabling

  3.4.2.  Supported Boards

  3.4.3.  Ethernet Autoprobing

  3.5.    The PLIP Driver

  3.6.    The SLIP and PPP Drivers

  4.      Setting up the Serial Hardware

  4.1.    Communication Software for Modem Links

  4.2.    Introduction to Serial Devices

  4.3.    Accessing Serial Devices

  4.4.    Serial Hardware

  5.      Configuring TCP/IP Networking

  5.1.    Setting up the proc Filesystem

  5.2.    Installing the Binaries

  5.3.    Another Example

  5.4.    Setting the Hostname

  5.5.    Assigning IP Addresses

  5.6.    Writing hosts and networks Files

  5.7.    Interface Configuration for IP

  5.7.1.  The Loopback Interface

  5.7.2.  Ethernet Interfaces

  5.7.3.  Routing through a Gateway

  5.7.4.  Configuring a Gateway

  5.7.5.  The PLIP Interface

  5.7.6.  The SLIP and PPP Interface

  5.7.7.  The Dummy Interface

  5.8.    All About ifconfig

  5.9.    Checking with netstat

  5.9.1.  Displaying the Routing Table

  5.9.2.  Displaying Interface Statistics

  5.9.3.  Displaying Connections

  5.10.   Checking the ARP Tables

  5.11.   The Future

  6.      Name Service and Resolver Configuration

  6.1.    The Resolver Library

  6.1.1.  The host.conf File

  6.1.2.  Resolver Environment Variables

  6.1.3.  Configuring Name Server Lookups -- resolv.conf

  6.1.4.  Resolver Robustness

  6.2.    Running named

  6.2.1.  The named.boot File

  6.2.2.  The DNS Database Files

  6.2.3.  Writing the Master Files

  6.2.4.  Verifying the Name Server Setup

  6.2.5.  Other Useful Tools

  7.      Serial Line IP

  7.1.    General Requirements
  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction to Networking

  1.1.  

  Ʈŷ ϰ   Ƹ Ÿŭ Ǿ ̴. 
  ô , Ҵ   غ,   ǻ縦 ϱ
  ؼ,   Դ. 'A'      ,
  'B'  ڱ ʴϰ  ;Ѵٰ .  ׷,
  ׵ ʹ ָ   ֱ , 'A'  ļ 'B'
  鸮Բ  . ׷ 'A'   ־ ٸ  ? 1) ״
  'B' ִ ҷ  ɾ   ־,  Ŀٶ  
   ־, ׵ ̿ ߰뿡     'C' ޽
  ϰ   ־.    ٷ Ʈŷ̴.

  , Ʈŷ 츮      
  ̴. ,  ౸{{.   ̿ 
  ٺ Ư  ְ ִ.   ϱؼ, м
  ũο̺  Ŵ θ  ؼ μ ⸦ ְ
   ִ ǻ͸   ִ.   ġ 
  ؾ, ౸  ̾߱ Ӹ ƴ϶, ̷  ̷
  Ե   ؼ ٷ ̴.

  츮  ȳ    Ʈŷ , UUCP ʷ  Ͱ
  TCP/IP    ٷ  ̴. ̰͵  ǻ ̿
  ͸ ϱ⿡   ̸, Ʈ Ű̴. 
  忡,   ΰ Ʈŷ  ⺻  信 ؼ 
  ̴.

  츮 Ʈũ ڰ ͸  ִ  ȣƮ
  񽺿   ν  ǻͿ   ִ host 
  Ǹ . ȣƮ ǻ ϶  ְ, ׷   ִ;
    ȣƮ X-terminal̳ ڸƮ Ͱ   ִ. ұԸ
  host  site θ⵵ Ѵ.

          ڵ  ľ̴   Ұϴ.  ̷
     ѰϿ protocols ̶ θ.   ⿡
     ƾ Ѵ. ̸׸   尡   
  ڵ   ¸ ߾ 캸ƶ. ſ  
  ·ν, ǻͿ ϴ ݵ Ʈũ   ̻
  ȣƮ ̿ ޽  ȯϱ   Ģ  ʴ´.

  1.2.  UUCP Networks

  UUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy  ̴. α׷ Ű  
  ϴ      ؼ  ϰ, ۵ 
  ϸ, Ʈ Ʈ ִ    α׷ ۽Ų.
  70 Ĺݿ ù  ģ ķ  ȭ ޾ Ծ , װ
  ϴ 񽺵  ĸŸ  ִ. ̰ ֿ
   ̼  ̾ ȭ   ϰ ִ  
   Ÿ  Ѵ.

  ó UUCP 1977  ҿ н  Ʈ   ϱ
    Ǿ. 1978߹ݿ,  Ʈũ  80 Ʈ
  Ǿ. ̰ Ʈ  Ӹƴ϶ ø̼ν
  ڿ ǰ ־. ׷  ýۿ   ϴ 
  ο Ʈ ϰ, ׸ ġ ̾.  ô뿡
    ȭŰ ߴ.  ó UUCP  ̻ UNX ѵǾ
   ʴ.  ׸  AmigaOS, DOS, Atari's TOS  پ ÷
    ִ   Ʈ ִ.

  UUCP Ʈũ ֿ ߿ ϳ 뿪 ٴ ̴.  ,
  ִ ۷  ȭ     ٴ ̴.
  ٸ δ UUCP ũ    ̴; ſ
  ȣƮ   Ģ  ΰ   ̾  Ѵ.
  ׷Ƿ, κ ð  ޽ UUCP Ʈũ ۽Ű 
   Һȴ. ׷  ȣƮ ũ ϴ  հŸ
  Ǹ,      ð ٸ ȴ.

  ̷ ѿ ұϰ,   UUCP Ʈũ 迡
  ǰ ,  ڵ    Ʈũ
  ϰ  ִ. UUCP α ִ   ֿ δ The Big
  Internet Cable Ǿ ִ   ǻͿ    
  ſ δٴ ̴. UUCP 带  ǻͷ   UUCP 
    ϳ  ʿϸ,  ٸ UUCP 尡 ϰ  
  ޴  Ⲩ    ̴.

  1.2.1.  UUCP ϴ 

  UUCP װ ̸ ñⰡ  ܼϴ: װ ⺻ ϳ
  ȣƮ   ȣƮ  Ѵ. װ  Ʈ
  ȣƮ󿡼 Ȯϰ ۾ Ų .   ǻͰ
  swim̶  ̸     ȣƮ  ؼ, μ   
  lpr Ѵٰ . ׷   swim  - bash  (GNU
  Bourne  Again Shell)  ,  ǥ(!) 
    𸥴. ֳϸ bash װ history ڷ ϱ
  ̴.  󿡼  å μϱ  ࿡  Է 
  ִ.

       $ uux -r swim!lpr !netguide.dvi

  UUCP  ɾν uux swim   ϳ job  Ѵ.
   ۾    netguide.dvi ̷ ,   lpr
  ֱ⸦ û  ̴. -r ɼ uux  Ʈ ý
  θ ʰԲ ش.    Ȯ    ۾
  ش. ̷ ۾ spooling̶ θ.

  UUCP  ٸ Ưδ,  ȣƮ  ļ ۾ ϵ
  ǥȭ ش  ̴.    swim̶   ȣƮ
  groucho  ϳ UUCP  ٰ . groucho UNIX
  ø̼ Ŵ ī̺긦 ش.   Ʈ
  tripwire-1.0.tar.gz   ٿε ϱ      
   ִ.

       $ uucp -mr swim!groucho!~/security/tripwire-1.0.tar.gz trip.tgz

   ۾ grouchoκ     swim û
  ̸,     Ʈ ش. UUCP  
  trip.tgz  ̸,       п
  뺸  ̴. ̰  ܰ Ǿ ִ. ù ° ܰ  
  Ʈ swim  ۾ ش.    ܰ swim groucho 
    ,   ٿεѴ. , swim 
    ȣƮ    Ѵ.

  ó UUCP Ʈũ ϴ  ߿ 񽺷δ ڿ
   ִ.  츮 ߿ ̷ ͵ ٷ  ̴. ̰͵鿡
    Ұ踦  ܶ  ְ ִ.

  ڿ -  Ұ -   ̷ ȣƮ ϴ  
   Ʈ ȣƮ  ִ ڵ  ޽ ȯϱ 
  ڿ  ̴.   Ʈ  Ʈ ޽
   ۾  ó ýۿ   ȴ. UUCP ȯ濡,
     ּҿ  ޽ Ϸ  ϴ ȣƮ 󿡼
  밳 rmail  ָ   ϰ ȴ. rmail  ޽
  ٸ ȣƮ  ϰ Ǹ,  ޽   ȣƮ ϰ
  ȴ. 츮  κ  13忡 ڼϰ ٷ ̴.
  News Խ ýۿ   зǾ Ǿ ִ. 밳
  ̷ ¸    θ, ̰ ϰ ִ Ʈ
    120,000 ϴ   ȯ   θ ˷ ִ.
    ʹ 1979 Ž ö , ο Unix V7
  Բ UUCP  Ŀ,   Unix ȯϿ Ϲ 
   ȯڴ  Ͽ. ׵   ũƮ 
  α׷ ۼϿ, ̰     ݴ   ý  Ǿ.
  1980⿡    Ʈũ North Carolina п  
   Ʈ duke, unc ׸ phs  Ͽ.  ׸ ,
   ħ ϱ Ͽ.   UUCP 
  ϴ  Ʈũӿ ұϰ,  ̻ ϳ  
  Ʈũ  ʴ .

   ־  ⺻  ̴. ϳ  ȭ
  ׷ Ư   Ǵ  Խ ̴. 
  ׷ κ Ʈ ϰ Ǹ, ġִ  Ϸ翡
  60MB ϵȴ.

  UUCP  迡,    û   ׷κ     
  Ƴ,      batches  ϴ  װ͵ , UUCP
  ũ ļ  ȴ. ̰͵   Ʈ  Ǹ,
  ߿ ̰͵ Ǯ ؼ rnews  ϸ ȴ.

  , UUCP   ϱ    ̾ 
  ī̺ Ʈ  øü   ִ.  UUCP 
  װ͵ ̾ ϰų, guest ڷ αؼ,  Ʈ 
   ,  ٰ ī̺    ϵ
  ۹     ִ.  ̵  guest   밳  α
  н uucp/nuucp Ǵ ׿  ͵ .

  1.3.  TCP/IP Networks

   UUCP ϴ   ε Ʈũ   
  ִٴ ̶ , store-and-forward  ٷ 
  °   Ǿ.    Local Area Networks (LANs).
  ̷ ͵ 밳   ̳    ġϰ ִ
  Ҽ ǻͷ Ǿ ִ. װ  ۾ȯ ֱ
   Ǿ ִ. ,   ̷ ȣƮ ̿
   ϰų, ٸ 迡 ִ ø̼ǵ ϰ
  ; ̴.

  ̷ ۾ Ʈũ   ,  ٸ ٹ ʿϴ.
  ۾ñ⿡   ü ߼ ʰ,  ڷḦ  
   (Ŷ)  ,  ȣƮ   ,   װ͵   ִ
       ߼Ѵ.      Ʈũ   ¸ packet-switched
  Ʈũ θ. ٸ Ʈũ ߿ ̰  Ʈũ 
  ȭ ø  ϱ  ̴.  Ʈ
  鿡    .

  UNIX ý۰  UNIX Ʈ  ִ ذν TCP/IP
  ˷  äϰ ִ.   TCP/IP  
   ٷ ȴ.

  1.3.1.  Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks

  TCP/IP 1969  漺 DARPA (Defense Advanced  Research
  Projects Agency)   Ʈ Ͽ.  ̰ ARPANET
   Ʈũν  1975⿡ Ϲε鵵 밡 · ȯǾ.

  1983⿡, ο   TCP/IP ǥ ݷ
  äõǾ,   Ʈ ũ ִ  ȣƮ  Ʈũ
  ϱ  TCP/IP  ʿ    Ǿ. ARPANET ħ
  ͳ (1990, ARPANET  ü  ٸ ·  Ѱ)
  Ͽ  TCP/IP   ͳ Ѱ踦 Ѿ  Ʈũ
   .  ָ  δ UNIX  Ÿ  
  , ISDN      ȭ    , װ
   ̷ ̾ Ʈũ  ۵ ϸ .

    TCP/IP   ڻ     Ѵ. ϳ
    ڸ, Fredland 򰡿 ġϰ  Groucho Marx
  University (GMU)   ̴.   μ ϳ 
  ϴ 쵵 ְ,    κ μ ü ϳ
    ,  ٸ  ϳ μ    
  찡  . ̰͵  Ǿ , ܵ  ũ Ͽ
  ͳ ⵵ Ѵ.

   ǻͰ Mathematics Department ִ UNIX ȣƮ (
  ̸ erdos)  LAN Ǿ ִٰ . quark  θ
  Physics Department ִ ȣ Ʈ ϱ ,   
  Է϶.

       $ rlogin quark.physics
       Welcome to the Physics Department at GMU
       (ttyq2) login:

  Ʈ, andres   ϴ    α н带
  Է϶.  ׷ quark  ġ ý ܼ ȯ濡  
  ִ ó,  Է  ְ ϱ  , ϳ  ش. 
    , ٽ  ڽ  ǵ   ȴ.
   ÿ ۿ  ִ ,  TCP/IP ϰ ִ ȭ
  ø ̼ remote login Ͽ Ծ.

   quark    ÷ α׷̳, PostScript
  previewer   ɰ , X11  ϴ ø̼  ;
   𸥴.  ȣƮ ȭ ̷ ø̼ ϱ
  ؼ DISPLAY ȯ  ؾ Ѵ:

       $ export DISPLAY=erdos.maths:0.0

   ø̼   Ųٸ, quark ſ X 
  ϰ   ̰, ȭ鿡 Ǯ  ǥ ̴. ,  ̰
   erdos󿡼 X11  ų ʿ䰡 ִ. ⿡ ִ   
  TCP/IP quark erdos 㰡ϴ ̸,   δ X11 Ŷ
  , ڷδ  ܵ ýۿ ִ Ͱ    . 
  Ʈũ  ⿡ յڰ ϰ Ǿ ִ.

  TCP/IP Ʈũ  ϳ ߿ ø̼δ NFS (ǥ
  Network Fiie Sy stem)   ִ. ̰ Ʈũ  ǥϴ
  Ǵٸ ̴. ֳϸ, װ  ⺻ ٸ ȣƮκ
  丮  Ʈϱ ̴. ׷,  װ͵  
  ý Ÿ.  ,  Ȩ ͸ LAN ִ
  ٸ  ȣƮ ͸ Ʈν, ߾   
  ִ.  ۾   ڵ  ȣƮ    ,
   Ȩ ͸ ִ   ߰ϰ ȴ. ϰ,  
   迡 TEX  Ŵ  ũ   
  ø̼ ġϴ ̳, ٸ 迡 ̷ ͸
  ϴ ͵  ϰ Ǿ. 츮 11忡 NFS  ڼϰ
  ٷ ̴.

  , ̰͵ TCP/IP Ʈũ    ִ  Ѱ
   Ұϴ.  TCP/IP Ʈũ  ɼ ٺ  ִ.

  츮  TCP/IP   ִ      ִ.
   ϵ  鼭, ۾  .

  1.3.2.  Ethernets

  LAN ؼ ϴ ϵ ߿ Ϲ  θ
  ϴ  Ether- net̴. ̴ Ŀ, ̳ Ʈ ù
  Ͽ װͿ ϰ Ǵ ϳ ܵ ̺ ̷ִ. ʴ
  10M bit   ִ ̴ ״  ʱ   
  α⸦ ϰ ִ.

  ̴ݿ   ⺻  , thick, thin ׸ twisted pair
  ̷ ִ.  Thin Thick ̴ݴ   ϳ ̺
  ϰ  . 뿪   ̺ ȣƮ ӽŰ
   ٸ. Thin Ethernet μ ӵǾ ִ T  "BNC"
  Ŀ͸ ǻ ޺κп  ִ ÷׿ Ⱦ ִ´. Thick  Ethernet
   ̿ؼ    հ, ű⿡ Ʈ ù Ⱦ ִ´.
   ȣƮ Ʈ  ù   ִ. Thin  thick
  Ethernet   ִ 200 Ǵ 500ͱ    ְ, ̰
  10base-2 ׸ 10base-5 θ. Twisted pair   ȭ ġ
  ã  ־,    ̷ ̴̺.  ׷ 밳
  10base-T  ˷ ϵ ߰ ʿϴ.

   thick Ethernet 彺Ʈ ߰Ű ۾ ణ 
  , װ  Ʈũ ߸ ʴ´. thinnet ġ
  ȣƮ ߰ϱ ؼ,  и  Ʈũ 񽺸
  ߴܽ ξ Ѵ. ֳϸ, ĿͿ   ߶  ϱ
  ̴.

  κ   δٴ  thin Ethernet  ϴ
   ִ: PC ī  US ޷ $50 ǰ,  ʹ
  2 3Ʈ̴. ׷   ʿ ϴ  thick
  Ethernet  ϴ.  ,  GMU кδ thick Ethernet
  Ѵ. ׷, Ʈũ ȣƮ ߰   񽺸
  ߴܽŰ    ̴.

  ̴  ̶ Ѵٸ, ̺ ̿  ִٴ ̴.
  ׷, LAN  , ذ Ǵ κ̴. ׷,  ̴
  κе , 긴, Ǵ  ͸ ؼ, θ  
  𸥴. ʹ ܼ   ̻ ҵ ̿ ִ ȣ
  Ѵ. ׷,  κе ϳ ̴ ó ൿѴ. ʿ
   ̶, Ʈũٰ   ȣƮ  ̻ ȣƮ
  ޼.  긮 ʹ  ϰ Ǿ ִ. ̰͵
   ͸ мؼ,  ȣƮ  ȣƮ ٸ,
  װ   .

  ̴ ϳ ȣƮ  ̴ݻ  ִ ٸ ȣƮ ְ
  1500Ʈ  Ŷ (Ǵ ) ִ  ýó ۵Ѵ. 
  ȣƮ ̴  ߿  Ʈ ּȭǾ ִ. ̷
  ּҵ 밳    ڰ ݷ Ǿ   
  ִ.  , aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff.

   ϳ ̼ ġ ӵǾ ִ  ̼ó
  ̰Բ ؼ  .   ȣƮ  ̼
  ãƳ óѴ.     ̼  ÿ 
  õ , ߻ϴ 浹    ̼ ⸦ Ŵ
  ν ׷  ذǸ, Ŀ õѴ.

  1.3.3.  Other Types of Hardware

  Groucho Marx University  Ŵ ҿ, ̴ݴ  ϳ
  · Ǵ  ƴϴ. Groucho Marx University, LAN 
  δ campus backbone   ְ, װ FDDI (Fiber
  Distributed Data Interface) ϴ м ̴.  FDDI
   ڷḦ  ٸ Ͽ Ѵ. ̰ ⺻,
  ⿡   ٽøؼ,   װ ū Ѵٸ ϳ
  ̼      㰡ϰ  tokens 
  Ѵ.  FDDI ֿ    δ 100Mbps  ӵ   ְ,
  ִ ̰ ְ 200km ϴٴ ̴.

  հŸ Ʈũ ϱ , ٸ  谡  Ǹ,
    X.25  ʸ ΰ ִ. U.S. ִ Tymnet Ͽ ִ
  Datex-P  Public Data N- etwork  񽺸  ϰ ִ.
  X.25 ,  Packet Assembler/Disassembler  Ǵ PAD  Ư
  ϵ ʿ Ѵ. X.25 Ʈŷ  Կ ұ
  ϰ, TCP/IP ׸ ٸ  ϰ ִ Ʈũ ϱ
     ȴ. IP Ŷ X.25 ϰ ǥ  Ե
  Ŀ, װ͵ ܼ X.25 ο Ʈũ  ȴ.

  ,  Ƹ߾ Ʈũ ϱ  밳  ׵ ǻ͸
    Ѵ: ̰ packet radio Ǵ ham radio θ. ham
  radio      츮 AX.25 θ. ̰
  X.25  ̴.

  ٸ δ ü     ̾  
  ø  ϰ ִ. ̰͵  Ŷ  ,
  SLIP PPP   ٸ   ʿ Ѵ. ̰ Ʒ
  Ǿ ִ.

  1.3.4.  The Internet Protocol

    Ʈũ ϳ ̴ ϱ ġ  ̴.
  ̻  ,  ϵ ϰ ִ Ǵ 󸶳 
  Ʈ  ִ   Ʈũ ϰ ;
  ̴.   , Groucho Marx University   Ŵ ҿ,
   밳    ؾ ϰ,  иǾ  
   ̴ݸ   ̴. GMU, кδ   ̴s
  Ѵ: ϳ ̳    踦 ϴ
  Ʈũ  ٸ ϳ л      踦 ϴ
  Ʈũ ִ. Ѵ FDDI campus backbone   ִ.

    ̸ gateway ϴ   ȣƮ  óȴ.
  Ʈ̴   ̴ݰ м ̿ װ͵
  ν,   Ŷ   Ŷ óѴ.  ,
    Maths  Department ְ,   ǻͿ Physics
  Department LAN  ִ quark ȣƮ ϰ ʹٸ, Ʈŷ 
  Ʈ  Ŷ quark     . ֳϸ, 
  ̴ݻ  ִ   ϱ ̴. ׷ Ʈ̰ ۾
   Ѵ.  麻 ؼ, sophus    Ʈ̴
  Physics Department ִ   Ʈ niels ̵ Ŷ 
  . niels  ȣƮ Ŷ ϴ  Ѵ. erdos
  quark  帧 ׸ 1.1  ִ.

               ׸ 1.1: erdos quark ڷḦ  ܰ  

  Ʈ ȣƮ  ڷ   ȹϴ  ۾ routing
  ϸ,  ̷   , Ŷ 밳 datagrams ȴ. ̷
  ۾ ϰ  ϱ , ϵ   Ǵ ܵ
   , IP Ǵ Internet Protocol ڷ ȯ۾  Ѵ.
  2忡, IP ÿ    ϰ ٷ ̴.

  IP ֿ δ  ٸ Ʈũ ܰ 
  Ʈũ  ȭ ش.  ̰   ͳƮŷ̶  ϰ,   
     ߻ϴ  "meta-network" internet  θ. ⿡ an
  internet the Internet ̹  ִٴ  ϶.

  , IP  ϵ   巹ϴ ۾ ʿϴ.
  ̷  ۾ IP 巹 θ ϳ Ϲ 32Ʈ  
  ȣƮ Ҵν  ϼ . ϳ IP 巹 밳  
   Ʈڷ س, ڸ 8Ʈ й ´. 
  , quark 0x954C0C04 IP 巹  ְ, װ ٽ
  149.76.12.4 ǥѴ. ̷ ¸ dotted quad notation̶
  θ.

   ׷,  츮   ٸ  ּҸ  ִٰ
   ̴. , ù ° quark   ȣƮ, ׸ IP 巹,
  , 6Ʈ ̴ ּҿ  ϵ ּҰ ִ.
  ¶簣, ̷   ּҵ ϳ ġؾߵȴ.  ,
   rlogin quark  Էϸ, Ʈŷ Ʈ quark  IP
  巹   ְ ȴ. , IP  ڷḦ Physics Department's
  ̴ݷ  Ѱ , װ ؼ  ̴ 巹 IP
  巹 ġѾ Ѵ.

    ؼ ڼϰ   , 2忡 ̰ ٷ
  ϰڴ.    hostname resolution̶ θ ּҵ ã
  ܰ ȣƮ  IP 巹  ġŰ , ڵ ϵ
  ּҷ ġŰ   ϴ ͸ε  .

  1.3.5.  IP over Serial Lines

   ø ο, SLIP Ǵ Serial Line IP ˷ ǥ
    δ.  CSLIP Ǵ compress SLIP SLIP Ų
  ̸, ̰ ø ũ    뿪  
  ϱ ؼ IP  ϴ ۾ Ѵ.  - SLIP RFC 1055
  Ǿ ִ.  ϴ  ۾ ϴ CSLIP RFC 1144 
  ؼ, Ǿ ִ.  PPP Ǵ Point-to-Point Protocol̶   ϴ 
  ٸ   ø  ִ.  PPP SLIP   Ư¡ 
  ִ. SLIP  ϴ PPP ֿ  δ IP
  ͱ׷ ϴ   ٴ  ̴. װ ޵Ǵ
     ͱ׷   ְԲ ۵Ǿ ִ.

  1.3.6.  The Transmission Control Protocol

    ϳ ȣƮ ٸ ȣƮ  ڷḦ  ɸ
  ִ   ƴ .   quark ϰ Ѵٸ, erdos
  ִ rlogin μ quark  ִ  μ ̿   ִ
    ; ̴. ׸Ͽ,     ̰
  ۽ű⿡  Ŷ  Ǹ,  ű⿡   Ʈ
  ٽ  Ǵ ̴.  ̰  ó  ſ 
  ۾  ϰ ִ.

  IP   ſ ߿ϱ  ׷   ִ  ƴϴ.
   E- thernet ִ    GMU FTPκ
  XFree86 ֽ  ۹޴ ٰ . ⼭ ߻ϴ Ϸ
  Ƿ û ̸, ̰ Ʈ̰ ó ̴. ֳϸ,
  ۼӵ ſ  ̰, ޸    𸣱 
  .    quark Ŷ   Ѵٸ, sophus
  õ    𸣱  ׷  ϱ
  ƴ. IP ܼϰ װ  ν ׷  ذѴ.
  ׷ Ŷ , װ  ٽ Ǻθ  .  ͸
  ϰ ϼϸ,  ãƳ ϴ   ȣƮ
  ֿ ӹ .

  ̷ ۾  TCP  Ǵ Transmission Control Protocol̶
  ϴ    ݿ  Ǹ, IP  ֻ ۾Ѵ. TCP
    Ư̶ Ѵٸ,  ȣƮ Ʈ ӽŻ ִ 
   μ ܼ ִ    Ű ϱ  IP
  ϴ ̴. ׷,  ڷᰡ  η ġ  
  ʿ䰡 . TCP   б⵵ ϰ ⵵  ϴ μ
   ٸ  ִ ۼ   Ѵ.  ȭȭ
    ȴ.

  TCP   ȣƮ ϰ ִ IP  ģ   
  ȣƮ ִ ̸ port  ϰ  Ѵ. Ʈ Ʈũ
     ġ    ̴. Ѱ   
   ȭ ų  ִٸ, IP  巹  ڵ ( ,
  ÿ ų  ִ )    ְ, Ʈ ȣ  ڵ
  (,   ȭ ų  ִ )   ִ.

  rlogin   ,  Ŭ̾Ʈ ø̼ (rlogin) erdos
  ִ ϳ Ʈ ְ, quark ִ Ʈ ȣ 513 Ű
  rlogind   ڸ    ˷ ִ.  ̰ TCP
   ȮŲ.  ̷   ؼ, rlogind  
  Ű  Ÿ ȴ.    ǥ Է°  TCP
  Ǿ ִ  ۽Ų.  ׷  迡 rlogin
  Էϰ Ǹ,  Էµ ȣ TCP Ʈ ϰ  ̰, 
  ǥ  Է ޾Ƶ鿩 Ǵ ̴.

  1.3.7.  The User Datagram Protocol

   TCP TCP Ʈŷ  ݷνḸ ϴ 
  ƴϴ.  rlogin   ø̼ǿ  ̶
  ϴ,  װͿ ݵǾ ִ  NFS  ø̼ǿ
   ϴ. ſ, TCP   UDP Ǵ User
  Datagram Protocol Ѵ. TCP  UDP   Ʈ ӽŻ
  ִ  Ʈ 񽺸 ϱ  ϳ ø̼ ϰ
  , ̰   Ȯ  ʴ´. ſ,  ܵ
  Ŷ  񽺿      ִ.

     ߾ NFS  - galoisκ   TEX
  丮  Ʈ Ǿ ְ, LATEX     
   ;Ѵٰ . 켱  ü ͷ о 鿩.
  , galois TCP  Ȯϰ,  , װ ٽ
  ϴ  ʹ  ð ɸ ̴. ſ, galois
    ϳ û , ̰ ѽ UDP Ŷ ִ  
  ̸, ӵ鿡    .  UDP սǵ Ŷ̳
  浹 Ͼ Ŷ  ʴ´.   쿡  
  ø̼δ NFS , ̰ ׷ Ŷ ȣ ش.

  1.3.8.  More on Ports

  Ʈ Ʈũ    Ʈ   ִ.  ϳ
  ø̼  񽺸 ϰ Ѵٸ, װ ϳ Ʈ
   ü Ű, Ŭ̾Ʈ  ٸ. (̰ Ʈ listening
  Ѵٰ θ.)  񽺸 ϱ ϴ  Ŭ ̾Ʈ  
  ȣƮ ϳ Ʈ Ҵϰ, Ʈ ȣƮ  ִ  Ʈ
   Ų.

  Ʈ ߿ Ư߿ ϳδ  Ŭ̾Ʈ  ̿
  ̷,   ٸ 纻  Ʈ Ǹ,  
  Ŭ̾Ʈ  listenѴ. ̸ ׸, ̰ δٰ  Ʈ
  513 ؼ,  ȣƮ  ٸ    ÿ 㰡Ѵ.
  TCP ̷ θ   Ȯ   ִ. ֳϸ, װ͵ 
   ٸ ȣƮ Ʈ ߴ ̱ ̴.   , 
   erdos  quark Ѵٸ, ù °  rlogin Ŭ̾Ʈ
   Ʈ  1023  ̰,   ° Ŭ̾Ʈ Ʈ 1022
   ̴.    ٴ quark Ʈ 513   ̴.

    Ʈ  ϳ Ŭ̾Ʈ Ư 񽺸 
  ؼ Ư  Ʈ ϴ  Ʈ   ִ.
  Ŭ̾Ʈ    Ʈ ȣ ĺϱ ؼ, ̷
  ȣ Ҵ  ִ   ý ڻ̿ ׷  ǰ
  ̷ Ѵ. rlogin  θ Ǵ  񽺸 , ̷
  ȣ   Ǿ Ѵ. ̰ IETF - Internet
  Engineering Task Force    , װ Ҵ ȣ 
  RFC  Ѵ.  ̰ ٸ ͵ ߿ well-known
  services Ҵ Ʈ ȣ Ѵ.   ׷ ȣ 
   /etc/services θ     Ѵ. װ
  The services and proto cols Files (9.3) ڼϰ  ̴.
   TCP  UDP  Ʈ鿡 ϰ ִ  ϴ ̵ ȣ
   浹  Ͼ ʴ´.  ǹ̴ TCP Ʈ 513 UDP Ʈ 513
  ٸٴ ̴. ǻ, ̵ Ʈ   ٸ  , rlogin
  (TCP)  rwho (UDP)    ٸ 񽺸  Ʈ
  Ѵ.

  1.3.9.  The Socket Library

  UNIX  ü,  ۾    ϴ
  Ʈ 밳   Ŀ Ϻκ̴. UNIX 迡
   Ϲ ϴ α  ̽ Berkeley Socket
  Library̴. װ ̸  Ʈ   ÷ ׸ Ⱦ ϴ
  Ͱ  Ʈ Ѵٴ ߿   ̴. װ Ʈ
  ȣƮ   ׸ 񽺸  ϱ  (bind(2)) ȣ
  Ѵ.  ̰   α׷ (using connect(2), listen(2),
  ׸ accept(2)) ϰų   ִ.  ̺귯 ټ
  ̱ , װ  (AF_INET ) ⺻  ϴ
  TCP/IP Ŭ Ӹƴ϶     (AF_UNIX Ŭ) ϴ
  Ŭ Ѵ.   XNS (Xerox Networking System)
   Ǵ X.25     ٸ Ŭ   ó  ִ.

  ,   ̺귯 ǥ libc C ̺귯 Ϻκ̴.
  , װ AF_INET AF_UNIX ϸ , Novell Ʈŷ
      ս Ű  , ħ ϳ ̻ 
  Ŭ սų  ְ Ǿ.

  1.4.  Linux Networking

    α׷ӵ ̷  ̸,  
  Ʈũ ̴   ߴ. ̹ ʱ ܰ迡  
  Ʈũ ȣȯ ۾ ̷ ͵    ͵ ƴϴ. ̹
  ʱ ܰ迡  UUCP  󿡼  ࿡ Ű, 1992 
  Ross Biro ٸ  TCP/IP  ʷ Ʈŷ Ͽ, 
   Net-1 ˷ Ǿ.

  1993 Ross  Ȱ ߴ , Fred van Kempen  Ӱ
  ۾ ϱ Ͽ, ׷ , Net-2  
  Ǿ. 1992   ù    Net-2d  ´. (̰
  0.99.10 Ŀ Ϻκ̴.) ׸    ߿ Alan Cox
  Net-2Debugged ϰ ϰ ־. ɰ ׸ ϰ,
  ڵ忡   ۾ ̷ ķ,  ̸ Net-3
  ٲν  Linux 1.0  ϱ⿡ ̸. 翡  
  Ʈŷ ڵ尡   Ŀ  Ե  ִ.

  Net-3  ϰ ȭϴ ̴  Ӹƴ϶, SLIP (ø
    Ʈũ ), ׸ PLIP (з   Ʈũ
  )  ġ ̹ Ѵ.  ȯ濡   ϴ
  TCP/IP   ִ  Net-3    PC н
  ɰϴ   ð ְ ִ.  ϰ ִ  
  ͳ ȣƮ 󿡼 ְ   ϴ  ǥ ΰ
  Ȱϰ   .

  ̷ ۾  ϰ ִ ν,   Ʈ
  ߿  ,  뼺 ȭϴ  ū  
  ̴. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol,    ؼ Ʈũ
   ϴ  ٸ )  ̹   Ÿ  迡 ,
  ham radio  AX.25 ̹  ܰ迡  ִ.  Alan Cox
   Novell IPX   ̹ ϰ , 
  Ʈŷ    ȣȯ    , Novell
  IPX        ִ. ֳϸ, ʿ 
  Novell    ־ ̴. 巡   ٸ
  δ,  н  NetBIOS   samba ־, Andrew
  Tridgell    ִ.- NetBIOS lanmanager ۾׷
   ϴ Windows  ø̼ǻ ִ ̴.
  1.4.1.  Different Streaks of Development

   ȿ, Fred Net-2e  ۾  Ͽ,   
   Ʈŷ   ߴ.     ִ   ,
  Net-2e  Ÿ  Ʈ.  Net-2e  ָ 
  ̶, DDI,Device  Driver Interface  պ  .  DDI
  ׻    Ʈŷ ġ   
  Ͽ.

  Linux FreeBSD  ISDN  Matthias Urlichs  ٸ
  TCP/IP  Ʈŷ  Ͽ.  ۾  ״  BSD Ʈŷ
  ڵ带 Linux Ŀο  ״.

  ׷ ̷    ־  Net-3 ״  ӹ ־.
   Alan ham radio amateurs ϴ AX.25   ۾
  ϰ ִ. ǽ    Ŀ  "module"̶ ڵ带
  Ͽ Ʈŷ  ڵ忡 ο Ȱ Ҿ   ־. Modules
   Ŀ ð ̹ ߰  ְԲ ش.

  Ʈũ ϴ  ٸ     񽺸
  ϱ   ߴ. ׷ Ŀΰ ġ  ̿ ֿ
   ־. ׷, е Net-2d Ǵ Net-3, ׸ vice
  versaκ  ƿƼ  Net-2e Ŀ ۽Ű  ý
     ̴. ̰  Ŀ  θ ٷ  
   ̸,  ø̼̳ rlogin Ǵ telnet  Ϲ
  Ʈŷ ɿ   .

  ׷, ̷  Ʈũ    
  ųŭ Ÿ ƴϴ.   Ȱ 
  ʴ,  ϴ TCP/IP  ڵ忡   ʿ 
  ̴.  Ŀ  ׻ Ŀο ǥϴ Ʈŷ ڵ ȣ
  ȯϴ Ʈŷ   ̴.

  1.4.2.  Where to Get the Code

   Ʈũ ڵ ֽ   anonymous FTP ϴ  
  Ʈ   ִ. Net3   FTP Ʈ
  sun.site.unc.edu Ʈ system/Network/sunacm ̷Ǿ ִ
  sunacm.swan.ac.uk̴.  Net-2e ֽ ġ  ŰƮ ̳ʸ
  ftp.aris.com ãƺ  ִ.  Matthias Urlichs' BSD-derived
  Ʈŷ ڵ ftp.ira.uka.de /pub/system/linux/netbsd濡 
   ִ.

  ֽ Ŀ uic.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linux ã  
  ִ.; sunsite tsx-11.mit.eduƮ  丮 ̷ Ҵ.

  1.5.  Maintaining Your System

   å ؼ, 츮 ַ ġ    ٷ ̸,
  Ư     ٷ ̴. - 񽺸  Ŀ,
   ۾    Ѵ.  ׷ п mail
  news   񽺵 ʿϰ  ɰ̸,  ý ֽŽ
  ϱ  ƾ ۾  ʿ䰡 ְ ȴ.  忡 ̷
  ۾  ڼϰ ٷ .

   ³ ġ  ϵ Ͽ ø̼ α ϰ
  ý ˻ϴ  ý Ű  ּ ۾̴.
  Ϲ,   밳, ̷   ϱ ,     
  ũƮ ۼؼ, ̰͵  cron ׸ ־ ΰ  
  ϰ ; ̴. smail  C  News   ֿ  
  ø̼ ҽ  ־ ׷ ũƮ  ԽŰ ִ.
   ʿ   ,  ϴ   ľؼ,
  ũƮ ۼؾ Ѵ.

  cron ۾     ۵ȴ. 
  ø̼ǵ  , 뷮 Ǵ root  ϴ
  α   ̴.   root   α
  Ѵٸ, ̰   ΰ ̴. ;    
  root  ϱ ؼ 14忡 ϰԵ mail alias
  ϴ ͵    ̴.

     Ʈ Ǳ ؾ Ѵ. Murphy's
  law ǥȭ    ش. ׷Ƿ, ý
  Ųٴ  ׷ Ÿ   ְ ٴ ǹ̴. 밳
   ý ڰ  root   ؼ, email 
  Ѵٰ ϰ ,   鿡 Ȯϰ å 
    ϱ  Ϲ ϴ  ٸ ּҰ ִ.
  ̸׸, ۵Ҵ      ϴ  밳
  postmaster ּȭ Ǿ ִ.  ;  news ý      Ÿ
  newsmaster   ̳  usenet        𸥴.  hostmaster
   ߼۵Ǵ  ȣƮ ⺻ Ʈũ 񽺿    
     ִٸ, DNS  񽺸 ϰ ִ 
  ۵Ǿ Ѵ.

  1.5.1.  System Security

  Ʈũ ȯ濡 ־ ý    ٸ ߿ ۾δ
  ħڷκ   ý۰ ڸ ȣϴ ̴. ϰ
  ý ϴ   鿡 ǥ ϴ Ͱ
  ̴. ; н带 ϴ Ϳ Ethern et Ÿ
     ٿִ   ʷ ̸,   ޽
    սǱ Ǵ  Ȱ ħؿ   Ű
  ȴ. 츮 װ  ߻  ִ  ϸ鼭, ׷
  Ư    ذ  ̴.

    ý  ٷ ⺻  ׿    
   ̴.  ,  ȭ  ϰ   
   ٷ . ;  Ͼ  ִ  ٷ̴.
  ׷, ȿ õǾ ִ  å д    ߿ ϸ, װ
  ý Ʈũ ÷ ؼ ʼ̴.  Simon Garfinkel
  "Practical UNIX Security" (Spaf93 ϶.)   õ   
  å̴.

  ý   ý ϱ ۵Ǿ. ̰  ߿
   ϰ  丮 ǰ 㰡 ˻ϰ, Ưϰ ϴ
   ¸ Ȯϴ ۾ ϰ ִ. ̸׸, COPS
  α׷ 幮 㰡 Ǵ  ٸ  Ȳ ,
  Ͻý۰ Ϲ  ϵ ˻ ̴. ׸ 
  н带   Ư Ģ  ϱ   ͵ 
  ̴. ̸׸,     ټ  ڸ 
  н带 ʿ  Ѵ.  н忡  ڿ ȣ ϰ
  ִ.

   ȵǾ ִ κԴϴ.

  2.  Issues of TCP/IP Networking

   忡   ӽ TCP/IP  Ʈũ   ,
  εġ  λ ׵ IP 巹, ȣƮ ,  
   ˾ƺ.  ׸, ʿ ۾   ϱ ؼ ˾ƾ
  Ǵ ⺻ , ̷ ۾ ʿ  ٷ
   .

  2.1.  Networking Interfaces

  Ʈŷ ȯ濡 Ǵ  پ缺 ߱ ؼ, TCP/IP
  ϵ     ϳ ߻ interface  ΰ
  ִ.  ̽   ڸ Ѵ.  ׸, װ 
   ϵ   · ΰ, Ŷ  ޴ ۾   .

  Ʈũ Ǵ  ֺġ ׿  شϴ ̽ Ŀο
  ǥõǾ  ־  Ѵ.     ,    ϴ  Ethernet
  ̽  eth0  ׸, eth1  ǥõǾ ְ, SLIP ̽
  sl0, sl1  ǥõǾ ִ.  ̵ ̽ ̸ 
  Ŀο Ư  ġ ̸ ű  ,  
  Ѵ. װ͵  Ư ǹ̸  ִ  ƴϴ.

  TCP/IP Ʈŷ  ϰ ϱ ؼ,  ϳ IP 巹
  ϳ ̽  Ҵؾ Ѵ. IP 巹 迡  
  , ڽ  ź ִ    ȴ.  巹
    ̽ ̸ ٸ.  ;    
    Ѵٸ, 巹   پ ִ п .

   ؾ ϴ  ٸ ġ μ ִ. ̰͵ ϳν
   ׷   ũ⸦ ϴ κ  ִ. ̰  ϵ
  Ư κе  ó   ִ.  ̰ MTU Ǵ Maximum Transfer
  Unit θ.  ٸ Ӽ  Ұϱ .

  2.2.  IP Addresses

  1 忡 Ѵ, IP Ʈŷ     ִ
  巹 32Ʈ̴.  Ʈ ŷ ȯ濡 ִ     
   Ҵ   ִ.    ٸ Ʈ ũ TCP/IP
  ȯ ̷  ʴ Ϲ   Ʈũ  ϰ ִٸ, 
    ⿡  ̵ ȣ Ҵ   ̴. ׷,
  ͳݿ ִ    Ʈ ߾ӱ , NIC - Network Information
  Center - 밳, ι̴ п IP address Ҵϸ,
    װ Ѵ. Ǵ е ϴ IP address 
  NIC ؼ   ִ.  ּҴ  .
  hostmaster@internic.net   ȣ Ҵ  ̴.

  IP address  б ؼ, octet θ   8Ʈ 
   Ҵ.   , 0x954C0C04 IP address 
  quark.physics.groucho.edu  149.76.12.4  ִ. ̷
  ¸ dotted quad notation̶ θ.

   ǥ   ٸ ν, IP address    network
  ڷ,    host ڷ   ִ.   NIC
  IP address û ,  ȹ  Ҵ  ʴ´.
  ſ,  ϳ Ʈũ ڸ ޾Ҵٸ,  Ʈũ 
    ȣ ,  ȿ IP address Ҵ 
  ִ.

  ȣƮ κ Ʈũ Ը ϱ   ۾ų,
  ũԵ  ʿ䰡 ִ.      ʿ伺 ֱ 
  Ʈũ    Ŭ , ̰     IP
  address   ִ.

     Class A
        Class A 1.0.0.0 127.0.0.0 Ʈũ ϰ ִ.
         Ʈũ ڴ ù ° ݿ ԵǾ  ִ.  ׸ ̰
        24 Ʈ  ȣƮ κ , 뷫 160  ȣƮ  
        ִ.

     Class B
        Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0  Ʈũ ϰ
         .  ; Ʈũ ڴ ù  ݿ ԵǾ  ִ.  ׸
        ̰ 16320 Ʈũ ϰ ,  65024
        ȣƮ  ִ.

     Class C
        Class B 192.0.0.0  223.255.255.0 Ʈũ ϰ
        ִ.  Ʈũ ڴ ù  ݿ ԵǾ ִ. ׸ ̰
         2鸸 Ʈũ ϰ , ְ 254 ȣƮ
          ִ.

     Class D, E, and F
        224.0.0.0 254.0.0.0  ִ ּҵ ̰ų
        ̷  Ǿ ֱ ,  Ʈũ 
        ʴ´.

  1忡    ٸ,quark  ּ 149.76.12.4 Class B
  ش  Ʈũ 149.76.0.0 ȣƮ 12.4 ٰ   ִ.

  ּ  ۿ  ȣƮ κп ִ    
     ´ٴ  ¼ ˾    𸥴.
  ֳϸ,  0,    255  ȣƮ ڵ Ư 
   ̹ Ǿ ֱ ̴.  ȣƮ κп ִ ּ Ʈ
   0ΰ Ʈũ Ÿ,   κ  1  εĳƮ
  ּҶ  θ, ̰ Ʈũ õǾ ִ   ȣƮ
  Ÿ.  ׷, 149.76.255.255   ִ ȣƮ ּҰ
  ƴ϶, Ʈũ 149.76.0.0 ִ  ȣƮ Ÿ.

  Ư Ǿ ִ   Ʈũ ּ , 0.0.0.0 127.0.0.0
  ִ.  ù ° ּҴ ٸ  default route θ,   
  loopback address θ.  Ʈ Ʈ IP   
    ϰ ,     ̴.

  Network 127.0.0.0 is reserved for IP traffic local to your host.
   κ 밳, 巹 127.0.0.1  ȣƮ loopback
  interface θ Ư  ̽ Ҵ ̸, װ ġ
  ȸο  ۵Ѵ. TCP Ǵ UDP ǳʿ IP Ŷ ġ
   Ʈũ ǰ ִ Ͱ   ̽ ǵ
  ̴. ̷    Ʈũ   ʰ
  Ʈŷ Ʈ  ϰ   ִ.  
  ȣƮ󿡼 Ʈŷ Ʈ ϰ   , ϰ  
   ִ  ٸ ø̼ ִ.  ̰  Ư ͸ ƴϴ.
  ̸׸,  UUCP Ʈ IP    ƴ,
  ׷ ұϰ,  INN  ý ϰ ;Ѵ.
     ҷ, INN  ̽ ʿ
  Ѵ.

  2.3.  Address Resolution

    IP address    ƿԴ.
   װ͵  ٸ ȣƮ ִ Ethernet󿡼 
  Ǵ ñ  𸥴. ᱹ, Ethernet    
  ݼڷ ȣƮ ϴµ, װ  Ϲ ϳ IP address
    ƴϴ. ׷ ?

  ׷. װ Ethernet address IP address Ű 
  ī ʿ   ̴. ̰ ٸ, Address Resolution
  Protocol Ǵ ARP θ. ARP Ethernet   ,
  ham radio   ٸ  Ʈũ ȴ. ARP  
  ʸ ΰ ִ μ, 150 ߼ӿ Mr.  X. Ample ãƾ
   , κ     ұ? ;  ѷ 鼭 
  ̸ θ, װ  ̴.

  ARP ־ IP address ġϴ Ethernet address ã  ,
  Ethernet Ư¡  ϳ "εĳ" Ѵ. װ
  Ʈũ  ִ    ڷḦ ÿ  ̴. ARP
   εĳƮ ڷ IP address  ϳ Ǹ  ϰ
  ִ.   ڷḦ ޴  ȣƮ  ü IP address   װ
  ؼ,  װ ġ Ѵٸ, ȸ ȣƮ   ARP
  .  ȸ ȣƮ    ۽ Ether net address
  ˾Ƴ  ִ.

    迡  ִ   Ethernet  ȣƮ
   ã,    Ethernet̾ ϴ ñ ̴.  ̷
  ӿ ̶     ϰ ȴ. , 
  Ʈũ ִ ȣƮ  ġ ˾Ƴ ̴. ̰  
  ؼ   ڼϰ ٷ ̴.

  񵿾, ARP  ̾߱ α . Ѷ, ȣƮ Ethernet
  address ߰  , װ ARP ĳ ߴ.  ׷,  
  ڷḦ ȣƮ    , װ  Ǵ  
  ʾҴ. ƹ ׷ϴ,     ϰ ϴ  
    ̴. ̸׸,     Ʈ ȣƮ
  Ethernet ī     ִ. ׷, ARP ״   
  Ǿ.  IP address    ٸ Ǹ س ؼ, ARP
  ĳ ִ ü   ȴ.

  , ־ Ethernet address õǾ ִ IP  address
  ߰ϴ ͵ ʿϴ.    Ʈ 谡 Ʈũ ִ
  κ  Ʈϰ   쿡 ߻Ѵ.   ̷ 
   幰 ʴ. ׷ Ʈ Ŭ̾Ʈ  
  ü          ʴ.  - Ethernet  address
  ϰ!  So what  it basically does is broadcast a message
  containing a plea for boot servers to tell it its IP address. ̰
    ٸ  , Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Ǵ
  RARP ִ. BOOTP ݰ Բ, ̰ Ʈũ   ũ
  Ŭ Ʈ ƮƮϱ     Ѵ.

  2.4.  IP Routing

  2.4.1.  IP Networks

      , 밳   ,
  (), ȣ   ,   ּҸ  ̴.  װ
  Կ ,  ϴ ü    װ  ּҷ
   ̴; װ   õǾ ִ  Ǵ () 
    ̴. ׷, װ ִ  ü    
   ̴.     иϴ;    
  𿡼 ġ,     ü  ( )  
  뷫  ̴. ׷,   ּҷ    ʿ
     ̴.

  IP Ʈũ ̿  · Ǿִ.  ü ͳ automonous
  systems  Ҹ    Ʈũ ̷  ִ.   ý
      ȣƮ̿   Ѵ. ׷, 
  ȣƮ Ʈũ  θ ߰ν, ͱ׷  ϴ
  ۾     ִ. ̰  ׷ Ư  Ʈũ
  ִ  ȣ Ʈ Ű ,  Ʈũ  ü ؼ,
  װ óѴٴ ǹ̸  ִ.

  2.4.2.  Subnetworks

    Ͱ , IP  address ȣƮ κа Ʈũ κ
  ν,   Ÿ  ִ.  Ʈũ IP address
  Ʈũ κп  ̴. ׷,   IP Ʈũ ȣ
   ȣƮ  Ʈũ ߰ߵȴ. -  Autonomous ý۵ 
  ݴ Ϲ̴. װ͵  IP Ʈũ   𸥴.

  װ 鰳   Ʈũ հ Ethernet   
  Ʈũ ̷     ̷ ķδ, Ʈũ
  inside ϴ  Ű  ϴ ͵ ġ ´ ̴.
  ׷Ƿ, IP  ϳ IP Ʈũ ȭǰ, װ 
  subnet .

  IP Ʈũ κп Ư IP address   ׷  ϴ
   ϳ IP    ð ִ. Ŭ A, B, Ǵ C 
  װ͵ IP address  Ʈũ κ ȭ εǾ . ׷ 򿡴
  ȣƮ κп  Ʈ  ԽŴν, Ʈũ κ ȮŲ .
    ȣ ؼǴ Ʈ ȣ subnet mask Ǵ netmask
    .  ̰ 32 Ʈ ̷ ڵ̸, IP address
  Ʈũ κ  Ʈ ũ ǥѴ.

                        Figure 2.1: Subnetting a class B network

  ׷ Ʈũ  ν, Groucho Marx University Ʈũ 
   ִ. װ Ŭ  B شϴ Ʈũ ȣ 149.76.0.0
  , װ  Ʈ 255.255.0.0 ȴ.

   GMU  Ʈũ   Ʈũ ̷
  ִ.  ׷, IP    254  , 149.76.1.0
  149.76.254.0 صǾ.   , Theoretical Physics δ
  149.76.12.0 ҴǾ. ׸ campus backbone ü
  Ʈũ , 149.76.1.0 Ҵ޾Ҵ.  ̷ ݵ  IP
  Ʈũ ȣ ϰ ִ. ݸ鿡  °  װ͵ ̿
  еǾ ȴ. ׸Ͽ װ͵ 255.255.255.0̶ ϳ 
  ũ  ̴.

  ׸ 2.1 quark ּ 149.76.12.4   ؼǴ
  ش.   ּҰ  Ŭ B Ʈũ ϰ Ǵ ,
    ϴ ش.

   (      ̷Ե θ.)   
  Ʈũ  internal division μ ġִ  ƴϴ. 
  Ʈũ ڰ   ϰ  Ǵµ,    ϴ 踦
  Ÿ    . װ͵  (ΰ Ethernet
  ̿ )̰,  ( department̿) ̸,  ̸,
  ̷  ݵ ɰϴ     鿡 ־. 
     Ʈũ   Ȱ  ĥ   ,
  ٱ 迡   Ÿ ʴ´.

  2.4.3.  Gateways

   ν,      ƴϴ. װ 
  ϵ  Ѱ ߿伺  츮 νĽ ֱ⵵ Ѵ. Ethernet
     Ʈũ ִ ȣƮ   ٸ, ſ ѵǾ
  ִ.  ѻ̶      ִ ȣƮ 
  ش Ʈũ ־ Ѵٴ ̴. ٸ   ȣƮ
  gateways       ִ. Ʈ̴  ̻
    Ʈũ ÿ Ǿ ִ ϳ ȣ Ʈ̴. ׸
  װ װ͵ ̿ Ŷ ȯϴ ۾  ش.

   ȣƮ   Ʈũ ִٸ, IP  νĽŰ
  ؼ,  ٸ   Ʈũ  ٸ IP Ʈũ  ־
  Ѵ.  , Ʈũ ȣ 149.76.4.0 mathematics LAN ִ
  ȣƮ Ǿ ִ ,    ׷  quark  
  , erdos ִ Ʈũ Ʈ  IP address,
  149.76.12.4 Ÿ ش. ׸,  ڷ Ʈ
  (ʱⰪδ sophus Ǿ ִ.) ļ,  ȣƮ 
  ̴.

  sophus  ü    ٸ ݿ Ǿ ִ. :
  Mathematics Department, ׸ campus backbone. װ eth0
  fddi0 ϴ  ٸ ̽ ļ Ѵ.   ,
  츮 Ҵ IP  address  ?  ׸  149.76.1.0 Ǵ
  149.76.1.4  ߿  װ Ҵ  ־  ?

   Ѵ̴. Maths LAN ִ ȣƮ  ϰ  , sophus
  IP address 149.76.4.1 ؾ ϰ, 麻 ִ ȣƮ 
  ϰ  쿡 149.76.1.4 ؾ Ѵ.

  ׸Ͽ, Ʈ̴ Ʈũ ϳ  IP address Ҵ޴´.
  ̷ address  شϴ ̽ ġǾ ,
  Ʈ̸  ļ, ݿ  ȴ.  ǥ  sophus
  ġϴ ̽ 巹 ְ ִ.

   ̴ ü  ̽ lo̴.  ̰ 2.2
  Ұ Ǿ .

  ׸ 2.2 Groucho Marx University (GMU) ִ Ʈũ 
  ܸ ְ ִ.   ݿ ִ ȣƮ 
  ִ address ְ ִ.

             Figure 2.2: A part of the net topology at Groucho Marx Univ.

  Ϲ,  ȣƮ ̽ 巹 ߰Ű
         . erdos  ϳ
  Ʈũ  ִ ȣƮ  , i    ̰
  IP address  ִ ȣƮ ȸ  ̴.  , 
  Ʈ̸  ,   ſ ߿ ۿ   ִ.

  2.4.4.  The Routing Table

  ⼭  ׷ Ʈ  Ʈũ Ѱ ,   IP
   Ʈ̸     ̴.

  quark  ׷  , erdos  ּҸ ˻ϰ, 
  Ʈũ  װ  ϴ ȮϿ.  ۾ erdos
  Ʈ Ʈ sophus  ڷḦ    ۾    ƶ̶
      ִ.  sophus quark  Ʈũ͵  Ǿ
    ʴٴ  νѴ. ׷, sophus   ġ  ٸ
  Ʈ̸ ãƳ  ̴. Ȯϰ ߴٸ, װ Physics
  Department  Ʈ niels ̴. sophus 
  Ʈ̸   Ʈũ ϱ    ʿ
  ϰ ȴ.

  ̰ ϴ   IP ⺻ Ʈ̿ Ǿ
  ִ Ʈũ    ǹѴ. Ϲ ٸ  ü
  ؾ ϸ,  ̰ Ʈũ 0.0.0.0 õǾ ִ
  Ʈ̴. ˷  Ʈũ   Ŷ Ʈ
  Ʈ ļ  ȴ. sophus󿡼,  ̺  
   ̴.

  sophus  Ǿ ִ Ʈũ Ʈ
  Ʈ̸  ʿ   ´. ̷  Ʈ ü
  "-" ǥõǾ ִ.

   ̺   ǹ̷ ؼ  ִ. Ը  LAN
  ؼ Ʈð    route ɾ Էؼ װ͵
  IP ǵϰ, ϴ   ȿ  . (5  ϶).
  ̰ͺ     ū Ʈũ   ؼ ð routing
  daemons  ־ Ѵ. ̰͵ Ʈũ  ߾ ȣƮ
  Ǹ,  Ʈũ ̿  Ʈ  ֱ ؼ 
   ȯ ̴.
  Ʈũ Ը ϴ   ٸ      ̴.
  Groucho Marx campus  ڹ ýۿ  ϱ ؼ
  internal routing  protocols  Ѵ.  ε巯 ϴ 
  ϳ ٷ RIP, Routing Information Protocol ̸, װ BSD routed
    ȴ. ڹ ýۿ  ϱ ؼ EGP
  (Ext ernal Gateway Protocol) Ǵ BGP  (Border Gateway Protocol) 
   external routing   protocols ؾ   Ѵ. RIP   Ӹ ƴ϶
  ̷  ͵鵵 Cornell's  gated   ǰ ִ. -
    routed Ҿϴٰ  Ѵ.  gated RIP ϴ
  ķδ routedſ gated ϴ   .

  2.4.5.  Metric Values

  RIP ⺻ ϰ ִ     ȣƮ "hops"
  ȣ  ʸ ΰ ִ Ʈũ  ְ Ʈ Ѵ.
  ׸   ׷  ϱ  Ʈ ̸ ľ Ѵ. ܰŸ
  Ʈ RIP ۷  . 16̻ ȩ( ο 
  ϴ ϳ ) ġ Ÿ Ʈ   
  ֵǸ,  óȴ. ٽ    ȵȴٴ ǹ̴.

    Ʈũ ִ   ϰ, RIP ϱ
  ؼ  ȣ  Ʈ gated Ѿ Ѵ. Ʈð gated
  Ʈũ  ̽ Ͼ   Ȱ  ˻Ѵ. Ȱϰ
  ִ ̽ ϳ ̶̻ (⼭  ̽ 
   ʴ´.) ȣƮ  Ʈũ ̿  Ŷ  
  Ȱ ȯϰ  ٰ   ִ. ׷ ʴٸ,  ٽø
  Ȱϰ ִ ̽ ٸ, RIP  ֽ  ްų 
   ̺ ϴ ۾ ұ  ̷ ִٰ  
  ִ.

    ̺κ   , gated  ̺
  Ʈ õǾ   metric value  Ʈ ̸ Ѵ.
  Ʈ   , ý ڰ  Ͱ   ϸ, 
  Ʈ ϴ     ƾ Ѵ. ׷Ƿ
  ȣƮ   Ǿ ִ  Ͱ ׻  0 Ǿ
  Ѵ. ݸ鿡,   Ʈ ̸ ġ ϳ Ʈ Ͱ
  ڸ Ǿ Ѵ.  ,  RIP gated   
   Ͱ ؼ  ʾƵ ȴ.

  2.5.  The Internet Control Message Protocol

  IP 츮    companion protocol  ִ.
  ̰ ٸƴ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ̸, ٸ
  ȣƮ ޽  ߻ϴ  ȯϱ  Ŀ Ʈŷ
  ڵ带 Ѵ. ̸׸,   erdos ְ, quark ִ
  12345 Ʈ  ϰ ϸ,  Ʈ  μ
  listening  ʰ ִٰ Ѵ.  Ʈ  ù ° TCP
  Ŷ quark  , TCP Ʈŷ  Ŷ ν
  ̰,  "Port Unreachable"  ICMP ޽ erdos ǵ 
  ̴.

    ִ ICMP ޽   ,  ߿  ¸
  ϴ ޽ ִ.  ߿ Redirect message Ҹ ſ
  ̷ο ޽ ϳ ִ.    ª ΰ ִϴ,
  װ  ⿡  Ǹ, ٸ ȣƮ Ʈ̸ ؼ
  װ   ȴ.  ,  Ŀ sophus 
  ̺ ҿ °   ְ, Mathematics Ʈũ FDDI
  麻 ΰ ԵǾ   , Groucho Computing Center's
  gateway (gccl) ִ Ʈ  ʱⰪ Ǿ  
  ִ. ׷ quark ִ Ŷ Physics Department ִ
  Ʈ niels  gccl  ̴.   
     ׷ ۹ , gccl  Ŷ niels
  ٽ Ұ̰, ÿ ֻ   ϴ ICMP Redirect
  ޽ sophus  ̴.
  ϰԵ   ⺻ ۾  ؾϴ
  ŷο ϱ     ó ϼ  RIP  ICMP
  Redirect messages      ϰ ִϴ ̰
  ׻    ƴϴ. ICMP  Redirect  RIP   
       ϱ   û׵ 
   ʴ´. ̰ Ȥ   ü Ʈũ Ʈ пŰ
   Ƿ   ۾ ϰ ִ  . ̷ 
  , װ͵ ġ ȣƮ θ   ߼ϴ ó, Ʈũ 
  Ʈ  ġ Redirect messages ġϱ   Linux
  Ʈŷ ڵ尡 ִ.

  2.6.  The Domain Name System

  2.6.1.  Hostname Resolution

    , TCP/IP Ʈŷ 巹  32Ʈ ڵ
  ȴ. ,  е  ڵ ϴµ   
   ̴. ׷, ȣƮ  Ϲ gauss Ǵ strange 
   ̸  ִ.  ̸ ġϴ IP 巹 ã  
   ø̼ ǹ̴. ̷  host name resolution̶
  θ.

  ־ ȣƮ IP 巹 ãƾ ϴ ø̼ ȣƮ
  IP 巹 ã   ü  ü踦    ʴ.
  Instead, it relies on number of library functions that do this
  transparently, called gethostbyname(3) and gethostbyaddr(3).
  , ̷ ͵   Ǿ ִ ڴ resolver
  library ϴ  ̺귯 ׷ȭǾ ִ;  󿡼
  ̷ ͵ ǥ libc  κ̴. ϻ, ɵ 
  "the resolver" θ.

   Ethernet  ׸ Ʈũ  װ͵
  ŬͿ ȣƮ  巹 ԽŰ ̺ ϱ
    ۾̴. ̷  밳  ϸ  /etc/hosts
  ϴ  ǰ ִ. ȣƮ ߰ϰų  , Ǵ
  巹 ȯ ,   ȣƮ ִ hosts 
  ־  .  и ̰  ǻͷ Ʈũ ϴ
  ͺ   ۾ 𸥴.

  Sun Microsystems  NIS, Network  Information System ̷
   ذϱ  ϳ  YP , ο    
  Ҵ. NIS  ȣƮ ִ  ̽ hosts ϰ 
  ٸ   ´. ׷ Ŭ̾Ʈ ʿ    
   ̽ ˻  ִ. ̷   LAN  ߱
  Ʈũ   ̴. ֳϸ, ü hosts  ̽
  ϰ, װ   й ־ ϱ ̴.

  ͳ 󿡼, 巹  ⺻  HOSTS.TXT ϴ
  ͺ̽ Ǿ ִ.   Network Information Center
  Ǵ NIC   ǰ ,      Ʈ ۵ǰ
  ġǾ Ѵ.  Ʈũ ؼ  , ̷  
    ߻Ѵ. Դٰ  ν, 
  HOSTS.TXT ġ ؾ ϰ,     йؾ
  ϴ   ϰ ִ.  NIC  Ǿ ϴ 
  ̸ ɰ  ߻  , ̸   
    Ǵ Ȯ ⵵ ؾ Ѵ.

  1984, ̷ ν, ο  ̸ ذ   , Domain Name
  System̶  ä Ǿ. DNS Paul Mockapetris Ͽ,
  ׿ ÿ ּҿ õ   ذ ߴ.

  2.6.2.  Enter DNS

  DNS ΰ ȣƮ  ϰ  ִ.  
  ǹ̿  Ǿ ִ Ʈ ̴. --   Ʈũ
   (  п ִ    , Ǵ BITNET ִ 
  ȣƮ) Ǿ ֱ⵵ ϰ, Ư ⱸ (̱ )  Ǵ   
   ֱ⵵ ϴ. ̸ ׸, е edu  ׷ȭǾ ְ,
   մа ܰ ٽ װ͵ ȣƮ ϰ ִ 
  subdomain Ѵ. Groucho Marx University groucho.edu  
  ο޾ ̰, Mathematics Department  LAN maths.groucho.edu
  Ҵ޾ ̴.  ι Ʈũ ִ ȣƮ  ü
  ȣƮ θ  ̴; ׷ erdos
  erdos.maths.groucho.edu ˷ ִ°  𸥴.  ̰ fully
  qualified domain name Ǵ FQDN̶ θ, ̰  Ư
  ȣƮ 迡  ϰ   ִ.

                            Figure 2.3: A part of the domain name space

  ׸ 2.3    ְ ִ.  Ʈ Ʈ ִ
  ü ϳ -Ʈ- (̰ root domain̶ θ.)  ǥѴ.
  ׸ ٸ      ϰ ִ. ȣƮ  
  ǹ̸   θ ϱ   fully qualified
  domain name ǥϱ ,  װ trailing dot .
  ̰  ̸  Ұ Ʈ ̶  ǹѴ.

  ̸ ü ϰ ִ ϳ   top-level,  second-level,
  Ǵ  third-level  θ⵵ Ѵ. ׸  
  ȭǰ , ׷   ƴϴ.     
  ִ top-level   Ҵ.

     edu
        (밳 ̱ ) ,  : 

     com
        ü  : ȸ(company)

     org
         ü.  UUCP Ʈũ    Ѵ.

     net
        Ʈ̿ Ʈũ   ϴ ȣƮ

     mil
        ̱ 漺 ⱸ

     gov
        ̱  

     uucp
         ξ UUCP ̸ ϴ   Ʈ 
             ϰ Ǿ.

  ͳݿ     (edu, net, mil, gov) ̱
    ְ ϰ  ̱   󿡼 ̵
   ϴ 찡 ִ.   Ưϰ, net  
  , mill gov  ̱   ִ.

  ̱ ̿ 󿡼 Ϲ ISO-3166 ǵǾ ִ  
  ڷ   top-level  Ÿ. ̸׸, ʶ fi
   ϰ,  fr,  de, ׸ ȣִ au top-
  level  Ѵ. top-level   ȣƮ 
   NIC Ӱ   ִ.  , ȣֿ second-
  level   ϴ top-level ΰ ϰ ,
  com.au Ǵ edu.auó   ִ. ϰ  󿡼 Ư
   Ἥ Ư ⱸ  ϱ  ణ   
  ϱ⵵ Ѵ.  , ftp.information.unierlangen.de
  <ftp://ftp.information.unierlangen.de>   ȣƮ ϴ
    幮 ͸ ƴϴ. ϰ  ɷִ 󿡼 
  ϴ ȣƮ  ٸ  ϱ⵵ Ѵ.

  , ̷   Ʒ ϰԵ ȣƮ ǹϴ
    ƴϴ.       ġϰ ִ;  
   ȣƮ   NIC   ϽŰ  ִ.   ȸ簡
  ȣֿ  縦    ,   翡 ִ    ȣƮ ׵
  top-level  se  ϽŲ.

  ,   ִ    ϰ Ǹ, 
  ̸ ߺǴ    ذ  ִ. ; DNS ȣƮ
  ̸ 迡  ϳ̾ Ѵ.  Դ , fully qualified
  name ϱ  Ѵ. ׸  ̹ Ŵ ϳ   
         ִ.

  ׸ DNS  ڸ ļ ؾϴ ۾ , 굵
    ִ   п ִ  ͺ      㰡
  ֱ⵵  Ѵ.   , Groucho Computing Center ִ
  (maintainer)   (department)     
   ִ.  ̹  maths physics 굵 Ҵ.  
  Physics Department ִ Ʈ ũ â · ߰ ȴٸ,
   Ʈũ  ڿ physics.groucho.edu    ϰԲ
   𸥴. ¼    ׵ ϴ ȣƮ 
     , ࿡  Ʈũ    , ܺ 
    ¿  IP ּҸ Ҵ  ִ.

  ̷ Ͼ  ִ  ,   zone
   Ǹ,     ϳ  Ѹ   
  ̴. ⼭  zone domain̿  ΰ ̰ ִٴ 
  ϶;   domain groucho.edu Groucho  Marx University ִ 
  ȣƮ ѷΰ ִ ݸ鿡 zone groucho.edu Computing Center
     ϴ ȣƮ     к   (Mathematics
  Department)   ϰ  ִ.   Physics Department ִ
  ȣƮ ٸ  zone ,  physics.groucho.edu   ִ. ׸
  2.3, ϳ zone    ǥõǾ ְ,  
  ʿ  ִ.

  2.6.3.  Name Lookups with DNS

   Ƽ ̷  ΰ (zone)    ۾
   ϳ ذ ó δ. ᱹ, ȣƮ Ҵ  ִ ߽
    ٸ,    ø̼ ̶  ȴٰ 
   ְڴ°?

   DNS   ҹϰ  亯   ִ.   
  erdos IP ּ  ã ʹٸ, DNS װ ϰ  ִ 
     ̴. ׷     ˰ ; ϴ
   ˷ ̴.

  , DNS Ŵϰ Ǿ ִ ͺ̴̽.  ̰ 
   ǹ̷ν   Ǵµ ־ ΰ  տ  
  Ѵ.   (zone) ؼ,       ,
       (zone) ִ ȣƮ    
  ִ. erdos IP ּҸ ϱ ؼ,  groucho.edu zone 
      ,     Ѵ.

   ϴ ͺ ¼    𸥴.   Groucho
  Marx University        ִ°? ,
   ǻͰ address-resolving oracle   ߾  
  쿡 DNS  ׷   ش.   ø̼
  erdos    ãƳ  ,  Ӽ  ؼ,
  ̸ interative query  Ѵ.   Ӽ Ʈ
    Ӽ Ǹ ν ۾   ϰ ȴ.
  ׸ װ   Ӽ erdos.maths.groucho.edu ּҸ
  ûѴ.  Ʈ Ӽ  ̸ Ʈѿ  ʴ´ٴ 
  νϰ Ǹ,  edu      ִٰ ǴѴ.
  ׷, Ʈ Ӽ  ڼ  ˰ ʹٸ, edu zone
  Ӽ ϶  ̸, ׵ ּҿ Բ  edu
  Ӽ   Ѵ.  ׷,     edu 
   ϳ, ̸׸ a.isi.edu    Եȴ. Ʈ 
    ν, a.isi.edu groucho.edu ִ   
   , п   ִ ġ  ش. ׷ 
     erdos    Ǹ,  װ 
  ּҰ ִ  ˾ ǰ, ġϴ  IP ּҸ 
  ø̼  ȴ.

  ݱ  Ϳ , ܼϰ IP ּҸ  ãµ û
   Ʈ ɸ  ó δ.  HOSTS.TXT Ե
  û    д ͺٴ   ۾̴. ׷
  ̷ ӿ Ǿ    ִ.

  ̷ Ǹ ϴµ  ð ̱ ,  Ӽ 
  cacheٰ     ̴. ׷    
  Ʈũ   groucho.edu ִ ȣƮ ּҸ ã 
  ,   Ӽ ü    ٽ ġ ʰ 
   groucho.edu ϰ   ̴. -   ׷ ʴٸ,  DNS
  ٸ Ͱ    𸥴. ֳϸ,  ǰ Ʈ 
   ʿ ϱ ̴.

  , Ӽ    ϰ   ̴. 
  ణ Ⱓ   , װ  ó ̴. ̷ ð
  time to live Ǵ TTL̶   .     å ڰ
  DNS  ̽ ִ  ڷῡ  TTL ҴѴ.

  2.6.4.  Domain Name Servers

  Ӽ authoritative Ҹ ȿ ִ ȣƮ  
    ִ.  ,  װ master name servers
  ϱ⵵ Ѵ.    ִ ȣƮ    
   ̷     ȴ.

    ȭ ϱ ؼ  װ    
  ǥ  ̴.    Ϸκ     Ű
   ߿ ϳ primary    , Ģ   
  primary   ڷḦ       ִ    ٸ secondary
     ν ̷ ۾ ̷   ִ.

   Ӽ  ߿  ϳδ  ۾ лŰ
  ؼ̰,  ٸ  δ  ۾  Ӽ
  йϱ ؼ̴. ϳ    ӽ 浹  սǰ 
    Ʈũ ῡ ߴٸ, ٸ   Ǹ û
    ̴. , ̷    ( DNS û
   ߸   س ,    α׷ 
  Ʈ װ ߻Ǵ )κ ȣ    Ѵ.

     ϰ  ִ   Ǵ  
  ε      . - ¼  ׷ 𸥴. 
  Ӽ localhost     127.0.0.1 شϴ 
   ־ Ѵ.  ׷ ұϰ ̷  ° 
  쵵 ִ. ̰   Ʈũ  ϰ ִ
  ø̼  DNS ǵ óϰ      .
    ¸ caching-only  θ.

  2.6.5.  The DNS Database

  츮  DNS ȣƮ IP ּҸ óϴ   Ӹ ƴ϶
  Ӽ  ȯϴ ϵ Ѵٴ  ˾Ҵ.  DNS
  ͺ̽  ٸ  Ʈ   .

  DNS  ̽ ִ ϳ   resource record ٿ
  RR̶ θ.   ڵ װͰ õǾ ִ ¸ 
  ְ, װ ǥϴ      , ϳ Ŭ
  װ ϴ Ʈũ ¸  ְ ִ. ڴ IP ּ 
  (the IN class) Ǵ MIT Ǵ Hesiod Ʈũ ּҿ  
  ٸ 巹    ʿ並 Ű ִ. ⺻  resource
  record ´ ϳ IP  ּҿ Բ ϳ fully qualified domain
  name õǾ ִ ϳ ڵ带 Ѵ.

  , ȣƮ  ̸   ִ.  ̷ ̸
  ϳ     Ȯε  ִ canonical host name ̾ Ѵ.
  ݸ鿡 ٸ ̸ ܼ ڿ   ϰ ִ ̴. 
  ΰ ¿   Ѵٸ, canonical ȣƮ  õǾ
  ִ ڵ尡  ϳۿ , ٸ ȣƮ canonical
  ȣƮ Ű ִ CN- AME ڵ带  ִ.

  츮 ⼭   ڵ带 ٷ  , 忡 
     ,      Ҵ. ׸ 2.4
  physics.groucho.edu (zone)    Ӽ  Ǵ 
  ͺ̽  κ ְ ִ.

          Figure 2.4: An excerpt from the named.hosts file for the Physics Department

  A CNAME ϴ ĳ,     κп  Ư
  ڵ带    . ̰ SOA (Start of Authority) ҽ
  ڵ̴. ̰    ִ Ϲ    ִ. ̸
  ׸, ̰   ڵ带  time-to-live ʱⰪ ϰ
  ִ.

   Ͽ Ʈ(.)  ʴ  ̸ groucho.edu ΰ
  Ǿ ؼ    ϶. SOA ҽ Ǵ Ư
  ̸ "@"  ü     Ÿ.

  츮  groucho.edu   Ӽ ¶  
  physics  (zone)    ˰ ְ, ׷ ׵
  Ӽ Ǹ û  ִ   ƿԴ.  ̰ 밳 ѽ
  ڵ忡  ȴ ; NS ڵ   FQDN  ְ,
  ϳ    ̸ õǾ ִ ּҸ  ִ. ̷
  ڵ尡   Բ  Ǵ ̷, װ͵  glue
  records  θ⵵ Ѵ. ̰͵   (parent zone) 
    ִ ȣƮ      ִ ڵ
  ǥ ̴. glue ڵ  ׸ 2.5  Ͱ 
  physics.groucho.edu  Ӽ Ű ִ.

            Figure 2.5: An excerpt fro the named.hosts file for GMU.

  2.6.6.      ٶϴ. ̰ reverse mapping θ
  ź ϱ  ؼ  Ʈũ 񽺿  ȴ. ܵ
  hosts   , reverse lookups ܼ   ǿ شϴ
  IP ּҸ  ȣƮ   ãش. DNS   
   ö ϰ ã ۾  ǿʹ  ۾̴. ſ,
  ݱ    ִ Ư   in-addr.arpa dotted-quad
  ǥ   ȣƮ  IP ּҸ  ϰ ִ. ̸ ׸,
  149.76.12.4 IP ּҴ 4.12.76.149.in-addr.arpa ̸
  ġѴ. ̷ ̸ װ͵ canonical ȣƮ Ų
  ҽ ڵ带 PTR̶ θ.  Reverse Lookups

         밳   ϴ
    IP ּҸ ȣ Ʈ Ҵϴ  ۾ ϰ   
  ִٴ  ǹѴ.  ׵ 밳     ִ ϳ̻
  IP Ʈũ   ̷, DNS (zone) IP Ʈ ũ  1
    ?  (one-to-many)  ϴ    ִ.  ̸׸,
  (Physics Department)  149.76.8.0, 149.76.12.0 ׸
  149.76.14.0 ϰ ִ.

   , in-addr.arpa ο ִ ο  physics  
    ϰ,  (department) ִ Ʈũ ڿ 
  ӹ޾ƾ Ѵ; 8.76.149.in-addr.arpa, 12.76.149.in-addr.arpa ׸,
  14.76.149.in-addr.arpa.  ׷ ʰ, Collider Lab ٰ ο
  ȣƮ ġϴ  , ׵ in-addr.arpa   (zone) Ͽ
  ԷµǾ ִ ο ּҸ  ؼ ׵ (parent) ο
   ʿ䰡  ̴.

   12   (zone) ͺ̽ ׸  2.6 Ÿ ִ.
  ׵     (parent zone)  ̽ ġϴ glue
  ڵ ׸ 2.7 Ÿ ִ.

            Figure 2.6: An excerpt from the named.rev file for subnet 12

            Figure 2.7: An excerpt from the named.rev file for network 149.76.

  ̰͵  ߿  ڸ, (zone)   IP Ʈũ
  superset     ְ, ̷ Ʈũ  ݸũ
  Ʈ  ؾ  Ѵ. Groucho  Marx п ִ  ݵ
  255.255.255.0 ݸũ , ¶ in-addr.arpa   
               ־. ׷,   ſ
  ݸũ 255.255.255.128  شٸ,  149.76.12.128 
       .  ֳϸ, 12.76.149.in-addr.arpa
        ( ȣƮ ϳ 1
  127,  ϳ 128 255 )  ִٰ DNS
    ִ   ̴.

  3.  Configuring the Networking Hardware

  3.1.  Devices, Drivers, and all that

   츮 Ʈũ ̽ Ϲ  TCP/IP  
  ̾߱    . , ϵ  κ ϴ Ŀο
  "Networking code" ü   ϴ Ȯ  Ѵ.
  ̷ 츦 ؼ,  忡 ̽    信
   ٷ  Ѵ.

  켱 ϵ  ü   ̴.  , ̴ ;
  ̰    ̷ ְ,  ӿ  ȣ  
    Ĩ ä ,  带 PC Կ Ⱦ 
  ȴ. ⼭ ̷ ġ   ̴.

  ̴ 带   ְ ϱ ؼ,  Ŀο Ư
  (ɼ)  ǥ ξ Ѵ. ׷ Ư  ġ 
  ־ Ѵ. ̷ ͵ ̸  ġ ̹ Ѵ.  ,
   ɸ鿡 ̴     ġ ̹
   ִ. ׷ ġ ̹ װ  Donald Becker
  ̸  "Becker Series Drivers" θ. ٸ  ,  D-
  Link ̹   ִ , ̰  Ʈ Ǿ ִ D-
  Link Ŷ ͸ ó ش.
  ׷, ġ ̹ "óѴ"   ǹϱ? 
  ̴ 忡     κ . ̹ ¶
  , ֺġ     ־ Ѵ : , ̹
   ɾ ͸  ϴ ݸ鿡,   ̹ 
    Ͷ ۹  ־ Ѵ.

  PC ̷   ޸   ̷, װ 
  Ϳ   ִ.  ޸𸮴 Ϲ  
  κ̳ base address  Ǿ ִ. ̴   ̽
  ּҴ 0x300, Ǵ 0x360̴.

            ׸ 3.1: ġ ̹, ̽ ׸ ϵ 

  밳,  ̽ ּҿ  ϵ  ؼ 
  ʾƵ ȴ.  ϸ, Ŀ Ʈð  ġ  
  ̴. ̷  autoprobing̶ θ. , ̰ Ŀ 
  ޸ ġ о ̰,  ̴ 尡 ġǾ ִ  
  Ϳ Ѵ. , ڵ  س   ̴  
    𸥴; ǥ   ȣȯ   ̴
  ī带   ̴. ׸  Ŀ  , ̴
  ġ   õ ̴. ,  ϳ ̻ 带
  ϰ ִٸ, ̷  Ŀο  ƾ Ѵ.

   Ŀο  ƾ ϴ  ٸ δ  ͷƮ û
  ä ִ. Ŀ ο  ϵ ǰ  ͷƮ űµ,
  ׵  ǰ  ͷƮ   ó ʿ䰡 ִ 찡  ִ.
   ,  Ͱ   , Ư ° ߻ϱ⵵ Ѵ.
  PC, ͷƮ 0 1 ׸ 3  15 ȣ ο 15
  ͷƮ äε  ϳ ߻Ѵ. ϵ ǰ  ϳ
  ͷƮȣ   ,   ̷ ͷƮȣ   interrupt
  request   number, Ǵ   IRQ. - IRQ 2 9  . ֳϸ,
  PC  8  IRQ  ͷƮ μ ٷ Ĺ迭ϰ ֱ
  ̴. ,  ° μ ù °  μ IRQ 2  
  ִ. θ.

  2忡 Ѵ, Ŀ ̸ ̽  ġ(device)
  Ѵ.  ̽   ϵ ͸ ްų
  ų ϴ ߻    Ѵ.

  ̽  ̸   Ѵ. ̷ ͵ Ŀο
  ǵȴ. , /dev 丮  ġ  ִ  ƴϴ.
    ̴ ̽  ̸δ eth0, eth1 ִ. 
  ġ شϴ ̽  Ҵ  ġ   ִ 
   ȴ; ̸׸,  ù ° ġǾ ִ ̴  
  eth0 ɰ̰,  eth1  ̸   ̴. ̷
  Ģ    ܵ ִ.  SLIP ̽  Ҵȴ.
  ٽ ؼ, SLIP  Ȯ , ̽ ø Ʈ
  Ҵȴ.

  ׸ 3.1 츮 ϵ, ġ ̹  ׸ ̽
  踦    ִ.

   , Ŀ ϴ ġ ġǾ ִ ̽ ȭ鿡
  Ÿ.    츮    ִ Ʈ ȭ̴.

       .
       .
      This processor honours the WP bit even when in supervisor mode. Good.
      Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
      Swansea University Computer Society NET3.010
      IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP
      PPP: version 0.2.1 (4 channels) OPTIMIZE_FLAGS
      TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
      dl0: D-Link DE-600 pocket adapter, Ethernet Address: 00:80:C8:71:76:95
      Checking 386/387 coupling... Ok, fpu using exception 16 error reporting.
      Linux version 1.1.11 (okir@monad) #3 Sat May 7 14:57:18 MET DST 1994

   ̰ Ŀο TCP/IP  SLIP, CSLIP ׸ PPP 밡ϰ
  ϴ   Ϻκ̴. ؿ  °   D-Link 
  Ͱ Ǿ,  ġǾ ִ ̽ dl0 
  ش.   ٸ  ̴ ī带   ٸ,
  Ŀ 밳   شϴ ī带 ؼ, eth0  
  ̽ ۽Ű     ̴.   
  ġǾ  ִ ̴ ī带  ִ ,  ޽   .
   ̰ Ŀ  带 س  ٴ  Ѵ.
  ̰Ϳ ؼ   ٷڴ.

  3.2.  Kernel Configuration

  κ    Ϲ  PC ϵ
    ִ Ʈ ũ  ִ. ̰  Ʈ ũ
  Ŀ   Ϲ  ̹   ִٴ  ǹѴ.
  ׷  Ŀ  κ  ƿ       ý
  ޸𸮸 Һϰ ȴ. ׷Ƿ,   ʿ ϰ, ϴ
   ̹ ԽѼ Ŀ ؾ Ѵ.

   ý ų ,   ڱⰡ  ִ Ŀ 
  ˰ ־ Ѵ. ̰Ϳ  ⺻ ϰ ִ δ Matt
  Welsh  " Installation and Getting Started" ִ. ̰͵ 
  Linux Documentation Project (LDP) ø ϳ ̴.  ,
  츮 Ʈŷ õǾ ִ  ɼǸ ٷ ̴.

   make config ϱ⿡ ռ, Ϲ   ؾ 
  ̴.  ׸,  Ŀ ġ μ ϰ ִ
  ƴ... ̷ ͵  ϳ ν, TCP/IP Ʈŷ ϴ
  ؾ  Ѵ.  Ʈŷ ϰ  ʹٸ 'y' Էؾ Ѵ.

  3.2.1.  Kernel Options in Linux 1.0 and Higher

  Ϲ ɼǿ  亯 ϼ Ŀ, SCSI  ̹  
     ¿   亯ؾ Ѵ.   ̴ 
  Ʈŷ   ̴.   ɼǿ   ׸ 
    ؼ  Ÿ ̸, ̷  Ŀ 
      þ ̴.  ̴   κ Ŀ 
  1.0 1.1 Ǵ ɼ̴. (׿  ּ Ÿü
  Ÿ.);

       *
       * Network device support
       *
       Network device support? (CONFIG_ETHERCARDS) [y]

   () Ÿ ũ ̸  .  
   Ʈŷ  ġ , ̴, SLIP Ǵ PPP ϰ Ѵٸ,
    'y' ؾ Ѵ.    'y' ߴٸ, ڵ
  ̴  ġ ϰ ȴ. ٸ  Ʈũ ̹
  ϰ Ѵٸ,  ؾ Ѵ.

       SLIP (serial line) support? (CONFIG_SLIP) [y]
        SLIP compressed headers (SL_COMPRESSED) [y]
       PPP (point-to-point) support? (CONFIG_PPP) [y]
       PLIP (parallel port) support? (CONFIG_PLIP) [n]

  ̷  亯Ϸ   ϴ  
  ݿ ؼ    ˰ ־ Ѵ. SLIP  ø
   ؼ IP  ׷  ϴ ̴. compressed headers
  ɼ CSLIP    ε,  CSLIP  TCP/IP
    Ʈ ϴ  Ѵ.   Ŀοɼ
  ڵ CSLIP  ִ  ƴ ϶. 밳 ̰  Ư
   Ŀ  ʿ Ѵ.

  PPP ø  ؼ Ʈũ Ʈ ִ  ٸ
  ̴. SLIP  ణ ٷ , IP ѵǾ  ,
  װ  ,  IPX   . ֱٿ ͼ  PPP ɼ
   ְ ,  Ŀο   ɼ  .

  PLIP з Ʈ  ؼ IP  ׷ ִ 
  Ѵ.   밳 DOS ϰ ִ PC ϱ ؼ
  Ѵ.

     ǻ ȸ翡  ̴ 忡 
  ̴.    ̹ ߵǰ ִ.    
  ٸ 迡    ִ Ŀ  Ѵٸ, ϳ̻
  ̹   ִ.

       NE2000/NE1000 support (CONFIG_NE2000) [y]
       WD80*3 support (CONFIG_WD80x3) [n]
       SMC Ultra support (CONFIG_ULTRA) [n]
       3c501 support (CONFIG_EL1) [n]
       3c503 support (CONFIG_EL2) [n]
       3c509/3c579 support (CONFIG_EL3) [n]
       HP PCLAN support (CONFIG_HPLAN) [n]
       AT1500 and NE2100 (LANCE and PCnet-ISA) support (CONFIG_LANCE) [n]
       AT1700 support (CONFIG_AT1700) [n]
       DEPCA support (CONFIG_DEPCA) [n]
       D-Link DE600 pocket adaptor support (CONFIG_DE600) [y]
       AT-LAN-TEC/RealTek pocket adaptor support (CONFIG_ATP) [n]
       *
       * CD-ROM drivers
       *
       ...

   ý (section), , ȯ   ũƮ
  п NFS, Ʈ ŷ Ͻý    ̴.
  NFS Ͻý  ȣƮ  ִ  Ѵ.  װ
  ȣƮ پ ִ ӽ  ϵ ũ ΰó    ش.

       NFS filesystem support (CONFIG_NFS_Fs) [y]

  3.2.2.  Kernel Options in Linux 1.1.14 and Higher

   1.1.14 ణ ȯ ٲپ,  IPX 
  ߰״.   ϴ Ϲ Ʈŷ ɼ
   ̴. ̰    Ʈŷ  ǿ   Ѵ.
       *
       * Networking options
       *
       TCP/IP networking (CONFIG_TNET) [y]

   TCP/IP Ʈŷ Ѵٸ,   'y'  ؾ Ѵ.
  ׷ ʰ 'n'̶ ߴ ϴ, IPX ϴ Ŀ 
   ִ.

       IP forwarding/gatewaying (CONFIG_FORWARD) [n]

    ̴̳ ̴ݰ SLIP ũ̿  ý
  Ʈ̷ν  ϰ ִٸ,  ɼ    ִ.  ɼ
  ʱⰪ  ʴ´  ϴ , ̸ ȭ ȣƮ
  ϰ ;  𸥴. ȭ   ̻ Ʈ ũ
  Ǿ ִ ȣƮ,   Ʈũ ̿ Ʈ Ʈ 
  ʴ´.  ȭ 밳 θ δ  ִ
  ȸκ ڵ  ȣϴµ  ȴ. ڵ ȭ
  ؼ, ͳ 񽺸  ,  ȸ  
  ᵵ ȭ    , ܺ κ  ȸ
    ȣ  ִ.

       *
       * (it is saft to leave these untouched)
       *
       PC/TCP compatibility mode (CONFIG_INET_PCTCP) [n]

   ɼ  PC/TCP, DOS ʷϴ  PC, ϴ 
  TCP/IPʹ ȣȯ ۵Ѵ.     ɼ Ѵٸ,
  Ϲ ϴ UNIX    ,  迡 ϴ
  ӵ   𸥴.

       Reverse ARP (CONFIG_INET_RARP) [n]

    RARP, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol   ְ
  ش.  RARP ũ Ŭ̾Ʈ  , IP 巹
  ʿϴ X ͹̳ο  ȴ.   Ŭ̾Ʈ 
  ȹ̶,  RARP ؾ Ѵ. ֱٿ   Ʈũ Ű
  (net-0.32d) rarp ϴ  ƿƼ  ϰ ִ.  
  ƿƼ ý RARP ĳ ߰ų  ִ.

       Assume subnets are local (CONFIG_INET_SNARL) [y]

  TCP ؼ ͸  , Ͱ IP  , Ŀ
  Ŷ 帧 ߴܽѾ Ѵ. ȣƮ ؼ ̴ݰ 
   Ʈũ ؼ ͸  ,  ȣƮ հŸ
   ͳ Ŵ Ŷ      ̴.{{. ̰
  ſ  ִ Ŷũ п ϱ  ̴.  }} 
   SNARL   ʴ´ٸ, Ŀ  ׵ Ʈũ
   ϳ ̽  ִ óƮũ 
  ̴. ׷ ұϰ   Groucho Marx University ִ
  Ŭ B Ʈũ ã Ѵٸ, Ŭ B üƮũ 
  , κ ȣƮ ̽  ϳ̻  
   ̴.   SNARL Ѵٸ, Ŀ  
  ̶  ̸, п ִ ȣƮ  , Ŵ
  Ŷ ϰ  ̴.
    Ư ȣƮ  ͸ ؼ ׸ Ŷ
  ϰ  ٸ, (̸׸, SLIP  ͸  ϴ
  )  route mtu  ؼ,   ذ  ִ.
  ̰Ϳ ؼ  ǳκп ŷ  ̴.

       Disable NAGLE algorithm (normally enabled) (CONFIG_TCP_NAGLE_OFF) [n]

  Nagle ̸ tinygrams θ Ưϰ    IP Ŷ
  ϱ  Ģ̴. ȭ Ʈŷ  ̷  tinygram 
  µ, telnet  Ǵ rsh  Ʈŷ  ̷ tinygram
  . SLIP    뿪 ῡ tinygram İ  ִ.
  Nagel ˰  ȲϿ ߻ϴ ͸ TCP  
  ̴ ۾   ̴.     ۵  Ŷ Ҿ
    ִٸ, Nagle ˰    ִ.

       The IPX protocol (CONFIG_IPX) [n]

   ɼ 뺧 Ʈŷ ϴ   IPX  
  ְ  ش.  ̰  ߿ ְ,  δ  
  . ̰ ϴ Ѱ  ̶,    IPX
  ϰ  ִ DOS  ƿƼ    ְ, PPP  ؼ,
  뺧  ʸ ΰ ִ Ʈũ  Ʈ Ʈ ϴٴ
  ̴. 뺧 Ʈŷ      ״
   ,   ҺǴ      ,
  ݰ ҽ ϳ ̴.

  1.1.16 Ŀο,   ٸ  ̹   ̹
   ְ  .   ġ ̹  
   ̴.

       Dummy net driver support (CONFIG_DUMMY) [y]

   ̹ ϴ  ״  , ĵ̳
  SLIP ȣƮ  ſ ϰ   ִ. ̰ ⺻
   ̽ ŽĿ̵  ̴.  ̽
  ϴ  ̴ݿ ƴ SLIP ϴ ȣ Ʈ ϱ
  ̸, ̰ ׻  IP 巹 Űµ  
  .  ̽   ڼ  5忡 ٷ̴.

  3.3.  A Tour of Linux Network Devices

   Ŀ   ؼ  ϵ ̹
   ش.       ִ ̹ װͿ شϴ
  ̽   ϰڴ.

   ǥ ϴ ̽ ִ. ϳ̻
  ̽  ϴ κ ̹  ̽ ̸  eth0,
  eth1   ȣ ο  ִ.

     lo   ̽. Ʈũ ø̼ Ӹƴ϶ 
         ȴ.   ,  ͱ׷ 
        ȣƮ Ʈŷ ǵ  쿡 ġ ȸο
         ۵Ѵ. Ŀο ׻  ϳ ̻  ġ
        Ÿ ִ.

     ethn
        n° ̴ ī. κ ̴ 忡  ϴ Ϲ
        ̽ ̸.

     dln
         ̽ D-Link DE-600  Ϳ,  ٸ ̴
        ġ  .  ̰ з Ʈ  ϴ
        DE-600 Ưϰ ȴ.

     sln
        n° SLIP ̽. SLIP ̽ SLIP Ҵϴ ø
          Ѽ    ִ. , SLIP ϰ
        ִ ù ° ø  sl0 ȴ. Ŀ ְ   SLIP
        ̽  ش.

     plipn
        n° PLIP ̽. PLIP з  ؼ IP 
        ׷  .  Ŀο ְ   PLIP ̽
          ְ ִ.  ̽ ý  , PLIP
        ̹  ҴǸ, з Ʈ ȴ.

  ISDN Ǵ AX.25  ̽ ̹ ̷ ߰
  𸥴. IPX (  Ʈŷ ) AX.25 (ham radio amateurs
  )  ̹   ߿   ʱ ܰ迡
  ӹ ִ.

    츮   ̹ 뿡  ڼ 
  ٷ ̴.

  3.4.  Ethernet Installation

    Ʈũ ڵ    ̴ ī ǥ   ְ
  ִ. κ ̹ Donald Becker
  (becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov)     ִ.   National
  Semiconductor 8390 chip ϴ ī带  ̹ 
   .  ̹ Becker Series Drivers 츮  ˷
  ִ.  ̹ ߿ з Ʈ ؼ ̴ݿ   ְ
  ִ D-Link  ͸    ִ. ̷ ̹
  Bj rn Ekwall (bj0rn@blox.se)   . DEPCA ̹
  David C. Davies (davies@wanton.lkg.dec.com)   .

  3.4.1.  Ethernet Cabling

    ϻ  ѹ ̴ ġϰ Ѵٸ,  
  ̶̺   п  ̴. ̴ ̺
  ؼ ſ ٷӴ.  ̺    ʹ 50 (ohm)
  ߾ ־ ϸ,   ؼ  װ͵  
   ȵȴ. (̸׸,   ̺ Ÿ(star-shape)
  Ǿ  .   T · յǾ ִ BNC ĿͿ
  Բ   ̺  ϰ ִٸ, ݵ  ĿͿ
   κ Ƽ Ѿ Ѵ.

    thicknet Ϸ Ѵٸ, ݵ Ʈù
  ļ  ȣ Ʈ ˽Ѿ Ѵ. ( ̰ Ethernet
  Attachment Unit  θ.)   Ʈù 忡 ִ
  15 AUI Ʈ ȾƳְ ǵ ̺   ִ.

  3.4.2.  Supported Boards

  ϰ ִ   Ʈ  Ethernet HOWTO 
  ϶. ̰ Ŵ Paul Gortmaker. - Paul   ִٸ,
  gpg109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au ϱ ٶ.  
  comp.os.linux.announce Ʈǰ ִ.

  ⿡  ϵ  ϴ  θ  ˷ 带
  ְ ִ.   HOWTO Ͽ ⼭    
     ִ.   Ͽ   ִ ̴ 带
  ã Ѵٸ, HOWTO    .    
  ̷ ī带  ϴ ߿ ׸ ϴ  쵵 ִ.
  DMA ʸ ΰ ִ ̴  Adaptec 1542 SCSI controller
   DMA ä  Ѵ.  ̴  DMA ä ٸ
   ٲپ  ʴ,  ̴  尡  Ŷ Ͱ
  ġϴ   Ҽ ִ.

     3Com EtherLink
        3c503, 3c503/16, 3c507 ׸  3c509 Ѵ. 3c501
          ̰ ӵ ſ .

     Novell Eagle  NE1000  NE2000 ׸   ȣȯ.
        NE1500 NE2100 Ѵ.

     Western Digital
        SMC/WD8003 WD8013 (SMC Elite  SMC Elite   Plus .)  
        ϸ, SMC Elite 16 Ultra Ӱ ϰ ִ.

     Hewlett Packard
        HP 27252, HP 27247B, ׸ HP J2405A Ѵ.

     D-Link
        DE-600  , DE-100, DE-200 ׸ DE-220-T Ѵ.
        ׸, PCMCIA ī. - ٸ ž Ǿ tsx-11.mit.edu
        ִ packages/laptops ö ִ. DE-650-T  ġ
        Ŷ ִ.

     DEC
        DE200 (32K/64K), DE202, DE100 ׸ DEPCA rev E Ѵ.

     Allied Teliesis
        AT1500 AT1700 Ѵ.

   ̷ ī  ϳ ϰ Ѵٸ,   
  ԵǾ ִ Ŀ Ͽ   ִ. ̷ ī
  Ϲ ׿ شϴ ̹  ִ. Ⱓ 
  ϰ  Ѵٸ,   ʿ ̹  Ŀο
  ԽѼ  ϴ   .

  3.4.3.  Ethernet Autoprobing

   , ̴ ڵ  带    
  ̴.   ڵ  ̴ 巹  ī带 ˻
  ̴.

  κ ڵ忡 ΰ Ѱ谡 ִ.   ϳ  带
   ν  ٴ ̴. ̰ Ϲ  ȣȯ
  WD80x3 忡  ߻ϴ  ̴.  °  Ŀ 
  ϳ ̻ 带 κ  . ̷     
  尡  ̽  ϴ 𸣴 Ͱ    
  ִ.

    ϳ̻ 带 ϰ ְų, κ갡 
  带  ϴµ ߴٸ,  ݵ ī ̽
  巹 ̸ Ŀο ؾ Ѵ.

  Net-3, ̰ ϱ ؼ ΰ ٸ     
  ִ.   Ѱ δ Ŀ ҽ ڵ忡 ִ
  drivers/net/Space.c  (̹      ִ.)
  Ư  Űų ߰ ִ ̴.  Ʈ ŷ
  ڵ忡 ͼ ִٸ   õ  ְ ʹ.   δ
   ,    Ŀο ϴ ̴.   Ʈ ý
  lilo Ѵٸ,  lilo.conf Ͽ append ɼ  ν
  Ŀο ִ   ׳ ĥ  ִ. ̴ ġ   
  Ŀο ϱ ؼ,  ̴    ִ.

       ether=irq, base_addr, param1, param2, name

  ó    ڷ Ǿ  ִ ݸ鿡   ġ
  ϴ   .  ڰ Ƿ ߰ų  ִ; 
  װ͵ ϰų 0   ٸ, Ŀ  ġ
  ˻ν,   س ϰų ʱⰪ    .

  ù °  ġ ҴǾ ִ IRQ ϴ κ̴.
  ʱⰪ, Ŀ  ġ IRQ ä ڵ   ̴. 3c503
  ̹ Ư  ¸  ִ.  ̰ IRQ 5, 9, 3, 4
  ϰ,  ο ϱ  带 Ѵ.

  base_addr  忡 I/O ̽ 巹 ִ   Ѵ;
   ô  巹 ˻ϱ ؼ Ŀο 0̶  ־
  Ѵ.

      ٸ  ̹ ٸ  
  ִ. WD80x3    ޸ 带 ϱ ؼ,  ޸
   ۰  巹  ־ Ѵ. ٸ ī 밳
     ϱ ؼ param1   Ѵ. 1 7
  ڴ     ϴ  Ÿ. ݸ鿡  8 
   ٸ   Ѵ; 0 ʱⰪ ǹѴ.  3c503 ̹
   Ʈù (ʱⰪ) Ǵ ܺ Ʈù (ڰ 1)  ϱ
  ؼ param2 Ѵ.   忡 پִ BNC Ŀ͸
  ϰ, ڴ AUI Ʈ Ѵ.

      ̴ 带  ִٸ,  ڵ
  ִ ϳ 带   , lilo   °  
  ĥ  ִ.  ׷   ̹   ° 带
  ã Ȯؾ Ѵ. ׷ ,  ٸ     ϵ
  ʴ  ߻   ִ.  lilo ִ reserve ɼ
  ׳ ġ ν ̷  ذ  ִ.  ° 忡
  ־ I/O   ϱ ؼ Ŀο и  ξ
  Ѵ.

  ̸׸,  ̽ eth1̰ 巹 0x300  ִ ̴
  带   ġϰ Ѵٸ,  Ŀο ִ  
   ־ Ѵ.

       reserve=0x300,32 ether=0,0x300,eth1

  reserve ɼ  ġ ˻ ,  I/O   ϴ
  ġ  ȮѴ.   eth0 κϴ ۾
    ؼ Ŀ     ִ.

       reserve=0x340,32 ether=0,0x340,eth0

   κ ϱ ؼ,    base_addr
      .

       ether=0, -1, eth0

  3.5.  The PLIP Driver

  PLIP, Parallel Line IP    ǻ   ؼ
  Ʈũ ϰ   ϴ   ̴. ̰ з
  Ʈ 10kBps 20kBps ӵ   ִ Ư ̺
  Ѵ.

  PLIP  ֽȸ Crynwr  ̴. ̰  з Ʈ
  Ͽ PC  ð Ʈũ ϱ  ,  
   Ʈ Ѵ;   PC ֺġ ͸  
       θ    . PLIP Է ؼ
  Ʈ ټ  θ ν ̷ ۾   Ѵ.
  ׸ PLIP  ͸ 4Ʈ ؾϴ    
  ִ.    带 mode zero PLIP θ. ó, ̷ 
   Ʈ  ̻    ʰ ִ. ׷, mode 1̶ θ
  PLIP ȮŲ   Դµ, ̰  ü 8Ʈ ̽
  ϰԲ ۵Ǿ.

  ,   mode 0   ְ ִ. ̰  PLIP ʱ
  ڵʹ    ϰ  ٸ.    Crynwr  ϴ
  PLIP  NCSA   telnet. - NCSA telnet ̴ Ǵ PLIP  DOS
  TCPIP ִ Ư α׷̸, telnet FTP  ְ
  ִ./ ϴ PLIP ̹ ȣȯ   ִ
  ߼̴. PLIP ؼ   ǻ͸ ϱ ؼ,  
  Կ  Ǹϰ ִ  "Null Printer" Ǵ  "Turbo Laplink" ̺
   Ư ̺ ؾ Ѵ.   ڽŵ  ̰
    ִ.  ̰Ϳ  ڼ  η A Ұϰ ִ.

   ϴ PLIP ̹    ̷
  ̴. ̰  Niibe Yutaka ϰ ִ.   ̹
  ߰Ǿ ִ Ŀ ϵǾ ִٸ,   Ʈ  Ʈũ
  ̽ Ǿ  ̴. plip0 з  Ʈ lp0
  ġϸ, plip1 lp1 ġѴ. Ʈ ̽ ϴ  ۾
    ;

    ٸ    Ʈ ϰ ִٸ, 
  Ŀ ҽ Ǵ ο Ŀο ִ drivers/net/Space.c ִ 
   ־ Ѵ.

   ̷ ۾   ϴ з Ʈ 
   ִٴ  ̴ ƴϴ. ġϴ ̽ Ǿ PLIP
  ̹   ִ.

  3.6.  The SLIP and PPP Drivers

  SLIP (Serial Line IP) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)  ø 
    IP Ŷ  ݷ θ ˷ ִ. 
  ͳݿ  ǻ͸ ٽŰ  SLIP  PPP
   ְ ִ. ׷  ڿ IP   ְ ִ.

  SLIP PPP ϱ ؼ, ϵ   ʿ  ;
    ø Ʈ   ִ. ø Ʈ ȯ  TCP/IP
  Ʈŷ õǾ      忡 ̰Ϳ  
   ִ.  ڼ   ʹٸ,  4  ϱٶ.

  4.  Setting up the Serial Hardware

  netland    T1 ͳ ũ  Һ ʰ,
  ڽ PC  ´ٴ Ӱ ִ. ׷  ұϰ, 
     ޱ ؼ,  SLIP ũ, UUCP Ʈũ,  ȭ
  ϴ ڰԽ ýۿ Ѵٰ ϰ ִ.

   忡 ׷  ϱ  𵩿 ϴ 
  鿡 ʿ     ̴.  忡 ׷
       ִ  ƴ . ̸׸,  
  ̾  ϴ   ͵... ̷  ȭ Greg
  Hankings. -  ּҴ gregh@cc.gatech.edu̴.   Serial HOWTO
  ϵǾ  ̸,  comp.os.linux.announce õȴ.

  4.1.  Communication Software for Modem Links

   ϰ    ִ   Ű ִ. ̰͵
  κ terminal program̶ ϴ ε, ̰ ڰ ٸ
  ǻͿ ϴ   ش. Ϲ ϴ ͹̳
  α׷δ kermit ִ. ȭȣο  ǻ  ýۿ
  ϰų ȭ ɾִ ũƮ  ִ  ǰ,
    α׷ 󸶵 ִ. װ͵ ߿ ϳ minicom̶
   ִµ, ̰   ִ ڵ ͹̳ α׷
    ְ ش. ̷  α׷  seyon̶ ϴ
  X  Ű ִ.

   BBS Ű  ڰԽ Ϸ  鿡
   ְ ִ. ̷ Ű  Ϻδ sunsite.unc.eduƮ
  /pub/Linux/system/Network  丮 ã  ִ.

  ͹̳ α׷ ٸ  ǻͿ ٸ  ͸
  ϱ   ȭ ø ũ ϴ Ʈ  ִ. 
   ؼ   ̶,   ųιƮ ũ ͸
  ۹ , ̸׸, Ϲڽ ִ ¶    ,
  Խǿ ִ    ð    ִٴ ̴.
    ,  ޴   ʱ   
  ũ  ʿ  Ѵ.

  ̷    Ʈ Ѵٸ, װ ٷ  UUCP
  ̴.    ȣƮ  ȣƮ   ,
   ȣƮ α׷  Ű  ,  α׷̴.
  ̰ 밳  Ʈũ      Ѵ.
     ִ Ian Taylor UUCP Ű   
  ϰڴ.  ȭ   Ʈ Fidonet    ȴ.
  ifmail   Fidonet ø̼ Ʈ ϰ   ִ.

  SLIP, serial line Internet protocol ȭ (interactive) ȭ
  α׷̿  ߰ Ű  Ѵ.   ׵ и
  ̾ϰų FTP   ϱ  Ϲ ϴ  SLIP
    SLIP Ѵ. SLIP   γ ݿ
   LAN-to-LAN Ŀø  ϱ⵵ ϸ, ISDN 
  Ѵ.

  4.2.  Introduction to Serial Devices

  ø ġ ϱ  Ǵ  н Ŀ ġ tty,
  TeletypeTM̶  θ . ̰ ʱ н  ͹̳ 
  ü ѱ ߴ.  ڷ  ͸ óϴ ͹̳
  · ϰ ִ.    ؼ, 츮 Ŀ ġ   
    ̴.

       tty: () ܼ,
  pseudo(ǻ)-͹̳ (X11  ø̼ ϴ two-way
   ϴ.) ׸ ø ġ Ѵ.   ͵
  ø  ؼ ȭ  ϱ   ̰͵ tty
  Խ Ų: ̰ ͹̳   ϵ ̾ ͹̳̳
  Ʈ ǻͿ   ̴.

  Tty    , ̰ ioctl(2)  ý 
  ϵ Ǿ ִ. ̰͵  ټ tty   
   óϱ   ϰ   ʿ䰡  ķ, 
  ø ġ ߾ ִ.

   Ư     ӵ иƼ   ִ.
  ׸, 빮ڿ  ڸ ȯִ ɼǰ ๮ (line feed)
  ٲپִ ɼǵ ִ.  tty  ̹ line discipline 
  ִµ,  ̰  ٸ ϴ  ġ ̹  
  Ѵ.  ,  ϴ SLIP ̹ line
  discipline  ϱ⵵ Ѵ.
   ӵ   ϴ Ʈ ִ. ùٸ  Bit
  rate ϴµ,     ӵ ǹϸ, ʴ  ۵Ǵ
  Ʈ (bps) ϴ ̴. ,  鿡 Baud
  rate ϴ   ̴. ̰ ״ ùٸ   
  ƴϴ. ̷ ΰ    ٲپ   . Baud
  rate   ø ġ  Ư ϴ ̸, ַ
  ۵Ǵ ޽ Ŭ   ̴. Bit rate  
  ϴ ø    ¸ ǹϴ ̸, ַ ʴ
  ۵Ǵ  Ʈ   Ų.  ޽ ߻   Ǵ
  ϳ ̻ Ʈ ڵ Ű κ ġ  ΰ 
  ٸ ȴٴ   ƴ  ſ ߿ϴ.

  4.3.  Accessing Serial Devices

  н ϴ  ġ  ϰ, ø  Ư
  ġ  ؼ   ִ.  ġ  /dev  丮
  ġ ִ.  ġϵ ø ̹  Ʈ Ǿ ִ
  ġ ΰ    ִ. ̷ Ͽ ϰ ִ
  ġ  ٸ  ̴.

  ù ° ġ Ʈ ؼ ̾   Ѵ; 
   ֹȣ ϸ,  ̸ ttyS0, ttyS1 ִ.   ° ġ
   Ʈ ؼ ̾     Ǹ,  ̸
  cua0, cua1 Ѵ. ټ  ֹȣ Ѵ.

    COM1 COM4 Ʈ ϳ Ѵٸ,  ȣ COM
  Ʈȣ  63    ̴.  ̿ ٸ 
  Ұų,  ø   ϴ 带 ϰ ִٸ, Serial
  HOWTO о ٶ.

    COM2 ߾ Ҵٰ  . ιȣ 65
  ɰ̸, ֹȣ  ̾ ƿ  5  ̸, ġδ
  cua1 ؾ Ѵ. /dev   ø tty ִ. ټ
  °  °  ĭ   ȣ  ȣ  ִ ̴.

       $ ls -l /dev/cua*
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root        5,   64 Nov 30 19:31 /dev/cua0
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root        5,   65 Nov 30 22:08 /dev/cua1
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root        5,   66 Oct 28 11:56 /dev/cua2
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root        5,   67 Mar 19  1992 /dev/cua3

  ̷ ͵ ƹ͵ ٸ, Ʈ ؼ, ̷  
  ־ Ѵ

       # mknod -m 666 /dev/cua1 c 5 65
       # chown root.root /dev/cua1

    ڵ  ġ Ʈ cua1̶  
  ʾƵ   /dev/modem ɺ ũ ⸦ ϱ⵵  Ѵ.
  ׷  α׷  modem̶ ġ   , 
  ġ ؾ  ϴ 쵵 ִ. ̷  α׷  ġ
  ϴ ȣ ̸ lock files  ϱ ̴.  ʿ
  , cua1 ϴ   LCK...cua1 ȴ.  Ʈ
   ٸ  ġ  Ѵٴ  α׷  ٸ  lock
  file ν ϰ  , ÿ ġ ϵ  Ѵٴ
  ǹ̴.   , ø̼ǵ  ۵ 
  ̴.

  4.4.  Serial Hardware

    RS-232 ǥ ϴ   ø 带
    ְ  . RS-232  PC 忡 Ǵ  ø
   ǥ ԰̴. ̰ ܵ Ʈ  Ӹƴ϶ Ʈ ⸦
    ȸε  Ѵ. ߰ Ǵ ε  𵩿
  ϴ ݼĿ handshake   Ÿֱ  ̴.

   ϵ handshake Ƿ  ϴ , ſ ϰ
  δ. ̰ ͸  غ Ǿ ִ Ÿ ִ ¿
  ڰ  ͸ ó Ҷ  ߾  ־ ϴ
  ° ִ.  ̷ ¸   "Clear  to Send" (CTS)  "Ready to
  Send" (RTS) θ, Ϲ ϵ handshake ν, ַ
  "RTS/CTS" θ.

  PC, RS-232 ̽ 밳 National Semiconductor 16450 Ĩ Ǵ
  ̰    NSC 16550A. - NSC 16550̶ ͵ ,
  ̰ FIFO   ۵  ʴ´.  UART Ĩ Ѵ.
   ǰ (Rockwell Ĩ ϴ κ  ) 
  ٸ Ĩ ϰ ,  Ĩ ġ 16550  ó ۵ϵ
  α׷Ǿ ִ.

  16450Ĩ 16550Ĩ ֿ ̶ Ѵٸ, ڴ 16 Ʈ FIFO
  ۸  ִ ݸ, ڴ  1  Ʈ ۸  ִٴ
  ̴.  16450Ĩ ְ  ӵ 9600 忡 ϰ  ִ
  ݸ, 16550 ȣȯ Ĩ  ̻ ӵ ʿ Ѵ.   
  UART Ĩ̿  8250 Ĩ Ѵ.

  Ŀ ⺻ ȯ漳  , COM1 COM4    ǥ ø
  Ʈ Ȯ Ѵ.  ߵ  Ʈ ιȣ 64 67
  ġ Ҵ ̴.

   ø Ʈ  ϰ Ϸ  Ѵٸ, rc.serial
  ũƮ Ted Tso setserial  ġؾ Ѵ. ý ýÿ
    ũƮ /etc/rc ȣ ̴.   rc.serial ũƮ
   :

       # /etc/rc.serial - serial line configuration script.
       #
       # Do wild interrupt detection
       /sbin/setserial -W /dev/cua*

       # Configure serial devices
       /sbin/setserial /dev/cua0 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig
       /sbin/setserial /dev/cua1 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig
       /sbin/setserial /dev/cua2 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig
       /sbin/setserial /dev/cua3 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig

       # Display serial device configuration
       /sbin/netserial -bg /dev/cua*

      ˰ ʹٸ, setserial Բ  
  о ٶ.

    ø ī尡  ʾҰų,  setserial -bg ɾ
  ߸   ȭ鿡 Ѵٸ,    ȯ 
  ־ Ѵ. Rockwell() Ĩ   ִ   ϴ
  ڵ     ־.   UART Ĩ NSC
  16450 Ǿٸ,  װ NSC 16550 ȣȯĨ̴. ⼭
       ٲپ ־ Ѵ.

       /sbin/setserial /dev/cua1 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig uart 16550

  COM Ʈ, ̽ 巹 ׸ IRQ  ϴ ɼǵ ̿
  ϴ. ̰  ؼ setserial(8) Ŵ  ϱ
  ٶ.

    ϵ ڵũ ϰ ִٸ,  װ
  밡 Ȯ ؾ Ѵ. κ  α׷ ̰
  밡ϰ   ʴ´.       ־
  Ѵ.  stty  ϸ, rc.serial ũƮ    ȴ:

       $ stty srtscts < /dev/cua1

  ϵ ڵũ ȿ ˻ϱ ؼ   
  ־.

       $ stty -a < /dev/dua1

  ̰ п ġ   ɼ  ̴; ɼǾտ 
  '-' ٿ ش.   -crtsctsɼ װ ִٴ 
  ǹѴ.

  5.  Configuring TCP/IP Networking

   忡  ǻͿ TCP/IP Ʈŷ  ʿ 
  ׵  ٷ  ̴. IP ּ Ҵ  ؼ, õõ
  TCP/IP Ʈŷ ̽ ȯ汸  س ̴. ׸
    Ʈũ ġ   ߻ϴ     ذϱ
   ϰ   ִ   Ұ ̴.

   忡 ϴ κ ۾ Ϲ ѹ ؾ  ۾̴.
   Ʈ ũ ο ý ߰Űų ý ü
  籸 , κ ϵ  ־ Ѵ. TCP/IP ϱ
   ϴ   ɵ ý õǴ ð  ȴ.
  ý ý Ǵ ϵ /etc/rc ũƮ ҷ´.

   ũƮ Ʈũ  Ǿ ִ     
  rc.net Ǵ rc.inet Ѵ. ,  rc.inet1 
  rc.inet2 ϴ   ũƮ     ̴. ڰ
  Ŀ Ʈŷ κ ʱȭ Ű ݸ, ڴ ⺻ Ʈŷ
  񽺿 ø̼ Ű  Ѵ.   ʹ ڿ
   븸 ٷ ̴.

   忡 rc.inet1 ũƮ ϴ ۾  ٷ ̰, 
  (6)  װͰ Ǿ ִ ø̼ǿ  ٷ ̴.
       о   ,  ǻͿ TCP/IP
  Ʈŷ ϰ    ̴.  ׷ , rc.inet1 ִ
     ؼ ũƮ ϶. ׸  , õ ð
  rc.inet1 Ǵ Ȯϰ ǻ͸ ϶.  ϴ
      rc ũƮ õǾ ִ    
  ̴.

  5.1.  Setting up the proc Filesystem

  Net-2     proc Ͻýۿ ϰ  ִ.
  ̰ Ͻý۰  ī ؼ Ŀη run-time 
  ϰ  ϴ ̴̽. Ʈ Ǹ,  ٸ
  Ͻýۿ   ϰų     ִ. ý 
   緮 Ÿ loadavg ϰ meminfo ϰ ִ
  ׸  core ޸𸮿   Ÿ ش.

  ⿡ Ǵ Ʈŷ ڵ net 丮 ߰Ѵ. 
  丮 Ŀ ARP ̺, TCP/IP  , ׸  ̺
      Ѵ. κ  Ʈũ   ̵
  Ϸκ ׿ õǾ ִ  ´.

  proc  ý (Ǵ procfs ε ˷ ִ.) 밳 ýð
  /proc Ʈ .    /etc/fstab   
  ߰ ִ ̴.

       # procfs mont point:
       none /proc proc defaults

  ׸, /etc/rc ũƮ "mount /proc" Ų.

   ͼ procfs κ Ŀο ⺻ Ǿ ִ.
   procfs   Ŀο  ʴٸ,  "mount:  fs  type
  procfs not supported by kernel"   ޽  ̴. ̷
    Ŀ  ϰ   procfs   θ 
  , 'y' ؾ Ѵ.

  5.2.  Installing the Binaries

     Űȭ   ϰ ִٸ,
  װ Ƹ Ʈ ŷ ø̼ǰ ƿƼ  
   ̴. ׷ 쿡,    ο Ŀ 
  ġϰ  , ο ƿƼ ϴ ٽ ġ  ־
  Ѵ. ο Ŀ   Ŀ Ʈŷ   
  ϴ   ִ. ̷ 쿡  ⺻  
  ־ Ѵ. ¼, Ŀ   ϴ 쿡 ֽ
  ̳ʸ Ű ʿ 쵵  ִ. ̰͵ 밳 Ŀΰ Բ net-
  XXX.tar.gz ̸ Ǿ ȴ.  XXX  ȣ̴. 
    1.0  ´  0.32b̸, 1.1.12  Ŀ 0.32d
  ʿ Ѵ.

    ǥ TCP/IP  Ʈũ ø̼ ġϰ
  ϰ Ѵٸ,  κ  FTP Ʈ Ŀ
  ҽ    ִ. Net-BSD Ǵ   ҽ ټ ϰ ġ
  ͵ ִ. Xmosaic,  xarchie Ǵ Gopher IRC Ŭ ̾Ʈ 
  ø̼ǵ  ؾ Ѵ.

  Net-3  FTP Ʈ sunsite.unc.edu <http://sunsite.unc.edu>
  ̸,  Ʒ system/Network/sunacm ̷Ǿ ִ sunacm.swan.ac.uk
  <http://sunacm.swan.ac.uk> ִ.  ֽ Net-2e ġ Ŷ ̳ʸ
  ftp.aris.com <ftp://ftp.aris.com>  ã   ִ. BSD Ļ
  Matthias Urlichs Ʈŷ  ڵ ftp.ira.uka.de
  <ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de> ִ /pub/system/linux/netbsd  
   ̴.

  5.3.  Another Example

   å  κп Groucho Marx University   ܼ
     ڴ. ׸   εġԵ  ۾ ݴ
    ϰڴ.  virtual beer ϴ Virtual Brewery
  ϴ ׸ ȸ簡 ִٰ . ׵    ȿ
  ϱ ؼ, virtual ڰ ׵ ǻ͸ Ʈũ 
  Ϸ Ѵ. ׸ Ʈũ ϰ ϴ ǻʹ  1.0
  Ű Ѵ.

   ǹ ǳ ׿   ϴ Virtual  Winery ִ.
  ⼭ ׵ ü ̴  ִ.  ȸ 濵
   ׵鸸 Ʈũ   Ѵ. ù ܰν,  
  ̿ ͸ ϱ  Ʈ ȣƮ  ǻ͸ 
  ̰, ϰ  ȯϱ , UUCP ٱ   ũŰ 
  ̴. ׸  ͳݰ  ؼ SLIP  Ϸ 
  ̴.

  5.4.  Setting the Hostname

   δ ׷ٰ   , κ Ʈũ ø̼
   Ʈũ ϰ , ġ ´   Ǿ ִ.
  ̰ 밳    hostname  Ŵν ȴ.
  hostname ̸ ϱ ؼ   ؾ Ѵ.

       # hostname name

  ̰ ؼ γӾ ȣƮ (unqualified  hostname)
  ϴ   ̴. ̸׸, Virtual Brewery ִ ȣƮ
  vale.vbrew.com Ǵ vlager.vbrew.com   ִ. ̰͵
    ϴ ̸̸, fully qualified domain name
  (FQDN)̴. ׵  ȣƮ vale   ù ° ̸ 
  ̴.    ȣƮ ȣƮ IP ּҸ ãƳ µ
   Ǳ ,   resolver library ȣƮ IP ּҸ
  ãƳ  ִ Ȯؾ Ѵ. , ̰  /etc/hosts  
  ̸ Է ־ ȴ  ǹ̴.

    FQDN  κп   ϱ ؼ,
  domainname  ɾ  ϶ ϱ⵵ Ѵ.  
   hostname domainname   ؼ, ٽ
  FQDN   ִ.  ̰ ְ  ƴϴ. ȣƮ NIS
   ϱ ؼ Ϲ domainname  Ѵ. 
     ִ ΰ  ٸ. NIS 10忡 
   ϰڴ.

  5.5.  Assigning IP Addresses

   ȣƮ standalone operation (̸׸, INN ݴ
  Ʈ    ־ Ѵ.)  Ʈŷ Ʈ
  Ѵٸ,   ʾƵ ȴ. ֳ , п ʿ 
    ̽ (׻ 127.0.0.1̴.)  IP  ּҸ ʿ
  ϱ ̴.

  ̴ݰ   Ʈũ   ۾  ʿ Ѵ.
   ȣƮ   ϰ ִ Ʈũ ϱ ϰ
  Ѵٸ, ϰ ϴ Ʈũ IP ּҸ   ִ
  ڿ  ƾ Ѵ.     Ʈũ
  Ѵٸ,     ڽſ IP ּҸ Ҵ ־
  Ѵ.

   Ʈũ ִ ȣƮ 밳    IP Ʈũ
  ּҸ  ؾ Ѵ.   IP Ʈũ ּҸ Ҵ ־
  Ѵ.        Ʈũ  ִٸ,
  ٸ  Ʈũ ȣ װ͵鿡 Ҵ ְų,  ϳ IP ּҸ 
  Ʈũ ɰ  Ʈŷ ؾ Ѵ.  Ʈ
  ũ ͳݿ Ǿ  ʴٸ, Ʈũ ּҸ  
   ִ.    Ŭ A, B Ǵ  C  ϳ  ʾҴٸ,
   Ʈũ Ȯϰ ۵  ̴. ,  
  ̷, ͳ  ̶,  IP ּҸ ؾ Ѵ. 
  ּ   Ʈũ  ι̴  
  .  ͳݿ  쿡 Ʈũ ȣ ϰ 
  , hostmaster@internic.netκ Network Address Application
  Form ؾ Ѵ.

    ̴ ϱ ؼ  Ʈũ 
  ƾ   .    ϳ ̻ broadcast
  network    ʿ ٴ  ˾ ξ;  ⼭
  point-to-point ũ   ʴ´.  ,   ̴
   ְ, ϳ ̻ SLIP ٱ Ű Ѵٸ,
   Ʈũ    ʾƵ ȴ.  
  7忡 ϱ ϰڴ.

  Ѱ ,  Ʈũ ڰ Ŭ B شϴ Ʈũ
  ȣ NIC  ûϰ  192.72.0.0  ο޾Ҵ.  
  ̴ ϱ ؼ,  ڴ ߰  Ʈ ִ
  ȣƮ κп شϴ 8 Ʈ ϱ Ѵ.   Ǹ, 
  ݿ 254 ȣƮ ο   ִ 8 Ʈ  ٽ 
  ȴ.  ׸ , ڴ  ȣ  brewery 1,
  winery 2  ȣ Ҵ . ׷,  Ʈũ ּҴ
  191.72.1.0 191.72.2.0 Ǹ,  ũ 255.255.255.0 
  ̴.

    Ʈũ Ʈ  ϰ ִ  vlager װ͵ 
  1̶ ȣ Ʈ ȣ Ҵ޾, IP  ּҷδ  191.72.1.1
  191.72.2.1  ־. ׸ 5.1   ݰ Ʈ̸
  ش.

         Figure 5.1: Virtual Brewery and Virtual Winery - the two subnets.

      ̰ ϱ  Ŭ B Ʈũ
  ϰ ִ; Ŭ  C Ʈũ ݴ ̴. ο Ʈŷ
  ڵ带  ִ   Ʈ ٿ ѵǾ  ʴ.
  ׷,   Ŭ C Ʈũ    ⵵
  Ѵ. ̸׸,  ݸũ ȣƮ κп شϴ 2Ʈ
     ִ. ׷ Ǹ,    ݿ 64 ȣƮ
  ο  ְ ȴ.  -    ڴ εĳƮ ּҷ
  Ǿ ִ. ׷ ǻ  ݸ 63 ȣƮ ο 
  ִ.

  5.6.  Writing hosts and networks Files

   Ʈũ  , /etc/hosts  ϱ
  ؼ  ȣƮ  ַ(hostname resolution) غؾ
  Ѵ.  DNS address resolution   NIS  
  ƴ϶, hosts Ͽ  ȣƮ ־ ξ Ѵ.

    ۵Ͽ DNS NIS ϰ ϴ 쿡,
  /etc/hosts ִ  ȣƮ   ; 
  𸥴. Ѱ  ,  ýÿ ƹ Ʈũ ̽
  ǰ   ʴ ϴ,  name resolution  ;
   ̴. ̰ ſ    Ӹƴ϶, rc.inet ũƮ
  ¡ȭ ȣƮ ϵ  ش.  ׷, IP ּҵ
  ϰ   , Ŵ rc   ϴ , ŵ
  hosts  ǻͿ  ϰ ,  ؾ Ѵ. 밳,
   hosts   ȣƮӰ ּҸ ־  ̴. ׸ 
   Ѵٸ, Ʈ̿ NIC  ߰Ѿ Ѵ.  - 
   Peter Eriksson NYS Ѵٸ,  NIS  ּҰ
  ʿ   ̴. ypbind  ٸ NIS ۾ ð ׵
   ġѴ.

  ʱȭ ׽Ʈȿ,  resolver  hosts Ͽ 
  ϴ Ȯ ؾ Ѵ.  DNS Ǵ NIS Ʈ װ͵
  Ǿ ,  ̻  ʷϴ ϰ  𸥴.
  ȣƮ IP ּҸ  ã ,  /etc/hosts  ϴ 
  ø̼  ؼ,   /etc/host.conf 
   ־ Ѵ. Ʈ     ߰϶.

       order hosts

  resolver ̺귯  6忡 ϰ ٷ ̴.

  hosts   ο IP ּ, ȣƮ, ׸ ߰ 
  ȣƮ     ִ.  ʵ ̳ 
  , ּ ʵ ù ° ĭ   ؾ Ѵ. ù ° ĭ
  ؽǥ (#)  ִ  ࿡ ּ óȴ.

  ȣƮ FQDN̳     ִ. vale  
  .   밳 vale.vbrew.com  ϰ ڰ 
  ̸ Է ̴. vale ü  hosts  ǹѴ. ׷
  vale ̸  ̸      ִ.

   Virtual Brewery hosts   Ǿ ִ
  ִ    ̴.  Ͽ   Ư ̸ , vlager-
  if1 vlager-if2 ԵǾ ִµ, ̰͵ vlager Ǵ
  ̽ν,  ּҸ  ִ.

       #
       # Hosts file for Virtual Brewery/Virtual Winery
       #
       # IP            local        fully qualified domain name
       #
       127.0.0.1       localhost
       #
       191.72.1.1      vlager       vlager.vbrew.com
       191.72.1.1      vlager-if1
       191.72.1.2      vatout       vstout.vbrew.com
       191.72.1.3      vale         vale.vbrew.com
       #
       191.72.2.1      vlager-if2
       191.72.2.2      vbeaujolais  vbeaujolais.vbrew.com
       191.72.2.3      vbardolino   vbardolino.vbrew.com
       191.72.2.4      vchianti     vchianti.vbrew.com

    ȣƮ IP ּҿ ִ Ʈũ ȣ ɺ
  ϰ   ̴. ׷ Ǹ, hosts  /etc/networks
  ϴ    ̴.    Ʈũ ̸ Ʈũ
  ȣ ִ  Ѵ. Virtual Brewery  
  networks  ġ  ִ:

       # /etc/networks for the Virtual Brewery
       brew-net     191.72.1.0
       wine-net     191.72.2.0

  5.7.  Interface Configuration for IP

  4忡   ϵ ϰ , Ŀ  Ʈŷ
  Ʈ ˷  ġ  Ѵ. ⿡ Ʈũ
  ̽ ϰ,  ̺  ʱȭ Ű  Ѵ.
  ̷ ۾ 밳 ý õ , rc.inet1 ũƮ Ͽ 
  ȴ. ⿡ ifconfig route  Ѵ.

  ifconfig ɾ Ŀ Ʈŷ    ִ ̽
     . ׸ IP ּҿ  ٸ   Ҵ۾
  ̽ Ȱȭ Űµ  ϸ, ̷ ۾ "taking
  up"̶ θ. ⿡ Ȱȭ  Ѵٴ  Ŀ  ̽
  ؼ IP ͱ׷ ۼ Ѵٴ ǹ̴.    ̷
  ۾    ϴ   ̴.

       ifconfig interface ip-address

   ̰ ip-address interface Ҵϰ ̰ Ȱȭ  Ųٴ
  ǹ̴. ٸ    ʱⰪ ȴ. ̸׸, Ŭ B
  ּҿ شϴ 255.255.0.0  IP ּ Ʈũ  Ŭ ʱ
    ũ ϱ⵵  Ѵ. ifconfig    κп
  ϰ ٷ ̴.

  route  Ŀ  ̺ Ʈ ߰ϰų  
  ϴ  ɾ̴. ̰   Ѵ.

       route [add|del] target

  ⼭ add del target Ʈ ߰  ϴ
  ̴.

  5.7.1.  The Loopback Interface

  ù ° ϴ ̽  ̴̽.

       # ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1

  Ȥ  IP ּ ſ  ϴ ȣƮν localhost
      ̴. ifconfig hosts Ͽ  ̸ ã
  ̸,  Ͽ  ȣƮ ش ϴ IP ּ ν, 127.0.0.1
   ̴.

       # Sample /etc/hosts entry for localhost
       localhost      127.0.0.1

  ̽   ؼ, ifconfig    
  ̽    ָ ȴ:

       # ifconfig lo
       lo       Link encap Local Loopback
                inet addr 127.0.0.1  Bcast [NONE SET]  Mask 255.0.0.0
                UP BROADCAST LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU 2000 Metric 1
                RX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
                TX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0

  ôٽ,  ̽ ּ 127.0.0.1 Ŭ  A Ѵ
  ʹ װ  ݸũ 255.0.0.0 ҴǾ. е
  ˴ٽ, ̽ εĳƮ ּ     Ǿ ִ.
  ·  ̰  ؼ ׸   ƴ . ,
   ȣƮ rwhod ϴ α׷ Ųٸ, rwho
   ϰ ϱ ؼ  ġ  εĳƮ ּҸ 
  ־  Ѵ. ε ĳƮ ϴ  "5.8 All about ifconfig"
   Ǿ ִ.

     Ը Ʈũ      ̴.
  ׷    ִٸ, IP ִ ü  ̺ 
  ߰ ʾҴ. 127.0.0.1̶  ּҸ Ʈ ν,
    ̽    ̴.    
    ָ ȴ.

       # route add 127.0.0.1

   ٽ,  IP ּ ſ localhost ȣƮ  
  ְ Ǿ.

  ׷ ,   ۾ ùٸ ۵ Ȯ  ƾ
  Ѵ. ̷ ۾ ping  ϸ ȴ. ping  sonar
  device ¸Դ Ʈŷ  , ־ ּҰ  Ǿ,
  ͱ׷  װ ٽ ǵ    ߻ϴ ð
  ϴ     ۾    Ѵ.  ð 밳
  "round-trip time"̶ θ.

       # ping localhost
       PING localhost (12.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
       64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=32 time=1 ms
       64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=32 time=0 ms
       64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=32 time=0 ms
       ^C

       --- localhost ping statistics ---
       3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
       round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/1 ms

    ó, ping  , ڰ ͷƮ 
  ʴ װ  Ŷ  ̴.   Ctrl-C
  Ÿ ϰ Ǹ,   ^C ǥõȴ.

    127.0.0.1 شϴ  Ŷ ping ԰  ÿ
  ϰ ۵ǰ   ǵ Դٴ  ش.  ̰ 
  ù  Ʈũ ̽  ߴٴ  ǹѴ.

   ping ؼ      ٸ δٸ, 
   ִٴ   ǹϴ ̴. ̷ 쿡   ¹ 
  ġǰ      Ű ִ Ȯ ƶ. 
  ifconfig route  Ű ִ Ŀ   ȣȯǰ
  ִ Ȯ ƶ.  ᱹ Ŀ Ͻ Ʈŷ    ְ
   ƾ Ѵ. (/proc/net 丮  ̷   
   ִ.) route  ߸ Է ,  Ϳ "Network
  unreachable"̶ ϴ   ޽  ̴. ̷ , Ȥö
  ifconfig ο Ͱ Ȱ ּҸ Էߴ Ȯ ƶ.
    ͸ε ĵ   ȣƮ  Ʈŷ
  ø̼  ų  ִ.     rc.inet1
  ߰ Ų rc.inet1  ũƮ /etc/rcκ ǰ ִ
  Ȯ ƶ. ǰ ִٸ,  ǻ͸  Ѷ.
  ׸         ø̼  ѹ     ƶ.
  ̸׸, "telnet localhost"  telnet  ȣƮ
   õϰ  Ѵ.

  ׸,  ̽  å    Ӹƴ϶ 
   ø ǿ ǰ ִ. ׷Ƿ,  Ʈũ
  ӵǾ ׷    ġ , ׻  ̽
   ξ Ѵ.

  5.7.2.  Ethernet Interfaces

  ̴ ̽     ̽ ſ ϴ. 
     ,     ̴.

  Virtual Brewery 츮 IP Ʈũ   
  Ҵ. װ ٺ Ŭ B شϴ Ʈũ Ŭ C
  شϴ    ̷ ȯ  νĽŰ  ̽
   ؼ,    ָ ȴ.

       # ifconfig eth0 vstout netmask 255.255.255.0

  , ̰ vstout (191.72.1.2) ͳ ּҸ eth0  ̽
  Ҵϴ ۾ . ⼭  ݸũ   ʾҴٸ,
  ifconfig IP Ʈũ Ŭκ  ݸũ з   ̴.
  , ݸũ 255.255.0.0 νϴ   ϰ ȴ.

       # ifconfig eth0
       eth0    Link encap 10Mps Ethernet HWaddr 00:00:C0:90:B3:42
               inet addr 191.72.1.2 Bcast 191.72.1.255 Mask 255.255.255.0
               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MTU 1500 Metric 1
               RX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
               TX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0

    ifconfig εĳƮ ּ (  Bcast)
  Ϲ    شٴ    ִ.   ȣƮ Ʈ
     ȣƮ Ʈũ ȣ̴. , message transfer
  unit (Ŀ  ̽   ִ ̴   ִ
  ũ) 1500 Ʈ  ִ밪 . ̷    Ŀ
  ϰ  Ư ɼ overrideǾ ִ.

   ۾  ϰ, ݺ   Ʈ
  ġؾ Ѵ.   ۾ eth0 ؼ Ŀο   ִ
  Ʈũ 뺸 ִ  Ѵ. Virtual Brewer  
      ִ.

       # route add -net 191.72.1.0

  route  θ ļ ̽    ̷
  ۾    𸥴: Ŀ Ǿ  ִ 
  ̽ ˻ϰ   ּ ( 쿡 191.72.1.0) ̽
  ּ  Ʈũ  κ (̽ ݸũ Ʈ κ) 񱳸
  Ѵ. ⿡ ̽  eth0 ġȴ.

  ׷, ⼭ -net ɼ ϱ? ̰ route Ʈũ 
  ο ܵ ȣ Ʈ ( ҵ ̰ localhost ȴ.)
   , ΰ ٸ óϱ    ɼ Ѵ. ּҰ
  dotted quad notation ־ , route ȣƮ κ  Ʈ
  Ʈũ κ ȣƮ κ  ̴.   ּ
  ȣƮ   0 Ǿ ִٸ, route  ּҰ Ʈũ
  Ÿ ִٰ Ѵ. ׷, route 191.72.1.0 Ʈũ ȣ
     ȣƮ ּҶ  ̴.    , route 
   ϰ  ִ     ̴. ׷Ƿ, -net ɼ
  ν, װ Ʈũ Ÿ ִٰ ϰ  ־ Ѵ.

  ,   route  ¼   ۾  ,
  öڸ ߸ ġ  츦   ִ. ̰ͺ    
  ̶, /etc/networks  Ʈũ ̸    ִ.
  ̰  ݴ б  ϱ  ̴;  -netɼ
  Ÿ   ִ. ֳϸ,  route 191.72.1.0 Ʈũ
  Ű  ٴ  ˰ ֱ ̴.

       # route add brew-net

  ݱ  ⺻ ۾ ,   ̴
  ̽   ۵ϰ ִ ˰ ʹ.  ̴ݿ
  vlager  ȣƮ ϶.

       # ping vlager
       PING vlager: 64 byte packets
       64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp_seq=0, time=11. ms
       64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp_seq=1, time=7. ms
       64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp_seq=2, time=12. ms
       64 bytes from 191.72.1.1: icmp_seq=3, time=3. ms
       ^C

       ----vstout, vbrew.com PING Statistics----
       4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss
       round-trip (ms)  min/avg/max = 3/8/12

    ̿ ٸ  Ҵٸ, װ ý ٴ 
  ǹѴ.     Ŷ ս ġ ٸ, װ
  ϵ  ɼ .  , ͹̳Ͱ ҷ̶...
     Ŷ   ٸ, netstat ̽
  ȯ ˻ ƾ Ѵ. ifconfig Ÿ Ŷ ´
     Ŷ ޵Ǵ ˷ش.   
  ȣƮ ϰ ִٸ,    ̽ ¸ ˻ ƾ
  Ѵ. ̷  սǵ Ŷ   ִ   ִ.
  Դٰ     ȣƮ ùٸ  Ʈ  
  ִ ˾  ؼ route  ־  
  캸ƾ  . ƹ ɼǾ route ־  Ŀ 
  ̺ Ѵ. (-n ɼ ȣ Ʈ  ϴ ſ Ʈ
  еǾ ִ ּҸ ϴµ Ѵ.)

       # route -n
       Kernel routing table
       Destination  Gateway  Genmake          Flags  Metric  Ref  Use    Iface
       127.0.0.1    *        255.255.255.255  UH     1       0    112    lo
       191.72.1.0   *        255.255.255.0    U      1       0     10    eth0

  ̷ ʵ尡  ִ ǹ̴ 'Checking with netstat' 
  Ѵ. Flag  ̽  Ϸ ÷̴. U  
  Ȱ ̽ ִ  , H   ּҰ ȣƮ
  Ű  ִٴ  Ѵ.   H  ÷װ Ʈũ  Ʈ
  Ǿ ִٸ, ݵ route   -net ɼ ٿ־ Ѵ.
  Ʈ  ۵ϰ ִ ˾ƺ, Use ʵ尡   ping
  ȣ̿ ϰ ִ  Ȯ ƶ.

  5.7.3.  Routing through a Gateway

   ϳ ̴ 󿡼 ȣƮ ϴ 츦 캸Ҵ.
  Ʈ ̸    ٸ  Ǿ ִ Ʈũ  
    ̴. ̷ Ʈ  ܼϰ   ̻ ̴ݰ
  Ǿ ִ 쵵 , ͳݰ  ܺμ  Ǵ 쵵
  ִ. Ʈ̸ ϱ ؼ Ʈŷ  ߰  
    ־ Ѵ.

  ̸׸, Virtual Brewery Virtual Winery ̴ݵ vlager̶
  ϴ Ʈ ̿ Ǿ ִ. vlager ̹ Ǿ ִٰ
  . 츮  vstout   ̺  ٸ Ʈ ߰
    ֱ⸸ ϸ ȴ. ̷ ϰ Ǹ,    ̺ Ŀο
  ̾߱ ؼ, vlager  Winery Ʈũ ִ  ȣƮ 
    ְ ش. ̷ ۾ route  incantation
  Ʒ :  gw Ű     Ʈ̸ Ű ִ
   Ѵ.

       # route add wine-net gw vlager

  ,  ̾߱ ϰ  Winery Ʈũ ִ  ȣƮ
  Brewery  Ʈũ ġϴ  Ʈ ־ Ѵ.  ׷
  ,   vstout  vbardolino ͸   
  ̴.   vbardolino ƿ   ū Ŷ 
  ̴.

        ̴ ̿ Ŷ ȯϴ
  Ʈ̸  Ÿ .   vlager  SLIP ũ   ؼ
  ͳݰ  Ǿ ִٰ  .  츮 vlager óǴ
  ͱ׷ Brewery ̿  Ʈũ   ̴.  
  ۾ vstout Ʈ Ʈ̷  ν ذ  ִ.

       # route add default aw vlager

  0.0.0.0̶ ּҸ  , Ʈũ ̸ default
  ϴ  Ʈ  Ʈ Ÿ ̴.  ̸ route Ǿ
  ֱ  /etc/networks ߰ ʿ .

   ȣƮ ping , ϳ ̻ Ʈ̸  ġ鼭 Ŷ
  Ŵ ս ߻ȴٸ,  ȥ Ʈũ ִٴ  ǹѴ.
  Ŷ ս      Ͻ   ߻ϴ
  ̴. ׷    Ͱ ǰų  ҵǱ⵵ Ѵ.

  5.7.4.  Configuring a Gateway

    ̴ ̿ Ŷ ȯϱ  ǻ͸  ϴ ۾
  ſ ϴ.  ٽ, vlager ƿͼ ̰   ̴ 带
  ߰ ,     ϳ Ʈũ ϰ ִٰ .
    ̽  ־  ϸ,  ̽
  װ͵鸸 IP ּҸ Ҵ ־ Ѵ.

    ̽    Ʒ   hosts Ͽ
  ߰ ִ  ϴ. ׷ Ǹ,  ̽ ̸
  ο ִ ۾    ̴:

       191.72.1.1      vlager       vlager.vbrew.com
       191.72.1.1      vlager-if1
       191.72.2.1      vlager-if2

        ̽    ִ:

       # ifconfig eth0 vlager-if1
       # ifconfig eth1 vlager-if2
       # route add brew-net
       # route add wine-net

  5.7.5.  The PLIP Interface

    ǻ͸ PLIP ũ ų ̴    ؾ ϴ
  ۾ ణ  .  εĳƮ Ʈũʹ  ݴ,
     ȣƮ ױ    point-to-point ҷ.

   , Virtual Brewery ִ   ٷڵ ׵ 
  ǻ͸ PLIP  ؼ vlager Ѵٰ .   ü
  vlite θ, PLIP  ϳ з Ʈ ʿϴ.
  ýÿ,  Ʈ plip1 ϵ ̴.  ũ Ȱȭ Ű
  ؼ,    ؼ,  plip1 ̽ 
  ־ Ѵ.

       # ifconfig plip1 vlite pointopoint vlager
       # route add default gw vlager

  ù ° ɾ ̽ ϴ ̴. ,  vlager ּҸ
   ִ   ּҷ point-to-point  Ѵٰ Ŀο
  ִ  Ѵ. ׸  ° ɾ Ʈ   ϴ
  vlager ؼ  Ʈ Ʈ ġϴ  ̴.  vlager󿡼,
  ifconfig ϴ  ũ ȰȭŰ    ʿϴ. (route
    ʿ  ʴ.):

       # ifconfig plip1 vlager pointopoint vlite

  ̷ο  vlager ִ plip1 ̽  IP ּҸ  
  ־  ʿ    191.72.1.1̶ ּҸ  
   ִ.

   츮  ǻͿ Brewery Ʈũ θ  ־
  Ѵ; Brewery ȣƮ vlite θ ϴ  
  κ ִ. ణ   ,  ȣƮ   ̺
  vlager̸  Ʈ̸ vlite ٽ θ  ִ ̴:

       # route add vlite gw vlager

  ӽ Ʈ  , ׿    ذåδ 
   ϴ  ִ.     йϱ
  ؼ   Ʈũ ִ ȣƮ    gated
  ġؾ Ѵ. ׷ ʱ  proxy ARP ߾.  ״,
  proxy ARP  ִ vlager  ü ̴ ּҸ ν,
  vlite   ARP ǿ    ־.  ̷ ȿ
  vlite  ִ  Ŷ vlager Ϻϰ ۵ǰ, ׷ 
  Ŷ  ǻͷ ٽ ۵  ־.  proxy ARP  ڼ
  ׵ 'Checking tht ARP Tables' ٷ .

  ̷ Net-3  plipconfig ϴ   ̴. 
      Ʈ IRQ   ֵ  ش.
  ¼ ̰ Ϲ  ϴ ifconfig  ſ  
   ̴.

  5.7.6.  The SLIP and PPP Interface

   SLIP PPP ũ PLIP    ó ܼϰ point-to-point
  ũ ϰ ,  ΰ  ̾߱     .
  밳, SLIP  ϱ  ؼ    ؼ
   ̾  ؾϰ, SLIP 忡 °  ø 
   ־ Ѵ. PPP ܼ ࿡  ȴ. SLIP PPP
  ũ    ʿ  7 8忡 ڼ ϰڴ.

  5.7.7.  The Dummy Interface

   ̽  ٸ  ſ ϰ δ. ̰
  ĵ ȣƮ  IP Ʈũ ؼ ̾  ũ 
  ش.  ڵ ĵ ȣƮ    ִ.

  ĵ  ȣƮ ܵ Ʈũ ġ 밳 ּҰ 127.0.0.1
  Ҵ   ġ Ȱȭ Ű  Ѵ.  쿡, 
   ȣƮ   IP ּ  ͸  ʿ䵵 ִ. ̸׸,
  vlite ϴ  ǻͰ ִٰ   .  װ 
  Ǿ ִ  Ʈũ   쵵 ִ. vlite ִ 
  ø̼  ȣƮ ִ  ٸ ø̼ 
  ͸   ;   𸥴. /etc/hosts ִ  vlite
  191.72.1.65 IP  ּҸ  ã ,   ̼  ּҷ
  ͸  õ ̴.  ǻͿ Ȱȭ 
  ,  ̽ۿ ,  Ŀ  ּҰ 
  ̽   ִ  Ѵ.   , Ŀ
   ͱ׷ óϰ  ø ̼   
  ̴.

  ̷   ̽ ʿϴ. ̰   ̽
    ν ̷  ذ ش. vlite 쿡,
   ܼ 191.72.1.65 ּҸ Ҵ ְ, ȣƮ Ʈ
   ּҸ Ű  ֱ⸸ ϸ ȴ.

  191.72.1.65   ͱ׷  ۵ ̴.

       # ifconfig dummy vlite
       # route add vlite

  5.8.  All About ifconfig

  ifconfig 츮   ͺ ξ    ִ.
  Ϲ ϴ ɼδ    ִ.

       ifconfig interface [[-net | -host] address [parameters]]

  interface ̽ ̰, address ̽  Ҵ IP
  ̴ּ. dotted quad notation ǥǾ ִ IP ּҳ  ̸
  ifconfig /etc/hosts /etc/networks  ã ̴. -net -host
  ɼ  ifconfig Ʈũ ȣ ȣƮ ּҸ   ּҷ ٷ
   Ѵ.

   ifconfig  ̽ ̸  ִٸ, װ
  ̽ ȯ  Ÿ ̴. ƹ   ifconfig
  ԷϿ ,      ̽ Ÿ ̴; -a
  ɼ Ȱϰ    ̽    ̴. ̴
  ̽ eth0    ̴:

       # ifconfig eth0
       eth0     Link encap 10Mbps Ethernet HWaddr 00:00:C0:90:B3:42
                inet addr 191.72.1.2 Bcast 191.72.1.255 Mask 255.255.255.0
                UP BROADCAST RUNNING  MTU 1500  Metric 0
                RX packets 3136 errors 217 dropped 7 overrun 26
                TX packets 1752 errors 25 dropped 0 overrun 0

  MTU Metric ʵ  MTU ̽ Ͱ  (metric value)
  ش.  Ͱ (metric value)  Ʈ   ϱ
     ü ؼ Ǿ.  ̷  
  , ȣȯ  ֱ ϴ.

  RX TX  󸶳  Ŷ ް ִ, ۵Ǿ, 󸶳
      ߴ, Ǵ ޸  󸶳   
  Ŷ սǵǾ,    󸶳  ذ ִ
  ش. ù  (receiver  overrun) 밳 Ŀ ͷƮ
  Ŵ ӵ Ŷ    ۵   ߻Ѵ. Ʒ 
  ifconfig  ִ ɼ ְ ,  ɼ ϴ
  ΰ Ÿ ְ  ִ.̷  ɼ ׻ ifconfig  (-)
  뽬 ٿ Ѵ.

     UP ̰ ̽ "up"϶ ǥ̴. , IP  (layer)
        ٰϰ   Ѵ.  ɼ address ɾ
        ־  ȴ. ̰  ̽   ̸,
        ̰ down ɼ  Ͻ 밡ϰ  ش.  (
        ɼ UP RUNNING ÷׿ ġѴ.)

     down
        ̰ ̽ "down"϶ ǥ̴. , IP (layer)
         ϰ   Ѵ. ̰    ̽
        ؼ   IP Ʈ   ϰ . ̰ 
        ̽ ڵ   ְ ִ  
        Ʈ   ƴ  ζ.   
        ̽    ϰ  ̶, ̷
         Ʈ  ÿ, θ  ־ Ѵ.

     netmask mask
        ̰ ̽ ǰ ִ   Ҵ ش.
        ̰ 0x  32Ʈ 16 ǥϰų, Ʈ ϴ 
          ǥ .

     pointopoint address
         ɼ   ȣƮ point-to-point IP ũ 
        ȴ.   SLIP Ǵ PLIP ̽   
        ɼ ʿ ϴ.  ( point-to-point ּҰ Ǿ ִٸ,
        ifconfig  POINTOPOINT ÷׸ ǥ  ̴.)

     broadcast address
        εĳƮ ּҴ 밳 ȣƮ  κ  Ʈ 
        , Ʈũ ȣ Ѵ.  IP implementation ٸ
        Ű  Ѵ;   ɼ  ̷ ̻ ȯ  
        ְ ش. ( εĳƮ ּҰ Ǿ ִٸ,
        ifconfig BROADCAST ÷׸ ǥ   ̴.)

     metric number
         ɼ ̽   ̺ Ʈ Ͱ
        Ҵϴµ  𸥴.  metric Ʈũ 
         ̺   Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
         ȴ.  ifconfig Ǵ Ʈ Ͱ 0̴. 
         RIP   ʰ ִٸ,  ɼ 
        ʿ  ;  RIP  ״ٸ,  Ͱ  
        ų ʿ  .

     mtu bytes
        ̰ Maximum Transmission Unit,   ̽ ϳ 
        Ʈǿ ó  ִ ִ ݼ    Ѵ.
        ̴ݿ MTU Ʈ 1500̸, SLIP ̽ 296
        ȴ.

     arp
        ̰ ̴̳ Ŷ   εĳƮ Ʈũ
        ϴµ  ϴ ɼ̴. ̰  ȣƮ 
        ּҰ Ʈũ ϴ  س   Ǵ ARP,
        Address  Resolution Protocol   ְ ش. ε
        ĳƮ󿡼 Ʈ Ǿ ִ.  (ARP ϰ 
        ʴٸ, ifconfig NOARP ǥ  ̴.)

     -arp
        ̽ ARP     ִ ɼ̴.

     promisc
        promiscuous  ̽ ش. εĳƮ
        Ʈũ󿡼, ̰ Ŷ ٸ ȣƮ  
        ұϰ,   Ŷ ޾ ִ ̽   ش.
        ̰  Ʈũ Ʈ  Ethernet snooping  Ŷ
        ͸   ְԲ  ش. 밳  ɼ Ʈũ
         ذϴ  ̴ ٸ , ̰ Ĩڵ
         н带 ˾Ƴ  Ʈũ  Ʈ ѱų
        ٸ   ϰ   ִ. ̷ ĨԿ ϴ 
        δ  ǻͷ Ĩڵ     Բ
        ϴ  ̴. Kerberos SRA    ϴ
        ̴. ( ɼ PROMISC ġѴ.)

     -promisc
        promiscuous 带  ´.

     allmulti
        ƼĳƮ ּҴ  ݿ  ʿ䰡  ȣƮ ׷
        εĳƮѴ. ƼĳƮ ּҴ  Ŀο 
        ʴ´. (  ɼ ALLMULTI ÷׿ ġѴ.)

     -allmulti
        ƼĳƮ ּҸ  ʰ Ѵ.

  5.9.  Checking with netstat

  ,   Ʈũ ȯ ˻ϰ Ȱȭ ų  
  ϰ ϴ    ̴. ̰ netstat θ,
       Բ Ѵ.    ɵ 
  ϰڴ.

  5.9.1.  Displaying the Routing Table

  -r ÷׿ netstat  ϰ Ǹ,  route  
   Ŀ  ̺ ǥ ش. vstout 
   Ÿ:

       # netstat -nr
       Kernel routing table
       Destination    Gateway     Genmask          Flags  Metric Ref Use  Iface
       127.0.0.1      *           255.255.255.255  UH     1      0    50  lo
       191.72.1.0     *           255.255.255.0    U      1      0   478  eth0
       191.72.2.0     *           255.255.255.0    UGN    1      0   250  eth0

  -n ɼ netstat ɺ  ȣƮ Ʈũ ̸ſ Ʈ
  е   IP ڷ ּҸ ǥϰԲ ش. ̰ 
  Ʈũ ؼ ּҸ ã ۾ ϰ   ϰ ȴ.
  ( , DNS Ǵ NIS )

  netstat ¿  °  Į Ʈ̰  Ʈ
  Ű ִ ش.  Ʈ̸ ϰ  ʴٸ,
    ƽƮ  (*) ǥõ .      Į
  Ʈ "Ϲݼ(generality)"  ش. ־ IP ּҰ ׿
   Ʈ ߰ , Ŀ   ̺ Ʈ
  ļ, genmask   Ʈ AND ڷ Ѵ.

   ° Į Ʒ    ÷ ǥ ش:

     G  Ʈ Ʈ̸ Ѵ.

     U  ̽ ǰ ִ.

     H   ܵ ȣƮ Ʈ ļ   ִ.  ,
        ̷   Ʈ 127.0.0.1̴.

     D  ̺ Ʈ  , ICMP ̷Ʈ ޽ 
        ǰ ִ.

     M  ̺ Ʈ  , ICMP ̷Ʈ ޽ 
        ǰ ִ.

  netstat ¿ Ref Į   Ʈ ϴ ȣ Ÿ.
  , 󸶳  Ʈ  Ʈ ϰ ִ Ÿ.
     Į  Ʈ  Ǿ, 󸶳  
  ׷ ̽ ۵Ǿ Ÿش.

  5.9.2.  Displaying Interface Statistics

  -i ÷׿ netstat Բ ϸ,  Ǿ ִ Ʈũ
  ̽ ¸ ش. ű⿡ ٰ -a ÷׸ ְ Ǹ,
  Ŀο ϴ  Ӹ ƴ϶,   Ǿ ִ  ̽
    ̴. vstout, netstat   :

       $ netstat -i
       Kernel Interface table
       Iface  Mtu  Met    RX-OK RX-ERR   RX-DRP RX-OVR  TX-OK   TX-ERR
  TX-DRP TX-OVR Flags
       lo       0   0    3185      0      0      0   3185      0      0      0 BLRU
       eth0  1500   0  972633     17     20    120 628711    217      0      0 BRU

  MTU Met ʵ ̽   MTU Ͱ (metric   value)
  ش. RX  TX Į 󸶳   Ŷ   ۵ǰ
    (RX-OK/TX-OK), ׸ ջ Ծ    (RX-ERR/TX-ERR),
  󸶳            Ŷ     ҵǾ (RX-DRP/TX-DRP),
     սǵ  󸶳 Ǵ (RX-OVR/TX-OVR) Ÿ
  ش.

   Į ̷ ̽  Ǿ  Ÿִ
  ÷̴.     ÷ ̸  ifconfig
  ̽ ȯ   µȴ.

     B  εĳƮ ּҰ Ǿ ִ.

     L   ̽ Ʈ ̴̽.

     M   Ŷ ۵ǰ ִ. (promiscuous )

     N  Trailer Ѵ.

     O   ̽  ARP  ִ.

     P  ̰ point-to-point ̴.

     R  ̽ ǰ ִ.

     U  ̽ up

  5.9.3.  Displaying Connections

  netstat Ȱϰ ִ  ǥ  ֱ  ɼ   ִ.
  -t, -u, -w ׸, -x ɼ Ȱ TCP, UDP,  RAW Ǵ UNIX  
   ش. ⿡ -a ɼ  ߰Ѵٸ,   ٸ
   ǥ ش.   ýۿ   ǰ ִ 
      ̴.

  vlager netstat -ta   ȭ Ѵ.

       $ netstat -ta
       Active Internet connections
       Proto  Recv-Q  Send-Q  Local Address    Foreign Address     (State)
       tcp         0       0  *:domain         *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:time           *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:smtp           *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  vlager:smtp      vbardolino:1040     ESTABLISHED
       tcp         0       0  *:telnet         *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  localhost:1046   vbardolino:telnet   ESTABLISHED
       tcp         0       0  *:chargen        *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:daytime        *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:discard        *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:echo           *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:shell          *:*                 LISTEN
       tcp         0       0  *:login          *:*                 LISTEN

  ̰ 밳  ٸ   ش.   °
   vstout  SMTP ش. ׸   °
   vbardolino telnet ̿ ܺο  Ÿ.

  -a ÷׸ ϸ,     ش.

  5.10.  Checking the ARP Tables

   쿡 Ŀ ARP ̺  ų Ű  
   ִ.   ,    ͳ ּҰ ϳ  ִٰ
  ǽϴ ,   Ʈũ  ߻ų  ִ. ̷
   ذϱ    ٷ arp̴.  ࿡ ɼ
    δ.

       arp [-v] [-t hwtype] -a [hostname]
       arp [-v] [-t hwtype] -a hostname hwaddr
       arp [-v] -d hostname [hostname...]

   hostname  ɺ ȣƮ ̳  dotted quad notation
  ǥ IP  Ҹ ϴ ̴.

  ù °   װ no hostname ־ٸ, ˷  
  ȣƮ IP ּ ׸ Ư ȣƮ ARP Ʈ ش. 
  , vlager arp  ϰ Ǹ    Ÿ.

       # arp -a
       IP address       HW type                   HW address
       191.72.1.3       10Mbps Ethernet           00:00:C0:5A:42:C1
       191.72.1.2       10Mbps Ethernet           00:00:C0:90:B3:42
       191.72.2.4       10Mbps Ethernet           00:00:C0:04:69:AA

  vlager, vstout ׸ vale ̴ ּҸ ְ ִ.

  -t ɼ ϸ, Ư   ϵ    ִ.
  ̰  ether, ax25, Ǵ pronet, 10Mbps ̴ ⺻
  ϰִ ϵ, AMPR AX.25,   IEEE 802.5 token ring 
  ϵ   ִ.

  -s ɼ ARP ̺ hostname ̴ ּҸ  ߰Ű
      . hwaddr  ϵ ּҸ Ѵ. ⺻δ
  ̴ ּҸ Ÿ. ׸  ̰  ݷ (:)  Ǿ
  ִ   16  Ǿ ִ.  ¼ -t ɼ
  ؼ, ٸ  ϵ ּҸ   ִ.

   ȣƮ ARP Ǹ źϴ 쿡, ARP ̺ IP ּҸ
    ֶ ޽ . ̷  ߻ϴ
  ̶, ARP ̹ װ ߻ ߴٴ, ȣƮ IP ּҸ
  ߸ ν Ʈũ  ٸ ȣƮ   ̷ 
  ߻Ѵ. ARP ̺ ִ hard-wiring IP ּҴ  ̴
  󿡼   ȣƮ ȣ  ִ ̴.

  -d ġ Բ arp ϰ  Ǹ, ־ ȣƮ Ǿ  ִ
   ARP Ʈ   . ̰ ̽ Ͽ 
  ǰ ִ IP ּҿ  ̴  ּҸ Բ ϱ 
  õ ϴµ Ǳ⵵  Ѵ. ̰  ߸ Ǿ ִ
  ý ߸ ARP  εĳƮϴµ ϰ δ. (
   ̷ ۾ ϱ ,   ȣƮ 籸ؾ Ѵ.)

  -s ɼ proxy ARP  ϴµ ȴ.  ̰ gate  ϴ
  ȣƮ  fnord ϴ  ٸ ȣƮ  Ʈ̷ ۵ϵ
   ִ ν,    ּҰ ̸Ͽ gate ϴ 
  ȣƮ ϵ   ش. , װ   ü ̴
  ̽ Ű fnord  ARP  Ʈ ν ׷
    ִ. ȣƮ fnord  ARP Ǹ   , gate
  ̴ ּҸ  ϰ ִ  ǵ  ̴. Ǹ ϰ ִ
  ȣƮ gate  ͱ׷     ǹ
  fnord  ڷ  ̴.

  ̸׸,  TCP  ϰ, õ ״ 
  ϴ DOS  ſ fnord ϰ   ̷  
  ʿϴ.  proxy ARP Ѵٸ, ġ fnord  ݿ
  ִ ó,   DOS ӽſ  ó   ̴. ׷,
  Ʈ̸  Ʈ ϴ  ʿ䰡 .

  proxy ARP ſ ϰ   ִ   ٸ ø̼
  ִ. ,  ̾  ũ ؼ,  ȣƮ  Ͻ
  Ʈó ϰ  ִ ̴. ,  츮 ̵
  PLIP  ũ ļ, vlager  Ǿ ִ  vlite Ҵ. 
   proxy ARP ϰ ϴ ȣƮ ּҴ Ʈ 
  ִ   󿡼  ̴. ̸׸, proxy ARP ϰ
  ִ vstout  Brewery  (191.72.1.0) ȣƮ  
  , Winery  (191.72.2.0)   ȣƮ   .

  fnord proxy ARP ϴ    ;   gate
  ̴  Ҹ  ־ Ѵ.

       # arp -s fnord 00:00:c0:a1:42:e0 pub

     proxy ARP Ʈ   ִ.

       # arp -d fnord

  5.11.  The Future

   Ʈŷ  ȭϰ ִ. Ŀο ֿ ȭ Ѵٸ,
  ȯ   ſ ϰ ų  ִٴ ̴. , Ŀ
   ð Ʈũ  ġ ϰ ش. ̸ ׸,
  ifconfig  IRQ DMA  äΰ    ش.

   ٸ ȭ Ѵٸ, route ɿ mtu ÷׸ ߰ Ų ̴.
    Ư  Ʈ  ִ   (Maximum Transmission
  Unit)     ִ.  MTU  Ʈ ̽
  õǾ ִ MTU ȿȭ  ų  ִ.   
  Ʈ̿ ſ  MTU ʿ ϴ  ȣƮ ϰ  ,
  Ʈ̸  Ʈ Ҷ,  ɼ  ̴. 
  , ȣƮ wanderer SLIP ũ ؼ vlager Ǿ ִٰ
  . vstout wanderer  ͸   , wanderer
  ִ Ʈŷ  (layer) Ŷ ̴  ļ  ,
  ְ 1500 Ʈ Ŷ  ̴. , SLIP ũ 296   Ʈ
  MTU Ǿ ϰ, vlager Ʈũ   IP Ŷ 296
  Ʈ ɰ   Ѵ. ſ  vstout Ʈ
   , ۽ 296 Ʈ MTU  ϰԲ  Ҵٸ,
          ִ.

       # route add wanderer gw vlager mtu 296

      ִ mtu ɼǶ 'Subnet  Are Local' å
  (SNARL)   ҵǾٴ  ϶.  å Ŀ ȯ 
  ɼǿ  ־,  3 忡 ߾.

  6.  Name Service and Resolver Configuration

  2忡  ٴ, TCP/IP Ʈŷ ȣƮ IP ּҸ
  ȯϱ    Ű ϰ ִ.   
  /etc/hosts Ǿ ִ ȣƮ  ̺ ̸  
  ɰ  ƹ ̵    Ѵ.   
   ѻ  Ǹ, ܺμ  ƹ IP Ʈ ߻
    Ը  LAN ϴ. hosts   ̹ 5忡
  Ͽ.

  ٸ ,  ȣƮ IP ּҷ ȯų  Ǵ
  BIND - Berkeley Internet Name Domain Service    ִ.
  BIND ϴ      , Ʈũ 
   ,  ѹ ؾ ۾̴.    ٸ н 迭
  ýۿ,  񽺴 named α׷   ȴ.
  õ, ̰  ϵ  ü (cache) ϰ,
  Ʈ Ǵ    μ Ǹ ٸ.  BIND
  ϴ     ,  ȣƮ   
  ʿ .

   忡      ⺻ĸ ٷ ̴. 
    LAN̻ ȯ̳, ͳݻ󿡼 BIND 
  ȹ̶,   , Cricket Liu "DNS and BIND" (AlbitzLiu92
  ϶.) ,   å о ƾ    . ̷ 
  ؼ,   BIND ҽ ԵǾ  ִ release notes Ȯ
   ִ.  comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains̶ ϴ DNS 
  ׷쵵 ִ.

  6.1.  The Resolver Library

  "the resolver" Ư ø̼ ƴ϶ "resolver library"
  Īϴ ̴. ̰  C ̺귯   ΰ ִ 
  ̴. ߽ Ǵ  ƾδ ȣ Ʈ  ִ  IP ּҸ
  ãų IP ּҿ ִ  ȣƮ ãִ gethostbyname(2)
  gethostbyaddr(2)   ִ. ̰͵ ܼ hosts ִ 
  ãų,    ϰų, NIS (Network Information
  Service)  hosts  ͺ̽ ϵ Ǿ ִ.  smail
   ø̼  ̷ ͵  ̹   ,
  ̰ Ư 쿡 ʿϴ.

  6.1.1.  The host.conf File

   resolver ¾ ϴ   ٷ host.conf ̴.
  ̰ /etc  丮  ְ, resolver  񽺸  ָ,
  ׷ 񽺵  Ǿ ִ.

  host.conf ִ ɼǵ     ο Ѵ. ʵ
  ̽  еǾ ִ. ؽ ǥ (#) Ǿ ִ   
     ɼǿ   ª  ִ κ̴.

    ɼ ִ:

     order
        ̰ resolving service óǴ  Ѵ. ̿ Բ
        Ǵ ɼδ bind, hosts, nis ִµ,  ϴ 
          Ǹ Ѵٵ, /etc/hosts  ã´ٵ,
        NIS ʿ  ã   Ѵ. ̷ ͵   
        Ȥ θ   ִ. ο Ÿ   
        񽺰 óǴ   ǹѴ.

     multi
        ɼ   ְ Ǵ    . /etc/hosts
        ִ ϳ ȣƮ  IP ּҸ Բ ҷ, 밳
        "multihomed"  Ѵ.   ÷״ DNS NIS ǿ ƹ
         ġ ʴ´.

     nospoof
        5忡  ٴ,   DNS in-addr.arpa 
        ؼ, IP ּҿ شϴ ȣƮ  ã ش. 
          ߸ ȣƮ  ϴ  "spoofing"
        Ѵ. ̷    ؼ, resolver  IP ּҰ
        ȣƮӰ Ǿ ִ ˻ϵ Ǿ ִ. ׷
        ʴٸ, ȣƮ   ߻ų ̴. ̷  ۾
        ؼ nospoof  ƾ Ѵ.

     alert
         ɼ    ְ ϰų    . 
        ɼ on  , spoof  õ (attempt) resolver
        syslog ޽ ϵ   .

     trim
         ɼ     Ѵ. ,  
         Ͼ   ȣƮӿ  ̴. ̰
        hosts  Ʈ ϰ Ҷ ϰ  δ.  hosts
        Ʈ      ȣƮ  ϰ 
        , Ǵ  ̴.  ȣƮ ߰ پ ִ  
          ǰ, /etc/hosts ̷ ۾ 
        ̴.

     trim
        ɼ  ȣƮ    ϰԲ 
        ش.

   vlager  ̴;

       # /etc/host.conf
       # We have named running, but no NIS (yet)
       order   bind hosts
       # Allow multiple addrs
       multi on
       # Guard against spoof attempts
       nospoof on
       # Tirm local domain (not really necessary).
       trim   vbrew.com.

  6.1.2.  Resolver Environment Variables

  host.conf ϴ κ     ȯ溯 ִ.

     RESOLV_HOST_CONF
        ̰ /etc/host.conf ſ о   Ѵ.

     RESOLV_SERV_ORDER
        host.conf ־   . hosts, bind ׸
        nis ־ 񽺵 ̽, ޸, ݷ Ǵ 
        ݷ еǾ  .

     RESOLV_SPOOF_CHECK
        ־ spoofing Ұ Ѵ.     
        ҷ,  ڿ off ٿ. spoof ˻縦 ϵ 
        ִ warn warn off  α  (logging on) α 
        (logging off) Ѵ. *  spoof üũϰڴٴ ǹ,
        host.conf  , α  ʴ´.

     RESOLV_MULTI
        on Ǵ off  host.conf multi ɼ   
           ִ.

     RESOLV_OVERRIDE_TRIM_DOMAINS
         ȯ host.conf     Ʈ  
        Ѵ.

     RESOLV_ADD_TRIM_DOMAINS
         ȯ host.conf ߰ Ʈ    Ѵ.

  6.1.3.  Configuring Name Server Lookups -- resolv.conf

   ȣƮ   BIND  񽺸 ϱ ؼ,
  resolver library   Ϸ Ѵٸ, ҷ Ӽ 
  ־ Ѵ. ̷ ۾ ϱ  ؼ resolv.conf ؾ Ѵ.
    ų  Ͼ ֺ ִٸ,  resolver   
    ȣƮ ִٰ  .

     ȣƮ Ӽ Ϸ Ѵٸ, 
   ־  Ѵ. ׷,  Ʈũ Ӽ ϰ
  ִٸ, ̰ ϴ  ξ  ̴.

  resolv.conf  ߿ ɼ nameserver̴. ̰ 
  Ӽ IP  Ҹ Ҵ ִ  Ѵ.  
  nameserver ɼ ؼ     ϰ Ѵٸ,
  װ͵ ־  óȴ. ,      ϴ
   . ,   ִ Ӽ   .

  no nameserver ־ٸ, resolver  ȣƮ ִ Ӽ
  Ϸ  ̴.

  domain search ɼ Ѵ Ʈ  ÿ ȴ. ,
  BIND ù ° ǰ ߴٸ, ̷ ɼǵ ȣƮӿ
  . search ɼ   õ ҷ  
  Ѵ.  ׸ ̽  еǾ ִ.

  no search ɼ ־ٸ,  ü   ؼ, 
     Ʈ ġ Ʈ  , ְ Ʈ
  θ  ߰ȴ.     domain  ؼ
    ִ;  ƹ͵  ʴ´ٸ, resolver
  getdomainname(2) ý  ؼ    ̴.

   ̷   ϰ  鸰ٸ, Virtual Brewery
  resolv.conf  ϴ   :

       # /etc/resolv.conf
       # Our domain
       domain            vbrew.com
       #
       # We use vlager as central nameserver:
       nameserver      191.72.1.1

  vale ̸ resolvϷ  , resolver vale.vbrew.com
  vale.com  vale  ϴ ̸  ã ̴.

  6.1.4.  Resolver Robustness

    Ŵ Ʈũ LAN Ϸ Ѵٸ, ߾ 
   ؾ Ѵ. ̰ ϴ ̶,  ǰ 
   (cache)    Ҹ    ִٴ
  ̴.  ̷ Ű  ִ:  麻 
  ıǾ ,   LAN ƹ ۾    . ֳϸ,
  resolver  ̻ Ӽ     ̴. ׸ X
  ͹̳ο   ,  ͵    ȴ.

  ķ۽ 麻 İǴ  ſ 幮 ,  ̷ 츦
  ؼ ġ   δ ͵  ̴.

   Ӽ ϱ  Ѱ ɼδ  
  Ӽ  ȣƮ  resolv϶. ׸ ٸ ȣƮ 
   Ǹ    ϰ ϶.    ü 
  ϰ ִٸ, ̰    ̴.

  ٸ , /etc/hosts ִ  ̳ LAN   
  ȣƮ     ִ.  ߾   ٿǴ 츦
  ؼ, resolver ȣƮ  Ű ʵ ҷ,
  /etc/host.conf "order bind hosts" ߰Ѷ.

  6.2.  Running named

  κ н 迭 ýۿ    񽺸   ִ
  α׷ named (밳 name-dee Ѵ.)̴. ̰ 
  BSD ߵǾ, Ŭ̾Ʈ Ӽ񽺸  ְ,  ٸ
  Ӽ   ְԲ ش.  κ   
  ǰ ִ  BIND-4.8.3̴. ֱ  BIND-4.9.3 
  Ÿ ׽Ʈ ̰,  ϳ    
  ̴.

    Domain Name System  ۵Ǵ ؽŰ κ̴.
       κ ´ٸ, 2 ٽ ѹ о ٶ.
    DNS  ⺻     ִ.

  named 밳 ý õ  , ۵Ǹ, ý ˴ٿ  Ǳ
   ۵Ѵ.  /etc/named.boot  Ͽ ̷  
   ,  Ͽ    ּҿ ų  ϴ zone
  ̶ ϵ ԵǾ ִ. ̷   İ ǹ̴ 
  Ǿ ִ.

  named Ű ؼ, Ʈ ܼ   ϶.

       # /usr/sbin/named

  named named.boot   õǾ ִ zone  а,
   ̴.  װ μ id ASCII· /var/run/named.pid
   , ʿϴٸ,  ̸Ӹ κ ۹ 
  , DNS Ǹ  Ʈ 53    .
  6.2.1.  The named.boot File

  named.boot ũ 밳 ű ۰, ԵǾ ִ  ׸
   , zone    ϰ ִ  ϰ  ٸ
    Ű ִ. Ʈ  Ͽ  ݷ ϴ
     Ѵٴ ǹ̴. ڼ  ؼ
  named.boot  ϱ , ׸ 6.1 ־ vlager 
      캸.

       ;
       ; /etc/named.boot file for vlager.vbrew.com
       ;
       directory       /var/named
       ;
       ;            domain                  file
       ;----------------------------------------------
       cache        .                       named.ca
       primary      vbrew.com               named.hosts
       primary      0.0.127.in-addr.arpa    named.local
       primary      72.191.in-addr.arpa     named.rev

                  ׸ 6.1: vlager  named.boot

    cache primary named  Ű ̴. 
    ° 忡 õǾ ִ  Ϸκ о δ.
  װ͵ ؽƮ    ִ DNS ڿ ڸ ϰ ,
    ̴.

   , 츮     named  Ͽ.
  ̸׸, ̵  ù °  ̸Ӹ  vbrew.com
  Ȱϵ named 뺸,   named.hosts Ͽ  zone
  ͸  о δ.  directory   Ű  zone 
  /var/named ġϰ ִٴ  ش.

  cache ſ Ư ν, Ӽ ϰ ִ  踦
   ǥ Ѵ. ̰ named   ü ҿ named.ca
   (cache)Ϸκ root name server hints   ְԲ
  ش. name server  hint ؼ   ϰڴ.

    named.boot   ִ  ߿ ɼ
  ϵ̴.

     directory
        ̰ zone  ϰ ִ 丮 Ѵ.  ϵ
        ̸  丮 Ǿ ־.   丮
        directory  ν   ִ. ǥ 
        Ͻýۿ /var/named Ǿ Ѵ.

     primary
        ̰ ν domain name file name  Ѵ. named
                ϶. ̸Ӹ
        , named ־  Ϸ  zone 
        Ų. Ϲ,  Ʈ Ͽ  ϳ primary
        Ʈ   ̴. , 127.0.0.0 Ʈũ ȯŰ,
          Ʈũ  ̴.

     secondary
        ̰ ν, domain name address  list ׸ file name
         .    õ    ° 
         ȯ ´.  °  ο ִ  
        ͸   , Ͽ ڷḦ     Ѵ.
         ̸Ӹ  κ ڷḦ ۹  ̴.
        ̸Ӹ  ִ IP ּ  ϳ named ־
        Ѵ.    ͸ zone ͺ̽ 
         ,  ּҿ  ̸,  °  ־
         Ͽ Ǿ  ִ.   ̸Ӹ  
        ʴ´ٸ, zone ʹ ſ Ͽ   ˻
        ̴.  named Ģ  zone  ͸ 
        ̴. ̰  SOA ڿ ڵ · Ǿ 
          ִ.

     cache
        ̰ domain name file name ν Ѵ.  
        root server hint ϰ ,   ڵ  Ʈ
        Ӽ Ű Ǿ ִ.  NS Aڵ尡 νĵ
        ̴. domain  Ϲ Ʈ   Īϴ
        ̴.   named  ̴:  cache 
        Ʈ Ͽ ߻ ʾҴٸ, named  ̻  Ҹ
         ʴ´.   Ǹ     Ʈũ
        ϰ  ʴٸ, ̰ ׷ ۾ ߴܽ 
        ̰, Ʈũ  ۾ ϰ  ų  ̴. Դٰ
        named  Ʈ      ̰, ׸Ͽ,
           ϰ  ּҵ ذ (resolve) 
        ̴. ̷ Ģ ܰ ִٸ, װ  
           ̴. (Ʒ ִ forwarders ɼ)

     forwarders
        ̰ ν address list Ѵ.  Ͽ ִ IP
        ּҵ   ҿ ϴ  з 
        ٸ, named         Ѵ.
        ̰͵ ǿ ϴ  ϳ    ̷
        ۾ Ѵ.

     slave
        ̰   slave   ش.  ü
        Ǹ   , forwarders  Ἥ, õ 
        Ǹ ϰ   .

  ⿡ Ǿ  , sortlist domain   ɼ 
  ִ. ߰ zone  Ͽ Ǵ   ñⰡ ִ.
  װ͵ $INCLUDE $ORIGIN.  ̴. ̰͵  ʿ  
   ⼭  ʾҴ.

  6.2.2.  The DNS Database Files

  named.hosts  named  ԵǾ ִ   ׻
  origin̶ θ Ͱ Ǿ ִ   ִ. origin
  cache primary     ̴.  
  Ͼȿ,  ΰ õǾ ִ ΰ ȣƮ  ؾ
  Ѵ.  absolute Ͼտ Ʈ پ ִٸ,   ȯ
    ̸̶ ϰ, ׷ ʰ ٸ ڰ پ ִٸ,
  밳   origin ̶ Ѵ.  origin  տ @
  δ.

   Ͽ ִ  ʹ resource records Ǵ ٿ RR
   ִ.  ̰͵ DNS ؼ   ִ   
      ִ.  ڿ ڵ  ¸  ִ.
  ̸׸, ϳ ڵ IP address ȣƮ Ӱ ų
  ǰ, CNAME ڵ   ȣƮ  ִ ȣƮ 
  ͸ Ǿ ִ.  , 115 ִ ׸ 6.3 ,
  virtual brewery شϴ   named.hosts   ִ.

   Ͽ ִ ڿ ڵ带  Ϲ  Ҵϱ ؼ
     .

       [domain] [tt1] [class] type rdata

   ʵ   еǾ ִ.   ù °    
   ȣ , ݴ ȣ  ʵ忡 شѴٸ, ϳ
  ü     ̾ ִ. ݷа ο λ̿
  ִ  õȴ.

     domain
        ̰  ü  ӿ Ű ̴.  ƹ
        ε ־ ʾҴٸ, RR   Ų
        RR̶ Ѵ.

     ttl
        Ư ð Ŀ resolver    Ű
        ϱ ؼ  RR "time to live" ٿ ttl Ѿ Ѵ.
        ttlʵ  κ ˻ Ŀ ȿϰ   
        ð Ѵ.  ð 10  ǥϸ 밳  
        ƶ ڷ Ǿ ִ.  ƹ ttl ־
        ʾҴٸ,  SOA ڵ  minimun ʵ带 ʱⰪ
        Ѵ.

     class
        ̰ IP ּҸ  IN Ǵ Hesiod Ŭ ִ ü 
        HS   ּ Ŭ̴. TCP/IP Ʈŷ,  
        IN  Ѵ. ƹ class ʵ嵵 ־ ʾҴٸ,
        ̰  RR Ŭ Ѵ.

     type
        ̰ RR ¸ Ѵ. Ϲ ´ A, SOA, PTR ׸
        NS̴.     RR ¸ ش.

     rdata
        ̰ RR õǾ ִ ͸ ξ   Ѵ. 
        ʵ   RR ¿ Ѵ.   RR 
          ִ.  DNS  Ͽ Ǵ RR ϵ
        δ   ʾҴ. ⼭    RR ϵ
           ִ. ⿡ Ϲ  ϴ  
        Ҵ.

     SOA
        ̰   ǥ  ְ ִ. (SOA "Start of
        Authority" ǹ .)  ȣ SOA RR شϴ  ڵ尡
              ִٴ   ǥ ش.
        primary  忡 ԵǾ ִ     ̷ 
          SOA ڵ带 ԽѾ Ѵ. ⿡  ִ  
        ʹ   ʵ带 ϰ ִ:

        origin
           ̰    ̸Ӹ   ȣƮ
           Ų.  ̰ 밳  ̸ ־.

        contact
           ̰   ϰ ִ  ڿ ּҸ
           Ų.  ̰  Ʈ ſ  '@'̶ ڸ Ѵ.
           ̸׸, Virtual Brewery ϰ ִ  janet̶
           . ׷    ּҴ  janet.vbrew.com
            .

        serial
           ̰ (zone)   ȣ Ų. ̷ ȣ
            ϳ ǥõǾ ִ.  Ͽ Ͱ  
           ,  ȣ ϳ Ѵ.   ° Ӽ 
           Ǵ  ø ȣ (zone)  Ǿٴ 
           νĽ ش. ׷ Ͱ ְ    °
           Ӽ   ΰ  ̸Ӹ  SOA
           ڵ带 ûϰ,  SOA ڵ带 ø ȣ
           Ѵ.   ȣ Ǿٸ,  ° 
           ̸Ӹκ  (zone) ͺ̽
           ۹޴´.

        refresh
           ̰  °  ̸Ӹ  SOA ڵ带 ˻ϴ
           ȿ ٸ ð Ÿش. ̰͵ κ 10
           Ǿ  8 ƶ ڷ Ÿ. Ϲ,
           Ʈũ (topology) ״    ʴ´.
           ׷, Ŵ Ʈũ ̺   Ʈũ
           Ϸ  ΰ  ־  .

        retry
            ȣ  °  ̸Ӹ   ϴ ð
              .    ȣ ũ ´ٸ, Ͻ
            г Ʈũ     °   Ʈũ
           ڿ Һϴ  ʷ  ִ. ѽð ̳ ݽð
            ˸´.

        expire
           ̰  °   ̻ ̸Ӹ   
            ° Ǿ ,    
           (zone)͸  ó  ɸ ð Ÿش.
           Ϲ ſ ũ  ̴. Craig Hunt (Hunt92)
           42 ǹѴ.

        minimum
           ̰ ڿ(resource) ڵ带  ttl ʱⰪ
           Ÿָ, ̰ ϰ   .  ̰ Ư
           ð    RR(ڿ ڵ)  óϱ  
           ٸ   ʿϴ. ׷   ð 帣,
            °     ʴ´.  밳 LAN
           Ʈũ    ʱ  minimum  ũ
           ƾ  Ѵ.   Ǵ     ùٸ ̴.
           ϳ RR   Ǵ 쿡,  װ͵ ٸ
           ttl Ҵ  ִ.

     A  ̰ ȣƮ  ִ IP ּҿ õǾ ִ.
        ڿ(resource)  ʵ dotted quad notation ǥǾ
        ִ ּҸ  ִ.   ȣƮ  ϳ A ڵ尡
        ҴǾ Ѵ.  A ڵ忡 Ǵ ȣƮ 
        ȣƮ  Ѵ. ٸ  ȣƮӵ CNAME
        ڵ带   ȣƮӰ Ǿ Ѵ.

     NS ̰ (subordinate)      Ų. NS
        ڵ带  ϴ   2.5 Ÿ  ִ.
        ڿ(resource) ʵ  Ӽ ȣƮ 
        ִ.  ȣƮ Ű ؼ ߰ A ڵ尡
        ʿϴ.   glue ڵ ϸ, ̰  Ӽ IP
        ּҿ    ִ.

     CNAME
        ̰ canonical hostname̶ ϴ ȣƮ  õǾ
        ִ.     ϴ A ڵ ߿ ȣƮӵ
        ԵǾ ִ; (alias) ܼ CNAME ڵ忡 Ǿ
        ,   üμ  ƹ ڵ嵵   ʴ.

     PTR
         ڵ ´ ȣƮ   ִ in-addr.arpa 
        ΰ   Ѵ. ̰ IP ּҰ  ϴ
        ȣƮ ų  Ѵ.  ̶ ȣƮ
         ϰ ִ ȣƮ̾ Ѵ.

     MX ̰ RR mail exchanger Ű Ѵ.  ȯ(mail
        exchanger)   13 Mail Routing on the Internet
         ̴. MX ڵ  ȯ⸦ ؼ domain host
         ٲپ ִ  Ѵ.

                         [domain] [ttl] [class] MX preference host

       ȯ װͰ  õǾ ִ ·  Ǿ ִ
     preference  ִ. domain  ϱ ٶ 
      (mail transport agent) ̷ ް   ,
     MX ڵ带  ִ  ȣƮ Ǹ  ̴.
     켱   ͺ Ǹ  ̴.

     HINFO
         ڵ ý  ϵ Ʈ  
        Ѵ.  ̰   .

                         [domain] [ttl] [class] HINFO hardware software

     hardware  ȣƮ  Ǵ ϵ   ִ
     ʵ̴. ̰   ֱ ؼ ϴ Ư ȯ۾
     ִ. ⼭ ϴ ̸  "Assigned Numbers" (RFC 1340)
     ־ ִ.  ϳ ʵ忡   ַ Ѵٸ,  ʵ带
     "  Ѵ. software ʵ ýۿ  Ǵ ü
     Ʈ Ű ̸̴.  ̸ "Assigned Numbers" RFC
     ԵǾ ִ.

  6.2.3.  Writing the Master Files

  ׸ 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 ׸ 6.5 brewery  vlager Ǿ ִ
  Ӽ  ̴. ⼭  ϵ ü 
  ͵̴.       ٸ, named   ,
  Cricket Liu   Paul  Albitz(AlbitzLiu92)  "DNS  and BIND"
  ϶.

  ׸ 6.2 ̴ named.ca (cache)  Ʈ Ӽ 
  ڵ带  ִ ϴ  ִ ̴.   
  밳 12 Ӽ    ´.     Ǿ
  ִ nslookup  ؼ,   Ʈ   
  Ӽ    ִ.

       ; /var/named/named.ca         Cache file for the brewery
       ;                  We're not on the Internet, so we don't need
       ;                  any root servers. To activate these
       ;                  records, remove the semicolons.
       ;
       ; .                   99999999   IN   NS   NS.NIC.DDN.MIL
       ; NS.NIC.DDN.MIL      99999999   IN   A    26.3.0.103
       ; .                   99999999   IN   NS   NS.NASA.GOV
       ; NS.NASA.GOV         99999999   IN   A    128.102.16.10

                        ׸ 6.2: named.ca 

  6.2.4.  Verifying the Name Server Setup

      ˻ϱ  ϴ    ִ.
  nslookup ϴ ̰ ȭγ ࿡   ִ.
  ϰ     ְ,

       nslookup hostname

  ̰ resolv.conf õǾ   hostname شϴ
  Ӽ  ̴.  ( ȿ ϳ ̻  ִٸ,
  nslookup Ƿ ϳ  ̴.)

   ȣƮ ϴ ȭ 忡 DNS ڵ¸ ϰ,
  ش   ü   Ѵ.

  ƹ μ nslookup ϸ,   Ӽ ȭ鿡
  ϰ, ȭ    ̴. > Ʈ, 
  ؾ   Է   .

  ⺻ Ŭ A ڵ带 ûѴ.  ڵ  Ӱ
  Ǿ ִ IP ּҸ ϰ ִ.

   "set type=type" Էν  ̷ ¸ ų  
  ִ. type 6.2 Ǿ ִ ڿ ڵ ̸ ϳ ȴ.

   ,    ȭ(dialogue)   ִ:

       $ nslookup
       Default Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de
       Address:  130.83.56.60

       > sunsite.unc.edu
       Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de
       Address:  130.83.56.60

       Non-authoritative answer:
       Name:  sunsite.unc.edu
       Address:  152.2.22.81

     IP ּҵ    ȣƮ ãų, DNS
  ͺ  Ǵٸ ڵ带 ã ϴ , nslookup  "No
  type A records found"   ȭ鿡  ̴. 
   "set type" ɿ A  Էؼ  带  Ǹ
    ִ.  , unc.edu SOA ڵ带  ؼ,  
   ϶:

       > unc.edu
       *** No address (A) records available for unc.edu
       Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de
       Address:  130.83.56.60

       > set type=SOA
       > unc.edu
       Name Server:  rs10.hrz.th-darmstadt.de
       Address:  130.83.56.60

       Non-authoritative answer:
       unc.edu
               origin = ns.unc.edu
               mail addr = shava.ns.unc.edu
               serial = 930408
               refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
               retry   = 3600 (1 hour)
               expire  = 1209600 (14 days)
               minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       UNC.EDU nameserver = SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU
       SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU      internet address = 128.109.157.30

    MX ڵ带 ϰ Ǹ, ־ ̸ Ǿ ִ
      ڵ带 ǵ ְ ȴ.

       > set type=MX
       > unc.edu
       Non-authoritative answer:
       unc.edu preference = 10, mail exchanger = lambada.oit.unc.edu
       lambada.oit.unc.edu      internet address = 152.2.22.80

       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       UNC.EDU nameserver = SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU
       SAMBA.ACS.UNC.EDU       internet address = 128.109.157.30

   ִ nslookup ø̼ named.ca Ͽ 
  ϰ ִ  ƮӼ  ش.

       > set type=NS
       > .
       Name Server:  fb0430.mathematik.th-darmstadt.de
       Address:  130.83.2.30

       Non-authoritative answer:
       (root) nameserver = NS.INTERNIC.NET
       (root) nameserver = AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL
       (root) nameserver = C.NYSER.NET
       (root) nameserver = TERP.UMD.EDU
       (root) nameserver = NS.NASA.GOV
       (root) nameserver = NIC.NORDU.NET
       (root) nameserver = NS.NIC.DDN.MIL

       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       (root) nameserver = NS.INTERNIC.NET
       (root) nameserver = AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL
       (root) nameserver = C.NYSER.NET
       (root) nameserver = TERP.UMD.EDU
       (root) nameserver = NS.NASA.GOV
       (root) nameserver = NIC.NORDU.NET
       (root) nameserver = NS.NIC.DDN.MIL
       NS.INTERNIC.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4
       AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL         internet address = 128.63.4.82
       AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL         internet address = 192.5.25.82
       AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL         internet address = 26.3.0.29
       C.NYSER.NET      internet address = 192.33.4.12
       TERP.UMD.EDU     internet address = 128.8.10.90
       NS.NASA.GOV      internet address = 128.102.16.10
       NS.NASA.GOV      internet address = 192.52.195.10
       NS.NASA.GOV      internet address = 45.13.10.121
       NIC.NORDU.NET    internet address = 192.36.148.17
       NS.NIC.DDN.MIL    internet address = 192.112.36.4

  nslookup   ִ  ɾ  nslookup ɿ help
  Էν    ִ.

  6.2.5.  Other Useful Tools

   BIND ڷν     ,     ִ 
   ִ.   װ͵ ΰ  ϰڴ.
  װ͵  ϴ  ؼ    
  ϱ ٶ.

  hostcvt  /etc/hosts  named شϴ Ϸ
  ȯŴν, BIND ȯ ʱȭų   ټ ִ  ̴.
  ̰  ߴ A ڵ PTR ڵ带 Ű, (alias)
  ϴ   Ѵ. , ü ۾ ϴ  ƴϴ. ̸׸,
  SOA ڵ忡 ִ Ÿ ƿ  ġѾ Ѵٵ, MX 带
  ߰Ѿ ϴ ۾  е ̴. BIND ҽ Ϻκ
  hostcvt   FTP  ִ ĵ Ű ãµ
    ִ.

   Ӽ ϰ , ȯ   ;ҷ
  𸥴. ̷  ۾ ϱ ؼ  perl ʸ ΰ ִ
  dnswalk  ϶. ̰ DNS ȸϸ鼭, Ϲ 
  ˻ϰ,  ġϴ ϴ  Ѵ.  dnswalk
  comp.source.misc ֱ ǰ ,  ׷( 
   Ʈ  ʾҴٸ, ftp.uu.net  δ ͵  
   ̴.) ִ  ϰ ִ  FTP Ʈ 
    ִ.

  7.  Serial Line IP

  ø   SLIP PPP ͳݿ   ϴ
  ̴. 𵩰   FIFO  ġ ߰  ִ ø
  忡  ϵ  ʿ  .  ø 带 ϴ
    ϴ ͺ  ϱ ,  ݴ
  ̾ IP ϴ 缳 ü ϰ ִ.

   ϰ   ִ  SLIP PPP 尡 ִ.  SLIP
     Ǿ, PPP ֱٿ Michael Callahan Al
  Longyear ؼ ߵǰ ִ.   κп ؼ 忡
  ڼϰ  ̴.

  7.1.  General Requirements

  SLIP PPP ϱ ؼ    忡 ߴ  ⺻
  Ʈŷ ȯ  ƾ Ѵ. ,  ַ 
  ִ  ̽     ƾ Ѵ. ͳݿ 
  , ¼ DNS ϰ  ̴.    δ 
   ּҸ resolv.conf Ͽ ־ δ ̴. SLIP  Ȱȭ
   ڸ   Ȱȭ ų ̴. ׸    
    δ ͵  ̴.

  ׷,   ּ ͸ ƴϴ. ֳϸ,   
  SLIP/PPP ũ  ؼ ̷ ̴.  뿪 Һϴ 
  ȴٸ, caching-only       ִ.  
    ʴ´ٸ, ̷ ũ   ȣ Ʈ Ǵ
  DNS ǿ  ä Ȱ  ̴.    ִٸ, 
   ĳø   ִٴ ̰, ׷ν κ Ǵ 
  ѹ ø  ļ  ȴ. caching-only   ִ
  named.boot     ¸  ִ.

   ; named.boot file for caching-only server
   directory                            /var/named
   primary     0.0.127.in-addr.arpa   db.127.0.0 ; loopback net
   cache       .                      db.cache  ; root servers

  Դٰ named.boot Ͽ Ʈ   ȿ   ִ
  db.cache    ξ Ѵ.

   ߽ϴ.   1 ޺κа 7 ޺κ
  ҾȽ .

