
                              Kernel HOWTO 
                                       
: Brian Ward [1]bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at
: [2]C.W.Huang & [3]Asd L. Chen

   v0.80, 26 May 1997. : 25-29 August 1997
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   һݹá롢Լѽ׵ϸָ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

     * 1.1 ȿ!
     * 1.2 ·˵
       
2. Ҫ

     * 2.1 ĵʲ?
     * 2.2 ΪʲҪº? 
     * 2.3 µĺ֧ԮЩӲ?
     * 2.4 ҪǸ汾 gcc  libc ?
     * 2.5 ʲǿģ?
     * 2.6 ҪĴŵռ?
     * 2.7 Ҫõʱ?
       
3. кĵ?

     * 3.1 ȡԭʼʽ
     * 3.2 ⿪ԭʼʽİװ
     * 3.3 ú
     * 3.4 ? (The Makefile) 
       
4. 

     * 4.1 ȷ
     * 4.2 ʱ
     * 4.3 ``make''Ķ
     * 4.4 װ
       
5. ޲

     * 5.1 ʹ޲
     * 5.2 д
     * 5.3  .orig 
     * 5.4 ޲
       
6. ӵ׼

     * 6.1 kbd
     * 6.2 util-linux
     * 6.3 hdparm
     * 6.4 gpm
       
7. һЩ

     * 7.1 make clean 
     * 7.2 ޴ĺ
     * 7.3 ޷
     * 7.4 °ĺƺ
     * 7.5 ִ LILOϵͳ
     * 7.6 ϵͳʾ `warning: bdflush not running' 
     * 7.7 ϵͳ˵ undefined symbols ޷
     * 7.8 ޷ҵ IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM 
     * 7.9 ϵͳʾ obsolete routing requests ѶϢ
     * 7.10 ǽ޷ 1.2.0 Ϲ
     * 7.11 ``Not a compressed kernel Image file'' (ѹӳ)
     * 7.12  1.3.x ڿ̨ն˻ϵ
     * 7.13 ƺ޷붫
     * 7.14 
       
8.  2.0.x ע

9. ģ

     * 9.1 װģ鹤
     * 9.2 ķеģ
       
10. ѡ

     * 10.1 General setup (һ趨)
     * 10.2 Networking options (·ѡ)
       
11. ͼ

     * 11.1 ص make  patch ָ
     * 11.2 ʽĺİװ
     * 11.3 ĸ
       
12. õ HOWTOs

13. 

     * 13.1 
     * 13.2 ԤĿ
     * 13.3 
     * 13.4 Ȩɣ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. 

   ǷҪĶļ? κ֢״֮һĻǵģ
   
     * ``ѽ wizzo-46.5.6 ˵Ҫ 1.8.193 ĺģȴȻ
       ֻ 1.0.9 棡''
     * Ƚµĺ֮һҪһ豸ʽ
     * αһ֪
     * `` README ľȫ?''
     * ԣǲ
     * Ҫĳ¸һֱҪΪǰװĵǣ
       
1.1 ȿ!

   ļеĳЩ GNU tarfind Լ xargs Щ Linux 
   ı׼ߣӦò⣮ ļҲ֪ϵͳĵϵͳܹ
   㲢֪øϿдһ mount ָϵͳ£ʾĽ
   Ϊο(һ /etc/fstab бܹö) ЩѶ
   Ҫң·ָµĴŵ°װϵͳԼ
   Ĳǲ䶯
   
   дʱ``Ʒ''ĺİ汾 2.0.30Ҳ˵ĵĲο
   ǶӦ춸ð汾ģ Ȼҳƪ¾汾޹أȴϵڷ
   չУ ȡһµİ汾ɱػһЩͬ ȻӦ
   òɴ⣬ܻһЩ
   
   ְ汾 Linux ԭʼ룬``Ʒ''  ``չ'' ģ Ʒ汾
   1.0.x ʼĿǰżŷ; 1.0.x ǲƷ1.2.x ǲƷ
   2.0.x ҲǣЩ汾ӦñȽȶڷʱûг(bug)İ汾 չ
   еĺ (1.1.x, 1.3.x ȵ) ΪõģЩҪ¶ҿ
   õģ Ѿˣ
   
1.2 ·˵

    text ֻĳөĻϵĶһ 
   ĳɱֱӼĶѡ(㿴Ǵֵ
   ûʲ᲻ͬ) 뾭(` ')⾭
   ͵ı: Ŀھӵ棬ʱ
   һ `.' Ϊ˵ϰ߽ŷ森 ʹó
   ʶ(ҵǣӵд``ʶ''ϰʽ)Ҳ֪
   ӦȽȥܶǣ ڴҽŷͷ
   仰˵ҽҪ ``make config'' ʱ һд `make config'
    `make config.'
   
2. Ҫ

2.1 ĵʲ?

    Unix ϵͳУĳʽӲһٲߣ ȣΪִе
   ʽ() ȷǶܹƽ(ƽԸ)
   Դ ⣬ṩһõĽøոᵽĳʽ
   ͸Ӳ幵ͨ
   
   ʵĹ⻹ҪһЩЩĹҪ֪
   ģ
   
2.2 ΪʲҪº?

   Ƚµĺһ˵ṩǿֵֹӲ幵ͨ(Ҳ
   ˵ӵи豸ʽ) ܹиõгִ̹ܹ
   еıȾɵİ汾ЧʣǿܱȾɵİ汾ĸȶ˾
   һЩ 󲿷ֵΪҪЩµ豸ʽԼ
   Ĳݶºģ
   
2.3 µĺ֧ԮЩӲ?

   뿴 [4]Hardware-HOWTO ļ һǣԲ鿴 Linux ԭʼʽ
   е `config.in'  ߾ڵȥ `make config' ʱҳ
   `make config' 㿴׼ĺԭʼʽ֧ԮӲ壬Ⲣ
    Linux ֧ԮȫӲ壻 ͨ豸ʽ( PCMCIA ʽ
   ԼĳЩŴʽ)ǸάеĿģ飮
   
2.4 ҪǸ汾 gcc  libc ?

   Linus Ľ Linux ԭʼʽ README ͷ û
   иð汾Ǹµİ汾° gcc ӦûǷҪ libc İ汾
    ʲ⣬ֻҪ˵Ϳˣ
   
2.5 ʲǿģ?

   Ǻĵһ(ͨ豸ʽ)ǲûб뵽ȥ 
   Ǳֱ룬ȻἸκʱǲеĺĻȡ
   ıԣѾΪһӶȥĽϺ÷ʽ ೣõ
   豸ʽ PCMCIA ʽԼ QIC-80/40 Ŵʽǿ
   ģ飮
   
2.6 ҪĴŵռ?

   ϵͳйأȣѹ Linux ԭʼʽ 2.0.10 
   ʱԼռ 6 MB վ̨ڽѹԻᱣһݣѹ⽫ռԼ 24
   MB ⻹ȫ  㽫ҪĴŵռʵʱЩ 
   öٶĺͷȥйأ磬ĳϣ·
   3Com 3C503 ʽ ֵϵͳȫҪ 30 MB
   ѹ linux ԭʼʽ룬ôҪõ 36MB  
   һϵͳϣҪ֧Ԯ·豸(ȻҪ֧Ԯ·)Ч
   ռ䣮 Уһ°汾ĺļǱȾɰ汾ռĿռ䣮 
   ԣһ˵Ӳ豸Ļȷ㹻Ӳռ
   ã (Խյļ۸˵춴ռҲܲһ̨
   ŵ)
   
2.7 Ҫõʱ?

   Դ󲿷ݵ˶ԣ``ܾ''Ĵٶж죬Լӵеļ
   жٽǾʱҪأ ǣڰѶٶõ
   ͷȥⷽ滹ǿŬ һ̨ 16 MB  486DX4-100 
   ϣһֵϵͳ֧Ԯ·ԼЧʽ 1.2 Ŀ
   ʮɣ Ƶãһ̨ 386DX/40(8 MB )ϴԼҪҪ
   1.5 Сʱ ڱʱͨһЩõĽȥһ㿧ȣӣ֯Щ
   ëߣκϲ£ ĻĺĻҲų̂ϿĻ
   
3. кĵ?

3.1 ȡԭʼʽ

   Ծ ftp վ ftp.funet.fi  [5]/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus 
    MIRROR վȡã([ע] ̨ɴ [6]ftp.edu.tw ȡã) һ
   Աǳ linux-x.y.z.tar.gz Ϊе x.y.z ǰ汾ţ 
   (õ?)汾Լ޲һǷ `v1.1' Լ `v1.2' Ŀ¼
   £ µİ汾ͨ``԰''Ҳ˵
   beta  alpha еĻӦͣҪķа汾ϣ
   
   ǿҽȥ mirror  ftp ڵ㣬Ҫֱӵ ftp.funet.fi ȥ! 
   һЩ mirrors ԼڵļҪб:
   
USA:         sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/kernel
USA:         tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/system
UK:          sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk:/pub/unix/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/kernel
Austria:     ftp.univie.ac.at:/systems/linux/sunsite/kernel
Germany:     ftp.Germany.EU.net:/pub/os/Linux/Local.EUnet/Kernel/Linus
Germany:     sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de:/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus
France:      ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/linux/sources/system/patches
Australia:   sunsite.anu.edu.au:/pub/linux/kernel

   һ˵sunsite.unc.edu  mirror վǺܺҵģ 
   /pub/Linux/MIRRORS ֪ mirror ڵ㣮 ûа취 ftp 
    linux  BBS ϵͳбᶨڿ comp.os.linux.announce ϣ
   Ǳȥһ£
   
   Ѱһ Linux Ѷ׼ȥ [7]http://www.linux.org/
   
3.2 ⿪ԭʼʽİװ

   ȷ`root'ǩ룬Ȼ cd  /usr/src 㰲װ Linux ʱ
   װ˺ԭʼʽ룬Ŀ¼ӦѾһ `linux' 
   Ŀ¼ Ǿɰ linux ԭʼʽ룮㻹дŵռҪðȫ
   һ㣬ҪĿ¼ģ иǸĿǰʹõĺİ
   ޸Ŀ¼ƣ `uname -r' ָĿǰĺİ汾
    ԣ `uname -r' ʾ `1.0.9'Ϳ԰ `linux' (
   `mv')Ϊ `linux-1.0.9' Ǹ³ç͵ˣǾֱӰĿ¼
    һֻҪȷڽ⿪ȫԭʼʽ֮ǰ
   /usr/src Ŀ¼û `linux' Ŀ¼Ͷˣ
   
    /usr/src Ŀ¼£ `tar zxpvf linux-x.y.z.tar.gz' ⿪ԭʼʽ
   İװ (õ .tar ĵûм .gzǾ `tar xpvf
   linux-x.y.z.tar') 㽫ῴԭʼʽݷŶᣬ
   /usr/src һµ `linux' Ŀ¼ cd  linux Ŀ¼Ȼ鿴
   README  ӦûһαΪ `INSTALLING the kernel' Ƶ
    ʵĻ˵ָʾ  еķᣬƳʱ
   .o ȵȵĹ
   
3.3 ú

   ע⣺ⲿЩظ Linus  README еӦ½ڻ޶
   
    /usr/src/linux ִ `make config' ʼһָ壬 
   ָ⣮Ҫ bash Ҫȷ bash  /bin/bash
   /bin/sh  $BASH
   
    `make config' ķʽܻøʹã Щִ X
   Window װ Tk Ļ `make xconfig' `make
   menuconfig' ǸЩװ (n)curses ϲģʽѡõģ Щ
   иԵĺô: ù㲻Сķ˴Լ򵥵ػȥ
   
   
   ڸ׼ûشЩ⣬ͨ `y'  `n' Ϳˣ 豸ʽͨ
   һ `m' ѡ ʾ``ģ(module)''ʾ˵ϵͳ
   ֱӷŽΪһģ飮 һȤ˵Ǳ
   ʾ``maybe''һЩԻǲҪѡڴ˼˵ ``
   [8]ѡ''һڶеļ˵
   
    2.0.x İ汾һ `?' ѡṩòļ
   ЩѶӦöµģ
   
  Kernel math emulation (ĵѧģ)
  
   ûѧ㴦(ֻһ̨ 386  486SX)
   Ҫش `y'Ѿѧ㴦ȴش `y' Ҳ̫
     linux ǻȥʹԵĵģʽ ΨһӰǱ
   ĺı(õļ) ˵ѧ˼ģ; Ȼͱ
   ̫ϵӦע X Window ϵͳЧʻкܴӰ죮
   
  Normal (MFM/RLL) disk and IDE disk/cdrom support (׼Ӳ֧Ԯ)
  
   ඼ûش `y'˼ǺĽ֧Ԯ׼ PC Ӳ
   ʹõ IDE Ӳⲻ SCSI 豸֧Ԯ; ⽫
   
   
   Ȼᱻʵ ``old disk-only''  ``new IDE'' ʽ£ Ӧ
   ѡһ; ҪĲǾɵʽֻ֧Ԯһŵ µ
   ʽ֧Ԯڶ漰 IDE/ATAPI µʽȾɵĴԼ 4K 
   Ӧ``''Ҳ˵˿ܰЩ֮⣬Ӧû
   ŵЧʣرнµ EIDE ӲĻ
   
  Networking support (·֧Ԯ)
  
   ԭϣ·Ʃ˵ Internet ߣ㽫ʹ
   SLIPPPPterm ʽӵ Internet ϵĻش `y' ȻĳЩ
   ׼( X Window ϵͳ)Ҫ·֧ԮʹĻӵ
   ·ϣҲӦûش `y' ȻᣬᱻʵǷҪ֧Ԯ TCP/IP ·
   㲻ʮȷͻش `y'
   
  Limit memory to low 16MB (Ƽ 16 MB)
  
   ܻһЩ 386 DMA ޷ȷضַ 16 MB ϵļλ
   ַ Ļպ()ʱҲֻûش y ˣ
   
  System V IPC
  
   һ IPC (гͨѶInterprocess Communication) Ķ Perl 
   ע⣮ Ⲣ֣һЩ Perl ʽг֮以๵ͨ
   ׼( DOOM)һ ˳ȫ˽ʲᣬȻ
   ñش n
   
  Processor type (386, 486, Pentium, PPro) (΢)
  
   (ڽϾɰ汾ĺΪ: Use -m486 flag for 486-specific optimizations
   ʹ -m486  486 ѻ)
   
   չأǶһر΢ĳѻ; ԿƬ
   úܺãܻȽϴЩ ڽ°汾ĺϣѾ
   ӦȷػشҪ΢࣮ ``386'' ĺĿ
   ĻϹ
   
  SCSI support (SCSI ֧Ԯ)
  
    SCSI 豸ͻش `y' ʾҪһѶ
   ǷҪ֧Ԯŵʹõһ SCSI 濨 ⲿ
    [9]SCSI-HOWTOиϸ˵
   
  Network device support (·豸֧Ԯ)
  
   ·Ҫʹ SLIPPPPǲв濨Ǿͻش
   `y' ʾʹõһ·ҪʹһͨѶЭ
   
  Filesystems (ϵͳ)
  
   ⽫ʾҪشҪ֧Ԯĵϵͳ࣬У
   
   Standard (minix)  µ׼ٽ minix ϵͳҺܶ˲ʹ
   ǰںȻǸ⣮ ĳЩ``ȴƬ''ʽõ
   ȻƬ minix ϵͳΪ minix ϵͳ춴
   Ƭ⣮
   
   Extended fs  䵵ϵͳĵһ棬Ѿʹãʹõʱ
   Ҫͻ֪ģûɣͲҪ
   
   Second extended  ·е׼㷺õĵϵͳܻ
   һ֣Աش `y'
   
   xiafs filesystem  ϵͳһȺձ飬дļʱ
   Ѿ֪κʹˣ
   
   msdos  Ҫ linux ʹӲе MS-DOS ָ뽫
   MS-DOS ʽƬҽĻش `y'
   
   ums-dos  ֵϵͳʹ MS-DOS ϵͳӵи Unix ԣ
   ȵȣЩʹ MS-DOS ()Ǻã
   
   /proc  һĶ(Ҳ޳ܵشӱʵ͵)
   ӲָκζǺ֮ĵϵͳ森
   򹤾( `ps')õ ʱ `cat /proc/meminfo' 
   `cat /proc/devices' ĳЩ shell (ر rc) ʹ /proc/self/fd (
   ϵͳ /dev/fd) 붯 㼸Ӧûش `y'; Ҫ
    Linux ߶ģ
   
   NFS  ·¶Ҫ NFS ʹĵϵͳش
   `y'
   
   ISO9660  󲿷ֵĹƬʹϵͳй
   Linux ʹãش `y'
   
   OS/2 HPFS  ڱдļʱϵͳֻ֧Ԯ OS/2 HPFS 
   ȡ
   
   System V and Coherent  Ϊ System V Լ Coherent ϵͳķָ
   (һ PC ϵ Unix ϵͳ)
   
  Ҳ֪ҪЩϵͳ!
  
   ðɣ `mount'
   
    blah# mount
    /dev/hda1 on / type ext2 (defaults)
    /dev/hda3 on /usr type ext2 (defaults)
    none on /proc type proc (defaults)
    /dev/fd0 on /mnt type msdos (defaults)

   ϸÿһУ `type' Ǹ־ǵϵͳĸʽ 
   ҵ /  /usr ָ second extended ʽ ʹ /proc 
   һ msdos (bleah) ΪϵͳʽĴƬ
   
   ʹ /proc `cat /proc/filesystems' һĿǰ
   ʹõĺ֧Ԯĵϵͳб
   
   òʹãҪĵϵͳʹԵӷ; μģһ
   ˵ԱԼ`` [10]''һ˵Ϊӷ׵ĺĲã
   
  Character devices (Ԫ豸)
  
   㽫ᷢ豸ƣ趨ӡŻPS/2 
   (󲿷ֱʼ͵ʹڽ PS/2 ) ԼһЩŴʽԼ
   ``Ԫ''豸кʵѡʱش `y'
   
   ע⣺Selection ʽʹ X window ֮ʹûڸ
   ̨Ķ длĻĺܰΪ X window
   ֮Ĺͨã ĻҪ㼼ˣSelection 
   һѡѾǱ׼ˣ
   
   ע: Selection Ѿʱˣµĳʽ ``gpm'' 
   £תЭػȡ
   
  Sound card (Ч)
  
    biff ʽеĻش `y' Ȼһ»һó
   ʽϸѯйЧ⣮ (ע: Ƿװ汾
   ʽʱԻش `n' Լļ岢ֻѡҪģ) 
   Чǿҽ鿴һ [11]Sound-HOWTO ֪ϸڣ
   
  ѡ
  
   ûнеѡгΪЩı䣬൱( 3Com
   3C509 support Ǳر̫·ʽ) һʮ
   ѡб(Ƿŵ Configure ָķ) URL 
   ( Axel Boldt [12]axel@uni-paderborn.de ռ):
   
     [13]http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/config_help.html
     
    FTP վ:
   
     [14]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/config/krnl_cnfg_hlp.x.y
     z.tgz
     
    x.yz ǰ汾룮
   
   ĺ(2.0.x )ѱϵԭʼʽУ
   
  Kernel hacking
  
   >Ǵ Linus  README ժ¼ģ
   
   ``kernel hacking'' õϸͨһǸĺ(
   ) ҿΪһЩʽóɺܻԾȥжһЩĳʽ
   Աҳ⣨ kmalloc()  ʹúıñȽϲȶ
   Ҫһ``Ʒ''ĻӦûش `n'
   
3.4 ? (The Makefile)

    make config ֮ᣬӦûһѶϢѾúˣ 
   Ҫȥ``check the top-level Makefile for additional configuration''
   ȵѶϢ
   
   Բ鿴һ MakefileӦòظıǿ޷ һº
   Ҳ `rdev' ָıеѡ
   
4. 

4.1 ȷ

   õִָʱȥ `make dep' Լ `clean'
    Ҫִ`make dep'⽫ȷеϵ include files 
   û⣮ ĵĺỨ̫ʱģ ᣬڽϾ
   汾ĺ㻹Ӧ `make clean' ıĿĵԼ
   ؽһ֮ǰҪ裮
   
4.2 ʱ

    `make dep'  `make clean' ֮ᣬڿִ `make
   zImage'  `make zdisk' (ⲿҪʱ) `make zImage' 
    arch/i386/boot һ `zImage' ĵµѹ
   ģ `make zdisk' ҲһѺķŵϣĴƬȥ
   ֻҪŴƬ ``A:'' `zdisk'춲ºĺܷ㣻(
   )ֻҪѴƬõþɵĺɣ ɾ˺
   ĻʲģҲǸ취 һ̨ŵ㵹һ
   ̨ȥʱҲװµϵͳ(Щ֮⻹и;)
   
   нĺĶѹģи `z' ǰ森ѹĺִе
   ʱԶԼѹ
   
4.3 ``make''Ķ

   `make mrproper' 㷺 `'  ʱǱģ
   ܻϣÿ޲ʱִ `make mrproper' Ὣõ
   ɱΪҪĻӦһ( .config)
   
   `make oldconfig' ᳢һɵõĺģΪִ
   `make config' 㻹δĻûоɵõܲ
   Ϊ㼸ȷԤã
   
   μģһڶ `make modules' ˵
   
4.4 װ

   Ѿһܹϣº֮ᣬǰװʱ
   ˣ 󲿷ݵʹ LILO (Linux Loader) £ `make zlilo' 
   װģȻִ LILOʹп׼ ֻ
   LILO ѾַʽúõʱſԣΪ /vmlinuz  lilo 
   /sbin £ LILO (/etc/lilo.conf)һ£
   
   һ棬Ҫֱʹ LILOһ൱װװ壬Ȼ
   õʹţ 鿴õ(Ǿɰ /etc/lilo/config °
   /etc/lilo.conf)Щʲᣮ ӵĶ
   
    image = /vmlinuz
        label = Linux
        root = /dev/hda1
        ...

   ȣ`image =' 趨ΪѾװĺģ󲿷ݵƺ /vmlinuz
   `label' Ǹ lilo ҪǸĻҵϵͳ 
   `root' رҵϵͳĸĿ¼ / һݾɵĺģȻὫ
    zImage ȥ(磬 `/vmlinuz' Ļ `cp zImage
   /vmlinuz') Ȼᣬִ `lilo'ڽϾɵϵͳϣִܱ
   /etc/lilo/install  /etc/lilo/lilo -C /etc/lilo/config
   
   ֪й LILO ã㲢û LILO Ҫװ
    ϲ ftp ڵȡµİ汾Ȼ˵£
   
   ҪܹӲľɺ֮һĻ(һºĳ״
   Լķ)  LILO õе() `image = xxx' 
   ׶ˣ Ȼ `image = xxx' ĳ `image = yyy' е `yyy' 
   ݾɺ浵֣  `label = zzz' ĳ `label =
   linux-backup' Ȼִ lilo ܵҪһ `delay=x'е
   x ʮ֮һΪλʱ䣬 Ǹ LILO ǰȵһ£
   жִ( shift ) Ȼݵӳ֮ label (
   ĳЩ˲)
   
5. ޲

5.1 ʹ޲

   ĵС޲ķʽУ磬İ汾 1.1.45  
   ע⵽һ `patch46.gz'  Խʹ
   ޲汾 1.1.46 ҲҪȱԭʼʽ(`make
   clean' Ȼ `cd /usr/src; tar zcvf old-tree.tar.gz linux' Ϊ
   һ tar ѹԭʼʽ䵵ܹ)
   
   ڽӣѾȡ `patch46.gz'  /usr/src
   £ cd  /usr/src Ȼִ `zcat patch46.gz | patch -p0' (
   ѹ޲ִ `patch -p0 < patch46') 㽫ῴණ
   Ŷ(ĵĺĻ)޲ʽ
   ԼǷɹ ͨ̿޷ϸĶ޷
   ȷûгɹִУ ܻ patch ָм -s ѡ
    patch ʽֻѶϢͺã (Ͳõ``! ҵĵ
   ĳЩı!''ĸоԸ) ͵ҿһЩ
   ˳£cd  /usr/src/linux ѰβΪ .rej ĵ
   ĳЩ汾 patchȽϾɵİ汾ǿڱȽڵĵϵͳϱ
   ЩûгɹĲ¼ڵ # ĵ  `find' 
   ң
    find .  -name '*.rej' -print

   ὫĿ¼Ŀ¼о .rej βĵӡ׼
   
   һȷĻִеڸĽ۵ `make clean'
   `config' Լ `dep'
   
    patch ָ⻹һЩѡǰpatch -s Ƴ˴
   ѶϢ Ѻԭʼʽ /usr/src/linux ĵط
   ڸĿ¼ patch -p1 ҲǬִ޲  patch ѡ
   ֲ(man page)ﶼкϸ
   
5.2 д

   (ע: ᵽĴ󲿷ָɰĺ)
   
   ͨǵ patch ޸һ `config.in' ĵʱ
   Ծ Ϊ޸һЩѡĻѾС
   ĵעˣǿ˻ڽϾɵİ汾⣮ Ҫ
   Ļ鿴 config.in.rej ЩʲѶϢ ޸ĹĲ
   ˵ÿһпʼĵط `+'  `-' 鿴бǵĸУȻ
   ǵ `y'  `n' ڱ༭ config.in Ȼʵĵ 
    `y' ĳ `n' Լ `n' ĳ `y'ִ
    patch -p0 < config.in.rej

   ɹĻ(ûд)ͿԼĹ 
   config.in.rej ǻԿ
   
   Ȼ⣬㰲װһ𻵵޲ 
   patch ʾ `previously applied patch detected: Assume -R?' ʹ
   һЩĿǰİ汾Ż͵޲; ش `y'᳢Խĳ
   ʽ뽵Ҽһʧ; ˣҪȡһµԭʼʽ
   
   
   Ҫԭ޲ǰ״̬Ļԭȵ޲ִ `patch -R'
   
   ޲ʧܵʱõİ취ǴһǬԭʼʽ(
   linux-x.x.x.tar.gz ֮һ)ʼִУ
   
5.3  .orig 

   ֻҪ޲ᣬЩ .orig ĵῪʼѻ 磬ҵһ
   1.1.51 ĳʽһɨ 1.1.48 棨ǰɣ ɾЩ
   .orig ʡĴŵռ䣮
    find .  -name '*.orig' -exec rm -f {} ';'

   £ĳЩ汾 patch  ~  .orig
   
   õĵİ취ɿЩ .orig  GNU  xargs:
    find .  -name '*.orig' | xargs rm

   ǸȫЩµķ:
    find . -name '*.orig' -print0 | xargs --null rm --

5.4 ޲

   һЩ Linus е޲(ҽ֮Ϊ``Ǳ׼'') 
   ʹǣLinus ޲ܻ޷ȷִУ 㲻ǵý
   ǻԭǵ˶ȥ޸ԭʼʽ޲ԳѧͨǺ
   ᣬ 㲻ȥ޸ԭʼʽ(ͨ)ʹ Linus 
   ޲֮ǰȻԭЩǱ׼޲°װµĳʽ룮 Ȼ
   ׼޲ܲãܵĻҪͼʹþɵĺģ 
   ޸޲ʹãҪ͵ȴ()°Ǳ׼޲֣
   
   Ǳ׼޲жձ? пǣʹ Bill Paul Ĳ˸
   ޲޸ҵ̨Ϊ˸α(޲Ϊ°
   Ķ) 춴󲿷ݽµ豸ʽѾչɿģʽ
   Ǳ׼޲Ҫ𽥽ͣ
   
6. ӵ׼

    Linux ԭʼʽ뱾沢û˵ԣ Щһ
   Ǿãгһձģ
   
6.1 kbd

   Linux Ŀ̨ܳԾɫлͣ¶ӳ
   ̣лʾģʽ(°ĺ)ȵȣ kbd ܹʹ
   Щ֧ԮʽһѵԼκμ̵һ
   Щ̶ӳ ڷúԭʼͬһվ̨ҵ
   
6.2 util-linux

   Rik Faith ( [15]faith@cs.unc.edu) ռһ Linux Ĺߣ
   util-linux  Nicolai Langfeldt ( [16]util-linux@math.uio.no)
   ά ɴ sunsite.unc.edu  [17]/pub/Linux/system/misc ȡã 
    settermrdev Լ ctrlaltdel йصĹߣ  Rik ˵
   Ҫ붼Ͱװȥ! 㲻Ҫװ׼еÿһ
   Ļܻص⣮
   
6.3 hdparm

   ܶһһ޲֧Ԯʽ Щ޲
   ҵУѻԼӲ֧ԮʽһǷֿеģ
   
6.4 gpm

   gpm  general purpose mouse ļд ʽʹòͬĻ
   ̨֮ԼһЩ飮
   
7. һЩ

7.1 make clean

   ºĻһЩĺֵ£пΪڱǰ
    make clean ֢״ĺĲرֵ⣬һֱ
   ִЧʵȵȲһ㣬κ£ ҲҪȷ make dep
   
   
7.2 ޴ĺ

   ĺռ˴ļ壬ǺܴܴҲǼʹ
   ȫµ 786DX6/440 ȴԶ벻Ļ пΪ
   ̫಻ҪĶ(豸ʽϵͳȵ) 㲻õĳЩ
   ǾͲҪΪĻռü壮 ĹӷԵ֢״
   Ƿŵ֮쳣Ͻ 㲻
   ľ Fujitsu Eagles Ӳһĺã
   
   ҳȫȻ /proc/meminfo 
   ``total mem''  `free' ָõļ֪ʹ˶ټ
    Ҳִ `dmesg' (ҲԲ鿴ĵļ¼һڻϵͳ
   )һУ
   
   Memory: 15124k/16384k available (552k kernel code, 384k reserved, 324k
   data)
   
   ҵ 386 (ú)ʾ£
   
   Memory: 7000k/8192k available (496k kernel code, 384k reserved, 312k
   data)
   
   `'õһͺĵϵͳȴ `make bzimage'
   ܱ밲װ° LILO £
   
7.3 ޷

   ûб룬и޲ʧˣĳطõ
   ԭʼʽ⣮ ҲпΪ gcc 汾ȷ򻵵(纬뵵
   д) ȷ Linus  README ķᶼȷ һ˵
   ûܱ룬ʾĳЩطصĴ°װĳЩ߿
   Ǳģ
   
   ߿ ELF  (gcc 2.6.3 )  1.2.x ĺģ 
   õһѵ xxxx undefined ѶϢ⣮ 
   ķ󲿷ݶܼ򵥣⼸мӵ arch/i386/Makefile Ķ:
   arch/i386/Makefile:
AS=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/as
LD=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/ld -m i386linux
CC=gcc -b i486-linuxaout -D__KERNEL__ -I$(TOPDIR)/include

   Ȼִ make dep  zImage
   
   £gcc ܻӲѶϢ ``xxx exited
   with signal 15'' ֮ģһῴ֣ ұģ
   Ҳһ - һЩ cache 壬ʱص
    дĻ°װ gcc㽫ⲿ cache ص
   һЩ RAM ֮ľͱɹˣֻÿɣ
   
   Ӳⳣʹţⲻҷģ һ
   FAQ --  [18]http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/ ҵ
   
7.4 °ĺƺ

   ûִ LILO ûȷһǳ
   õ  `boot = /dev/hda1'  `boot = /dev/hda' (ڸտʼ
   ʱǺᣬһһõõӦòҪȥȥı
   )
   
7.5 ִ LILOϵͳ

   ޣõİ취ôƬ׼һſĴƬ(`make
   zdisk'ʱĴƬ) ֪ĸĿ¼(/)ڵķָԼĸ
   ʽ(second extended, minix ȵ) УҲ֪
   /usr/src/linux ԭʼʽǸָĸʽԼһǶ
   
   У Ŀ¼ /  /dev/hda1 /usr/src/linux ķָ
   /dev/hda3һ /usr £ Ƕ second extended ϵͳ
   ĺӳ zImage  /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot £
   
   ģһĺӳ zImageܿ԰
   µĴƬϣ һһõıͨ취(ϵͳɵ
   й)˵֮۵
   
   ȣ boot/root ƬǼȴƬȻὫпĵķָ
   
   
    mkdir /mnt
    mount -t ext2 /dev/hda3 /mnt

    mkdir ָʾĿ¼ѾڣԵ ڣcd п
   ĵĵطע:
/mnt + /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot - /usr = /mnt/src/linux/arch/i386/boot

   һŸʽĴƬŽ ``A:'' ŵ(ȷ boot/root Ƭ!)
   ӳ㵹ƬȥȻĸĿ¼ָ:
   
    cd /mnt/src/linux/arch/i386/boot
    dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0
    rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda1

   cd Ŀ¼ / ж±׼ /usr ָ:
   
    cd /
    umount /mnt

   ӦÿԴŴƬĿˣο᲻Ҫִ lilo (
   ʲ)!
   
   ͬǰģһֺձıͨʽ һ
   ĺڷ / ( /vmlinuz)Ҳʹ ٶе
   һҵĺӳ /vmlinuzֻҪЩ
   :  /dev/hda3 ĳ /dev/hda1 (/ ָ)  /mnt/src/linux ĳ
   /mntҰ if=zImage ĳ if=vmlinuz ǰйעƵ
   /mnt/src/linux/arch/i386/boot ǸֿԺԣ
   
    LILO ʹڴӲ( 1024 )ܻ⣮ μ LILO
   mini-HOWTO ļ˵
   
7.6 ϵͳʾ `warning: bdflush not running'

   һ൱ص⣮ 1.0 ĺĿʼ( 1994 
   ¶ʮ) иԵظµϵͳĳʽ `update'
   ȡˣ ȡ `bdflush' ԭʼʽ(ӦÿԴȡúĵ
   طҵ) Ȼ(ܻϣھɰĺִб뼰װ) 
    `update' ΪװԼؿᣬºӦûã
   
7.7 ϵͳ˵ undefined symbols ޷

   һ ELF (gcc 2.6.3 ) 1.2.x ()ԭ
   ʼ룮 һķǽ⼸мӵ arch/i386/Makefile Ķ:
   
AS=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/as
LD=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/ld -m i386linux
CC=gcc -b i486-linuxaout -D__KERNEL__ -I$(TOPDIR)/include

    a.out ʽ 1.2.x ģ
   
7.8 ޷ҵ IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM 

   ֣һ޷ǵ ATAPI Ϊ̫׳
   
   
   Ĺһر IDE ϵΨһ豸뱻Ϊ ``master'' 
   ``single'' Ĵ
   
   Creative Labs ڽ IDE ŵЧ Ȼ⽫һȤ
   ⣬ȻЩֻһ IDE 棬ڽ IDE
   (ͨ IRQ15) һİ취ǽԿĽɵ IDE (
   ˸ IRQ11)
   
    1.2.x  Linux ϻ⣬Ϊ֧Ԯ IDE (
   1.3.x ϵѿʼ֧ԮڷչУҲԶ) Ҫ
   һЩѡ
   
   Ѿеڶ IDE ûû豸Ļл
     ATAPI ЧŵڶϣȻԹص
   ЧϵĽ棬Ϳʡһ IRQ
   
   ûеڶ IDE 棬ЧĽ(ЧЧ)ڶ
   õ IRQ15Ӧûᶯ
   
   ΪĳЩɷǵʹ``''治ɣ⣬ ȡ
   1.3.x ĺ( 1.3.57 )Ķ drivers/block/README.ide  
   иѶ˵
   
7.9 ϵͳʾ obsolete routing requests ѶϢ

   ȡ° route ʽ route йصĳʽ
   /usr/include/linux/route.h ( /usr/src/linux µһ)Ѿ
   ģ
   
7.10 ǽ޷ 1.2.0 Ϲ

    1.2.1 森
   
7.11 ``Not a compressed kernel Image file'' (ѹӳ)

   Ҫ /usr/src/linux  vmlinux Ϊӳ;
   [..]/arch/i386/boot/zImage ȷģ
   
7.12  1.3.x ڿ̨ն˻ϵ

   ̨趨 /etc/termcap е dumb Ϊ linux ܻһ
   terminfo
   
7.13 ƺ޷붫

   Linux ĺԭʼʽĺ뵵( .h βĵ)Ϊ
   ׼ /usr/include ο ַͨο( xyzzy.h 
   /usr/include/linux ):
    #include <linux/xyzzy.h>

   £ /usr/include »һ linux ᵽĺԭʼ
   include/linux Ŀ¼(һϵͳ /usr/src/linux/include/linux) 
   ûˣָĵط󲿷ݵĶ޷룮 ú
   ԭʼռ̫ĿռȻ⣮ һܵĴ
   Ȩ;  root Ԥ費ʹ߿ĵ ⿪
   ԭʼʱûм p (ģʽ)ѡʹҲ޷ʹ C 
    Ȼ chmod ָ׵ķ½⿪뵵 
   һʼ⿪ԭʼͬһ:
    blah# tar zxvpf linux.x.y.z.tar.gz linux/include

   ע:  /usr/src/linux ᲻ڵĻ ``make config'' ؽ֮
   
7.14 

   һЩָӺṩ:
echo 4096 > /proc/sys/kernel/file-max
echo 12288 > /proc/sys/kernel/inode-max
echo 300 400 500 > /proc/sys/vm/freepages

8.  2.0.x ע

    2.0.x ڰװĸı䣮 ԭʼʽ
   Documentation/Changes  2.0.x Ӧ֪Ѷ 
   ҪһЩؼ׼ gcclibc  SysVInitıһЩϵͳ
   Ҳţ
   
9. ģ

   ģܹʡ壬Һ趨 ģġΧѾ˵ϵͳ
   ̫·ʽŴӡʽи࣮
   
9.1 װģ鹤

   ģ鹤߿Դȡúĵĵطҵ modules-x.y.z.tar.gz; ѡĿ
   ǰİ汾ȻԵ͵ӽ x.y.z  `tar zxvf
   modules-x.y.z.tar.gz' ⿪ cd Ŀ¼(modules-x.y.z)һ
   READMEȻᰴհװָʾִ (ܼͨ򵥣 make install ֮)
   Ȼ /sbin ӦûЩʽ insmod, rmmod, ksyms, lsmod, genksyms,
   modprobe, Լ depmod Ļ insmod ġ
   ʽ``hw''Щ; μ INSTALL ϸ˵
   
   insmod ָһģеĺģģͨ .o Ϊβ; ᵽ
   ʽͽ drv_hello.oҪģ飬 `insmod
   drv_hello.o' Ҫ˽Ŀǰʹõģ飬 lsmod ָ
   :
    blah# lsmod
    Module:        #pages:  Used by:
    drv_hello          1

   `drv_hello' ģƣһҳ (4K) ļ壬Ŀǰû
   ĺģ ҪƳģ飬 `rmmod drv_hello'ע rmmod 
   Ҫģƣǵ;  lsmod ָгģŹߵ
   ֲж˵
   
9.2 ķеģ

    2.0.30 УеĶԱɿģ飮 Ҫʹÿģ飬
   ȷûнõĺҲ˵ `make config' ʱ
   ش y ºĲȻᣬٴ cd  /usr/src/linuxȻ
   ִ `make modules' ⽫δָںģ飬
   ᵽ /usr/src/linux/modules ֱɴĿ¼ʹãִ `make
   modules_install' 䰲װ /lib/modules/x.y.z x.y.z Ǻİ汾
   
   Դϵͳرܲʹ minix  MS-DOS ĵϵ
   ͳ 磬һ MS-DOS Ƭһ insmod
   /usr/src/linux/modules/msdos.oʹ rmmod msdos ָȥ
    ˹̴ԼԽʡ 50K ҵļ壮 minix ϵͳһ
   Ҫעľǣ ΪҪʹ``ȴƬ''ӦֱӽõУ
   
10. ѡ

   ڰһδгĺѡ( make config ʱ) 󲿷
   豸ʽδг
   
10.1 General setup (һ趨)

   Normal floppy disk support (һ֧Ԯ) -  ܻ뿴һ
   drivers/block/README.fd ;  IBM Thinkpad ʹ˵رҪ
   
   
   XT harddisk support (XT Ӳ֧Ԯ) - ϹŶİλԪ XT 
   Ļ
   
   PCI bios support (PCI bios ֧Ԯ) -  PCIܻ򿪴ѡ
    ҪСģĳЩɵ PCI ڴѡ¿ܻᵱ PCI 
    Linux ʹõѶ [19]PCI-HOWTO ҵ
   
   Kernel support for ELF binaries (֧Ԯ ELF ִе) - ELF һµ
   λִе Linux ƺ˷ǰܻҪ
   
   Set version information on all symbols for modules - ڹȥģ
   ÿºһ𱻱룮 ش yʹòͬ patchlevel ±
   ģ飮 μ README.modules еϸ˵
   
10.2 Networking options (·ѡ)

   ·ѡ [20]NET-3-HOWTO ( NET-ʲ-HOWTO)
   
11. ͼ

11.1 ص make  patch ָ

   Ҫ¼Щ `make'  `patch' ָЩʲᣬ ԰ө
   ĻصһȥȣҪ֪õһ shell `grep
   root /etc/passwd' ȻѰҿ `/bin/csh' һĶ
   
   ʹõ sh  bash
    (command) 2>&1 | tee (output file)

   һ (command) ŵ `(output file)' ȥ
   
    csh  tcsh
    (command) |& tee (output file)

   ﷨
   
    rc (ע⣺Ӧò rc)﷨
    (command) >[2=1] | tee (output file)

11.2 ʽĺİװ

   ʹƬڲɺĵ²ºĵķ 
    Unix ϵͳLILO дκεطĵ (дӲ
    500 MB ģο LILO ļ˵⣮) ˣ
    LILO õ
    image = /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage
        label = new_kernel

   ڲɺ /vmlinuz ѡִ±ĺ(Ȼִ
   lilo )  LILO º򵥵ķʱ shift (
   өĻֻ LILO ʱ) һʾţʱԼ
   `new_kernel' ºģ
   
   ϵͳͬʱֲͬĺԭʼʽ(СģõӲ
   ռ) ͨķǽΪ /usr/src/linux-x.y.z x.y.z
   Ǻİ汾 Ȼ÷``ѡ''һԭʼ; 磬 `ln
   -sf linux-1.2.2 /usr/src/linux'  1.2.2 ΪĿǰĺ ڽ
   ֮ǰȷ ln ָһһĿ¼(ɵķ
   ûйϵ); ܲԤڵģ
   
11.3 ĸ

   Russell Nelson ( [21]nelson@crynwr.com) ܽ°ĵĸı䣮 ЩǼ
   ̵ģǰӦȿһ£Դ FTP վ ftp.emlist.com
    [22]pub/kchanges
   
12. õ HOWTOs

     * Sound-HOWTO: Ч빤
     * SCSI-HOWTO: й SCSI ƿ豸Ѷ
     * NET-2-HOWTO: ·
     * PPP-HOWTO: ر PPP ·
     * PCMCIA-HOWTO: ʼ͵Եʽ
     * ELF-HOWTO: ʲ ELFתȡ
     * Hardware-HOWTO: ֧ԮӲĸҪ
     * Module-HOWTO: ģйص
     * Kerneld mini-HOWTO:  kerneld
     * BogoMips mini-HOWTO: ܻȤ
       
13. 

13.1 

   Linux Kernel-HOWTO ߼ά Brian Ward (
   [23]bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at) 뽫κۣĸ(
   ˵رҪ)
   
   ԴЩ URL ҵҵҳ:
   
     [24]http://www.math.psu.edu/ward/
     [25]http://blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at/~bri/
     
   ȻҾܵȥʼסÿ춼յżԿ
   ҪһʱŻظ㣮 رǼģ뾡ǳ꾡
   ѶϢ ˵ĳ޷Ӳ(Ƶ)Ҫ֪
   Ӳʲᣮ Ҫر󣬲Ҫֻ˵``ԵһѶ
   Ϣ''; Ҫ֪ѶϢʲᣮ ҿҲ֪ĺģgcclibc
   İ汾ʲᣬֻǸõǸ׼ûʲã Ҳ
   Ҽ򵥵; ס㲻ʣ㽫Զõ Ҫ
   лÿһǣ
   
   дŸҵһκʱûеõӦ(ڻ)
   ҲСĿż(Ǹ) һΣ
   
   յżǹӲģû⣬˽ҲϤ
   Ӳ˶Ҳ֪ܰæ ҸʹõĻ IDE  SCSI
   ӲSCSI 3Com  WD ̫·л PCI 壬NCR
   810 SCSI AMD 386DX40 w/Cyrix AMD 5x86AMD 486DX4
    Intel 486DX4  (ֻʹöϤӲժҪǽ飬
   Ҫãӭѯ :-) )
   
   0.1  1994 ʮգļ SGML, PostScript, TeX, roff 
   ָʽȡã
   
13.2 ԤĿ

   ``ͼ'' һ̫ˣϣôӱ˵õĽ䣮
   
   ``ӵ׼'' һҲǣ
   
   Ҫ/ظѶ
   
13.3 

   һС Linus  README  (kernel hacking ѡ)л Linus!
   
   uc@brian.lunetix.de (Ulrich Callmeier): patch -s and xargs.
   
   quinlan@yggdrasil.com (Daniel Quinlan): corrections and additions in
   many sections.
   
   nat@nat@nataa.fr.eu.org (Nat Makarevitch): mrproper, tar -p, many
   other things
   
   boldt@math.ucsb.edu (Axel Boldt): collected descriptions of kernel
   configuration options on the net; then provided me with the list
   
   lembark@wrkhors.psyber.com (Steve Lembark): multiple boot suggestion
   
   kbriggs@earwax.pd.uwa.edu.au (Keith Briggs): some corrections and
   suggestions
   
   rmcguire@freenet.columbus.oh.us (Ryan McGuire): makeables additions
   
   dumas@excalibur.ibp.fr (Eric Dumas): French translation
   
   simazaki@ab11.yamanashi.ac.jp (Yasutada Shimazaki): Japanese
   translation
   
   jjamor@lml.ls.fi.upm.es (Juan Jose Amor Iglesias): Spanish translation
   
   mva@sbbs.se (Martin Wahlen): Swedish translation
   
   jzp1218@stud.u-szeged.hu (Zoltan Vamosi): Hungarian translation
   
   bart@mat.uni.torun.pl (Bartosz Maruszewski): Polish translation
   
   donahue@tiber.nist.gov (Michael J Donahue): typos, winner of the
   ``sliced bread competition''
   
   rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Richard Stallman): ``free'' documentation
   concept/distribution notice
   
   dak@Pool.Informatik.RWTH-Aachen.DE (David Kastrup): NFS thing
   
   esr@snark.thyrsus.com (Eric Raymond): various tidbits
   
   ŸҲкܴ
   
13.4 Ȩɣ

   Copyright &copy; Brian Ward, 1994-1997.
   
   Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this manual
   provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved
   on all copies.
   
   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
   manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
   derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice
   identical to this one. Translations fall under the catagory of
   ``modified versions.''
   
   Warranty: None.
   
   Recommendations: Commercial redistribution is allowed and encouraged;
   however, it is strongly recommended that the redistributor contact the
   author before the redistribution, in the interest of keeping things
   up-to-date (you could send me a copy of the thing you're making while
   you're at it). Translators are also advised to contact the author
   before translating. The printed version looks nicer. Recycle.

References

   1. mailto:bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at
   2. http://www.phys.ntu.edu.tw/~cwhuang/pub/
   3. http://ultima.ncnu.edu.tw/~asdchen/
   4. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/Hardware-HOWTO.html
   5. ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus
   6. ftp://ftp.edu.tw/OS/Linux/kernel
   7. http://www.linux.org/
   8. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/Kernel-HOWTO.txt.html#other-options
   9. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/HOWTO/SCSI-HOWTO.html
  10. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/Kernel-HOWTO.txt.html#pitfalls
  11. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/Sound-HOWTO.html
  12. mailto:axel@uni-paderborn.de
  13. http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/config_help.html
  14. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/config/krnl_cnfg_hlp.x.yz.tgz
  15. mailto:faith@cs.unc.edu
  16. mailto:util-linux@math.uio.no
  17. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/misc
  18. http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/
  19. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/HOWTO/PCI-HOWTO.html
  20. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.24048/HOWTO/NET-3-HOWTO.html
  21. mailto:nelson@crynwr.com
  22. ftp://ftp.emlist.com/pub/kchanges
  23. mailto:bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at
  24. http://www.math.psu.edu/ward/
  25. http://blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at/~bri/
