  DNS HOWTO
  Nicolai Langfeldt janl@math.uio.no,  Alex Ott
  ott@phtd.tpu.edu.ru
  v2.0.8, 25  1998

        DNS.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. 

     1.1  
     1.2     
     1.3 

  2. 

  3.    .

     3.1  named

  4. (EM

     4.1      
     4.2   
     4.3  (reverse) 

  5.   

     5.1 /etc/named.conf ( /var/named/named.conf)
     5.2 /var/named/root.hints
     5.3 /var/named/zone/127.0.0
     5.4 /var/named/zone/land-5.com
     5.5 /var/named/zone/206.6.177

  6. 

  7.   named   4   8

  8.   

  9.      DNS.



  ______________________________________________________________________

   ::      , 
  .

  11..  

   : DNS, bind, bind-4, bind-8, named, dialup, ppp, slip,
  isdn, Internet,  (domain),  (name),  (hosts),
    (resolving)

  11..11..   

    (c) Nicolai Langfeldt, 1995.   
    ,    
     .



  11..22..      

     Arnt Gulbrandsen,   
          .  
    ,      
  .

       ,   
        --    
  .   ,  /   
  janl@math.uio.no.        ,
       _________,   
     .    
  ``  ''     .

       ,     
  ,           , 
       ,     .

  11..33..  

     Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt.   
     ,       ,
    .

  22..  

    ,,      

   , DNS --     (Domain Name System).
  DNS     IP-,   
  ,           . 
       , 
     Linux.  --   
     ,      ,
    ftp.linux.org,   IP  , 
  199.249.150.4.

  DNS ,   (  ;-),   
     .  
      .   
   _______  DNS.     ,
        DNS  .  
        ``  ''
   .     ,    ,  
   _________  .      
       `` ''.

     ,       , 
      telnet  / ,   
   ,      
    telnet 127.0.0.1     
   (  !).    
     /etc/nsswitch.conf ( /etc/host.conf),
  /etc/resolv.conf  /etc/hosts,      
     .        , 
   _N_E_T_-_3_-_H_O_W_T_O / _P_P_P_-_H_O_W_T_O     . 
  .

     ` '    ,   
    DNS.     ,   
      .

   ,      firewall  , 
    .   -   firewall,  
    ,   `` 
  ''.

   Unix     , 
  named.     bbiinndd,   Paul
  Vixie  Internet Software Consortium. Named   
   Linux,     /usr/sbin/named.
      named,      ;  
    ,         ftp
   Linux,       
    ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/bind-8/.  
   bind  8.    , 
  bind  4,    
  http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/,   ,   
  bind 4.    named    named.conf,
      bind 8,     named.boot,    bind
  4.     bind  4    
   ,      
     8.

  DNS      .    ,
      .        , 
          .    DNS 
          . 
    ,   ,    
    ,      
   .

        ,     
     (    
   ).      .  
  ( ;-)  ,   ,    .

  ::     ,    
  ,      ,      
  ,        .

  33..     ..

       DDNNSS,,    ddiiaalluupp
  

            
  ,  ,        
  .        
  ,      .

      ,  /etc/named.conf.   named
     .     
   :

















  ______________________________________________________________________
  //      

  options {
          directory "/var/named";

          //   ,  
          //   firewall    :

          // query-source address * port 53;
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "pz/127.0.0";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



   `directory'    .   
  ,     . 
   pz --     /var/named, ..,
  /var/named/pz. /var/named --     _L_i_n_u_x
  _F_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m _S_t_a_n_d_a_r_d _(_________ ________ _______ _L_i_n_u_x_).

    /var/named/root.hints    
  .     :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  .                     6D IN NS        G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

  G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.112.36.4
  J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.10
  K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    193.0.14.129
  L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.32.64.12
  M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    202.12.27.33
  A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.4
  H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.63.2.53
  B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.9.0.107
  C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.33.4.12
  D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.8.10.90
  E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.203.230.10
  I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.36.148.17
  F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.5.5.241
  ______________________________________________________________________


           . 
            ______
  .  ``  ''  , 
        .

     named.conf --   .    
     ,    ,
   127.0.0   pz:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                  1       ; Serial
                                  8H      ; Refresh
                                  2H      ; Retry
                                  1W      ; Expire
                                  1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________



    ,    /etc/resolv.conf 
   :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu
  nameserver 127.0.0.1
  ______________________________________________________________________



   `search'         
     .  `nameserver'  
    ,       ,
      named (127.0.0.1   , 
   ,      ).   
     ,      
     `nameserver'  . (: Named 
     ,    resolver,  
  named).

     :      
   foo,         
  foo.subdomain.your-domain.edu,    foo.your-fomain.edu,  
    foo.     sunsite.unc.edu, 
    sunsite.unc.edu.subdomain.your-domain.edu ( 
  ,     ),  sunsite.unc.edu.your-
  domain.edu,     sunsite.unc.edu.    
       ,     
    .

   ,      subdomain.your-
  domain.edu,      your-
  machine.subdomain.your-domain.edu.     
   TLD (Top Level Domain (  ), `edu'  
  ).         
  ,         ,  
  :





  ______________________________________________________________________
  search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu other-domain.com
  ______________________________________________________________________



    . ,        
   ,  .  
       .

        libc   
      /etc/nsswitch.conf,   
  /etc/host.conf.       nsswitch.conf,   
      ,    ,    
     host.conf.

  //eettcc//nnsssswwiittcchh..ccoonnff

          , 
      .      
  ,        . 
  ,       `hosts:',  
  :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  hosts:      files dns
  ______________________________________________________________________



          `hosts:',  
     .     
      /etc/hosts,    DNS 
        resolv.conf.

  //eettcc//hhoosstt..ccoonnff

       ,    
     order    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  order hosts,bind
  ______________________________________________________________________



     `order' ,     .  
         /etc/hosts, 
        (  resolv.conf  
     127.0.0.1).       
  (8)   (  `man 8 resolv') 
    Linux.      
   ,   ,   DNS,
       .   !   
   "   ",      .

  33..11..   nnaammeedd

        named.  
   dialup ,    .
   `ndc start'  ,    return. 
    ,    
  `/usr/sbin/ndc start'.      ,  
   ``  ''.     
  .       syslog (
   /var/adm/messages,      /var/log
     syslog    )   
  named (  tail -f /var/log/messages),   
   -  :

  (   \    )



       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: starting.  named 8.1.1 Sat Feb 14 \
         00:18:20 MET 1998 ^Ijanl@roke.uio.no:/var/tmp/bind-8.1.1/src/bin/named
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: cache zone "" (IN) loaded (serial 0)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: master zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" \
         (IN) loaded (serial 1)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [127.0.0.1].53 (lo)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [129.240.230.92].53 (ippp0)
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: Forwarding source address is [0.0.0.0].1040
       Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6092]: Ready to answer queries.





    -   ,    -
   . Named      ( , 
      named.conf  root.hints :-).  
  named    .

     nslookup     .



       $ nslookup
       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       >





     ,      .  
  .  - ,      .
        named.conf,  
   named,   ndc restart.

         .  
     . pat.uio.no    , 
   :



       > pat.uio.no
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Name:    pat.uio.no
       Address:  129.240.130.16






   nslookup   named    
  pat.uio.no.        ,
      root.hints,      
   .    - ,    
   ,       
        /etc/resolv.conf.

       ,     :



       > pat.uio.no
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Non-authoritative answer:
       Name:    pat.uio.no
       Address:  129.240.2.50





  ,        `Non-authoritative
  answer:'.  ,  named        
   ,           
  .      .   
      ( )  
  `Non-authorative answer:'. nslookup   ,  
           --   , 
  named     ,    . 
     nslookup   `exit'.

         .  ,
    ,      .

  44..    ..

      

  44..11..       

       ________________   ,    
         DNS.   
   ,      .    `'
   ,         .
  ,      ,     
    named.conf.

  DNS --   .    `.'  
    `root ()'.   .   
     (Top Level Domains, TLDs),  
     ORG, COM, EDU  NET,      
  .

    ,   ,   .
        prep.ai.mit.edu,    
     ,   edu.  
    (.) (    .   -- 
     root.hints),   .  
   edu:





  $ nslookup
  Default Server:  localhost
  Address:  127.0.0.1





    :



       > server c.root-servers.net.
       Default Server:  c.root-servers.net
       Address:  192.33.4.12





     (Query type)  NS (   ):



       > set q=ns





     edu:



       > edu.





    .  ,   ,  
    edu      . (
   ).



       edu     nameserver = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       edu     nameserver = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
       A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 198.41.0.4
       H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.63.2.53
       B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.9.0.107
       C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.33.4.12
       D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.8.10.90
       E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.203.230.10
       I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.36.148.17
       F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.5.5.241
       G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.112.36.4


       ,  *.root-servers.net 
  edu.,        c.   
        : mit.edu.:



       > mit.edu.
       Server:  c.root-servers.net
       Address:  192.33.4.12

       Non-authoritative answer:
       mit.edu nameserver = W20NS.mit.edu
       mit.edu nameserver = BITSY.mit.edu
       mit.edu nameserver = STRAWB.mit.edu

       Authoritative answers can be found from:
       W20NS.mit.edu   internet address = 18.70.0.160
       BITSY.mit.edu   internet address = 18.72.0.3
       STRAWB.mit.edu  internet address = 18.71.0.151





   steawb, w20ns  bitsy  mit,     
       ai.mit.edu:



       > server W20NS.mit.edu.





       ,      
     ,       ,  
    .




























  Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
  Address:  18.70.0.160

  > ai.mit.edu.
  Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
  Address:  18.70.0.160

  Non-authoritative answer:
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU

  Authoritative answers can be found from:
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
  AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
  ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.32.5
  GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.36.4
  TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.37.6
  MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU       internet address = 128.52.39.7
  LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.80
  BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU    internet address = 128.52.32.22
  MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU  internet address = 128.52.54.11
  COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU        internet address = 128.52.38.22
  MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU     internet address = 18.26.0.36





    museli.ai.mit.edu     ai.mit.edu:



       > server MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       Default Server:  MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
       Address:  128.52.39.7





      ,       
    ,      prep.ai.mit.edu.










  > set q=any
  > prep.ai.mit.edu.
  Server:  MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
  Address:  128.52.39.7

  prep.ai.mit.edu CPU = dec/decstation-5000.25    OS = unix
  prep.ai.mit.edu
          inet address = 18.159.0.42, protocol = tcp
            ftp  telnet  smtp  finger
  prep.ai.mit.edu preference = 1, mail exchanger = gnu-life.ai.mit.edu
  prep.ai.mit.edu internet address = 18.159.0.42
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = beet-chex.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = trix.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = muesli.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = count-chocula.ai.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mintaka.lcs.mit.edu
  ai.mit.edu      nameserver = life.ai.mit.edu
  gnu-life.ai.mit.edu     internet address = 128.52.32.60
  beet-chex.ai.mit.edu    internet address = 128.52.32.22
  alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu   internet address = 128.52.32.5
  mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu  internet address = 128.52.54.11
  trix.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.37.6
  muesli.ai.mit.edu       internet address = 128.52.39.7
  count-chocula.ai.mit.edu        internet address = 128.52.38.22
  mintaka.lcs.mit.edu     internet address = 18.26.0.36
  life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.80





      .,       
  ,    .     
    DNS    
  ,         ,
         ,    
         .

   ,       in-addr.arpa. 
     ,  `' . in-
  addr.arpa     ,   . 
  ,   ip-   in-addr.arpa   
  . ,       : 192.128.52.43, 
  named         prep.ai.mit.edu:
    arpa..     in-addr.arpa.,
    192.in-addr.arpa.,    128.192.in-
  addr.arpa.,   52.128.192.in-addr.arpa..    
     43.52.128.192.in-addr.arpa. ? (
  '').     ,     
  .

    . DNS    ,    . 
      .

  44..22..    

      .    
  _l_i_n_u_x_._b_o_g_u_s     .    
   ,     ,    
     .

         :    
     .    
  : a-z, : 0-9   '-' (). 
    .     
   DNS,   pat.uio.no   Pat.UiO.No.

         named.conf:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "pz/127.0.0";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



    `.'       . 
  ,       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, 
        ,   ,    
  ,  pz/127.0.0.     ,   :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                  1       ; Serial
                                  8H      ; Refresh
                                  2H      ; Retry
                                  1W      ; Expire
                                  1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________



     `.'        ,
      named.conf.  
         $ORIGIN,   
  .  (origin) (    DNS)  
        named.conf,    
  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.

   ` '  3 `  (resource records)'
  (RRs): A SOA RR, A NS RR  PTR RR.  SOA    
   (Start Of Authority).  `@'   
   ,     ` (domain)' 
     0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,     
   



       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.   IN      SOA ...





  NS  RR    (Name Server).     '@'
   ,  _______________,   
     '@'.      
  .    NS    



       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.   IN      NS      ns.linux.bogus


     DNS,      
  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,  ns.linux.bogus.  'ns'   
   ,     web-,   
   www.____-______,     .

      -  PTR ,     1  
  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, , 127.0.0.1  localhost.

   SOA       ,   
     .    --   
  (,  ns.linux.bogus),     
  (hostmaster@linux.bogus),      (serial: 1),
    ,       
   DNS.   refresh, retry, expire  minimum 
            ,
   .

      named ( ndc restart)  
   nslookup   ,  :



       $ nslookup

       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       > 127.0.0.1
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       Name:    localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1





   ,  named       localhost 
   127.0.0.1,   .     
  ,  linux.bogus,    '(zone)'  
  named.conf:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "linux.bogus" {
          notify no;
          type master;
          file "pz/linux.bogus";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



  ,        `.'  
     named.conf.

     linux.bogus     :








  ______________________________________________________________________
  ;
  ;    linux.bogus
  ;
  ;   
  ;
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
  ;
                  NS      ns              ; Internet   
                  MX      10 mail.linux.bogus     ;   
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.   ;   
  ;
  localhost       A       127.0.0.1
  ns              A       192.168.196.2
  mail            A       192.168.196.4
  ______________________________________________________________________



        SOA.  ns.linux.bogus ______
       A.     
   CNAME   SOA.        `ns',
        . ,
  hostmaster.linux.bogus    hostmaster@linux.bogus, 
          
   DNS     .  ,
         .  
     `hostmaster',     
    ,     `hostmaster'  
   .

             (RR) -- MX,
       (Mail eXchanger).  
        someone@linux.bogus,
     mail.linux.bogus  mail.friend.bogus.  
     --    MX RR.   
    (10) --       
   .   ,      
     ,   , ,
  mail.friend.bogus      20.

   named    ndc restart. 
      nslookup:


















  $ nslookup
  > set q=any
  > linux.bogus
  Server:  localhost
  Address:  127.0.0.1

  linux.bogus
          origin = ns.linux.bogus
          mail addr = hostmaster.linux.bogus
          serial = 199802151
          refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
          retry   = 7200 (2 hours)
          expire  = 604800 (7 days)
          minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
  linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
  linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
  linux.bogus     preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.friend.bogus
  linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
  ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 192.168.196.2
  mail.linux.bogus        internet address = 192.168.196.4





       . 



       linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus





    .    
  



       linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus





     ,     
   --:-)      ,   



                       MX      10 mail.linux.bogus     ;   





   .     'linux.bogus'.  
          ,    
      (origin),   
    linux.bogus.linux.bogus.  





  ______________________________________________________________________
                  MX      10 mail.linux.bogus.    ;   
  ______________________________________________________________________



  


  ______________________________________________________________________
                  MX      10 mail                 ;   
  ______________________________________________________________________



   .    ,  
     .   bind, 
      ,    ,    . 
            
  `.'      ,     
      (origin) .

    ,    named.conf __ ______  
  `.'   .         `.' --
            
    .

             , 
    .





































  ______________________________________________________________________
  ;
  ;    linux.bogus
  ;
  ;   
  ;
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
  ;
                  TXT     "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
                  NS      ns              ; Internet   
                  NS      ns.friend.bogus.
                  MX      10 mail.linux.bogus     ;   
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.   ;   

  localhost       A       127.0.0.1

  gw              A       192.168.196.1
                  HINFO   "Cisco" "IOS"
                  TXT     "The router"

  ns              A       192.168.196.2
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
  www             CNAME   ns

  donald          A       192.168.196.3
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "i486"      "Linux 2.0"
                  TXT     "DEK"

  mail            A       192.168.196.4
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "386sx" "Linux 1.2"

  ftp             A       192.168.196.5
                  MX      10 mail
                  MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                  HINFO   "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
  ______________________________________________________________________



         (RR): 
  HINFO (  , Host INFOrmation)   , 
          . 
   --     ,   
        
  . ,  'ns',   Pentium   
   Linux 2.0. CNAME ( , Canonical NAME) -- 
       . ,  www 
    ns.

    CNAME   . 
      ,   MX, CNAME 
  SOA _______     ,    CNAME,
         A,   
   

  ______________________________________________________________________
  foobar          CNAME   www                     ; NO!
  ______________________________________________________________________



      


  ______________________________________________________________________
  foobar          CNAME   ns                      ; Yes!
  ______________________________________________________________________



    ,   CNAME    
        : 
  webmaster@www.linux.bogus    
  .   ,    
          ,   
     .  ,    
   A (     ,   MX)
  :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  www             A       192.168.196.2
  ______________________________________________________________________



      bind (arch-bind-wizards),
   __   CNAME. ,   
    .

     ,        
     .

        ndc reload,  
  named    .



       $ nslookup
       Default Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       > ls -d linux.bogus





   ,         .
     :











  [localhost]
  $ORIGIN linux.bogus.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns hostmaster (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum

                          1D IN NS        ns
                          1D IN NS        ns.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN TXT       "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
  gw                      1D IN A         192.168.196.1
                          1D IN HINFO     "Cisco" "IOS"
                          1D IN TXT       "The router"
  mail                    1D IN A         192.168.196.4
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "386sx" "Linux 1.0.9"
  localhost               1D IN A         127.0.0.1
  www                     1D IN CNAME     ns
  donald                  1D IN A         192.168.196.3
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "i486" "Linux 1.2"
                          1D IN TXT       "DEK"
  ftp                     1D IN A         192.168.196.5
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "P6" "Linux 1.3.59"
  ns                      1D IN A         192.168.196.2
                          1D IN MX        10 mail
                          1D IN MX        20 mail.friend.bogus.
                          1D IN HINFO     "Pentium" "Linux 1.2"
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns hostmaster (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum





   .   ,       .
            www:



       > set q=any
       > www.linux.bogus.
       Server:  localhost
       Address:  127.0.0.1

       www.linux.bogus canonical name = ns.linux.bogus
       linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
       linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
       ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 192.168.196.2





   ,    www.linux.bogus 
  ns.linux.bogus,       
    ns, ,    .

       .

  44..33..   ((rreevveerrssee)) 

         
  linux.bogus  ,        .
   ,  ,   ,  
   DNS     .  
        (FTP,
  IRC, WWW  )  ,  ,     
    ,        ,
       .    
        Internet.

       named.conf:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  zone "196.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
          notify no;
          type master;
          file "pz/192.168.196";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



        0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,   
     :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  @       IN      SOA     ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                          199802151 ; Serial, todays date + todays serial
                          8H      ; Refresh
                          2H      ; Retry
                          1W      ; Expire
                          1D)     ; Minimum TTL
                  NS      ns.linux.bogus.

  1               PTR     gw.linux.bogus.
  2               PTR     ns.linux.bogus.
  3               PTR     donald.linux.bogus.
  4               PTR     mail.linux.bogus.
  5               PTR     ftp.linux.bogus.
  ______________________________________________________________________



     named (ndc restart)    
      nslookup:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  > 192.168.196.4
  Server:  localhost
  Address:  127.0.0.1

  Name:    mail.linux.bogus
  Address:  192.168.196.4
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ,   ,      
  ,      :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  > ls -d 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa
  [localhost]
  $ORIGIN 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum

                          1D IN NS        ns.linux.bogus.
  1                       1D IN PTR       gw.linux.bogus.
  2                       1D IN PTR       ns.linux.bogus.
  3                       1D IN PTR       donald.linux.bogus.
  4                       1D IN PTR       mail.linux.bogus.
  5                       1D IN PTR       ftp.linux.bogus.
  @                       1D IN SOA       ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                          199802151       ; serial
                                          8H              ; refresh
                                          2H              ; retry
                                          1W              ; expiry
                                          1D )            ; minimum
  ______________________________________________________________________



   !

    ,     . 
  ,        ' (private)
  ',       internet. , 
          . 
     notify no;.   named   
  () ,       .  bind-8,
  named    ,    NS 
   ,    .   
    ,       
     ,    ,  
    internet?

   ,    ,      
  .       
  .

  55..    

      _________  

   ,      
     .

        David Bullock  LAND-5. 
    ,     24 
  1996 ,       
   bind-8     .  , 
         ,    
       LAND-5.




  55..11..  //eettcc//nnaammeedd..ccoonnff (( //vvaarr//nnaammeedd//nnaammeedd..ccoonnff))

           
   :   127.0.0,     LAND-5  
  206.6.177.        land-5.com. 
  ,        pz,  
     ,      
   zone.


  ______________________________________________________________________
  //      LAND-5

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "zone/127.0.0";
  };

  zone "land-5.com" {
          type master;
          file "zone/land-5.com";
  };

  zone "177.6.206.in-addr.arpa" {
          type master;
          file "zone/206.6.177";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



          named.conf  , 
    ,  __________   notify no;
    ,  land-5,    
  .

  55..22..  //vvaarr//nnaammeedd//rroooott..hhiinnttss

  ,      ,    
      .  
     ,     
    dig,    .















  ______________________________________________________________________
  ; <<>> DiG 8.1 <<>> @A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  ; (1 server found)
  ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
  ;; got answer:
  ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 10
  ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 13
  ;; QUERY SECTION:
  ;;      ., type = NS, class = IN

  ;; ANSWER SECTION:
  .                     6D IN NS        G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  .                     6D IN NS        F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

  ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
  G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.112.36.4
  J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.10
  K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    193.0.14.129
  L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.32.64.12
  M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    202.12.27.33
  A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    198.41.0.4
  H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.63.2.53
  B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.9.0.107
  C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.33.4.12
  D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    128.8.10.90
  E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.203.230.10
  I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.36.148.17
  F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     5w6d16h IN A    192.5.5.241

  ;; Total query time: 215 msec
  ;; FROM: roke.uio.no to SERVER: A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.  198.41.0.4
  ;; WHEN: Sun Feb 15 01:22:51 1998
  ;; MSG SIZE  sent: 17  rcvd: 436
  ______________________________________________________________________



  55..33..  //vvaarr//nnaammeedd//zzoonnee//112277..00..00

         SOA,  ,
    127.0.0.1  localhost.    
  .        .   
      ,       
        (hostmaster).











  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                  199609203       ; Serial
                                  28800   ; Refresh
                                  7200    ; Retry
                                  604800  ; Expire
                                  86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      land-5.com.

  1                       PTR     localhost.
  ______________________________________________________________________



  55..44..  //vvaarr//nnaammeedd//zzoonnee//llaanndd--55..ccoomm

       SOA,    NS. 
   ,       
   ns2.psi.net. ______     
       .    , 
      ,  land-5,  
      Internet,    
  CNAME (    A).

       SOA,      land-5.com,
     root@land-5.com. hostmaster --  
          .
        yyyymmdd  
      ;   6-   
   20  1996. ,    ______ 
  ,   ____      ,
     9      ,  
      .  
        .
































  ______________________________________________________________________
  @       IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                          199609206       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                          8H              ; refresh, seconds
                          2H              ; retry, seconds
                          1W              ; expire, seconds
                          1D )            ; minimum, seconds
                  NS      land-5.com.
                  NS      ns2.psi.net.
                  MX      10 land-5.com.  ;   

  localhost       A       127.0.0.1

  router          A       206.6.177.1

  land-5.com.     A       206.6.177.2
  ns              A       206.6.177.3
  www             A       207.159.141.192

  ftp             CNAME   land-5.com.
  mail            CNAME   land-5.com.
  news            CNAME   land-5.com.

  funn            A       206.6.177.2
  @               TXT     "LAND-5 Corporation"

  ;
  ;        
  ;
  ws-177200       A       206.6.177.200
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177201       A       206.6.177.201
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177202       A       206.6.177.202
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177203       A       206.6.177.203
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177204       A       206.6.177.204
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177205       A       206.6.177.205
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ; {   }
  ws-177250       A       206.6.177.250
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177251       A       206.6.177.251
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177252       A       206.6.177.252
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177253       A       206.6.177.253
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ws-177254       A       206.6.177.254
                  MX      10 land-5.com.   ;   
  ______________________________________________________________________



         land-5,   ,
       ws______.    bind 4 named
    ,       
  . ,         bind-8,  
    '-' ()   '_' ().

   ,   ,  ,   
      ,     
      2    IP-. 
         
  ,        
         
  .

    ,   funn.land-5.com    land-5.com, 
    A,    CNAME.

  55..55..  //vvaarr//nnaammeedd//zzoonnee//220066..66..117777

        .


  ______________________________________________________________________
  @               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                  199609206       ; Serial
                                  28800   ; Refresh
                                  7200    ; Retry
                                  604800  ; Expire
                                  86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                          NS      land-5.com.
                          NS      ns2.psi.net.
  ;
  ;       Servers
  ;
  1       PTR     router.land-5.com.
  2       PTR     land-5.com.
  2       PTR     funn.land-5.com.
  ;
  ;        
  ;
  200     PTR     ws-177200.land-5.com.
  201     PTR     ws-177201.land-5.com.
  202     PTR     ws-177202.land-5.com.
  203     PTR     ws-177203.land-5.com.
  204     PTR     ws-177204.land-5.com.
  205     PTR     ws-177205.land-5.com.
  ; {   }
  250     PTR     ws-177250.land-5.com.
  251     PTR     ws-177251.land-5.com.
  252     PTR     ws-177252.land-5.com.
  253     PTR     ws-177253.land-5.com.
  254     PTR     ws-177254.land-5.com.
  ______________________________________________________________________



       ,   
     (, grief).    , 
       IP-. :    IRC-  
     IRC-.      
           
   .     ,   
           
  ,       , 
   .       gethostbyaddr,
        IP-. Gethostbyaddr 
   DNS,       DNS. 
      ws-177200.land-5.com. IP-, 
   C  IRC-,  206.6.177.200.  ,
          200.177.6.206.in-
  addr.arpa. DNS-     arpa., 
    in-addr.arpa.,      206,
   6         177.6.206.in-addr.arpa
    land-5.         ,
    200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa     'PTR
  ws-177200.land-5.com',      
  206.6.177.200  ws-177200.land-5.com.    , 
    prep.ai.mit.edu,   .

       IRC-. IRC- 
      , , *.no, *.se, *.dk,
   ws-177200.land-5.com       
   .   __    
  206.2.177.200    in-addr.arpa,      
            206.2.177.200
     --*.no, *.se  *.dk,     
  .

    ,     
    ,      .   :
   ftp, news, IRC    http (WWW)  __ 
           .   
       
  ____________.

  66..  

     .

        named,  
     .     root.hints.
     --    dig. 
   dig       root.hints,
    .      
   ,   dig @rootserver.  , 
          root.hints.
       (   dig @e.root-
  servers.net . ns >root.hints.new)      
  root.hints.

  ,    named   .

  Al Longyear    ,    
    ,    root.hints,   
  crontab          .  
  ,        
   `hostmaster'.       
   .
























  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  #
  #        .
  #         cron.
  #
  (
   echo "To: hostmaster <hostmaster>"
   echo "From: system <root>"
   echo "Subject: Automatic update of the named.conf file"
   echo

   export PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:
   cd /var/named

   dig @rs.internic.net . ns >root.hints.new

   echo "The named.conf file has been updated to contain the following
  information:"
   echo
   cat root.hints.new

   chown root.root root.hints.new
   chmod 444 root.hints.new
   rm -f root.hints.old
   mv root.hints root.hints.old
   mv root.hints.new root.hints
   ndc restart
   echo
   echo "The nameserver has been restarted to ensure that the update is complete."
   echo "The previous root.hints file is now called
  /var/named/root.hints.old."
  ) 2>&1 | /usr/lib/sendmail -t
  exit 0
  ______________________________________________________________________



     ,   root.hints    ftp 
   Internic.  __  ftp   
  root.hints,       
  .

  77..    nnaammeedd   44   88

        bind 8,  David E.
  Smith (dave@bureau42.ml.org).      , 
    .

     .     named.conf
   named.boot,    .  bind8  
    perl,      
       .   named.boot
  ( )    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  directory /var/named
  cache   .                                     root.hints
  primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA                    127.0.0.zone
  primary localhost                               localhost.zone
  ______________________________________________________________________



    ,    bind8/src/bin/named (____
  ______ _____________, ___ _ ___ _______ ________ ___ ______ _b_i_n_d_8_. ____
  _ ___ ________ ______, __ ______ ________ ______ ____ ____-__ ______,
  ____ _ __ _______, _ ___ ___ _____ __ ______________), :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  ./named-bootconf.pl < named.boot > named.conf
  ______________________________________________________________________



       named.conf:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  // generated by named-bootconf.pl

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
  };

  zone "." {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };

  zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
          type master;
          file "127.0.0.zone";
  };

  zone "localhost" {
          type master;
          file "localhost.zone";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



      ,      
  named.boot,         
  ,     bind8.   
     named.conf,      , 
    .






















  ______________________________________________________________________
  //     named ( BIND 8.1   ).
  //     /etc/named.conf.
  //   `'  named.conf (   :)
  //  ,   <tt/directory/ , 
  //         /var/named.

  options {
          directory "/var/named";
          check-names master warn;                /*   */
          datasize 20M;
  };

  zone "localhost" IN {
          type master;
          file "localhost.zone";
          check-names fail;
          allow-update { none; };
          allow-transfer { any; };
  };

  zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
          type master;
          file "127.0.0.zone";
          check-names fail;
          allow-update { none; };
          allow-transfer { any; };
  };

  zone "." IN {
          type hint;
          file "root.hints";
  };
  ______________________________________________________________________



  bind8/src/bin/named/test   ,     ,
          
    .

       root.hints ,    
    .

  88..    

       ,     
   .


  1.  named    named.boot


        HOWTO.   
       ,   bind 4.    
      http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/

  2.   DNS  ,  firewall?


       : `forwarders', `slave',   
          .

  3.     DNS   , 
     www.busy.site,     ,  , 
        ,  - .
         AA  www.busy.site  
     bind  4.9.3  .    bind   
          .   __ 
          bind.

  4.    DNS     (intranet). 
       ?


         root.hints    
     .   ,       
     .

  5.      ()  ?


      /     127.0.0.1,  
            named.conf
       :


     ___________________________________________________________________
       zone "linux.bogus" {
             type slave;
             file "sz/linux.bogus";
             masters { 127.0.0.1; };
       };

     ___________________________________________________________________



         
  ,   ,   masters, 
   ';' (  ).

  6.     bind,   ,     
     .


           :


         Ian Clark <ic@deakin.edu.au>,  
          :





















     named     'Masquerading'.     
  root.hints -- ,  root.hints.real,   
       ,  root.hints.fake, 
  ...

  ----
  ; root.hints.fake
  ;     
  ----

      ,    root.hints.fake  
  root.hints   named.

       ,     root.hints.real 
  root.hints    named.

      ip-down  ip-up .

        ,   named  
  ,          messages..

  Jan 28 20:10:11 hazchem named[10147]: No root nameserver for class IN

       .      
      ,     ,
       - 
   ,        ,
     ,     .





         Karl-Max Wanger  ,  bind
       NFS  portmapper   
     ,      .




          named   ,     
         Internet   .    
       ,         
           root.cache.    Slackware, 
         nfsd  mountd.

            (  Libretto 30)   
         ,         
       ,     ,       
       .        ,   
        PLIP, PCMCIA ethernet   PPP  
       .

         ,     , 
       ,  named       nfsd 
       mountd,     portmapper   (  
            ).  named  nfsd  mountd
          .

               
        ,       
        , 
         .



  7.       ?   
       .


         ,  _______    .
      ,     named  
     .       . named
      ,    .  
             .  
     ,    ``'' ,  named.  
      .

  8.   named    ?   
      named  ?


     , named __    .  ,  
             named. ___
     ,    named    .  
     ,    ``'' ,  named.  
      .



  99..       DDNNSS..

    ..

    .     
   .       
  ,       DNS  
  .       _D_N_S _a_n_d
  _B_I_N_D  C. Liu  P. Albitz,  O'Reilly & Associates,
  Sebastopol, CA, ISBN 0-937175-82-X.   ,  . 
     DNS   _T_C_P_/_I_P _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _A_d_m_i_n_i_s_t_r_a_t_i_o_n,
   Craig Hunt   O'Reilly..., ISBN 0-937175-82-X.
     DNS ( ,   )
      _Z_e_n _a_n_d _t_h_e _A_r_t _o_f _M_o_t_o_r_c_y_c_l_e _M_a_i_n_t_e_n_a_n_c_e
   Robert M. Prisig :-)   ISBN 0688052304,  
   .

         
  <http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/>,  <http://www.isc.org/bind.html>; FAQ,
    (BOG; Bind Operations Guide),    
      (hacks)  DNS (,  ,
    , rfc,  ,      bind).
       ,      DNS
  . Arnt Gulbrandsen   BOG     
   :-).    comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains 
    DNS.    ,    RFC
   DNS,       :


     RRFFCC 22005522
        A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie, _A _D_N_S _R_R _f_o_r _s_p_e_c_i_f_y_i_n_g _t_h_e _l_o_c_a_t_i_o_n
        _o_f _s_e_r_v_i_c_e_s _(_D_N_S _S_R_V_), October 1996

     RRFFCC 11991188
        Y. Rekhter, R. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot, E. Lear,
        _A_d_d_r_e_s_s _A_l_l_o_c_a_t_i_o_n _f_o_r _P_r_i_v_a_t_e _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t_s, 02/29/1996.

     RRFFCC 11991122
        D. Barr, _C_o_m_m_o_n _D_N_S _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_a_l _a_n_d _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n _E_r_r_o_r_s,
        02/28/1996.


     RRFFCC 11991122 EErrrroorrss
        B. Barr _E_r_r_o_r_s _i_n _R_F_C _1_9_1_2, this is available at
        <http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~barr/rfc1912-errors.html>

     RRFFCC 11771133
        A. Romao, _T_o_o_l_s _f_o_r _D_N_S _d_e_b_u_g_g_i_n_g, 11/03/1994.

     RRFFCC 11771122
        C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, D. Baldoni, _D_N_S _E_n_c_o_d_i_n_g _o_f
        _G_e_o_g_r_a_p_h_i_c_a_l _L_o_c_a_t_i_o_n, 11/01/1994.

     RRFFCC 11118833
        R. Ullmann, P. Mockapetris, L. Mamakos, C. Everhart, _N_e_w _D_N_S _R_R
        _D_e_f_i_n_i_t_i_o_n_s, 10/08/1990.

     RRFFCC 11003355
        P. Mockapetris, _D_o_m_a_i_n _n_a_m_e_s _- _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n,
        11/01/1987.

     RRFFCC 11003344
        P. Mockapetris, _D_o_m_a_i_n _n_a_m_e_s _- _c_o_n_c_e_p_t_s _a_n_d _f_a_c_i_l_i_t_i_e_s,
        11/01/1987.

     RRFFCC 11003333
        M. Lottor, _D_o_m_a_i_n _a_d_m_i_n_i_s_t_r_a_t_o_r_s _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s _g_u_i_d_e, 11/01/1987.

     RRFFCC 11003322
        M. Stahl, _D_o_m_a_i_n _a_d_m_i_n_i_s_t_r_a_t_o_r_s _g_u_i_d_e, 11/01/1987.

     RRFFCC 997744
        C. Partridge, _M_a_i_l _r_o_u_t_i_n_g _a_n_d _t_h_e _d_o_m_a_i_n _s_y_s_t_e_m, 01/01/1986.



































