                             Linux Tcsh 

O. (Version)
   Cornell 6.06.00 29 April 1995.

I. ̸(Filename)
   tcsh : ̸ completion ɶ   C shell.

II. (Usage)
   tcsh [-bcdefFimnqstvVxX] [-Dname[=value] [arg ...]
   tcsh -l

III. (Description)
   tcsh  Ϻϰ  ȣȯǴ Ŭ Unix C   , csh  ȭ 
.
   ȣۿϴ α    ũƮ  μ    
  ؼ   .   ɶ , α׷  ִ  ܾ ϼ, 
ö , 丮  ,    ׸ C   
Ѵ.
   ο ɵ̶ κп C   tcsh   Ѵ.
    Ŵ󿡼 4.4BSD C   tcsh ɵ (+) پְ C 
 ɵ     (u) پִ.

IV. (ɼ) ó(Argument Processing)
    ù °  ڰ '-'̸ װ α ̴.  α   
ڷ -l ÷׷    ҷμ ǵǾ  ִ.
   ÷ ڵ  Ʒ  ؼѴ.

   1. -b
      ɼ óκ  break  .     ɼǵ 
        .  ڵ  ɼ ؼ ʴ´. ̰
  ũƮ ȥ Ǵ     Ǿ û׵ ϱ 
  ִ.    û׾ ڼ     ID ũƮ    
.
   2. -c
      ɵ   (ǥǾ  Ǵ  ڷε )   
 ϱ            ǰ Ѵ.  ڵ 
argv   ġȴ.
   3. -d
       α ̰ų  ƴϰų ŸƮ, ˴ٿ  ~/.cshdirs  
 丮       εѴ. (+)
   4. -D name[=value]
      ȯ溯̸ name    value  Ѵ. , Domain/OS  
ϴ. (+)
   5. -e
         ų 0 ƴ ̸  Ѵ.
   6. -f
       ~/.tcshrc Ͽ   ȴ.
   7. -F
        μ    vfork()  ſ  fork()  Ѵ.  , 
Convex/OS       밡.(+)
   8. -i
       ȣۿϰ   Է  Ʈ ǥѴ. ͹̳ 
ƴ     Ѵ.      ɼǾ   ȣۿ
.
   9. -l
       α   Ѵ. -l    ÷׷  쿡 
  ִ.
   10. -m
      ȿ ڰ ƴϴ ~/.tcshrc   εѴ. su  ο 
 -m     Ų.(+)
   11. -n
         ɵ ϰ  ʴ´. ̰   ũƮ
 ϴ        ش.
   12. -q
        SIGQUIT ϰ ſ Ǿ   ۵Ѵ. ۾
  Ұ      ̴.(u)
   13. -s
      Է ǥԷ  ´.
   14. -t
         а Ѵ. '\'     ο   
 ϰ          Ѵ.
   15. -v
      verbose   Ѵ.  ׷ Է 丮 ġȯ 
Ѵ.
   16. -x
      echo   Ѵ. ׷ ɵ   µȴ. 
   17. -V
      ~/.tcshrc Ǳ verbose   Ѵ.
   18. -X
      ~/.tcshrc Ǳ echo   Ѵ.
   ÷ ڵ óĿ -c, -i, -s, -t ɼǵ   ͵ ־ ʾ
 ڵ   ִٸ ù ڴ  ɵ ̸ Ǵ Ǵ ũ
Ʈ ־.        $0 ġȯ ϰ  ϱ 
 ̸ Ѵ.
    ý۵    ȣȯ ʴ  ũƮ  ǥع 6 
 7     Ѵ.  #  ƴ  ù ڸ  ũƮ ϱ 
 ǥ   Ѵ.   , ּ   ʴ´.  ڵ
 argv   ġȴ.

V.  ۰ (Startup and shutdown)
   α  ý  ϵ /etc/csh.cshrc  /etc/csh.login    
 μ    Ѵ. ̾  Ȩ 丮 ִ ϵ  
ɵ Ѵ.
   ó ~/.tcshrc ϴµ, ~/.tcshrc ٸ  ~/.cshrc Ѵ. 
 ~/.history  Ǵ histfile   ִ 丮  Ѵ. ׷ 
 ~/.login  ϰ     ~/.cshdirs Ǵ dirsfile    
ִ 丮   Ѵ.
   /etc/csh.cshrc б   /etc/csh.login  а ~/tcshrc  Ǵ ~/.csshrc  
б  ~/.login   а  ڿ ~/.history  е  ϵǾ  
  ִ. α    ƴ   쿡  ۽ÿ    /etc/csh.cshrc  
~/.tcshrc Ǵ ~/.cshrc  д´.
   α ÿ  ʿ䰡  ִ stty  tset  ɵ 밳 
 ~/.login Ͽ   Ѵ.
   csh  tcsh  Ѵ   ϵ  ʿ䰡 ִ  ڵ tcsh
 Ư ɵ    ϱ tcsh    縦 ϴ    
 ~/.cshrc   ִ.
   Ǵ, ~/.cshrc  ~/.cshrc   ~/.tcshrc Ѵ   ִ.  Ŵ
 ~/.tcshrc      ~/.tcshrc  ǹϰ, ~/.tcshrc   ٸ ~/.cshrc  
ǹѴ.
   Ϲ ,   ͹̳η  ɵ о ϰ '>' 
Ʈ Ѵ.   ڵ ó   ũƮ ϰ ִ ϵ 
ϱ    ڿ   ̴.
     Է   ݺ а ܾ װ ϰ  
丮 Ͽ        ؼϰ ο ִ  ɵ 
Ѵ.
    ٿ '^D'  Ÿϰų logout, login Ǵ  ڵ α׾ƿ  
 ؼ α׾     ִ. α     logout   
ϰ normal  ̳ automatic   ϸ  /etc/csh.logout  Ǵ ~/.logout 
Ϸ  ɵ Ѵ.  α׾ƿ  DTR  ϵ
   ִ.
   ý αΰ  α׾ƿ ̸ ٸ ϴ  csh  ȣȯ 
ý۸ ٸ . Ʒ FILES κ ض.

VI. (Editing)
   ó ɶ  ⿡ Ѵ. ܾ  ϼ ȭ  ׸ ö 
 κе       Ѵ. ϳ  ɵ  ٷ  
Ѱ ü ɵ ٷ    ̴.  ɵ ȭ
  ü  ε Ư  ɵ    Ѵ.

   1. ɶ (The command-line editor) (+) 
      ɶ Է GNU  emacs  vi ϴ Ͱ   Ű 
 Ͽ         ִ.  edit   Ǿ  
Ѵ. װ ȣۿϴ        ִ  Ǿ ִ. bindkey 
  Ű  ε ϰų        ִ.    ٸ 
 ϵ ʾҴٸ Emacs Űε ⺻̴. ׷     vi Ű
   ִ.
       ( 丮),( 丮), (  ), ( )  
ȭǥ Ű      εǾ ִ.   ٸ   ε 
ٲ  ִ. ε Ű       TERMCAP ȯ溯    ִ. 
 ε  ϱ ؼ settc   ȭ   ǥ Ű   ڿ  
 ִ. ANSI/VT100  ׻ ȭǥŰ ε      ִ. κ
  , ٸ  Ű ε  Emacs   vi ڵ   ε  Ű    
      ̹Ƿ ⿡    ʴ´.   εŰ
  ª      ɵ ȭ  ִ.
      ɵ  ϴ  Ͱ  ܾ   ƴϴٴ 
 ض.         ܾ  (ު)ĺ ڷ ܾ 
Ѵ.    Ư       ǹ̸  ڵ νѴ. 

   2. ܾ ϼ ɰ ܾ ȭ (Completion and listing) (+)
       Ư ڷε ܾ  ϼ  ִ. ܾ Ϻθ Ÿ
 ܾϼ        ϱ Ű .
      , 'ls /usr/lost'   Ÿϰ Ű ,  Է¹
 ִ ϼ       ̸ /usr/lost  ϼ ܾ /usr/lost+found/ 
 ü ̴.
      ⼭   '/' ض.  ܾ ϼ  Ÿ   ϰ 
ð ڸ     ϱ ؼ ϼ 丮  '/'   ٸ 
 ܾ   ߰      . addsuffix   ̰ 
    ִ.
      ġǴ ܾ 丮 ٸ  ︱ ̴.
      ܾ ̹  ϼǾų /usr/lost  ְų   ġ  
, ü  ܾ     Ÿؾϰų  ű⿡ ٸ   '/' Ǵ  
 ߰ ̴.
      ܾ ϼ     ƴ  𿡼 ۵Ѵ. ϼ 
ؽƮ          о. ܾ ߰ ܾ 
   ʿ䰡 ִ     ڵ Ŀ  .
      ɵ 鵵    ϼ  ִ. ,  'em[tab]' 
Ÿϸ        'em'  ϴ ܾ 'emacs' ۿ ٸ 'em'   
'emacs'  ϼǰ  ̴.
      ϼ  н ִ  丮  ־ ü ο  
ã  ִ.
      'echo $ar[tab]'  ̶ Ÿϸ 'ar'   ۵Ǵ ٸ  ٸ 
'$ar'  '$argv'     ϼ ̴.
       װ ϼϱ⸦ ϴ ܾ ϱ  Է¹۸ ؼϿ 
̸,       Ǵ μ ϼѴ. ۿ ִ  ù ° ܾ ;, |, 
&, &&, ||   ۵Ǵ ܾ    μ Ѵ. $   ϴ ܾ
̸  Ѵ.  ܴ ̸     Ѵ.   ̸
μ ϼȴ.
      ^D  ŸϿ  delete-char-or-list-or-eof   ؼ 
 ܾ ϼ         ִ.  'ls -F'   ؼ  ܾ 
ϼ Ѵ. ׸ Ʈ       ̿ϼ ɶ ش.
       ,
         > ls /usr/l[^D]
         lbin/       lib/        local/      lost+found/
         > ls /usr/l
        ȴ.
      autolist    Ǿ ִٸ, ܾ ϼ     
ִ õ      Ѵ.
         > set autolist
         > nm /usr/lib/libt[tab]
         libtermcap.a@ libtermlib.a@
         > nm /usr/lib/libterm
      autolist   'ambiguous'  Ǿ , õ  ϼ 
 µ      ϼǴ ܾ ο ڸ ÷ ʴ´.
      ϼ ̸    ְ '~'    ڽ̳ 
ٸ  Ȩ     丮 '='   丮  Ʈ鵵 
Ѵ.
      ,
         > ls ~k[^D]
         kahn    kas     kellogg
         > ls ~ke[tab]
         > ls ~kellogg/
      Ǵ
         > set local = /usr/local
         > ls $lo[tab]
         > ls $local/[^D]
         bin/ etc/ lib/ man/ src/
         > ls $local/
       Ȯ    Ȯ ȮǴ Ϳ ض.
      delete-char-or-list-or-eof      Ѵ.  ߰
  Ŀڿ         ڴ  Ѵ.  ׸     ų 
ignoreeof  Ǿ  ƹ͵     ʴ´.
           εϴ 'M-^D'   𿡼 ϼ 
ɼ        Ǵ ų  ʴ   
ɵ   ϰ     delete-char-or-list-or-eof  
ϴ   bindkey   '^D'       εǾ  ִ.
      ⺻    Ű εǾ    ʴ complete-word-fwd   
complete-word-back       ɵ Ͽ  Ǵ  ܾ 
 ܾ ġϴ   ϼ        Ʒ Ǵ  ȯϵ 
Ѵ. fignore  ϼ  õǵ ̻          
.
       ,
         > ls
         Makefile        condiments.h~   main.o          side.c
         README          main.c          meal            side.o
         condiments.h    main.c~
         > set fignore = (.o \~)
         > emacs ma[^D]
         main.c   main.c~  main.o
         > emacs ma[tab]
         > emacs main.c
      'main.c~'  'main.o'   fignore   ̻   
 õȴ.
      '\' ̸  ġȯ  Ȩ ȮǴ    '~' տ 
ʿϴٴ Ϳ       ϶.  fignore      ϼ  ϴٸ 
õȴ.
      complete    'enhance'  Ǿ ִٸ ϼ ҹڸ 
ϰ '.', '-'        ''   ܾ иڷ ϰ (-) (_) 
  νѴ.
       ,   Ʒ ٸ
         comp.lang.c          comp.lang.perl     comp.std.c++  comp.lang.c++      
comp.std.c
      'mail -f  c.l.c[TAB]'  Ÿߴٸ 'mail -f  comp.lang.c'  ϼ
 ^D           comp.lang.c   comp.lang.c++   ̴.  'mail 
-f c..c++[^D]'   'comp.lang.c++'      'comp.std.c++'    ̴. 'rm 
a--file[^D]'  Ÿϸ  ҹڰ õ       (-) (_) 
   ǹ̸  Ÿ      Asillyfile,  a-hyphenated-file   ׸    
anothersillyfile       µȴ. ׷ ħǥ(.) (-) 
     (_) ϰ  ʴ´.
       ٸ   ϼ ȭ  ġ⵵ Ѵ.
      recexat     ܾ  ã   Ÿ  ؾ 
 ª ܾ      ġϿ ϼǵ   ִ.
      ,
         > ls
         fodder   foo      food     foonly
         > set recexact
         > rm fo[tab]
      'fo'  'fod'  Ǵ 'foo'  Ȯ  ֱ     ´. 
׷ ٽ 'o'      ŸѴٸ Ʒ  ȴ.
         > rm foo[tab]
         > rm foo
      ϼ 'food'  'foonly'  ġ  ª ܾ 'foo'  
ȴ.
      autoexpand  ϼǱ  Ȯ 丮   ϵ
       . autoexec  ϼǱ  ϼ ܾ öڸ 
Ѵ. correct        'return'  ġ ڵ   ϼѴ. 
matchbeep   Ȳ      ų  ʰ    ְ 
nobeep     ʴ´. nostat      丮 ̳ 
  丮 ¸ Ÿ    丮 ġ      
 Ѵ.  listmax  listmaxrows   µ     
ϱ      Ѵ.  reconizeonlyexecutables    డ 
 ϸ       ӵ ſ  .  complete  
̸, ɰ   ϼ    Ǿ  ˸. ϼ
 ȭ glob-pattern  ۵ ʴ´. 
      ׷ list-glob   expand-glob  ɵ glob-pattern    
        Ѵ.

   3. ö  (Spelling correction) (+)
       ,  ܾ ϼɰ ȭ   Ӹ ƴ϶ ̸, ɰ 
̸ ö          ִ.  ܾ   M-s   
M-S  ε ö        M-$  ε  ü Է¶ 
öڸ   ִ.
      correct   ̸ ϱ 'cmd'   ϰ Ÿ 
ü        ϱ ؼ 'all'  ϰ autocorrect  ϼ
ϱ ܾ ϱ     Ѵ. ö  ̷  
   Ϻΰ  ߸ öڷ Ǹ      װ   
Ѵ.
      ,
           > set correct = cmd
           > lz /usr/bin
           CORRECT>ls /usr/bin (y|n|e|a)?
           ġҷ 'y' Ǵ ̽ ϰ 
 ۿ          ܵη  'e'  ϰ ^C  Ÿ
 ó   ҷ 'a'       Ÿϰ     
ʱؼ    Ÿض.
      ö  ڰ   νѴ.
      ö  ǵǾ  ġ Է ܾ  Ͽ ִ ܾ
 ٸ ö       Ʋ öڸ   ڿ  ܾ Ѵ. 
׷ Է ܾ  ġ      ϼ ġ ʴ´ٸ ö 
 Ʋ öڸ  ʴ´.
      ܾ ϼ ɰ   ö    𿡼 ۵
          о Ŀ ʿ ִ ڵ 
ܳ´.
      ö  ǵ  ۵   ְ κ 迡 
ؼ ؾѴ.

   4. Editor commands (+)  
      'bindkey'  Ű ε ϰ 'bindkey -l'    Űε 
ϰ ַ        ɵ鿡  Ͱ . ⼭  Ӱ Ư
ϰ ̷ο   ɵ      Ѵ.   Űε 
 emacs  vi  ƶ.
        ⺻  ε  Ǵ ڵ ȣȿ ־ 
.
      '^chaeacter'   ڸ ǹϰ 'M-character'  ŸŰ   
̳ο ̽      ڸ Ÿ  ִ.
      ⺻ ڵ ε  ɵ ǻ ҹڿ 빮, θ 
εѴ.


       complete-word (TAB)
         ϼ ɰ  ɿ  ܾ ϼѴ.
       complete-word-back ( )
         complete-word-fwd ó    Ѵܰ辿 ö´.
       complete-word-fwd ( )
          ϼ Ͽ  ִ  ܾ ù ° ܾ ġѴ. 
 Ѵܰ辿           .      ϼ
  ܾ Ѵ.
       complete-word-raw (^X-tab)
         complet-word   ڰ  ϼ Ѵ.
       copy-prev-word (M-^)
           ο  ܾ  Է ۿ Ѵ.  insert-last-word 
 ƶ.
       dabbrev-expand (M-/)
         ʿϴٸ 丮    ΰ ְų ϴ  Ʈ
  ֱٿ           ܾ ȮѴ. ϴ Ÿξ
   dabbrev-expand     ݺ              ܾ   ٲ۴. 
history-search-backward    ġ ǳ         ڴ.
       delete-char ( )
         Ŀ  Ʒ ִ ڸ . delete-char-or-list-or-eof   
ض.
       delete-char-or-eof ( )
         Ŀ  Ʒ  ڰ ִٸ  delete-char   ϰ   ̸ 
end-of-file         Ѵ. delete-char-or-list-or-eof  ض.
       delete-char-or-list ( )
         Ŀ  Ʒ ڰ ִٸ  delete-char  ϰ   ̸ 
list-choices          Ѵ. delete-char-or-list-or-eof  ض.
       delete-char-or-list-or-eof (^D)
         Ŀ  Ʒ ڰ ִٸ  delete-char  ϰ   ̸ 
list-choices          ϰ  ̸ end-of-file  Ѵ.
        down-history (down-arrow, ^N)
         up-history   ,  ܰ辿 Ʒ .   Է ο
 .
        end-of-file ( )
           Ÿ ȣ̴. ignoreeof   ̰ ϰ 
 ʾҴ         Ѵ. delete-char-or-list-or-eof   
.
        expand-history (M-space)
          ܾ 丮 ġȯ ȮѴ. 丮 ġȯ ض.
         magic-space,  toggle-literal-history ׸ autoexpand    
ض.
        expand-glob (^X-*)
         Ŀ  glob-pattern  ȮѴ. ̸ ġȯ ض.
        expand-line ( )
         expand-history   ̳, Է¹ۿ ִ  ܾ 丮 ġȯ
 ȮѴ.
        expand-variables (^X-$)
          Ŀ  ȮѴ.  ġȯ ض.
        history-search-backward (M-p, M-P)
         Ŀ Է     ϴ  丮 
            ã Է¹۷ Ѵ.  ã ڿ `*',  `?', 
`[]'  Ǵ   `{}'     ϴ                 glob-pattern   ̾  ȴ. 
up-history   down-history  丮  Ͽ ִ           
ȴ.  , emacs     ϴ.  history-search-forward  ׸ 
       i-search-back  ض.
        history-search-forward (M-n, M-N)
         history-search-backward    ã´.
        i-search-back ( )
         history-search-backward    ã´.    
ġ Է¹ۿ          ó ġ   Ѵ. ó ġ 
 'bck: '   Ѵ. ã⸦        Ȯϱ ڸ ÷   ִ. 
i-search-back    ã⸦           . ʿϴٸ 
  .  i-search-back  ۵ϱؼ           ڸ 
εϰų Ʒ Ư  ϳ ŸؾѴ.
            ^W  : ã Ͽ Ŀ Ʒ ܾ  ÷Ѵ. ϰ
  ڸ               backward-delete-char  Ѵ.   Ÿ
    Ѵ.              ϴٸ ã  Ͽ 
 Ѵ.
            ^G  :  ãⰡ ߴٸ ã θ  Ѵ. ׷ ʴ
                  ã ǵ .
            escape : Է¹ۿ ִ   ܵΰ ã⸦ .
         self-insert-command   ε  ٸ ڴ Է¹ۿ 
  ܵ          ã⸦ .  ׸  Է 
Ѵ. , ĳ            Ѵ.  , emacs 
忡 밡ϴ.
         i-search-fwd  history-search-backward  ض.
        i-search-fwd ( )
         i-search-back    ã´.
        insert-last-word (M-)
         Է¹ۿ       Է¶(!$)       ܾ   Ѵ. 
copy-prev-word ض.
        list-choices (M-^D)
         ϼɰ   ϱɿ      ϼ   ɼ   Ѵ. 
delete-char-or-list-or-eof           list-choices-raw  ض.
        list-choices-raw (^X-^D)
         list-choices   ڰ  ϼ Ѵ.
        list-glob (^X-g, ^X-G)
         Ŀ  glob-pattern   ġϴ  'ls -F'   
.
        list-or-eof ( )
          ̸ list-choices Ǵ end-of-file  Ѵ.
         delete-char-or-list-or-eof  ض.
        magic-space ( )
         expand-history     ο 丮 ġȯ Ȯϰ 
 ߰Ѵ.              magic-space  ̽ٿ Ǿ  ⺻
δ Ǿ  ʴ.
        normalize-command (^X-?)
         PATH  ִ  ο  ܾ ãƼ ִٸ, ü η 
ġѴ. Ư        ڵ鵵 ȴ. 鵵 Ȯ 鿡 ִ 
ɵ Ȯ ʴ´.
            'dbx'  'sh -x'    ڸ  ɵ鵵   
 ִ.
        normalize-path (^X-n, ^X-N)
         symlinks    'expand'  Ǿ   ܾ Ȯ
.
        overwrite-mode (unbound)
            ̸ Ѵ.
        run-fg-editor (M-^Z)
          Է   ϰ EDITOR Ǵ VISUAL ȯ溯 
                 ̸       ۾  ã´. 
EDITOR Ǵ  VISUAL ȯ溯,              'ed'  'vi' 
̴. ׷ ۾ ִٸ ġ 'fg %job'             ȴ. ̰ 
    ̸    ׶  ׶          
   .   '^Z'  Ǿ ־    ִ.
        run-help (M-h, M-H)
         ϼ  ƾ ó 'current command'     Ͽ 
ɿ           ã װ Ѵ.  run-help  pager  
 ʰ ª  Ѵ.
           command.help,  command.1,  command.6,   command.8  Ǵ 
command  Ҹ         ־ ϰ  HPATH ȯ溯  
丮 ߿ ϳ ־          .   ̻    
ٸ  ó ͸ Ѵ.
        self-insert-command (text characters)
         Ը尡  ⺻̸,  忡 Ŀ Ʒ  ִ ڵڿ 
Ÿ ڸ          Ѵ.  忡  Ŀ Ʒ ִ ڸ 
Ÿ ڷ ġѴ.
         Ϲ  Է  ε̸  ȣϳ   ó 
⸦               ҷ inputmode   'insert' 
Ǵ 'overwrite'           . overwrite-mode  ض.
        sequence-lead-in (arrow prefix, meta prefix, ^X)
          ڵ Ű   κ̴ٴ  Ų.  
  Ű           ϸ  ΰ       Ͱ  . 
sequence-lead-in     ù   ڿ              ü  ̴. 
sequence-lead-in    ڷ ϴ     ٸ         
 Ǿ  ʴٸ   Ű ȴ.
        spell-line (M-$)
         spell-word    Է¶ο ִ  ܾ  öڸ Ѵ. 
 `!',  `.',  `\',         `^',  `-', `*'  Ǵ `%'  ϴ   
ġ, ġȯ              ϱ Ѵ. ö  
ض.
        spell-word (M-s, M-S)
         ö    ó  ܾ öڸ  Ѵ. ܾ  
κ ˻Ѵ.
        toggle-literal-history (M-r, M-R)
         Է ۿ ִ 丮 ġȯ Ȯ Ǵ ȮѴ.
         expand-history  autoexpand   ض.
        undefined-key
          .
        up-history (up-arrow, ^P)
         丮  Ͽ ִ  () Ʈ Է¹ۿ  Ѵ. histlit 
 Ǿ ִ          Ʈ   ״θ Ѵ. 丮  
 ܰ辿  ݺϿ  ó       .
        vi-search-back (?)
         history-search-backward    ڿ ã   '?'  
. װ ãƼ         Է¹ۿ Ѵ. ã    
.  ġ  ã⸦           ¹ۿ  ã   
 ´.  ESC   ã⸦   ã         Ѵ. ̰ 
 vi 忡   ִ.
        vi-search-fwd (/)
         vi-search-back   () ã´.
        which-command (M-?)
         Է¹ۿ  ִ ù ܾ    Ѵ. builtin  
ض.

VII.  (Lexical structure)
      Է¶ ܾ иѴ.
   '&', '|', ';', '<', '>',  '(', ')'  '&&', '||', '<<', '>>'   Ư ڴ 
 ѷ ׿     ׻ ܾ иѴ.
    Է ͹̳ ƴϸ '#' ڴ ּ ϴ ̴. '#'  Է¶
     ϴ  Ѵ.
      Ư ڴ (\), ǥ('),  ǥ("), 
ǥ(')  տ   װ Ư ǹ̸  ٸ ܾ Ϻη νѴ. 
׷, ο  Ÿ  (\)  ϰ ϰ   
ο  Ÿ  Ѵ.    丮 ġȯ   ġ
ȯ ǥ(')   ġȯ  ġȯ  ߿ ($   ǥ(')) 
(\) ڿ δ  Ѵ. 丮  ġȯ ǥ(')   
ƴ (\) ڿ Ѵ.
    ġȯ  ġȯ   ǥ(") ǥ(') ڿ ο
ϳ ٸ ġȯ    Ѵ. ǥ(') ߵǥ(")  ؽƮ 
 ܾ Ѵ.    ϴ ̷ ڿ Ÿڴ и
ڰ ƴϴ.   Ư (  ġȯ)  ߵǥ(") ϳ̻ 
ܾ ϳ ǥ(')  ׷  ʴ. ׸   ǥ(')  ġ
ȯ  Ư 쿡 ϳ̻ ܾ Ѵ.
   ϰ οϴ  ü  ϴ ڿ ȥ ̴. ̷ 
ο    ϴ Ͱ   ʴ´ٴ  ض. ڿ 
 ο ʿ䰡 ִ ڿ  κе ϰ ٸ  οȣ 
ؼ   ο  ִ.
   backslashquote  ̿Ͽ  齽(\) ׻ '\', ''', '"' οϵ
   ִ.     ο ۾    ̴. ׷ ̰
 csh    .

VIII. ġȯ(Substitutions)
    ߻ϴ   Է ϴ   ȯ  Ѵ. 
  츮    Ͱ ԵǴ  װͿ  ִ ɵ 
 ˰ ȴ. ġȯ   Lexical structure   ο뿡 ؼ 
ȴٴ  ض.

   1. 丮 ġȯ(History substitution)
      ͹̳η  Էϴ    Ǵ ̺Ʈ 丮 Ͽ 
.  ()        ׻  ǰ   ɵ  ϱ ڸ 
history    ִ.
      histdup    ̺Ʈ  ϴ ̺Ʈ   ʵ 
ϱ ؼ         ִ.  ɵ  1   
ȣ Ű ְ ð ٿ    ִ.
      Ϲ  ̺Ʈ ȣ    ְ  ̺Ʈ  ȣ prompt 
 '!'        ؼ Ʈ Ÿ  ִ.   Ȯ
 ̳  ״θ       丮 Ѵ. histlit   
Ǿ  丮 ϰų 丮          
 ȴ.
      history θ ϰų  Ͽ ϰ ϰ  
丮           ְ savehist   histfile  α׾ƿ
  ڵ 丮      ϰ ανÿ   ִ.
      丮 ġȯ ݺǴ      ɿ   
μ ݺϰ        Ÿ  ɿ Ǽ öڸ ϰ 
  ֱ ؼ     丮   Է¶ .
      丮 ġȯ  Է¶ 𿡼 '!'      Ÿ
         ʴ´. '!'  Ư ǹ̸  '\'   
տ   ִ. '!'  ڿ     ̳ , newline Ǵ '=' ׸ '('  
ٸ  ʰ .
      丮 ġȯ   Է¶ '^'  ۵ɶ ߻Ѵ. ̷ Ư
  ڿ     ٷ ϰڴ. '!', '^'   丮 ġȯ ȣ 
Ǵ ڵ histchars      Ͽ   ִ.
      丮 ġȯ ϴ  Է¶ Ǳ  µȴ. 丮 
ġȯ õ      ̺Ʈ  Ư ܾ ϴ 'word designator' 
 õ ܾ  ϴ    'modifier'    ܾ ̺Ʈ ϴ 
̺Ʈ    ִ.

       ̺Ʈ (event specification)
          n : Ư ̺Ʈ ϱ  ȣ.
          -n :  ̺Ʈ  n ° ̺Ʈ ϴ ɼ.
          #  :  ̺Ʈ. ̰ ݺ ˻ ʴ csh  Ǳ
 ؾ Ѵ.               tcsh  10  ݺ Ѵ.
          ! : ٷ  ̺Ʈ. '-1'  .
          s :  s  ۵Ǵ ù ܾ   ֱ ̺Ʈ.
          ?s?  : ڿ s  ϴ  ֱ ̺Ʈ.  newline  
 ´ٸ               ° '?'    ִ.
       ,  丮   ٸ,
          9  8:30    nroff -man wumpus.man
         10  8:31    cp wumpus.man wumpus.man.old
         11  8:36    vi wumpus.man
         12  8:37    diff wumpus.man.old wumpus.man
      ̰ ̺Ʈ ȣ ð  ְ ִ. 츮  Ÿ 
  ̺Ʈ      13  ̴. '!11'  '-2'   11  ̺Ʈ Ѵ. '!!' 
 ٷ  ̺Ʈ 12  ̺      Ʈ̴. '!!'  ڿ ':'   '!'  ϳ
    ִ. '!n'  'n'   ϴ      9 ̺Ʈ 
. '!?old?'  'old'  ϰ ִ 12  ̺Ʈ Ѵ.
      word  designators Ǵ modifiers    丮   ϰ 
ü  ̺Ʈ Ȯ      ȴ. ׷Ƿ      ϱ  ؼ 
'!cp'  Ÿؾ ϰ 'diff'       ȭ  ó ũ 
 Ϸ '!!|more'  Ÿؾ Ѵ.
      丮  ʿϴٸ {}  ؽƮ ѷ׾Ƽ и  ִ.
       ,  '!vdoc'  'vdoc'  ۵Ǵ  ã  ̳  
   ϳ   ã        Ѵ.   ׷  '!{v}doc'      ָ   'vi 
wumpus.mandoc'   Ȯ ̴. {}       丮 ġȯ   
ʴ´.
      , '!3d'   csh  3  ̺Ʈ  'd'  ߰ϰ tcsh 
 '3d'          ̺Ʈ  ȮѴ. ׷Ƿ tcsh  
  μ Ϻϰ ̺Ʈ      ȣ ޵ȴ. ̰ ڷ 
 ̺Ʈ  ȣϴ  ϰ  Ѵ. csh      ̿   ҷ 
'!\3d'  ؾ Ѵ.
      ̺Ʈ   ܾ ϱ ؼ ':' ׸  ϴ ܾ 
ϴ ̺Ʈ        . Է¶ ܾ  0  ȭǹǷ 
ù °  ܾ(밳 , ɾ      ̴.)  0 ̰   ° ܾ(κ 
μ̴.) 1 ̴.
       ⺻ ܾ .
          0 : ù ° ܾ.
          n : n ° μ.
          ^ : ù ° μ. '1'  .
          $ :  μ.
          % : ?s?  ãƼ ġϴ ܾ.
          x-y : ܾ .
          -y : '0-y'  ϴ.
          * : '^-$'    ̺Ʈ   ܾ Ѵٸ ƹ͵ 
 ʴ               .
          x* : 'x-$'  .
          x- : 'x*'    ܾ Ѵ('$').
      õ ܾ ϳ  и ɶο Ѵ.
      ,    'diff'   ̺Ʈ   ù ° μ 
ϱ ؼ       ':1'  Ͽ 'diff !!:1.old !!:1'  'diff !-2:2 !-2:1'  
 ŸѴ. ׸ 'cp'        μ ȯѴ.
      'diff'     ʴ´ٸ 'diff !-2:1-2'  ϰ 'diff  !-2:*' 
 ŸѴ.
      'cp'       ̺Ʈ  ϱ  ؼ  '#'    Ͽ  'cp 
wumpus.man !#:1.old'       ŸѴ. '!n:- hurkle.man'  'nroff' 
  ù δܾ Ǿ         'nroff -man hurkle.man'   
.
      ܾ ڷ  ̺Ʈ   иϴ ':'  μ ڰ '^', '$', 
'*', '%', '-'       Ѵٸ   ִ.
      , 'diff'   'diff !!^.old !!^'  'diff !!$.old !!$'   . ׷
 '!!'  '!'        Ѵٸ '-'  ϴ μ ڴ ̺Ʈ 
 ؼ  ̴. 丮       ̺Ʈ  ٸ  ܾ ڸ 
  ִ.  ׷   Ѵ.        'diff'   
ϰ 'diff !^.old !^'    ְ ݴ   μ       
  'diff !*'  Ѵ.
      丮   ܾ   ְ ':' ڿ ϳ  Ǵ   
ڸ        ִ.

       .
          h  :  ̸   ϰ óκи   
´.
           t :  ̸  óκ  θ ϰ  
Ѵ.
          r :  Ȯ '.xxx'  ϰ  ̸  ´.
          e : Ȯڸ  θ Ѵ.
          u : ù ° ҹڸ 빮ڷ Ѵ.
          l : ù ° 빮ڸ ҹڷ Ѵ.
          s/l/r/
            r   l  ġȯѴ. l  ed ɿ  ǥ  ƴ r  
             ڿ̴. '/' ſ ٸ бȣ ڸ   
ִ. '\'  l  r ̿            бȣ ο  ִ. r  '&' 
ڴ l  ġѴ. '\'    '&'  ο         Ѵ. l    ('')̶
  ġȯ  l Ǵ  '?s?' ̺Ʈ             s  
  ִ. ڿ newline   бȣ   ִ.
          & :  ġȯ ݺѴ.
          g :  ܾ    ڸ Ѵ.
          a (+) :  ܾ  ŭ   Ʒ ڸ Ѵ.
            'a'   'g'  ü ڸ  ϱ  Բ   
ִ. 'a'  's'             ڸ Բ ϴ  ࿡  
   ִ.
            , ':as/f/ff/'     ̴.
            ̷      ִ.
           p : ο ɶ  װ  ʴ´.
           q :  ġȯ ϴ ġȯ ܾ οѴ.
           x : q   ܾ鿡 , , newline    ִ.
      ڵ 'g'    ʾҴٸ  ó    ִ ܾ 
ȴ.       ܾ   .
       'diff'    ('!#^') ִ ù μ '.old'  
ϱ  ':r'        ؼ  'diff wumpus.man.old  !#^:r'   Ÿ  
ִ.
      'echo hello out there'    Ŀ 'hello'  빮ڷ  ٲٱ 
 'echo  !*:u'      Ÿϰ  'hello' ü  빮ڷ ٲٱ  ؼ 
'echo !*:au'  Ÿϰ  θ      빮ڷ ҷ 'echo !*:agu'  Ÿ
ϸ ȴ.
      'mail  -s "I forgot  my password" rot'    Ÿ   'rot'  
'root'  ٲٱ    '!:s/rot/root'  ϸ ȴ.
      ,  ġȯ  Ư   ִ. Է¶ο ù ϶  '^' 
 '!:s^'          ǹ̴. ׷Ƿ   öڸ  ϱ  
'^rot^root'    ִ.
      ̰   Ȯ '!'    ʴ 丮 ġȯ    
ִ.
      csh    ϳ ڸ 丮   Ȯ忡   
ִ. tcsh       ϳ ̻   ִ.
       ,
         % mv wumpus.man /usr/man/man1/wumpus.1
         % man !$:t:r
         man wumpus
      csh   'wumpus.1:r'     ̴. ݷ(:)  ġȯ 
{}  и ʿ      ִ.
         > mv a.out /usr/games/wumpus
         > setenv PATH !$:h:$PATH
         Bad ! modifier: $.
         > setenv PATH !{-2$:h}:$PATH
         setenv PATH /usr/games:/bin:/usr/bin:.
      ù ° csh   ϳ tcsh   ° ݷ(:) ڿ '$' ٴ 
ٸ ڸ      ϱ   tcsh   Ѵ. ᱹ,  丮 
Ӹ ƴ϶   ġ    ȯ ؼ  ̴.
      up-history         down-history,     history-search-backward     
history-search-forward,                i-search-back         i-search-fwd, 
vi-search-back   vi-search-fwd,  copy-prev-word       insert-last-word 
ɵ 丮 Ͽ ̺Ʈ ã Է¹ۿ  װ͵     
Ѵ.
      toggle-literal-history  Է¹ۿ  丮  Ȯ 
İ  ״        ̸ ȯѴ.
      expand-history   expand-line    ܾ 丮  ġȯ 
Ȯϰ ü       ¹ۿ 丮 ġȯ Ȯϴ ̴.

   2.  ġȯ(Alias substitution)
      alias   unalias  ϰ ϰ    ִ  
  ִ.     ɶ  ܼ  ؼ Ŀ   ù ܾ
 ʿ          ִ ˾ƺ ؼ ˵
. ׷ ִٸ ù ܾ  ġȴ.       丮  
Ѵٸ װ 丮  ġȯ ޴´.  丮       ʴ
ٸ μ   ä ״ д.
      'ls'    'ls -l' ̴ٸ  'ls /usr'  'ls -l /usr'   ġȯǾ 
ǰ  μ         ع  ʴ´. 'lookup'     'grep  !^ 
/etc/passwd' ̸ 'lookup bill'  'grep       bill /etc/passwd'   ̴.
       Ÿ  ؼڷ   ִ.
      , 'alias print 'pr \!* | lpr''   μ pr   
 print       Ѵ.
        ġȯ  ù ܾ      ݺѴ.  
 ó       ġȯ ù  ܾ   װ ȯǴ 
  پ. ٸ ȯ     Ǹ  ߻Ѵ.
      Ʒ Ư   ؼ ȴ.

   3. ġȯ.
           ִ.    ϰ set  
unset        ִ. ý ȯ溯鿡 ڽ  
 ִ. ̰ printenv,        setenv ׸ unsetenv  ϰų  
 ִ.
       'set -r'  б   ִ. б  
ų          ̰ õѴٸ  . б 
Ǿ  Ƿ       'set -r'  ϴµ ؾѴ. ȯ
 б  .
      Ϻ   ϱ  װ Ѵ.
      argv    μ ϵ̰     Ư  
  ִ.
       ؼ Ǵ Ϻ   ۵ȴ.     
 ϰ       Ǿ ȵǾ    ִ.
      verbose  µǴ  Է   ִ. -v ɶ ɼ
       Ѵ. Ư   Ǵ   
̴.
      ٸ ۵   ڷ Ѵ. '@'   Ǵ  
 ϰ        ҴѴ. ׷    ׻ ڿ ǥ
ȴ.
         ιڿ 0 ϰ  ܾ  ° 
 ܾ       õȴ. Է¶ ȭϰ  Ŀ  
 Ǿ         ġȯ '$' ڷ Ѵ.  ̷ Ȯ
 ׻ Ͼ '"'   Ͼ     ʴ '`'  ϸ '\'  '$' 
 ϴ    ִ.  '`'  οǴ ڿ     Ŀ ͷ
Ʈȴ.  ׷ '$'    ڱ ߻  ʴ´.  '$'   ڵ ,  ,    
eof    ʰ .  ̷   Ȯ νĵǰ 
      ȮѴ. ׷  ̸ ü μ  Բ Ȯ
. ù ° ܾ         ̻ ߻ϴ  ϰ Ѵ. ̸
 Ǵ ùܾǰ  μ      . '"'    ʰų 
ġȯ  ':q' ľ ־  ᱹ ɰ      ̸ ġȯ
ȴ.
      '"' ȿ  ܾ       и 
 ܾ         ܾ  Ȯȴ. ':q' ľ  ġȯ 
  и  ܾ      ܾ Ȯǰ ڴ  Ǵ 
̸ ġȯ ϵ οѴ.
      Ʒ Ÿ   Է¿  Ѵ.    
         ϴ   ߻Ų.
       $name
         ${name}
         name   ܾ ġȯϰ    иѴ. {}  
Ϻκ Ǵ            ڵκ name  иŲ.   20 
ڱ  ̸  .          ִ ڴ  ڷ 
. name   ƴϰ  ȯ Ǿ            
Ѵ. ׷ ':' ľ Ʒ ־  ̷          .
       $name[selector]
         ${name[selector]}
         name      ܾ ġȯѴ. selector  '$' ġȯ
 ӵǰ          ڳ '-'  и 2  ڷ Ǿ 
.  ùܾ '1'         .  ù ڰ Ǹ ⺻ 
'1' ̴.     ڰ Ǹ        ⺻ '$#name'  ̴. 
selector '*'   ܾ ǹѴ.   ° μ         ǰų 
̾   ʴ´.
       $0
         Է  д ̸ ġȯѴ. name   𸣸  
Ѵ.
       $number
         ${number}
         '$argv[number]'  .
       $*
         '$argv'   '$argv[*]'  ǹѴ.

      ':' ľ 丮 ġȯ Ѵ.  ':p'  ϰ ⿡ 
  ִ. ϳ      ̻   ִ.
      {}    丮 ġȯ ó   ݷ(:)    ġȯ 
иų ʿ䰡       ִ.  ľ {} ȿ Ÿ  ִ.
      Ʒ ġȯ ':' ľ ŵ ʴ´.

       $?name
         ${?name}
         name  Ǿ  '1'  ġȯϰ  '0'  ġȯѴ.
       $?0
          Է  ̸ ˰  '1'  ġȯϰ ׷  '0' 
 ġȯѴ.        ȣۿϴ  ׻ '0'̴.
       $#name
         ${#name}
         name  ܾ  ġȯѴ.
       $#
         '$#argv'  .
       $%name
         ${%name}
         name  ڵ  ġȯѴ.
       $%number
         ${%number}
         $argv[number]  ڵ  ġȯѴ.
       $?
         '$status'  .
        $$
         ν μ ȣ(10 ) ġȯѴ.
        $!
            ۵  ׶ μ ȣ(10  ) ġȯ
Ѵ.
        $<
         ĸ   ̻ ؼ ʰ ǥ  Է   ġȯ
.  ũƮ         Ű    Ѵ.
         csh  ġ '$<:q'     '$<'  οϳ tcsh  
׷ ۵          ʴ´. Դٰ  tcsh  ڰ Ÿϵ 
ٸ   ġȯϴ          ͷƮϱ  ͷƮ Ÿ
   csh  ̰   .
      Ϲ '^X-$'   ε expand-variables  ȣ 
  Ȯ       ִ.

   4. , ̸ 丮  ġȯ.
       ġȯ     μ Ѵ.  ̰ 
 ʴ       е  ĵ   ʴ´ٴ  ǹѴ. 
 εǾ   ɵ      ̸ μ   ġȯȴ. 
ν  ̷ Ѵٸ       ʴ.

   5.  ġȯ
       ġȯ '''  ѷ ɵ Ѵ.
          , ǰ newline   и ܾ 
  ܾ      ҵȴ.     ġȯ̰  ڿ 
ġ ´.
       ο(")  ȿ ִ  ġȯ      ִ.  
newline       ο ܾ 䱸Ѵ.  ܼ newline  
 쿡 ο ܾ      ʴ´.
       ϼ    ġȯ ܾ κ ִ  
ϴ.  

   6. ̸ ġȯ.
      ܾ  `*',  `?', `[',  `{'  Ǵ '~'    ۵Ǵ  ڵ߿ ϳٸ 
'globbing'  ˷    ̴.   ܾ 'glob-pattern'  ϰ 
ϰ ġϴ ̸ ĺ      ĵ  Ѵ.
      ̸ ġϴ Ϳ '.' ڷ ϰų '/'    '/'   
Ȯϰ ġ    . '*' ڴ  ڿ ϴ  ڵ  ڿ
 ġѴ. '?' ڴ        ڿ ġѴ. '[...]'   ȣ 
ѷ  ڵ ġѴ.  '[...]'      '-'   и ڵ  
 ̿  ġѴ.  Ϻ glob-pattern          ִ. 
'[^...]'   ڵ ȣ  ѷ ڵ  鿡     
      ܼ ڿ ġѴ. ü  glob-pattern   '^'   ҵ 
 ִ.
         > echo *
         bang crash crunch ouch
         > echo ^cr*
         bang ouch
      `?', `*', `[]'  ۵ ʰų  '{}', '~'  ϴ glob-pattern  
Ȯϰ ҵǾ       . 'a{b,c,d}e' м 'abe ace ade'  ӱ̴.  
   ȴ.
      '/usr/source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c'   '/usr/source/s1/oldls.c  /usr/source/s1/ls.c' 
 Ȯȴ.
      ġ    ϱ  η ε Ѵ.
      '../{memo,*box}'   '../memo  ../box  ../mbox'   Ȯȴ. 'memo'   
'*box'  ġ      ĵ ʴ Ϳ ض.     
ʴ ϵ Ȯ       ƴϳ  Ȯ  Ǵ  
    ϴ.
        ȴ. Ư  '{', '}' ׸ '{}'  Ǿ 
       ʴ´.
      '~'  ϴ  ̸ Ȩ丮 Ѵ. '~'  ȥ 
 home       ݿ  Ȩ丮 Ȯȴ.
      , , '-' ڵ  ̸      ̸ε 
ڸ ã      ڽ Ȩ丮 ġȯѴ. '~ken'  '/usr/ken'  Ȯ
ǰ '~ken/chmach'               '/usr/ken/chmach'  Ȯȴ. '~'  
 ĺ  ٸ ̰ų '/' Ǵ  ܾ     ۿ    Ÿ 
ظ ޴´.
      'setenv  MANPATH /usr/man:/usr/local/man:~/lib/man'  ۵  
 Ȩ丮       ġȯ ۵Ѵ.
      glob-pattern  '*', '?', '[', '~' Ǵ '^'   ̰  ϵ 
ġ ʴ      . ׷  glob-pattern  Ͽ   ϳ  
ϰ ġؾ Ѵ.
      'rm *.a  *.c *.o'   丮 '.a', '.c', '.o'     
ٸ ̰         nonomatch   Ǵ ϵ  
ٸ ƹ͵ ġ           ͺٴ ٲ  ä 
 ִ´. noglob   ̸ ġȯ    ϵ    ְ 
Ϲ '^X-*'   ε expand-glob         ̸ ġ
ȯ Ȯ  ֵ Ѵ.

   7. 丮  ġȯ.
      丮   丮  ̴. 0  ȭǰ pushd, 
popd  dirs      ɵ鿡 ؼ Ǿ.  dirs  ϰų 
 ϰų ϰ 丮        û(?)ϰ savedirs  dirsfile 
 丮   ڵ α׾ƿÿ       װ ϰų 
νÿ ϵ Ѵ.
      dirstack  丮   ã  ˻ϰ 丮 ÿ 
 丮     ԷѴ.
      ϳ Ǵ    ڸ Ҵ '='  ڴ 丮 ÿ Է 
ڷ ȮѴ.
      Ư  '=-'  ÿ  丮 ȮѴ.  
         > dirs -v
         0       /usr/bin
         1       /usr/spool/uucp
         2       /usr/accts/sys
         > echo =1
         /usr/spool/uucp
         > echo =0/calendar
         /usr/bin/calendar
         > echo =-
         /usr/accts/sys
      noglob  nonomatch   expand-glob  ġȯ
ó 丮       ÿ Ѵ.

   8. Ÿ ġȯ.
        Ȯ  ʴ ̸  ϴ پ ȯ 
, ⼭ Ϻ        ̴. symlinks  'expand'  Ǿ 
   ̳  ü η     Ȯȴ.  ο   Ȯ  ϰ 
normalize-path  װ 䱸Ѵ.
      normalize-command   ü η  PATH  ִ  ɵ 
ȮѴ.
      ᱹ cd   pushd   ۾ 丮μ '-'  ؼѴ. ̰ 
 ġȯ          ̷   νѴ. ׷ װ
 ομ   ִ.


IX. (COMMAND)
       ϰ  ٷ  Ѵ.

   1. ܼ ɰ  ׸ .
      ܼ   ǵ ϴ ù ܾ ̴.
      '|' ڵ ̷ ܼ ɵ 迭  ̴. 
ο           Է̴. ܼ ɰ 
 ';'   Բ   ְ          Ѵ. ɵ 
ε C   '||' Ǵ       '&&'  Բ Ҽ   
°  ù  °  ϰų         ȴ. ܼ 
,  ,    ʷ    Ǵ   κ   
   Ǵ   ȭϱ ؼ ()    ִ. , 
 Ǵ      ڿ '&'   ϸ ϱ⸦ ٸ  ʰ 
.

   2.  ɰ ܺ  .
         ü    ִ.    
Ҵ     ̰    ȴ. ȣ ִ 
ɵ ׻ ν     .
         (cd; pwd); pwd
       ۾丮   ʰ Ȩ丮 Ѵ. ̰ (cd; 
pwd)       Ȩ丮 ̵Ѵ.
      ȣ ִ ɵ  κ cd     ִ  
 ȴ.
            ƴϸ  execve  ؼ  
 õѴ.
      path   ܾ   ã 丮̴. -c   -t ɼ
 ٸ         ̺ ִ  丮 ̸ ãƼ  
ϴ ɼ ִٸ 丮      execve     õ
 ̴. ̰   丮 ã ο       ٸ ġ ӵ 
Ų.     ְų -c  -t μ ־ٸ         
۾ 丮 Ͽ װͰ  ̸   Ѵ.
        㰡   ýۿ     
ɵ ϰ       ִ   Ȯϰ ο   װ е 
õѴ. shell Ư          źٴ ٸ ؼ⸦  ϱ 
   ִ.
      '#!' ũƮ  ؼ ǥڸ  ϴ ýۿ   װ 
ķƮϵ      ϵǾ Ѵ.  '#!interpreter arg ...'  ִ 
˾ƺ  ù        Ѵ. ׷ ִٸ,  ־ 
(args) ؼ⸦ ϰ  ǥ Է     ̴.

X. (INPUT & OUTPUT)
    ǥ  Ʒ    ִ.

       < name
         ǥ Է   name  .
       << word
         word       Է д´. word   
ϰ ̸        ġȯ̰   Է  ġȯ  Է¶
 ϱ  word          Ѵ. '\',  '"', '', '`' ο word  
ǥ ʾҴٸ ġȯ '$', '\', '`'         ϱ  '\'  
 ϴ ε Ѵ.
         ġȯ ɵ    ׸  newline    
newline              ִ.  ؽƮ ǥ  Է ɿ 
 ӽ Ͽ ġϰ ȴ.
       > name
         >! name
         >& name
         >&! name
          name  ǥ  Ѵ.   .   
ִٸ װ         ϴµ   ִ  ȴ. noclobber 
 Ǿ           ų  Ư  ,  ͹̳  Ǵ 
/dev/null ̰ų  .  ̰          ıϴ   
ش. ̷  쿡 '!'   Ͽ ̷             
 ִ.  '&'     ϻӸ  ƴ϶ ǥ ε 
.
           '<'  Է¿ ؼ ȴ.
       >> name
         >>& name
         >>! name
         >>&! name
         '>'    name   ߰Ѵ.
         noclobber   Ǿ ְ '!'   ʾ 
 ٸ           .
          Ķ͵ ο  縦 ŵǵ
ϴ ȯ       ´. Ϻ   ɵ  ɵ Ϸ 
 Ѵ.   ɵ      ؽƮ      ϰ 
 ǥ Է  ޴´.
      '<<'   ζ ͸ ǥѴ. ̰   ũƮ 
      ҷμ  ϵ  ϰ  װ Է 
   Ѵ.        Ǵ     ǥ  Է 
/dev/null  ƴ϶    ǥ Է̴. ̰       ͹̳̰ μ
 ͹̳η  б⸦ õϸ μ ǰ  ڿ      
 ̴.      ǥ  ̷Ʈ ̴. 
ϰ        '|' ٴ '|&'  ϴ   .  ǥ  
̷            ̷Ʈ    ̰ '(command  > 
output-file) >& error-file'    ۾ȯ       Ѵ. ϰ 
  ͹̳η   '/dev/tty'  ̴.

XI. (FEATURES)
      ǰ ϰ ɶε  ϴ  μ 
     ִ     ̴.

XII.  帧(CONTROLL FLOW)
     ( ũƮ) ͹̳  Է¿  帧 ϴ 
 ȣ     ִ.    Է¿  ٽ аų 
ϰ ϰ Ϻ  ġ  ϵ   ִ.
   foreach, switch,  while  ׸ if   if-then-else    Ű尡 
 ο ܼ     ɸ ֵ 䱸Ѵ.  Է ã  ٸ 
 а Ҷ     Ͻ  ۸ ٽ о  
ã´.

XIII. (Expressions)
   if, while  ׸ exit  ɵ  Ϲ     Ѵ. 
   κ    ڸ   ִ. @ θ  
 иϴ  ٴ  Ϳ ض.
   1. ,  ׸  .
       ڵ C  ϰ  켱  ´.
      ||  &&  |  ^  &  ==  !=  =~  !~   <=  >= <  > <<  >>  +  -  *  /  
%  !  ~  (  )
      ⼭  켱  ϰ  `==' `!=' `=~'   `!~',   `<='  
`>=' `<'  `>',       `<<'  `>>', `+'  `-', `*'  `/' ׸ `%'   
켱 ̴.
      `==' `!='  `=~' ׸ `!~' ڴ ڿ Ѵ.  ٸ   
Ѵ.
      ʰ  ġϴ Ϳ    ۷ι ̴ٴ  ϸ 
`=~'  `!~'       ڴ `!=' ׸ `=='  .
      '0'   ۵Ǵ ڿ 8 Ѵ. ̳  μ  '0'
 Ѵ.
         10 ǥǴ ڿ̴.

   2.   
      ɵ     ְ    ´ ߰ȣ({}) ѷ׿
 Ѵ.  ߰     ȣ 鿡      иǾ Ѵٴ 
 ض.
        Ǿٸ ,   '1'  ϰ ߴٸ 
,  '0'        Ѵ.         
 ϰ status         ƶ.

   3.  ˻ 
       ڵ  ̳  󿡼 /  ˻縦  
.  -op      ̸ Ʒ op   ִ.
         r : б .
         w :  .
         x : .
         X :  ܺ Ǵ   ,  '-X  ls'  '-X ls-F'   
'-X /bin/ls'              ̴.
         e : 翩.
         o : .
         z : ũⰡ 0  .
         s : ũⰡ 0  ƴ .
         f :  .
         d : 丮.
         l : ȣ ũ.
         b :  Ư .
         c :  Ư .
         p : (fifo).
         S :  Ư .
         u :  ID Ʈ .
         g : ׷ ID Ʈ .
         k :  Ʈ .
         t : ͹̳ ġ ϴ .
         L :   ˻翡 ũ  Ϻٴ ȣũ   
ڵ鿡           Ѵ.
      file   Ȯ ɰ ̸̰   ڿ    谡 
ִٸ װ       Ѵ. file   ʰų   ų '*'  
  ̰ų          ýۿ   
   , '0'  Ѵ.
      ̷ ڵ    ִ.   '-xy file'  '-x  file & -y 
file'  .
      '-fx'  丮 ƴ   ̸  , '1'  Ѵ.
      '-lLo'    ڿ   ũ ̴. Lr, Lw ׸
 Lx   ũ     ̰ ũǾ    ̴. L  
  ˻翡      ϶ ǹ̰ ޶. Ưϰ 
 ƴ ڿ Բϴ L  ̻      ´. ٸ ڵ '0' 
̳ '1'  ƴ ٸ  Ѵ.
      ̰͵   ̰ op  ߿ ϳ̴.
         A -  Ͽ  ð.
         A: - A   ð  'Fri May 14 16:36:10 1993' ̴.
         M -    ð.
         M: - M     ٸ.
         C -  inode   ð.
         C: - C   ð  ٸ.
         D - ġ ȣ.
         I - Inode ȣ.
         F - device:inode ε   ĺ.
         L - ȣ ũ    ̸.
         N - ϵ ũ .
         P - 0   ʴ 8 㰡.
         P: - P   0 Ѵ.
         Pmode -  '-P file & mode'  . '-P22 file'    ׷ 
 ڿؼ             '22'  ϰ  ׷츸  
 '20'  ϸ ٸ            쿡 '0'  Ѵ.
         Pmode: - Pmode   0 Ѵ.
         U - ڷε  ID.
         U: -  ̸,  ̸ ٸ  ID.
         G - ڷε ׷ ID.
         G: - ׷ ̸, ׷̸ ٸ ׷ ID.
         Z - ũ(:Ʈ).
       ̵߿ ϳ   ˻翡 Ÿ  ְ  
 Ѵ.
         ˻翡 L    ٸ  ǹ̸ ٴ Ϳ 
ض. κ       ڵ ˻簡   '0'     
 '0'   ʰ '-1'       ϰ, F  ':'  Ѵ.
       POSIX   ϵǾ  ˻  access ý ȣ
 ƴ      㰡 Ʈ  Ѵ.  , б  Ʈ
  Ϲ Ⱑ        ׽Ʈ -w  POSIX 
  ϳ POSIX  ƴ      и Ѵ.
        ˻ ڴ filetest θ Ѵ.

X IV. ۾
     ۾ Ǿ ִ. jobs  µǴ  
 ̺    ϰ װ͵    Ҵް ȴ. ۾ '&' 
 ۵Ǿ    [1]   1234     Ѵ. [1] ǹ̴ 
۾ ۵Ǵ ۾     ϳ μ  
ٴ ǹ̰  ۾ μ ID  1234 ̴ٴ   Ѵ.
   ۾ ϰ  ۾ STOP ñ׳   ؼ Ű Ϲ
 '^Z'  Ÿ   Ͽ ٸ  ۾ϰ ʹٸ  ۾ Ǿ
  Ű ؼ        'Suspend'  ϰ Ʈ Ѵ.
   listjobs  ȴٸ   ۾ jobs  ɰ   
     ̴. 'jobs -l'   ۾    ϰ 
 'long'   Ѵ.   ۾ ¸    ִ. bg ̳ 
ٸ  'backgroud'     ְ   fg  ۾ 
'foreground'    ִ.
   '^Z'    ϰ ŸǾ   ٸ   
Է ϴ    ͷƮ . 
   wait θ   ۾ Ϸǵ ٸ.
   '^]' Ű α׷ װ    STOP ñ׳ ߻ ʴ 
 ñ׳    ۾  . ̰  װ͵   Ŀ ߱⸦ 
ϴ ۾   ־    Ÿ  ִ. 
   '^Y' Ű csh    ϰ tcsh   ̴.
   ͹̳η  б⸦ õ 쿡 濡 ǰ ִ ۾ 
. Ϲ  ۾  ߻    'stty tostop'  
 Ȱȭ    ִ.     tty  ɼ Ѵٸ ۾ Է 
   ߻Ҷ ߰     ̴.
    ۾ ϱ      ִ. '%'  ۾ ̸
 ޾ δ.  ۾ȣ 1 ϰ Ѵٸ '%1'  װ   
.  ۾̸ ִ    ۾ ȴ. '%1'  'fg %1'  
 ۾ȣ 1 ۾ ǵ.     '%1 &'  'bg %1' 
  ۾ ȣ 1 ۾ ǵ.
   ۾  װ  ϱ  ŸǾ ڿ ָ λ 
  ִ.     '%ex'   ۾߿ 'ex'   ϴ ۾ ϳ
  쿡 ex ۾    Ѵ.  string  ϴ 
 ۾ ϳ ִٸ '%?string'       ִ.
      ۾ ϰ ִ.  ۾  '+'   ۾ '-' 
Ǿ ִ.  '%+', '%', '%%'    ۾  ϰ '%-'  ۾
 Ѵ.
   ۾    stty  'new'  ɼ Ǿ ־ Ѵ.  ۾
   ֵ  Ű ͷƮ ߻ϵ tty ̹ 'new' 
  Ѵ.

      1.  
           μ ° ɶ  Ѵ.  Ϲ ۾ 
 μ          ϰų   Ʈ ϱ صɶ
  ̷   Ѵ.        ̰  ۾  ع 
 ۵Ѵ.  notify   Ѵٸ         ۾  ° 
Ǹ  ˷ش.    notify  ϳ  μ         
° Ǹ  ϵ    ִ. ⺻ notify    μ
         ׶ ۾ ۵Ǹ 'notify'   Ѵ.
         ۾  ϴ ȿ  Ϸ ϸ `You  have stopped 
jobs.'           ̴. ׷ ۾    ˱ؼ 
jobs     ִ.        ٽ ϱ⸦  õѴٸ   
ϰ  ۾  ̴.

      2. ڵ, Ⱓ,  ۾
          ϰ    ȿ  ð ڵ ٸ 
 ϴ         پ  ִ. ⼭  ̷ ۾  
 ϰڴ. λ           ɰ Ư  ׸
 Ư  ض.
         sched θ  ־ ð     Ͽ 
ɵ ԷѴ.
         beepcmd, cwdcmd, periodic,  precmd   Ư   
︮ ۾       Ʈ ϰ  tperiod  ð ϰ  
Ʈ ɵ ϰ         Ѵ. autologout  
 ð ý               Ѵ. mail 
            ϱ   ؼ           . 
printexitvalue  0   ٸ · ϴ ɵ  ¸ 
Ѵ.        rmstar  'rm *'  ŸǾ    
 ڿ        .  time  CPU ʷ ־ ð   
ɸ μ Ŀ  time          θ Ѵ. watch   who 
  ڵ α Ǵ α׾ƿ         ϴ  ϰ 
log θ  ̷ ڵ Ѵ.

X V.   ý  (+)
    8Ʈ Ϻ    Ư  Ʈ ʿ  Ѵ. NLS 
  ý    NLS   ϵ ϵǾų Ǿ 
ϴ  Ͱ ٸ.  7  Ʈ  ASCII     з     ⺻̸ 
LC_CTYPE  Ǵ LANG  ȯ溯 Ͽ      ִ. ý 
NLS    setlocale    з      
.
     LANG Ǵ LC_CTYPE ȯ溯 Ѵ. λ ý 
    . ý NLS   쿡  ISO 8859-1 
 Ʈ LANG         LC_CTYPE  Ǿ     
  ùķƮѴ.  ùķ Ʈ NLS  ȿ . 
 Ǵ  ùķƮ NLS  \200-\377     Ʈ  ڵ, 
     M-char           εǾ     ִ     ڵ     ڵ                  
self-insert-command  εȴ.  ̽ ڿ    ״ 
ִ. ̷    ڵ NOREBIND  ȯ溯 Ǿ  ε 
ʴ´. ̰ ùķƮ  NLS  ISO 8859-1  ϴ NLS  
Ѵ. ׷ \240-\377        M-char  ε ȿ 
 ʴ´.   õ Ű εŰ    εϴ ͵ 
   ִ. Ʈ  ų ڵ \nnn      
. tty  8 Ʈ 尡 ƴϸ 8 Ʈ ڵ ASCII  ȯǾ µȴ. 
 7/8  Ʈ    .  NLS ڵ,  Ÿ Ű ϱ
 ϴ  ڵ     ~/.login Ͽ stty   tty 8 Ʈ  𸣷 
 ؾ Ѵ.

X VI. پ ü 
   ο   ɵ Ư ü Ѵ.     
 ڼ     ִ. TCF (aix-ibm370, aix-ps2)  ϴ ýۿ
 getspath  setspath   ý   θ ų ϰ getxvers  
setxvers    λ縦 ų     migrate   Ʈ 
μ ű. jobs    ۾ Ǵ Ʈ  . Domain/OS 
 inlib   ȯ濡  ̺귯 ߰ϰ rootnode   Ʈ  
 ϰ ver   ý Ÿ   ִ. Convex/OS   warp  
universe   ϰų Ѵ.
   VENDOR, OSTYPE  ׸ MACHTYPE ȯ溯   ǰ ִ 
ý ,    ü ׸ ý  Ѵ. ̰͵ κ
   ýۻ̿ ڽ    Ȩ 丮     
.  , ڽ ~/.login  
      set path = (~/bin.$MACHTYPE /usr/ucb /bin /usr/bin .)
     ϸ  ý  丮   ִ.
   version    ϵ   ɼ ؾ  ϴ 
.
   newgrp, afsuser  ׸ echostyle    Էϵ ý 
ġ ض.

X VII. ȣ ó
   α  ~/.logout     ͷƮ Ѵ.  -q  
 ʾҴ   ñ׳ Ѵ. α   ñ׳  
 α  ׵ (ٽ)        Ѵ. ٸ ñ׳
 װ  κ ߴ  .
    ũƮ  ͷƮ ó  ñ׳ε  onintr  ϰ 
(hangup) ó  hup  nohup  Ѵ.  hangup  Ѵ. 
 ()  ׷   ϳ    hangup ñ׳ 
 ʴ´.
   hup     ()   hangup ñ׳   
 nohup        hangup  ϵ Ѵ.

X VIII. ͹̳  (+)
   ͹̳(tty)   ٸ  Ѵ.
      ϴ 'edit', ڵ  οϱ 'quote' ׸  ɵ 
      'execute' ̴.
          Ƿ ȥ ¿ 
tty     ɵ    .   ϴ tty  
 setty builtin   ϰ      ִ.  Ⱑ CBREAK  
Ǵ װͰ ϰ ϴ ̸ Ÿ  ڵ  ִٴ 
 ض.
   echotc, settc ׸  telltc ɵ ɶ  ͹̳ Ư 
ϰų     ִ.
   SIGWINCH   SIGWINDOW  ϴ ýۿ   ڵ ȯ
 LINES    COLUMNS    ũ⸦     ִ. ȯ溯 
TERMCAP  li#  co# ʵ尡    ִٸ  װ   ũ 
Ѵ.

X IX.  (BUILTIN COMMAND)
   1. %job
      fg  ɰ .
   2. %job &
      bg  ɰ .
   3. :
      ϸ  ͵  ʴ´.
   4. @ ׸ @ name = expr Ǵ @ name[index] = expr
      ù °        Ѵ.  °   expr 
         Ѵ.   expr  '<', '>', '&' Ǵ ''   
Ѵٸ, expr  '()' ȿ ġ      Ѵ.  °  name  index 
° μ expr   ҴѴ. name        index ° 
 ̹ ؾ Ѵ. expr   '*', '+'  ڸ        ִ. 
 ڷκ ̸ иϴ  ̴. ׷,   ܾ
    expr   иϴ   ȿ ̴. Ư λ  '+'  
'-'   '@ I++'         name     Ǵ  ϵ ۵Ѵ. 
expr   Expressions      Ͱ 谡 ٴ Ϳ ض.
   5. alias [name [wordlist]]
      μ     Ѵ. ̸ شٸ ̸  
 Ѵ. ̸       wordlist  شٸ ̸ شϴ  wordlist 
 ҴѴ. wordlist   ɰ    ̸̴. ̸ 'alias' Ǵ  'unalias'
 ƴϾ Ѵ.
      unalias   ض.

   6. alloc
      ǰų  ޸𸮸 䱸ϰų ǵ   ޸  
ش. μ        ũ Ͽ ų Ǵ    
.  8 ׸ 16 ũ      Ѵ.    ý Ŀ 
 پϰ  VAX  ٸ ý۵  ٸ    ޸ Ҵ    
𸥴.
   7. bg [%job ...]
      ǵ ۾ Ǵ μ    ۾ ۾ · ȯѴ. 
job  ۾      Ͽ  ̰ų ڿ Ǵ '',  '%', '+' Ǵ '-'  
 ִ.
   8. bindkey [-l|-d|-e|-v|-u] (+)
      bindkey [-a] [-b] [-k] [-r] [--] key (+)
      bindkey [-a] [-b] [-k] [-c|-s] [--] key command (+)
      ɼ ,  ù °   ε Ű   ε  
 ϰ        °   Ű ε  ϰ  
°   command      Ű εѴ.
       -l
          ɰ ª  Ѵ.
       -d
         ⺻ ⸦  ǥ ε  Ű εѴ.
       -e
          Ű ǥ GNU Emacs   ε εѴ.
       -v
          Ű vi   ε εѴ.
       -a
          Ű ʿ Ű ε ϰų Ѵ.
         ̰ vi ɸ忡 ϴ Ű ̴.
       -b
         Ű ڷ ؼѴ.
           ^character    `^A'  Ǵ  C-character ,  `C-A'  Ǵ 
M-character ,             `M-A', ũ Ű F-string , `F-string' Ǵ 
Ȯ λ Ű X-character ,           `X-A'   ؼȴ.
       -k
         Ű `down', `up', `left'  Ǵ `right'   ȭǥ Ű ̸ ϳ
 ؼѴ.
       -r
         Ű  ε Ѵ. `bindkey -r'   Ű ü   
 ʰ Ű          ε ʰ ȴٴ Ϳ ض.
       -c
            ؼϴ ſ  Ǵ ܺ  ؼ
Ѵ.
       -s
          ڿ  ״ νϰ Ű ŸǾ  ͹̳ Է
 Ѵ.
         ɿ  ε Ű  ü Ӱ  ؼϰ ̰ ؼ 10 
ܰ ӵ       .
        --
         ɼó  .  ׷  ܾ '-' Ͽ Ű
 ؼѴ.
        -u (Ǵ  ɼ)
          Ѵ.
      Ű   ̰ų ڿ    ִ.   ڿ εȴٸ 
ڿ ù °      ڴ  sequence-lead-in  νϰ    
 εȴ.
      Ű  ڴ Ϲ '^V'  ε   quoted-insert 
 Ͽ  Ÿ          ִ  ״  Ÿų '^A'    
caret-charater  Ÿ  ִ.
       '^?'   Ÿ. Ű  Ʒ   齽(\) ̽
          ִ.
         \a : .
         \b : 齺̽.
         \e : ̽(ESC).
         \f : Form feed
         \n : Newline
         \r : Carriage return
         \t : Horizontal tab
         \v : Vertical tab
         \nnn : 8 nnn  شϴ ASCII .
      '\' ׸ '^'    ִٸ '\'    Ư ǹ̸ 
.
   9. break
       ̿ ִ  foreach  while   ڸ  Ѵ. 
 ο ִ       ɵ Ѵ.   break   ο 
  ؼ   ִ.
   10. breaksw
      endsw ڸ ϱ  switch  .
   11. builtins (+)
        ɵ ̸ Ѵ.
   12. bye (+)
      logout  ɰ .   ׷ ϵǾ 밡
ϴ.
   13. case label:
      Ʒ  switch  ϴ ̴.
   14. cd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [name]
      丮 ̸ ־ٸ,   ۾丮 丮 ̸ 
Ѵ. ־       , Ȩ丮 Ѵ. 丮 ̸  '-'  
ָ,  ۾ 丮     Ѵ.  '/', './' Ǵ '../'   ʰ 
 丮 丮  ƴϸ       cdpath   
丮 ˻Ѵ. ᱹ  ƹ ġ  '/'   ۵      
丮 ˻Ͽ ׷ 丮   丮 ̵Ѵ.
      -p  ɼ  dirs ó   丮   Ѵ. -l, -n, 
-v ɼǵ dirs       ó cd   ȿ ش.
   15. chdir
      cd  ɰ .
   16. complete [command  [word/pattern/list[:select]/[suffix]/...]]] (+)
      μ    ϼ  Ѵ. μ command    
command        ϼ Ѵ.  μ command   word  
 ϼ Ѵ. command       ü ̸̳ globe-pattern 
Ѵ.
      ϼ   command  ָ  ϵ ϱ '-'   
  ִ.
      word   ܾ  ܾ ϼǵ Ʒ  Ѵ.

          c
              ܾ ϼ. pattern   ɶο ִ  ܾ ۰ 
ġϴ                 glob-pattern ̴. pattern    ܾ ϼǾ
 õȴ.
          C
            c    ܾ ϼǾ pattern  Ѵ.
          n
              ܾ ϼ. pattern  ɶο ִ  ܾ ۰ 
ġϴ                   glob-pattern ̴.
          N
            n  ,  ܾ   ܾ ۰ ġؾѴ.
          p
            ġ   ϼ. pattern   ܾ ϴ   
ϱ            Ͱ     ̴.
      list  Ʒ μ߿ ϳ   ϼ ̴.
          a : .
          b : ε().
          c :  Ǵ ܺ .
          C : ־ η ۵Ǵ ܺ .
          d : 丮.
          D : ־ η ۵Ǵ 丮.
          e : ȯ溯.
          f : ̸.
          F : ־ η ۵Ǵ ̸.
          g : ׷̸.
           j : ۾.
           l : ѵ.
           n :  ൿ  .
           s : .
           S : ñ׳.
           t : ܼ ؽƮ .
           T : ־ η ϴ ܼ ؽƮ .
           v :  .
           u :  ̸.
            x : n  , list-choices   Ǿ  select  
.
           X : Completions
           $var :  var.
           (...) : ־ Ͽ ܾ.
           `...` :  κ  ܾ.
      select     ִ glob-pattern ̴.  ־ٸ select  ġ
ϴ list        ܾ ϰ fignore  õȴ.
      ϼ     select     ʰ x ɼ 
list-choices     ɶ  ޽μ select  Ѵ.
      ̻   ϼ ߰Ǵ  ̴. ִٸ   
 ߰  ʴ     .  Ѵٸ 丮϶ (/)  ߰ϰ 
ٸ ϶  ߰ȴ.
        ϰڴ.
      Ϻ ɵ μ  丮 Ƿ ܼ    
.
         > complete cd 'p/1/d/'
        ϸ 丮 ܾ  ϼѴ. p ɼ ϼ Ʒ ȭ
ǥ  ϼ         ִ.
         > co[^D]
         complete compress
         > complete -co* 'p/0/(compress)/'
         > co[^D]
         > compress
       ϼ 'co'   ϴ ͵߿ 'co*'  ġϴ  ϼ
Ƿ ⼭       Ͽ  ִ ܾ 'compress'   ϼȴ.  '-'  
ϼ ָ 쿡 Ѵٴ       Ѵ.
         > complete find 'n/-user/u/'
       n ɼ ϼ  ̴. 'find'   '-user'   Ͽ
 ϼ϶       ̴.
         > complete cc 'c/-I/d/'
       c ɼ ϼ ̴. 'cc'  '-I'  ϴ 丮μ 
Ѵ. '-I'       ҹ cc  ϱ   丮 Ϻθ  
´.
      Different lists are  useful  with  different  commands.
         > complete alias 'p/1/a/'
         > complete man 'p/*/c/'
         > complete set 'p/1/s/'
         > complete true 'p/1/x:Truth has no options./'
        ϼ 'alias'  Ƿ 鿡 ׸ 'man'  ɿ
 ׸ 'set'       ܾ ϼѴ.  'true'   ɼǵ 
Ƿ x ɼ ϼ õ         ƹ ൿ ʰ 'Truth has no 
options.'  Ѵ.
      man   'p/*' ŭ̳ 'c/*' Ǵ 'n/*'    Ѵٴ Ϳ 
ض.
      ,  ϼ  ִ. Ʒ  ƶ.
         > complete ftp 'p/1/$hostnames/'
         > set hostnames = (rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu)
         > ftp [^D]
         rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu
         > ftp [^C]
         >  set hostnames = (rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu uunet.uu.net)
         > ftp [^D]
         rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu uunet.uu.net
      ,     ϼ  ִ. Ʒ  ƶ.
         > complete kill 'p/*/`ps | awk \{print\ \$1\}`/'
         > kill -9 [^D]
         23113 23377 23380 23406 23429 23529 23530 PID
      ϼ  μ ü  ο Ƿ  {}   ׸ '{prrint 
$1}'  '$'      ϰ οؾ߸ Ѵٴ Ϳ ض.
      ϳ ϼ ټ ϼ   ִ.
         > complete dbx 'p/2/(core)/' 'p/*/c/'
       'core'   'dbx'  ɿ  ٸ μ  ° μ 
Ѵ.
      ġ ϼ  ܾ  ϼ ǵǴ Ϳ ϶. ϼ ʿ
        Ѵ. ׷Ƿ  ܾ ϼ ó ǵǾٸ 
װ ׻ ġǰ ġ  ϼ         ̴. ̰ 
    ߻ϴ Ǽ̴.
      select   ɿ μμ Ư    ϰ   
Ѵ.
      ,
         > complete cc 'p/*/f:*.[cao]/'
        ϼ  'cc' ڵ  `.c', `.a', Ǵ `.o'   ϵ
 ϼȴ. ,      select  ̸ġȯ  glob-pattern   
ϴ ܷ ϵ        ִ.
         > complete rm 'p/*/f:^*.{c,h,cc,C,tex,1,man,l,y}/'
       'rm' ϼκ ҽڵ带     ִ.  
   ̸          Ÿ       ְ   complete-word-raw   Ǵ 
list-choices-raw  ؼ ϼ        ִ.
      `C', `D', `F' ׸ `T'  list ɼǵ  `c', `d', `f' ׸ `t' ɼ
  װ͵       Ư  η ϴ ϵ鿡  ϼ 
ϱؼ select μ  ٸ    Ѵ.   Elm  α׷ 
ڽ ϵ丮   '='     Ѵ.
         > complete elm 'c@=@F:$HOME/Mail/@'
       ϼ ġ 'elm -f ~/Mail/'  ó 'elm -f ='  Ѵ.
      select μ ȥ ϱ ؼ '/'  ſ '@'  ϰ Ȩ
 ġȯ      ܾ  ó ۵ϱ  '~'  ſ '$HOME'  
Ѵٴ Ϳ ض.
      ̻ ϼ  ܾ鿡  '/'   ƴ     ̻縦 
߰ϱؼ      Ѵ.
         > complete finger 'c/*@/$hostnames/' 'p/1/u/@'
       κ 'finger'   ڵ ϼϰ '@'  ߰
 'hostname'        κ '@' ڿ ߰Ͽ ϼѴ. ϼ  ϴ 
 ٽ  ƶ.
       ȥյ    ϰڴ.
         > complete find \
                'n/-name/f/' 'n/-newer/f/' 'n/-{,n}cpio/f/' \
                'n/-exec/c/' 'n/-ok/c/' 'n/-user/u/' \
                'n/-group/g/' 'n/-fstype/(nfs 4.2)/' \
                'n/-type/(b c d f l p s)/' \
                'c/-/(name newer cpio ncpio exec ok user \
                group fstype type atime ctime depth inum \
                ls mtime nogroup nouser perm print prune \
                size xdev)/' \
                'p/*/d/'
      Ͽϼ  `-name',  `-newer',  `-cpio',  `ncpio'   ׸  ɿϼ 
`-exec', `-ok' ׸     ڿ ׷ ϼ `user'  `group' ־ 
  ϼ `-fstype', `-type'         ϼ Ѵ. , ־ 
κ c ɼ ϼ Ͽ ڽŵ ȯ     ϼϰ · 
丮 ϼѴ.
      '~'  ۵Ǵ ġȯ̳ '$'  ϴ ̴ٸ ϼ ̰ 
Ѵٴ Ϳ      ض. ϼ    ؾϰ   
  ִ.
   17. continue
       ̿ ִ while Ǵ foreach  ӽѴ.
   18. default:
      switch    case  ̴. ̰   case 󺧵ڿ 
.
   19. dirs [-l] [-n|-v]
      dirs -S|-L [filename] (+)
      dirs -c (+)
      ó  丮   Ѵ.  ó ʿ ְ 
 ù 丮       丮̴.
      -l ɼ ¿ ִ '~'  Ǵ '~name'  Ȩ丮 Ǵ  ̸
 Ȩ丮       ȮѴ. -n ɼ ȭ  ϸ Ա  
. -v ɼ  δ ϳ       ϰ  ġ  Ѵ. -l, -n, 
-v ߿ ϳ ̻  ־ -v ɼ       ȴ. -p ɼǵ 
ǳ ƹ ۵  ʴ´.
       ° Ŀ  -S ɼ cd  pushd ɿ  ̸ 
丮        Ѵ. -L ɼ  -S  savedirs ɿ ؼ 
 丮 Ͽ ̸      ´. ̸ ־ 
Ҵٸ dirsfile   ǰ dirsfile          Ҵٸ ~/.cshdirs  
ȴ.
      ۽ÿ αν 'dirs  -L'  ϰ savedirs  Ǿٸ 
ÿ 'dirs -S'        ϰ Ѵٴ Ϳ ϶. 
      Ϲ ~/.tcshrc   ~/.cshdirs  б  б  dirsfile   
~/.login      ϴ ͺٴ ~/.tcshrc  ϴ  .
        丮  .
   20. echo [-n] word ...
       ǥ¿ word   Ѵ.  иǰ ο ο 
.
      echostyle  ÷׿  ̽  ķƮ  
 Ѵ.
   21. echotc [-sv] arg ... (+)
      ͹̳ Ư Ѵ.
       'echotc  home'  Ŀ ȭ ó , 'echotc  cm 
3 10'  Ŀ       10  3 , 'echotc ts 0;echo "This is a test."; 
echotc fs' ¶ο "This is       a test."  Ѵ.
      arg  'baud', 'cols', 'lines',  'meta', 'tabs'   ְ, ͹̳  Ư
 Ҽ        "yes"     "no" شϴ   Ư
 Ѵ.
       ͹̳ο  ũƮ  ޽ ŷӰ  ʱ 
ϰų         ȭ鿡 ǥõǴ ټ ϱ  Ѵ.
         > set history=`echotc lines`
         > @ history--
      Termcap ڿ  Ȯ Ÿ ʴ ڵ Ҽ  ִ. 
 ذϱ      ͹̳ Ư  ڿ    ߵ
ǥ(") Ͽ ذ  ִ.
         > set tosl="`echotc ts 0`"
         > set frsl="`echotc fs`"
         > echo -n "$tosl";date; echo -n "$frsl"
        ¶ο ¥ Ѵ.
      -s ɼ   ʴ Ư  ǵش.  ̰  
 ͺ       ̴. -v ɼ ޽ Ѵ.
   22. else, end, endif, endsw
      Ʒ ִ foreach, if, switch, and while  ض.
   23. eval arg ...
       Է μ ϰ   İ迡 ߻ϴ 
 Ѵ.      ̰  ̳ ġȯ   ߻ϴ ɵ
 ϱ Ѵ. ̰      ؼ ̷ ġȯ ߻  
Ѵ.  tset   ƶ.
   24. exec command
        Ѵ.
   25. exit [expr]
       expr ̳ expr   status   Ѵ.
   26. fg [%job ...]
       ۾ Ǵ μ   ۾ ׶ Ѵ.
      job μ jobs   ڳ ڿ, `', `%', `+', `-' ̴.
      run-fg-editor  ض.
   27. filetest -op file ... (+)
      File inquiry  operators    op   Ͽ  Ͽ   
 иؼ     Ѵ.
   28. foreach name (wordlist)
       ...
       end
      wordlist   ҿ  ̸  ϰ  ɰ end  
        Ѵ.   ϱ ؼ  continue   
ϰ           break   Ѵ.  ͹̳  
    ִ           'foreach?  ' Ǵ 
prompt2  Ŀ  д´.   Ÿ ߸   ٸ װ 
  ִ.
   29. getspath (+)
      ý  θ Ѵ.(TCF only)
   30. getxvers (+)
       λ縦 Ѵ.(TCF only)
   31. glob wordlist
      echo  ,  '\' ̽  ν ϰ ܾ ¿ 
ιڵ Ѱ     Ѵ. ̸ ܾ  Ȯϴ  
ϱ⸦ ϴ α׷鿡    Ѵ.
   32. goto word
      word   'label'  ڿ   ̸ ġȯ  
.  ϴ       װ Է ٽ ǵ 'label:'  ã 
̳ Ǻ 켱ϰ        Ѵ.
   33. hashstat
       ؽ ̺ ġϴ ɵ  ȿ  ϴ 
        Ѵ. exec  ؽ    Ʈ ϴ 
path   Ҹ õϰ     '/'   ʴ  Ҹ õ
.
      vfork   ýۿ  ؽ  ũ⸦ Ѵ.
   34. history [-hr] [n]
      history -S|-L|-M [filename] (+)
      history -c (+)
      ó   丮  Ѵ. n  ־ n °  丮
 ϰų       Ѵ. -h ɼ տ 丮 ȣ  ð 
丮  Ѵ.
      -r ɼ  丮  Ѵ.   ° Ŀ -S ɼ 
̸        Ѵ.  savehist  ù μ 
 丮   Ѵ.
      savehist    ° μ `merge'  Ǿ , 丮 
 ϴ       丮 Ͽ ߰Ѵ. 丮 ߰ϴ  ÿ 
  ϴ X       ȯ濡 Ѵ.   
Ǿ ϴ.
      -L ɼ   -S ɼ̳ savehist    丮  
̸ 丮      ߰Ѵ. -M  ɼ -L ɼǰ  ̸ 
 丮Ͽ  ߰ǰ     ð Ѵ. ̸  ־ 
 histfile   ǰ histfile        ʾ ~/.history 
 ȴ.  `history -L'   ̸ 䱸 ʴ         ϸ 
'source -h'  .
      α   ۽ÿ `history -L'   ϴ Ͱ  savehist   
Ǿ             `history   -S'    Ѵ.  Ϲ 
~/.tcshrc  ~/.history    б      histfile   ~/.login  
ٴ ~/.tcshrc  ϴ  .
      histlit  Ǿ   ù °  °  丮 
 丮          ״ ,  Ȯ   Ѵ. 
  丮       .
   35. hup [command] (+)
      μ command   ,  ñ׳ ϰ    
 ñ׳        Ҵϴ Ͱ    Ѵ.  ڽ 
信 hup   ϴ      Ѵٴ Ϳ ض. μ   
 ũƮ   Ѵ.
   36. if (expr) command
      expression   expr  ̴ٸ  Ѵ.
      ɿ   ġȯ ̸ Ͼ ÿ if    
.       , , , ɸƮ Ǵ ȣ ִ 
 ϻӸ ƴ϶ μ       ִ.  ȯ  expr  
   ʴ  ߱     . ̰ ̴.
   37. if (expr) then
       command ...
       else if (expr2) then
       command 2 ...
       else
       ...
       endif
        expr  ̸   ǰ ׷  ù  ° else 
 Ǵµ        expr2   ̸  2  ǰ ̸  
° else  ȴ.
      else if   Ƶ  ϳ endif   ʿϴ. else δ ɼ
. else   endif         ó ־ϰ if    ó̳ 
else Ŀ ϳ ־Ѵ.
   38. inlib shared-library ... (+)
       ȯ濡  () ̺귯 ߰Ѵ.  ̺귯 
ϴ  .
   39. jobs [-l]
      Ȱȭ ,  Ǵ   ۾  Ѵ.
      -l ɼ Ϲ ܿ μ  ID  Ѵ. TCF ýۿ
  ۾     ǰ ִ Ʈ Ѵ.
   40. kill [-signal] %job|pid ...
      kill -l
      ù  °  ñ׳ Ǵ  Ǿ    TERM() 
ñ׳        ۾ Ǵ μ  . job  jobs  Ÿ 
ڳ  ڿ,  '', '%',  '+',  '-'        . ñ׳  ڷ  ־ų 
/usr/include/signal.h   ̸ λ 'SIG'       ̸ 
. ⺻    'kill'  ָ  ۾  ñ׷     
 ʴ´.  ñ׳ TERM(), HUP() ̴ٸ  ۾ Ǵ 
   CONT() ñ׳  .  °  ñ׳ ̸ 
Ѵ.
   41. limit [-h] [resource [maximum-use]]
        μ  μ ϴ   ϰ װ  
ڿ ִ       (maximum-use) Ѿ  ʵ . 
 밪        Ѱ Ѵ. ڿ  ־  
  ־.
      -h ɼ ־  ϵ    ſ Ѵ. ϵ
         ִ밪  ش.  (Ʈ:root) ϵ
 ų  ְ Ϲ    ڴ  ϵ  ø
  ִ.
        ִ  ڿ  μ ϴ cpu  ִ밪 
Ÿ  cputime          ū     ִ밪  Ÿ 
filesize, sbrk() +        ִ밪 Ÿ datasize, ڵ
 ȮǴ ÿ ִ ũ⸦ Ÿ      stacksize,   
 ū core   ִ밪 Ÿ coredumpsize ׸  μ    
 ð  Ҵ  ִ   ޸ ִ밪  Ÿ memoryuse 
     .  maximum-use   ũ ҷ   Ǽ Ǵ   ´. 
cputime         Ѱ ⺻   KByte(1024 Ʈ)̰ 
MByte   ִ. cputime        ⺻ ̸  m, ô 
h, а ð Ÿ mm:ss  Ѵ.
      ڿ ̸ ũ Ҵ Ȯ λ簡 ʿϴ.
   42. log (+)
      watch   ϰ  αΰ  watch   
ý       ڿ Ѵ. watchlog  ض.
   43. login
      αν ϰ ſ   /bin/login  üѴ. ̰ α
ƿϴ         Ѵ.
   44. logout
      αν Ѵ. ignoreeof  Ǿ  Ѵ.
   45. ls -F [-switch ...] [file ...] (+)
      `ls  -F'   ϰ 丮  Ѵ. Ư ڷ Ư 
 ϵ       Ͽ Ѵ.
         / : 丮.
         * :   .
         # :   ġ.
         % :  ġ.
         | : Named pipe (systems with named pipes only)
         = : Socket (systems with sockets only)
         @ : ȣ ũ(Symbolic link).
         +  :  Ӽ 丮(AIX  ý), context dependent  (HP/UX 
ý)
         : :  Network special (HP/UX ý)
      listlinks  Ǿ  ȣũ  ڼ µȴ.
         @ : 丮 ƴ ȣũ.
         > : 丮 ȣũ.
         & : 𿡵 ȣũ Ǿ  ʰ  ϸ .
      listflags   `x', `a', `A', Ǵ `xA'    ̵  
Ǿ ,       ͵ ls -F  ÷׷μ  Ǿ `ls  -xF', `ls   
-Fa', `ls  -FA', `ls -FxA'        Ѵ.
      `ls -C'  ⺻ Ǿ   ls -F  `ls -CF'   ϰ 
listflags  'x'       ϸ `ls -xF'   Ѵ.   ġ 
ٸ ls -F   μ ־     Ϲδ `alias   ls  ls-F'  
. ls-F  ̸    Ȯ       ڸ ϴµ ̰ 
̴.
   46. migrate [-site] pid|%jobid ... (+)
       migrate -site (+)
      ù °  μ Ǵ ۾  Ʈ Ǵ ý η 
 ⺻      Ʈ ű.  °  `migrate -site $$'  . 
̰   μ      Ʈ  ű.  ü  ű  
ġ   ų  ְ  Ŀ        ڽ tty  Ҿ 
ó  ̴( TCF ̴).
   47. newgrp [-] group (+)
      `exec newgrp'  .  ׷ ϵǾ ۵Ѵ.
   48. nice [+number] [command]
       Ǵ ڰ ٸ 4   켱 Ѵ.  ִٸ 
 켱        Ѵ. ڴ μ    ִ  
 μ̴. ڴ        'nice -number ...'  Ͽ 켱 
  ִ.  ׻   ǰ       if    
  ֵ Ѵ.
   49. nohup [command]
        hangup() ñ׳ ϴ  ó  Ѵ. 
ɿ hangup       ڽ    ִٴ Ϳ ϶.  
ũƮ μ      ȴٸ   ũƮ hangup ñ
 Ѵ.
   50. notify [%job ...]
         ۾ Ǵ %job    ۾  ° Ǿ
        Ʈ ٸ ʰ  ڿ ˸ Ѵ.
      job  jobs   Ÿ ڳ ڿ ׸ `', `%', `+', `-'  ̴.  
as
   51. onintr [-|label]
      ͷƮ    ൿ Ѵ. μ   ͷƮ  
 ⺻  ൿ      ϰ  ũƮ  ϰų ͹̳  Է 
· ƿ´.
      - ɼ   ͷƮ Ѵ. label ɼ   
ͷƮ ߻      'goto label'  ϰ ͷƮ óϱ 
() μ Ѵ.
      onintr    иǾ ̰ų ýۿ ִ   ϵ 
̰ų ͷ     Ʈ ȰȭǾ  õȴ.
   52. popd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [+n]
      μ   丮 ÿ а ο ù  丮 Ѵ. 
 '+n'         ÿ n °   Ѵ. popd   
 dirs     丮      Ѵ. pushdsilent  
̰    ְ -p ÷״ pushdsilent       ϵ    
. -l, -n, -v ÷״ dirs    Ѵ.
   53. printenv [name] (+)
       ȯ溯  ̸  Ǵ  name  ȯ溯   
.
   54. pushd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [name|+n]
      μ      丮   ÿ  ó      Ҹ   ȯѴ. 
pushdtohome  Ǿ      μ pushd  cd    'pushd ~' 
 Ѵ. name     ۾       丮 丮 ÿ 
 name   Ѵ. name  '-' ̸   ۾      丮 ؼ
. dunique   Ǿ   pushd   ÿ װ     
     name   Ѵ.  '+n'   丮 ÿ  n ° 
Ҹ ó      ҿ ȯϰ װ Ѵ. ׷ dextract  
Ǿ  'pushd +n'  n     ° 丮   ó 
 װ Ѵ.
      pushd        dirs       丮  Ѵ. 
pushdsilent         Ǿ    ̰ ϰ  -p  ɼ 
pushdsilent    ִ.  -l, -n, -v     ÷״ dirs   
 Ѵ.
   55. rehash
      path   ִ 丮   ؽ ̺  ٽ д´. 
 αε           ִ 丮 path  ߰  
Ѵ. ̰   ڽ        ϳ   ߰ϰų 
 丮  ߿ ϳ   Ǿ        ʿϴ.  
'~' ȣ ϴ Ȩ丮 ĳ   ִ.
   56. repeat count command
       ο  if        ɵ count 
Ƚŭ     .  ̷ count  0    
 ȴ.
   57. rootnode //nodename (+)
      Ʈ 带 //nodename  Ѵ. ׷Ƿ `/'  `/nodename'  
 ؼȴ.          ( Domain/OS  밡ϴ.)
   58. sched (+)
      sched [+]hh:mm command (+)
      sched -n (+)
      ù °    ۾ Ѵ.   ۾ ϴ 
 ϱ    ؼ sched  Ѵ.  °   ۾
Ͽ command  ߰Ѵ.
       ,
         > sched 11:00 echo It\'s eleven o\'clock.
         ϸ   11ÿ `It's eleven  o'clock.'   
̴. ׸ /       ð   ְ  ð 
Ͽ   ִ. ׷         ð  /  
  .
         > sched 5pm set prompt='[%h] It\'s after 5; go home: >'
         > sched +2:15 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
       °   ۾κ n ° ۾ Ѵ.
         > sched
         1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
         2  Wed Apr  4 17:00  set prompt=[%h] It's after 5; go home: >
         > sched -2
         > sched
         1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
       ۾     ð ù Ʈ µǱ  
ȴ.        ϶  Ȯ ð ĥ    
  Ʈ        .    Է ٸ Ǵ 
 ȴ.  ׷    ϱؼ       ϴ 
ɿ ͷƮ   ʴ´.   Ϻ Unix ý  at       
 .
        ֿ    ð  ϴ ̰ sched  
       ϹǷ   ٸ  ׼  ִ. , 
̰ ð  ڽ    ۾ ȯ   ִ  Ѵ.
   59. set
      set name ...
      set name=word ...
      set name=(wordlist) ...
      set name[index]=word ...
      set -r (+)
      set -r name ... (+)
      set -r name=word ... (+)
      set -r name=(wordlist) ... (+)
      ù °      Ѵ.   ܾ ̻ ϴ 
 ()    ѷ ܾ  µȴ.  °  name  
ιڷ Ѵ.  °       name   ܾ Ѵ.   ° 
 name  wordlist  ִ ܾ       Ѵ.  쿡 
 ɰ ̸ Ȯ̴.
      ټ °   name  index ° ҿ word   ϸ  
ҵ ̹       ؾѴ.   °      ִ  
  ̸  Ѵ. ϰ     °     ֵ 
 name     ְ Ѵ. ϰ name      ιڿ Ҵ
.  ° ȩ°   °  ° İ   name      
 ְѴ. ̷ μ ܼ    б⸸ ɰ  
      ݺ  ִ.
      name  word  '=' ̳   и   ٸ δ  
 . unset     θ ض.
   60. setenv [name [value]]
      μ  ٸ  ȯ溯  ̸  Ѵ.  name ־ 
ȯ溯 name      value  value    ڿ Ѵ.
   61. setpath path (+)
      setpath ( Mach  밡).
   62. setspath LOCAL|site|cpu ... (+)
      ý  θ Ѵ( TCF  밡).
   63. settc cap value (+)
      termcap  ǵ ͹̳ Ư value   ִٰ  ˸
. ͹̳     ڵ        'settc xn no' 
 Ѵ.
   64. setty [-d|-q|-x] [-a] [[+|-]mode] (+)
       tty  带  ϵ Ѵ. -d, -q,  -x ɼ tty 
尡 'edit', 'quote',     'execute'   ϵ setty  ˸.  ̷ 
ɼ  ⺻              'execute'  ǵ  Ǿ ִ. 
 μ   setty  Ȱ(+mode) Ǵ Ȱ      (-mode)   
 õ   ִ 带 Ѵ. 밡   ý۸    ٸ
. -a ɼ  tty   Ǿ ֵ ƴϵ õ ׿ ִ 
 tty       带  Ѵ. +mode, -mode Ǵ mode   mode  Ȱȭ
(on) ϰų Ȱȭ(off)     ׸   mode  κ  
.
       'setty  +echok echoe'    ɵ Ҷ 'echok'  
Ȱȭϰ ɵ      'echoe' 尡 Ȱȭ Ǵ Ȱȭ   
 Ѵ.
   65. setxvers [string] (+)
      ڿ string   λ縦 ϰų  ڿ string  ٸ 
Ѵ.
      , TCF  밡.
   66. shift [variable]
      μ   argv[1]  ϰ argv   μ  ̵Ѵ. 
argv    Ǿ        ʰų    μ  ۴ٸ  ̴.   
varriable  ִٸ varriable  ִ         Ѵ.
   67. source [-h] name [args ...]
       name κ  ɵ а Ѵ. ɵ 丮 Ͽ 
ġ ʴ´.      args  ָ argv  ġѴ. source ɵ 
  ȴ.  ʹ        ڸ      ۿ
    ִ.   ܰ迡 ִ source          
source ɵ Ѵ.  -h ɼ ɵ 'history -L'  ó      
 Ͽ ġѴ.
   68. stop %job|pid ...
      ׶ Ǵ   ۾̳ μ . job  jobs 
  ,    ڿ,  `', `%', `+', `-' ̴.  ⺻ job   
  ۾  ʰ       'stop'  Ѵ.
   69. suspend
      ġ ^Z     ñ׳  ó  . ̰ su   
ؼ         ߱ Ѵ.
   70. switch (string)
       case str1:
           ...
           breaksw
       ...
       default:
           ...
           breaksw
       endsw
      ó  ɰ Ȯ ̸   ڿ  string   ؼ  
case 󺧰      ġȴ.   Ÿ `*', `?', `[...]'  case 
󺧿   ְ      Ȯ  ִ. default  ġ
 case   ٸ default       .  case  default   
   ó ؾѴ. breaksw   endsw       ĸ  
Ѵ.  switch()   . ٸ 쿡   case  ϰ 
      ȴٴ Ϳ ض. default 󺧵   ġϴ case 󺧵  
endsw ĸ       ϰ ȴ.
   71. telltc (+)
       ͹̳ Ư  Ѵ.
   72. time [command]
      , , ɸ,  ȣε ɸ ƴ ܼ  
ϰ time           ð հ踦  Ѵ. ʿϴٸ 
ܺ            ִ. command   
  () α׷ ð Ѱ踦    Ѵ.
   73. umask [value]
         ũ 8 ־ value   Ѵ. Ϲ
 ũ         , б,      ְ ٸ ڴ 
а    ְ ϱ        002 ̰ų  ׷ ٸ   
а   ְ ϱ   022  Ѵ.       value  
    ũ Ѵ.
   74. unalias pattern
      pattern  ġϴ   Ѵ. `unalias *'   
 .         unalias     ʴ´. 
   75. uncomplete pattern (+)
      pattern   ġϴ ̸   ϼ Ѵ. `uncomplete  *' 
  ϼ     Ѵ. uncomplete    ޽  ʴ´.
   76. unhash
      Ǵ α׷ ġ Ű ؼ  ؽ ̺ 
 ش.
   77. universe universe (+)
      universe  universe  Ѵ. , Masscomp/RTU  밡.
   78. unlimit [-h] [resource]
      ڿ  Ѵ.   ڿ   ڿ ̴. -h 
 ϴ         ѵ Ѵ. ,      
ִ.

   79. unset pattern
      б    ƴϸ pattern  ġϴ ̸     
Ѵ. 
      `unset *'   б   ƴϸ   Ѵ. ̰ 
  ̴.     unset    ޽  ʴ´.
   80. unsetenv pattern
      pattern   ġϴ ̸  ȯ溯 Ѵ. `unsetenv  *'  
 ȯ溯       Ѵ. unsetenv     ޽  
´.
   81. ver [systype [command]] (+)
      μ   SYSTYPE   Ѵ. systype    SYSTYPE 
 systype        Ѵ.  systype  command  ָ, systype  Ͽ
    Ѵ.  systype        `bsd4.3'    Ǵ  `sys5.3'  ̴.  , 
Domain/OS  밡.
   82. wait
         ׶ ۾ ϰ Ѵ.   ȣۿϴ 
 ͷƮ       ⸦ пϰ   ̸  ߿ ۾ 
 ̴.
   83. warp universe (+)
      universe  universe  Ѵ. , Convex/OS  밡.
   84. watchlog (+)
      log     ٸ ̸.  ׷ ϵǾ 쿡 
밡ϴ.
   85. where command (+)
       ϰ   Ǵ path    ִ   ˷
 ⸦       . 
   86. which command (+)
      ġȯ̳ θ ã Ŀ   ؼ Ǿ  Ѵ. 
   which         tcsh    ׸ 10 100 
 Ȯϰ ۵Ѵ.
   87. while (expr)
      ...
      end
      Expression    expr  ΰ ƴҶ  while  end ̿ 
ɵ     . while  end  Է¶ο ȥ ־Ѵ. bread  
continue  Ͻ       ϰų ϰ   Ѵ. 
̷ ԷѴٸ ڴ  foreach         ó۽ÿ 
Ʈ  ̴.

XX. Ư (SPECIAL ALIAS)
   Ѵٸ     ð ڵ ȴ. ó ̰͵
  ǵǾ    ʴ.

   1. beepcmd
       ͹̳  ︮⸦   ȴ.
   2. cwdcmd
      ۾丮   ȴ.
       ڰ  xterm  twm    ŸƲٸ ϴ  
ڸ      X 쿡 ۾̶,
         > alias cwdcmd 'echo -n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd^G"'
       Ѵٸ  ȣƮ,  ݷ ׸ ۾ 丮 ü 
θ       xterm  ŸƲٸ  ̴.
         > alias cwdcmd 'echo -n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd^G^[]1;${HOST}^G"'
         ϴ  Ϲ̴. ̰ ŸƲٿ  ȣƮ̸ 
丮      Ѵ. cwdcmd  cd, pushd Ǵ popd  ִ  
  Ųٴ Ϳ     ϶.
   3. periodic
      tperiod  ǵ ð Ѵ. ̰  ο ϰ  幰 
Ǵ ۾       ϴ   Ѵ.
      
         > set tperiod = 30
         > alias periodic checknews
        ϸ checknews   30и ȴ.
      ׷ periodic   ǰ tperiod   ʾҰų 0 
 ִٸ,            periodic  precmd ó Ѵ.
   4. precmd
      Ʈ µǱ  Ѵ.
      
         > alias precmd date
        ϸ date   Ʈ ϱ  ȴ.
      precmd   Ǿ    ؾѴ.
   5. shell
        ִ ũƮ ü   ؼ⸦ 
Ѵ.
      ù μ  `/bin/csh' Ǵ `/usr/local/bin/tcsh'    ϴ  
.

XX I.   II 
    Ư ǹ̸ ִ 鿡  Ѵ.
     ŸƮÿ addsuffix, argv,  autologout, command,  echostyle, edit, 
gid, group, home,   loginsh, oid, path,  prompt, prompt2, prompt3, shell, shlvl, 
tcsh, term, tty, uid,  user, version      ִ.    
  ʴ´ٸ Ŀ  ʴ´.
     ʿϴٸ cwd, dirstack,  owd, status   Ű  α׾ƿ 
logout  Ѵ.
    afsuser, group, home, path, shlvl, term, user   ̸ ȯ溯
 ȭѴ.
   ȯ溯 Ҷ   б  ƴϸ ׿ ϴ 
 Ѵ. 
   cwd  PWD    ǹ̸      ȭ ʴ 
Ͱ  ڵ    path  PATH  ٸ  ϴ Ϳ 
϶.

   1. addsuffix (+)
      Ѵٸ ̸  ϼ Ȯϰ ϼǾ  丮  
'/'  ̸        ߰Ѵ. ⺻ Ǿִ.
   2. afsuser (+)
      Ѵٸ autologout's  autolock  kerberos Ȯ    
̸ ſ       װ Ѵ.
   3. ampm (+)
      Ѵٸ  ð AM/PM  ش.
   4. argv
        μ ش. ġ Ķ͵  argv   ־.  , `$1' 
 `$argv[1]'        ġȴ. ⺻ Ǿ  Ϲ  ȣ
ۿϴ  Ǿ  ʴ.
   5. autocorrect (+)
      Ѵٸ spell-word    ڵ ö ϼ 
.
   6. autoexpand (+)
      Ѵٸ expand-history    ڵ ϼ õ ڵ
 ȴ.
   7. autolist (+)
      Ѵٸ ɼ  ָ ϼĿ µȴ. `ambiguous'  
Ѵٸ ɼ      ο  ڵ ϼ ؼ    
Ѵ.
   8. autologout (+)
      ùܾ ڵ α׾ƿǱ   ð̸  ()
.
        ° ܾ ڵ ױ  ð̸ 
 ()̴.
        ڵ α׾ƿ   `auto-logout'  Ѵ  `automatic' 
α׾ƿ        ϰ Ѵ.  ڵ   ڿ 
۾ ϱ        йȣ Էϵ Ѵ.  ȣ ټ 
 ߸ Էϸ ڵ α׾ƿȴ.
      ανÿ 60 Ŀ ڵ α׾ƿǵ ⺻ 60  
ȴ. ׷      ýۿ ̰ų , DISPLAY ȯ溯 
Ǿ ְų tty             pseudo-tty  (pty) ̰ų  ׷ 
Ǿٸ ۵ ʴ´.
      afsuser  logout   ϶.
   9. backslashquote (+)
      Ѵٸ 齽(\)   ׻ `\', `'', ׸ `"'  οѴ.  ̰ 
 ο۾           csh ũƮ  
.
   10. cdpath
      cd    丮  丮  ʴ´ٸ  
丮 ã     θ Ѵ.
   11. command (+)
      Ѵٸ -c ÷׷  ϱ  Ѵ.
   12. complete (+)
      `enhance'   ȴٸ ܾ ϼ ҹڸ ϰ ܾ  
ڷ ħǥ(.),       (-) ׸ () ϰ (-) ()
   Ѵ.
   13. correct (+)
      `cmd'   Ѵٸ ڵ ɵ  öڸ Ѵ. `complete' 
 Ѵٸ         ɵ ϼѴ. `all'   Ѵٸ ü 
  Ѵ.
   14. cwd
       丮  ü θ Ѵ. dirstack ׸ owd    
ض.
   15. dextract (+)
      Ѵٸ `pushd +n'  ó װ ȯϴ ͺٵ 丮 
  n      ° 丮  .
   16. dirsfile (+)
      `dirs -S' ׸ `dirs -L'  丮  ã ⺻ ġ  
.      ´ٸ ~/.cshdirs   Ѵ. Ϲ ~/.cshdirs  
  ~/.tcshrc   б       ~/.cshdirs, dirsfile    ~/.login ٴ 
~/.tcshrc  Ѵ.
   17. dirstack (+)
      丮 ÿ ִ  丮 迭̴.
      `$dirstack[1]'    ۾ 丮̴. `$dirstack[2]'  ÿ ִ 
ù °      ̴.  ۾ 丮 `$dirstack[1]'  
  ġȯ `=0'  ̴    Ϳ ض.  dirstack  ؼ 
      ù °        ׻  ۾ 丮
μ Ȯϴ. cwd  owd   ض.
   18. dunique (+)
      Ѵٸ pushd  ÿ װ ֱ ̸  Ѵ.
   19. echo
      Ѵٸ μ   װ Ǳ ȭ鿡 Ÿ.
      non-builtin    ؼ    Ȯ  µǱ  ߻Ѵ. 
Builtin ɵ        ̸ġȯ µȴ. ̷  ġȯ 
 Ѵ.
      -x   ɼǿ Ѵ.
       echostyle (+)
          bsd : ù ڿ `-n'  ִٸ newline   ʴ´.
          sysv  : ڿ ڿ ִ 齽(\) ̽ ڸ ν
Ѵ.
          both :    Ѵ νϸ ⺻̴.
          none :     ͵ ν ʴ´.
      BSD  System V ɼ echo  ض.
   20. edit (+)
      Ѵٸ  ɶ ⸦ Ѵ. ȣۿϴ   ⺻ 
ȴ.
   21. ellipsis (+)
      Ѵٸ `%c'/`%.'  ׸ `%C' Ʈ   ڴ /skiped 
 ȣ(...)      丮 ǳʶڴ.
   22. fignore (+)
      ܾϼ ؼ õ Ȯ  Ѵ.
   23. filec
      tcsh   ܾϼ ׻ ǰ    õȴ. csh  
Ѵٸ        ϼ Ѵ.
   24. gid (+)
        ׷ ID.
   25. group (+)
       ׷̸.
   26. histchars
      ڵ ϴ ڿ  丮 ġȯ Ѵ.
        ù ڴ 丮 ġȯ ڷ Ѵ. ڴ '!'̴.
         ° ڴ  ġȯ '^' ڷ ġѴ.
   27. histdup (+)
      丮 Ͽ  Ʈ ó Ѵ.
      'all'  Ѵٸ 丮  丮 Ͽ Ѵ. 'prev'  
Ѵٸ        丮  ɰ .    丮 
Ե ʴ´. 'erase'   Ѵ         丮 Ͽ ã
´.  ǵ ϰ   Ѵ.
   28. histfile (+)
      `history -S'  ׸ `history -L'  丮  ã  ⺻ ġ 
Ѵ.
       ʴ´ٸ  ~/.history  Ѵ. histfile   ٸ  
  Ȩ      丮 Ҷ  ٸ ͹̳ε鿡 ٸ 丮 
  Ѵ.
      Ϲ ~/.tcshrc   ~/.history  б   histfile  ~/.login 
 ϴ ͺ       ~/.tcshrc  ϴ  .
   29. histlit (+)
      Ѵٸ builtin   ɵ ׸ save-histt ī use the 
literal  丮       Ͽ ε Ȯ ʴ   Ѵ.
      toggle-literal-history  ض.
   30. history
      ù °  ܾ  丮  Ѵ.    ° 
   丮        ϴ      Ѵ.  ־   ʴ´ٸ 
`%h\t%T\t%R\n'   Ѵ.         prompt  Ͽ Ѵ. 
`%R'  ǹϴ  ض.
      ⺻ 100  ȴ.
   31. home
      Ȩ丮 Ѵ. `~'  Ȯ   Ѵ.
   32. ignoreeof
      If set to the empty string or `0' and the input device is a terminal,
       ڿ̳ '0' ׸ Էġ Ѵٸ ͹̴̳.
      Ϲ  ο  '^D'  Ÿμ ߻ϴ end-of-file 
 Żϴ       ſ `Use "exit" to  leave tcsh.' ϵ Ѵ. 
   ʰ ״        ´.  n  ȴٸ   
 end-of-file  ϰ n  °       .  ʴ´ٸ 
`1'  Ѵ.    '^D' θ Ѵ.
   33. inputmode (+)
      `insert'   `overwrite'  Ѵٸ ⸦  Է¸带 
Ѵ.
   34. listflags (+)
      `x', `a' Ǵ  `A', Ǵ `xA'    Ѵٸ,  װ͵ ls 
-F  ó     ׷μ ǰ `ls -xF', `ls -Fa', `ls -FA' ׸ `ls 
-FxA'   μ      ִ.  'a'  ('.' ϴ 
)     ش. `A'     '.',  '..'  ۵Ǵ 
    ش. `x'   Ͽ        ش. 
 list ÷  ° ܾ ȴٸ ls  ημ Ѵ.
   35. listjobs (+)
      Ѵٸ ۾    ۾ ȭȴ. `long' 
ٸ,       Ѵ.
   36. listlinks (+)
      Ѵٸ ls -F builtin  ȣ ũ  Ʈ  Ÿ 
ش.
   37. listmax (+)
       ִ ϸ list-choices   Ѵ.
   38. listmaxrows (+)
      The  maximum  number  of  rows  of items which the
      list-choices editor command will list without asking first.
       ִ   Ѵٸ list-choices     
Ѵ.
   39. loginsh (+)
      α   Ѵ.  ϰų  ʰų  ƹ ȿ
 .
      shlvl  ض.
   40. logout (+)
         α׾ƿ  'normal'     ǰ   ڵ  α׾ƿ 
`automatic'                    Ǿٸ 
`hangup'  ȴ.
      autologout  ϶.
   41. mail
        ˻ϱ   и ̸ 丮 ̸
        ڸ Ѵ.  Ʈ   ˻Ŀ 10 
 ٸ        ϰ `You  have new mail.'  Ѵ. 
    ϵ ϰ ִ     `You  have new mail in 
name.'  Ѵ.  ũⰡ 0   ũٸ  ð      ׼ ð
  ũ.
      α ̴ٸ  ۵  Ŀ ŵ  ٸ  ʴ´. 
κ α       α׷ αν   ִ  
ش. mail   ǵ        丮̴ٸ    丮 ȿ 
    ϰ `You have n mails.'       `You have n mails 
in name.'    ش.   ַ Adrew Mail System         
 ϴ ýۿ Ѵ. mail ù ° ڰ  ٸ 
    ϴ  Ⱓ̴.  ̴. ſ 幮 Ȳ  `You  have 
mail.' ſ          `You have new mail.'  Ѵ.
   42. matchbeep (+)
      `never'  Ѵٸ  ϼ    ʴ´. `nomatch'  
Ѵٸ,        ġϴ    .  `ambiguous  
Ѵٸ,  ġҶ        . `notunique'  Ѵ
, ϳ ġϰ   ̻ ġ        . ƹ͵ 
  `ambiguous'  ȴ.
   43. nobeep (+)
      Ѵٸ  ȰȭѴ. visiblebell  ض.
   44. noclobberr
      Ѵٸ ѵ   ̷  ϵ ı ʵ
 ȣѴ.
       ǿ  `>>' ̷ǵ ϴ Ͽ δ.
   45. noglob
      Ѵٸ ̸  ġȯ 丮  ġȯ Ѵ.  ̰ 
̸ ٷ       ʴ  ũƮ  ϰ ̸  
  Ȯ ʴ´.
   46. nokanji (+)
      Ѵٸ  Kanji   Ѵ. Ÿ Ű   ֵ Ȱ
ȭѴ.
   47. nonomatch
      Ѵٸ ϴ ϰ ġ ʴ ̸ ġȯ Ǵ 丮 
 ġȯ       Ű ͺ    ʴ  . 
  ġȯ ߸       ִ.  'echo ['   
 .
   48. nostat (+)
      ϼ ߿   丮 Ǵ 丮 ġϴ 
ü  .
       ̰   /afs     ҿǴ 丮 
  Ѵ.
   49. notify
      Ѵٸ  ﰢ  ۾ ϷḦ ˷ش. ⺻ Ʈ
 ϱ         ۾ Ϸ̴.
   50. oid (+)
        ID.  Domain/OS  ȴ.
   51. owd (+)
      cd  pushd  ϴ '-'    ۾ 丮̴.
      cwd  dirstack  ض.
   52. path
        ɵ ã 丮  Ѵ.
       ڴ  丮  Ѵ. path  ƹ͵ ٸ  
θ     ؾѴ. path  PATH  ȯ溯κ ŸƮ 
  ؼ  ǰų   PATH         ʴ´ٸ   `(/usr/local/bin 
/usr/bsd /bin /usr/bin .)'    ýۿ        ⺻ 
.  ù ° `.' ̰  path   ִ ̸       
ϵǾĿ ؼ װ Ѵ. version  ض.
      -c  -t  ɼ ־   ~/.tcshrc   Ŀ path   
 丮        ٽ а Ź path  缳ȴ.
       ȰȭǾִ     path  丮 Ѵٸ  
װ ˱     ٽ о ʿ䰡 ִ.
   53. printexitvalue (+)
      Ѵٸ ȣۿϴ α׷ 0  ƴ · ȴ.
       `Exit status'  Ѵ.
   54. prompt
       %/
          ۾ 丮.
       %~
          ۾ 丮.  , ڽ Ȩ丮̸ `~'  ǥϰ ٸ 
 Ȩ       丮̸ `~user'  ǥѴ.
       %c[[0]n], %.[[0]n]
           ۾丮 trailing  component Ǵ   n  شٸ  n 
trailing components 
         n      0     ۵ȴٸ,   ŵǴ   components      
`/<skipped>trailing' Ŀ         ִ  trailing components   켱̴. 
ellipsis  Ǿ ִٸ ŵ            components  ellipsis  
ؼ ǥȴ. ׷  `...trailing' ȴ.
         `~'  ġȯ  %~    ۵ `~'  component  trailing 
components           õȴ.
       %C
         %c  , ~ ġȯ .
       %h, %!, !
          丮 ۾ ȣ.
       %M
         ü ȣƮ ̸.
       %m
         ù ° '.'  ȣƮ ̸.
       %S (%s)
         ǥ   (%S) (%s).
       %B (%b)
            (%B) (%b).
       %U (%u)
            (%U) (%u).
        %t, %@
         AM/PM  ð.
        %T
         24ð  ð.
        %p
         AM/PM  ð. %T  ڼ .
        %P
         %p   ampm    .
        \c
         c is parsed as in bindkey.
        ^c
         c is parsed as in bindkey.
        %%
         `%' ȣ.
        %n
          ̸.
        %d
           .
        %D
         %d   ¥ .
        %w
         ڷε  .
        %W
         ڷε  .
        %y
         yy ·  .
        %Y
         yyyy ·  .
        %l
           tty .
        %L
         Ʈ  ÷  Ǵ   .
        %#
         Ϲ ڴ `>' Ǵ promptchars   ù ,  
`#' Ǵ              promptchars    ° .
        %{string%}
           ڿ Ѵ.  ͹̳ Ӽ  Ҷ 
ؾϰ Ŀ          ġ Űܼ ȵȴ.   Ʈ  
   .
        %?
         Ʈ    ڵ.
        %R
         prompt2    parser   .  prompt3     ڿ. 
history           ڿ̴.
      `%B', `%S',  `%U' ׸ `%{string%}'  8Ʈ   밡
. bold, standout     ׸ underline ڿ     ϱ
ؼ Ѵ.
        > set prompt =  "%m [%h] %B[%@]%b  [%/] you rang?" 
 Ѵٸ       Ʈ  tut [37] [2:54pm] [/usr/accts/sys] you  rang? 
  ̴.
   55. prompt2 (+)
      while  foreach   Ʈ. ⺻ `%R? '   Ǿ
ִ.
   56. prompt3 (+)
      ڵ    ö   Ȯ           Ʈ.    ⺻ 
`CORRECT>%R (y|n|e)? '       Ǿִ.
   57. promptchars (+)
      Ʈ   `%#' Ϲݻڴ ù ° (%)   
 ° (#)     Ʈ Ѵ.
   58. pushdtohome (+)
      ڰ  pushd  `pushd  ~'  Ѵ.
   59. pushdsilent (+)
      pushd  popd  丮 ÿ  ʴ´.
   60. recexact (+)
      ܾ ϼ   ġ ϴ ϼ Ѵ.

   61. recognizeonlyexecutables (+)
      డ ϸ ǥѴ.
   62. rmstar (+)
      ڰ `rm *'  ϱ Ʈ Ѵ.
   63. savedirs (+)
       ϱ  `dirs -S' Ѵ.
   64. savehist
       ϱ `history -S'  Ѵ. ù ڷ ڰ  ־ 
       Ѵ. ̶  history  ų Ѵ.  ° 
ڰ `merge'̸ 丮        Ͽ  ġϴ  װͿ ߰
ϰ ð ϰ  ֱ ۾       Ѵ.
   65. sched (+)
      ٵ ϵ ϱ .
      ־  `%h\t%T\t%R\n'  Ѵ. Ŀ  Ʈ 
 ͵       Ѵ. `%R' ǹϴ Ϳ ϶.
   66. shell
       ͼӵǾִ  . ̰ Ʈ  ϴ  ϵ ؼ
 forking      ȴ. ׷ ýۿ   .
   67. shlvl (+)
        ȣ. α  1̴.
   68. status
        ɿ ǵƿ .   ٸ 0200 Ѵ. 
ɵ       1̰ ٸ 0̴.
   69. symlinks (+)
      ɺ ũ(ȣ ) ϱ     ٸ    
ִ.
      `chase'  Ѵٸ,   丮 ɺ ũ ϴ 
 ɶ     ũ  丮  ̸ ȮѴ. ̰
  Ȩ丮      ۵ ʴ װ ִ.
      `ignore'   Ѵٸ,  ũ Ǳ    丮 
         Ѵ. ̰ ɺ ũ 丮 
 'cd ..' ϴ         ϳ Ѵٴ  ǹѴ. 
   ɵ ̸ ϼ        ش.
      `expand'  Ѵٸ,    ̸ó ̴  Ȯ 
 ɺ       ũ ģ. ̰   ƴ ɿ  
.    ϰԵ   ̰    ɿɼǵ          ϴ   Ͱ     
hard-to-recognize ̸ ۵ ʴ´.
      Ȯ ο   𸥴.    ϴ. ȮǾ
 μ ν      Ҷ  ߸ǰ ȥﶧ ִ.
       'ignore'   ϰ ʿϴٸ  normalize-path(⺻
 ^X-n       Ǿ ִ.)   Ѵ. Ϻ    
Ѵ. ù° 丮       Ѵ.
         > cd /tmp
         > mkdir from from/src to
         > ln -s from/src to/dist
      ⼭   symlinks  ̴.
         > cd /tmp/to/dist; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to/dist
         > cd ..; echo $cwd
         /tmp/from
      `chase'   symlinks  ,
         > cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
         /tmp/from/src
         > cd ..; echo $cwd
         /tmp/from
      `ignore'   symlinks  ,
         > cd /tmp/to/dist; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to/dst
         > cd ..; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to
      `expand'   symlinks  ,
         > cd /tmp/to/dist; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to/dst
         > cd ..; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to
         > cd /tmp/to/dist; echo $cwd
         /tmp/to/dst
         > cd ".."; echo $cwd
         /tmp/from
         > /bin/echo ..
         /tmp/to
         > /bin/echo ".."
         ..
      `expand' Ȯ   cd ó `ignore' ó  ۵ϰ ο 
ϰ ̸         ɿ ģٴ Ϳ ض.
   70. tcsh (+)
      `R.VV.PP'     ȣμ `R'  ߿  ȣ̰ `VV' 
        `PP' ġ̴.
   71. term
      ͹̳ Ÿ.  ~/.login  Ѵ.
   72. time
      ð.  ° ڴ ð   Ѵ.
       %U  cpu ð μ 忡  ð.
       %S  cpu ð μ Ŀθ忡  ð.
       %E   ð.  .
       %P  (%U + %S) / %E   CPU ۼƮ.
       %W  μ ҵ ð.
       %X  ؽƮ  շ.  Kbyte ̴.
       %D   Ǵ  շ.  Kbyte ̴.
       %K  (%X + %D) ü .  Kbyte ̴.
       %M  μ     ִ ִ ޸.   Kbyte 
̴.
       %F  ũκ   ʿ   .
        %R  ̳  .
        %I  Է ۾ .
        %O   ۾ .
        %r  ŵ  ޽ .
        %s    ޽ .
        %k  ŵ ñ׳ .
        %w  ڹ ȯ . Ѵ.
        %c  ڹ ȯ .
       ù °  4   BSD ڿ Ѿ ýۿ 
.
      ⺻  ð  ڿ   ϴ ýۿ  `%Uu %Ss 
%E %P %X+%Dk     %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww' ̰  ʴ ýۿ
 `%Uu %Ss %E %P' ̴.
      DYNIX/ptx   %X, %D, %K, %r  %s    Ӹƴ϶ 
 ߰       ִ.
       %Y  Ǵ ý ȣ .
       %Z  0  ä  .
       %i   μ ϴ  ũ Ŀο  ؼ ϴ ð
 .
       %d   μ ϴ  ũ Ŀο ؼ ϴ ð
 .
       %l   ý ȣ  .
       %m   ý ȣ  .
       %p  raw ũ ̽κ  .
       %q  raw ũ ̽κ  .
      ׸   ⺻  ð     `%Uu   %Ss   $E  %P   %I+%Oio 
%Fpf+%Ww' ̴.
      CPU ۼƮ  Ƽ μ 100%     ִٴ Ϳ 
ض.
   73. tperiod (+)  periodic   ħǥ Ǵ .
   74. tty (+) tty  ̸.
   75. uid (+)   ID.
   76. user  α ̸.
   77. verbose
      Ѵٸ 丮 ġȯĿ µ  ܾ ߻Ѵ.
      -v ɶ ɼǿ Ѵ.
   78. version (+)
         Ѵ. shell's version number,  origin,  ¥, Ǹ, 
ü ׸       ý ׸ Ͻÿ  ĸ(,) и ɼ
 Ѵ.
      ǿ ⺻ Ǿִ ɼǵ ض.

       8b
         8 Ʈ Ѵ. ⺻̴.
       7b
         7 Ʈ Ѵ.
       nls
         ý NLS  Ѵ. ⺻̴.
       lf
         α   /etc/csh.cshrc   б  /etc/csh.login   ϰ 
~/.tcshrc               ~/.tcshrc  б д´.
       dl
         `.'   ´. ⺻̴.
       nd
         `.'  ο Ѵ.
       vi
          Ÿ vi ŸϷ Ѵ.
       dtr
           αν DTR  Ÿ.
       bye
         bye  α׾ƿ ϰ log  watchlog   ٸ ̸̴.
       al
         autologout  Ѵ. ⺻ ȴ.
        kan
         Kanji  ϰ nokanji   ʾҴٸ ISO ڼ 
Ѵ.
        sm
         ý malloc  Ѵ.
        hb
         `#!<program>  <args>'   ũƮ    ķƮ
Ѵ.
        ng
         newgrp  밡ϴ.
        rh
          REMOTEHOST ȯ溯 ϵ õѴ.
        afs
          Ѵٸ  н带 ȮѴ.
         afsuser    Ǵ AFSUSER ȯ溯  ̸ 
Ѵ. ڴ          ù  Űؼ  ߰ ڿ 
Է  ִ.
   79. visiblebell (+)
      Ѵٸ Ҹٴ ȭ  ȴ. nobeep  ض.
   80. watch (+)
      α, α׾ƿ ϱ ڿ ͹̳   Ѵ.
      ڿ ͹̳ 'any'   Ѵٸ   ڿ  
̳ Ѵ.
      '(any any)'  watch  Ѵٸ  ڿ ͹̳ Ѵ.
       set watch  = (george ttyd1 any console $user any)  
ٸ ttyd1          george  ַܼ     ׸
  ͹̳η  ڽ     Ȱ Ѵ.
      αΰ α׾ƿ ⺻  10и   и 
 ΰ        watch  ù ° ܾ ־   ִ.  
set watch = (1  any any)       Ǿִٸ  и α, α
ƿ Ѵ.
      α Ʈ    watch  ߻Ѵ.   α
 watch        Ǿ  Ѵ. who     
  Ѵ.
   81. who (+)
       ޽  ڿ  Ѵ. Ʒ ڿ ־  
ġȴ.
       %n : α, α׾ƿϴ  ̸.
       %a : α׿, α׾ƿ Ǵ ڴġ  ָǴ .
       %l : ڰ α, α׾ƿϴ ͹̳.
       %M  :  ȣƮκ α, α׾ƿѴٸ  Ǵ   ȣ
Ʈ ü ȣ            Ʈ ̸.
       %m : ù ° '.'   ȣƮ ̸.
            IP  ּ̰ų X  ý̴ٸ ü  ȣƮ̸ 
.
            %M   %m   /etc/utmp    ȣƮ ̸ Ǿ 
ִ ýۿ           밡ϴ.    `%n has  %a %l 
from %m.'   ǰų            ȣƮ  ̸ Ǿ  ʴ 
ýۿ `%n has %a %l.'  Ѵ.
   82. wordchars (+)
      forward-word, back-ward-word    ɵ ܾ κ 
ϴ  ĺ      ƴ  ڵ    Ѵ.     
`*?-.[]~='  ȴ.

XX II. ȯ (ENVIRONMENT)
   1. AFSUSER (+)
      afsuser   ϴ.
   2. COLUMNS
      ͹̳ο ϴ Į Ѵ. ͹̳  ض.
   3. DISPLAY
      X 쿡 Ѵ. ̰  ϸ  autologout  
´.
   4. EDITOR
      ⺻  θ ԷѴ. ȯ溯 run-fg-editor  
 ض.
   5. GROUP (+)
      group   ϴ.
   6. HOME
      home   ϴ.
   7. HOST (+)
          gethostname ý ȣ ǵ ǻ  ̸ 
ȭѴ.
   8. HOSTTYPE (+)
          compile time  ǵ  ǻ Ÿ ʱȭѴ. 
          ̴.
   9. HPATH (+)
      run-help     ãµ ϰ 丮 ݷ(:)
 иѴ.
   10. LANG
      켱   ȯ  Ѵ.   ý θ 
.
   11. LCCTYPE
        ȴٸ ctype   ó ȴ.   ý 
θ ض.
   12. LINES
      ͹̳ο ϴ μ Ѵ. ͹̳  ض.
   13. MACHTYPE (+)
      compile time    ǻ Ÿ Ѵ.  ǻ Ÿ 
ũ μ        ǻ ̴.
   14. NOREBIND (+)
      Ѵٸ    ִ ڵ self-insert-command  ()  
 ʴ´.
        ý θ ض.
   15. OSTYPE (+)
      compile time   ü Ѵ.
   16. PATH
         ã 丮  ݷ(:) иؼ Ѵ.  path 
         ٸ ̴.
   17. PWD (+)
      cwd    ϳ װͰ  ʴ.    丮 
 Ŀ       Ѵ.
   18. REMOTEHOST (+)
      ڰ κ α  ȣƮ̴. ̷ 쿡  װ 
    ִ.      ׷ϵ  ϵǾ    쿡 Ѵ. 
version   ض.
   19. SHLVL (+)
      shlvl   ϴ.
   20. SYSTYPE (+)
       ý Ÿ ϰ  Domain/OS ϶ ϴ.
   21. TERM
      term   ϴ.
   22. TERMCAP
      ͹̳ ° ڿ Ѵ. ͹̳  ض.
   23. USER
      user   ϴ.
   24. VENDOR (+)
      compile time   vendor  Ѵ.
   25. VISUAL
      ⺻   ȭ    θ  Ѵ.   EDITOR  ȯ溯 
run-fg-editor         ض.

XX III. (FILES)
   1. /etc/csh.cshrc
          ù ° д´.
      ConvexOS,  Stellix ׸ Intel   /etc/cshrc   ϰ NeXTs   
/etc/cshrc.std      Ѵ. A/UX, AMIX, Cray ׸ IRIX   csh  
 ʰ,             tcsh  д´. Solaris 2.x   װ
    tcsh  /etc/.cshrc  д      .
   2. /etc/csh.login
      /etc/csh.cshrc   Ŀ α  д´. ConvexOS, Stellix 
 Intel           /etc/login   ϰ, NeXTs  /etc/login.std   
Ѵ. Solaris 2.x   /etc/.login        ϰ A/UX, AMIX, Cray ׸
 IRIX  /etc/cshrc  д´.
   3. ~/.tcshrc (+)
      /etc/csh.cshrc    Ŀ   д´. Ǵ װͰ  
 д´.
   4. ~/.cshrc
         д´. /etc/csh.cshrc    Ŀ ~/.tcshrc   
ʴ´ٸ ׿         д´. ⼭ ~/.tcshrc  ~/.tcshrc  
ϰ ~/.tcshrc ٸ ~/.cshrc    ̴.
   5. ~/.history
      ~/.tcshrc   Ŀ  savehist Ǿ  ִٸ αν  д´. 
histfile ض.
   6. ~/.login
      ~/.tcshrc  ̳  ~/.history     Ŀ α    д´.  
~/.tcshrc ׸          ~/.history    Ŀ ~/.login  е ϵ
ٸ д´. version      ض.
   7. ~/.cshdirs (+)
      savedirs   Ǿ ִٸ ~/.login    Ŀ α  д
. dirsfile      ض.

   8. /etc/csh.logout
      α׾ƿÿ α  д´.
      ConvexOS,  Stellix ׸ Intel   /etc/logout  ϰ  NeXTs  
/etc/logout.std       Ѵ. A/UX, AMIX, Cray ׸ IRIX  csh ϶
  tcsh  д´.
      Solaris 2.x    tcsh  /etc/.cshrc  д´.
   9. ~/.logout
      α׾ƿ /etc/csh.logout   Ŀ д´.
   10. /bin/sh
      Used to interpret shell scripts not starting with a `#'.
      '#' ڷ ۵ ʴ  ũƮ ؼѴ.
   11. /tmp/sh* 
      `<<'   ӽ ̴.
   12. /etc/passwd
      ~name ġȯ   丮  ׸ ȣ Ѵ.

    ٸ  ϵǾ ִٸ ŸƮ ϵ  д  ٸ  
ִ. Startup  shutdown ׸ version   ض.

XX IV. ο (New Features) (+) 
      tcsh  ܼ    Ѵ. ׷    csh 
ڵ tcsh     Ư ɿ ϱ ٶ.
   GNU  emacs     vi    Ű  ε  ϴ  ɶ  
(command-line editor      ). α׷ ϰ ȣۿϴ ܾ ϼ
 ȭ(Completion  Listing ׸   complet   uncomplete θ 
). ̸, ɾ  ö .
     Ÿ ߰  ٸ    ϰ    
(run-help), ׸ 
     ⸦ (run-fg-editor)    ط(which-command) 
     . 丮  ð  зϰ  ȭ 
 '#' , 丮  ġȯ  ϴ ο  ׸ *-history, 
history-search-*, i-search-*,  vi-search-*,       toggle-literal-history  
ɵ histlit   丮  ó ȭ ɵ     (history ɰ 
̿ õ  ).
   cd, pushd, popd, dirs ɵ װͰ  , 丮  ġȯ 
׸   dirstack,     owd,   symlinks   ,  normalize-command    
normalize-path  ɵ   ȭ  丮 ó 丮   
ó. glob-patterns  (̸ ġȯ ).
   ο  ˻ ڿ ̰ ϴ  ˻  .
   ڵ, Ⱓ,  ð ̿ ۾  . Ư , ڵ α
ƿ ͹̳    , αΰ α׾ƿ  ñ.   ý  
پ ü  ý      . Ȯ ͹̳  Ư(
̳  ).
   builtins, hup, ls -F, new-grp,  printenv, which, where   ο 
.
   gid,  loginsh,  oid,   shlvl,  tcsh,  tty,  uid,  version     HOST, 
REMOTEHOST,          VENDOR, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE ȯ溯 
     ֵ ϴ  ο .
   Ʈ ڿ   ϴ ο   縵 
 Ȯϱ     Ư Ʈ(prompt, prompt2, prompt3 ).
   б  ( ġȯ ).


XX V. (BUGS)
         丮 ٸ  װ  
丮 Ѵ.
   ̰ ۾  丮  쿡 ߸ȴ.
     ɵ ߰ų   .
   'a;b;c'      ߰    ڿ ó ʴ
. 'b'  Ű  Ѵٸ  'c'  ȴ.   ̷ Ȯ
 Ѵٸ Ư ؾѴ.   װ   ڽ   
 Ѵٸ '(a;b;c)'   ȣ ѷξ  . μ ۵ Ŀ 
tty   ó ؾ Ѵ.  ׷  ̰     
͹̳ ̽ ϵ  ̴.  ͹̳  ̽  
  ̷ο ϵ   Բ ϰ ȴ.
    ġȯ     ٷ  ùķƮ   ִ.  
      Ѵ.  ִ ɵ 丮 Ͽ Ե
 ʴ´.         νĵǾ ؼ  ִ. ̰ 
ɵ  ġ   ְ '|'   յ    ְ '&', ';' Ÿ 
Բ   ִ.
   foreach    ã    ʴ´.  ġȯ  ¿ ':' 
ڸ   ϰ ؾ Ѵ. ȭ    ũ ȭ ϴ 
 ͹̳  Ŀ       ٸ  ſ ڰ ȴ(͹̳   
'dumb'  ).
   HPATH  NOREBIND  ȯ溯 ʿ ʴ.
   '?', '*', '[]'   ʰų '{}', '~'   ϴ glob-patterns  Ȯ
    .  ̷  Ŀ    
  ʴ´.
   ls -F  ̸  쿡   ڸ Ѵ.
   ״ tcsh-bugs@mx.gw.com  ض.  ׷ ġ  . tcsh 
     ʹٸ  'subscribe tcsh <your name>'   
                        listserv@mx.gw.com    .  
    ʹٸ 'subscribe       tcsh-bugs <your  name>' 
      ,   ġ           ʹٸ 
'subscribe tcsh-diffs <your name>'      .

XX VI. Tcsh  T(THE T IN TCSH)
   1964, 12   PDP-6  ߴ.  Ŀ PDP-10  Ǿ.  1970 
⿡ DECsystem    Ǿ DEC   Ŀ KI10 ̶  
. TENEX  1972 ⿡       Bolt, Beranek & Newman (޻߼ ķ
긮 ) 䱸ϰ ϴ ޸   ü   
. ׵ DEC  PDP-10   Ӱ  װ  ۵    
ü . йδ  ̾. 1975  DEC   PDP-10 
    KL10  . ׵   TENEX   ̾. 
׸ BNN    ο Ϳ  Ư㸦 ޾Ҵ.  ׵ װ TOPS-20 
 ҷ. 
    TOPS-10(The  OPerating System  for PDP-10) ڵ   
ߴ. DEC      ϵ  ý ȣȯǵ ϴ PDP-11 
 6   ü ߴ.  TENEX, TOPS-20  3   ULTCMD  
Ҹ  ڵ  ƾ     ϼ  ־.  3 
 DEC   ׷  Ư COMND%  JSYS(Jump to  SYStem)  ϴ 
Unix  ϴ ڿԼ     Ű.
   tcsh     ɰ TENEX   ٸ  TOPS-20 
 ޾Ҵ.  ׸ װ 䳻 csh  .

XX VII. (LIMITATIONS)
   ܾ 1024 ں ũ ʾƾѴ.  ý   10240 ڷ 
Ѵ.
   ̸Ȯ ϴ ɿ  ڵ   Ͽ  
ڵ 1/6      ѵȴ.  ġȯ  Ͽ  ϴ ͺ ۰ 
ڸ ġȯѴ. ȯ ϱ      ο   ġȯ  20
 Ѵ.

XX VIII. 
   csh(1), emacs(1), ls(1),  newgrp(1), sh(1), setpath(1), stty(1), su(1), tset(1), 
vi(1), x(1),         access(2), execve(2), fork(2), killpg(2), pipe(2), setrlimit(2), 
sigvec(2),  stat(2),  umask(2),      vfork(2),  wait(2),  malloc(3),  setlocale(3), 
tty(4),  a.out(5), termcap(5),  environ(7), termio(7),     Introduction  to the  C 
Shell

XX IX. 
   ̰ tcsh 6.06.00 (Cornell) 1995-04-29   ̴.

XXX. (α׷)
William Joy : Original author of csh(1)
J.E.  Kulp, IIASA,  Laxenburg,  Austria :  Job  control  and directory  stack 
features
Ken Greer, HP Labs, 1981 : File name completion
Mike Ellis, Fairchild, 1983 : Command name recognition/completion
Paul Placeway,  Ohio State CIS  Dept., 1983-1993 :  Command   line  editor,   
prompt routines, new glob syntax and numerous fixes and speedups
Karl Kleinpaste, CCI 1983-4 : Special aliases, directory  stack extraction stuff, 
login/logout   watch,  scheduled  events, and  the idea  of  the new  prompt 
format
Rayan Zachariassen, University  of Toronto, 1984 :  ls -F and which builtins 
and numerous bug fixes, modifications and speedups
Chris Kingsley, Caltech : Fast storage allocator routines
Chris Grevstad, TRW, 1987 : Incorporated 4.3BSD csh into tcsh
Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell U. EE Dept., 1987-94 : Ports to HPUX, SVR2 and 
SVR3,  a SysV  version of  getwd.c, SHORTSTRINGS  support and  a new 
version of sh.glob.c
James J Dempsey, BBN, and Paul Placeway, OSU, 1988 : A/UX port
Daniel Long, NNSC, 1988 : wordchars
Patrick Wolfe, Kuck and Associates, Inc., 1988 : vi mode cleanup
David  C Lawrence,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute, 1989  :  autolist  and 
ambiguous completion listing
Alec Wolman, DEC, 1989 : Newlines in the prompt
Matt Landau, BBN, 1989 : ~/.tcshrc
Ray Moody, Purdue Physics, 1989 : Magic spacebar history expansion
Mordechai ????, Intel, 1989 : printprompt() fixes and additions
Kazuhiro  Honda,  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Keio  University,  1989   : 
Automatic spelling correction and prompt3
Per Hedeland, Ellemtel, Sweden, 1990-  : Various bugfixes, improvements and 
manual updates
Hans J. Albertsson (Sun Sweden) : ampm, settc and telltc
Michael Bloom : Interrupt handling fixes
Michael Fine, Digital Equipment Corp : Extended key support
Eric Schnoebelen, Convex, 1990 : Convex support, lots of csh bug fixes, save 
and restore of directory stack
Ron Flax, Apple, 1990 : A/UX 2.0 (re)port
Dan  Oscarsson, LTH  Sweden,  1990  : NLS  support  and simulated  NLS 
support for non NLS sites, fixes
Johan Widen,  SICS Sweden, 1990  : shlvl, Mach  support, correct-line, 8-bit 
printing
Matt Day, Sanyo Icon, 1990 : POSIX termio support, SysV limit fixes
Jaap  Vermeulen, Sequent,  1990-91 :  Vi  mode fixes,  expand-line, window 
change fixes, Symmetry port
Martin Boyer, Institut  de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, 1991  : autolist beeping 
options, modified the  history search to search for the  whole string from the 
beginning of the line to the cursor.
Scott Krotz, Motorola, 1991 : Minix port
David Dawes, Sydney  U. Australia, Physics Dept.,  1991 : SVR4 job  control 
fixes
Jose Sousa, Interactive Systems Corp., 1991 : Extended vi fixes and vi delete 
command
Marc  Horowitz, MIT,  1991 :  ANSIfication fixes,  new exec  hashing  code, 
imake fixes, where
Bruce  Sterling  Woodcock,  sterling@netcom.com,  1991-1995   :  ETA  and 
Pyramid port, Makefile  and lint fixes, ignoreeof=n addition, and various other 
portability changes and bug fixes
Jeff Fink, 1992 : complete-word-fwd and complete-word-back
Harry C. Pulley, 1992 : Coherent port
Andy Phillips, Mullard Space Science Lab U.K., 1992 : VMS-POSIX port
Beto Appleton, IBM Corp., 1992 : Walking process group fixes, csh bug fixes, 
POSIX file  tests, POSIX SIGHUP
Scott Bolte, Cray Computer Corp., 1992 : CSOS port
Kaveh R. Ghazi, Rutgers University, 1992 :  Tek, m88k, Titan and Masscomp 
ports and fixes
Mark Linderman, Cornell University, 1992 : OS/2 port
Mika Liljeberg, liljeber@kruuna.Helsinki.FI, 1992 : Linux port
Tim P. Starrin, NASA Langley Research Center Operations, 1993 : Read-only 
variables
Dave   Schweisguth,  Yale   University,   1993-4  :   New   manpage  and 
tcsh.man2html
Larry Schwimmer, Stanford University, 1993 : AFS and HESIOD patches
Luke  Mewburn, RMIT  University,  1994 :  Enhanced  directory printing  in 
prompt

XXX I.  
Bryan Dunlap,  Clayton Elwell, Karl  Kleinpaste, Bob Manson,  Steve Romig, 
Diana Smetters, Bob  Sutterfield, Mark Verber, Elizabeth  Zwicky and all the 
other people at Ohio State for  suggestions and encouragement All the people 
on the  net, for  putting up  with, reporting bugs   in,  and suggesting  new 
additions to each and  every version Richard M. Alderson III, for writing  the 
`T in tcsh' section

