   ٸ  
    geoman@nownuri.net
  1997 6
  SGML :   alloying@nownuri.net
  ____________________________________________________________

  

  1. SysV ʱȭ
     1.1  ù ° μ init
     1.2 /etc/rc.d ͸ Ž
     1.3  ෹  ϱ

  2. Ʈũ
     2.1 PLIP̶?
     2.2 IP ŽĿ̵/ȭ
     2.3 MS Windows box ڿ  - Samba
        2.3.1 ͳƮŷ
        2.3.2 ũμƮ ǰ ȭϱ
     2.4 Ʈũ ⺻  
        2.4.1  ⺻  
        2.4.2 tcpd ȣƮ   Ŀ
        2.4.3   , RPC 
     2.5 , ϳ Ϻ ȭ Ʈ
        2.5.1 ȭ(Firewall)̶ ΰ?
        2.5.2 غ 
        2.5.3  Ʈŷ ڵ   ִ ?
        2.5.4 IP ȭ(IP Firewall)
           2.5.4.1 IP Ŷ ͸ ȭ
           2.5.4.2 IP Ŷ ͸ Ģ
           2.5.4.3 ipfwadm  
           2.5.4.4 ipfwadm   
     2.6 鼭 :     ?

  3. PnP ϵ νĽŰ
     3.1 ISA PnP ,    ִ°?
     3.2 ISA PnP  
     3.3 ISA PnP  
     3.4 ISA PnP  ϱ
     3.5 PnP  ϱ
     3.6 /etc/isapnp.conf  ϱ
     3.7 isapnp  PnP ϱ
     3.8 ϴ  

  4. α׷
     4.1  α׷ ϱ  ʿ ?
     4.2 POSIX 
     4.3 õ ̾߱

  5. Ÿ 
     5.1 Ʈ  Ÿ 
     5.2 ϵ  Ÿ 
     5.3 ׽Ʈ غ

  6.  Ʈ ڵ    ϰ ִ°?
     6.1 , , 
     6.2 Ϲ ڸ  ,  
        6.2.1 ̽   
        6.2.2  ũž ȯ?
        6.2.3 踷  ΰ?

  7.  ġ鼭

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  SysV ʱȭ

  ݺʹ  ǿ ϴ SysV ʱȭ ŸϿ ؼ
  ˾ƺ ϰڴ.     Ǿ Դ  
  Ʈ Ŀ   иϸ     絵
  ׷ϴ.  ,   ڵ 鼭
  ó ĳ־ϰ ణ Ƹ߾ ǰ ޸ 
   н ýۿ   ־ źź Ű  ý, ̷
    ̻  ޿   ý ü ٽ ġؾ ϴ 
   Ǿٴ    ̶    .

    ִ , ׸ ̰ῡ  ο
   ָ޴   Űܿ  
  Ͽ  κ ٸ  ˰ ;Ѵ.

  ü  δ  ̸ ٸ   ٴ 
  иϴ.   , ,  ġ  ٸ 
  ó µ  θ غ ڷμ 
    ׸ ᱹ  ( ) ɷ¿
  ޷ȴٰ ϰ ʹ. ̹ ڽ  ý  
  ձ ޾Ƽ  ȭǾ ִٸ, ׸ Ư  
   ο  Դٰ Ͽ ϰ  ư ý
     ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ.   ġ̾  
   ̵  س  ִ ̶ ο  غ
        𸥴.

    δ  ̺ٴ ο  
  α׷     ð   Ѵ. Ǵ
  ð  HOWTO  оų ѱ۷   
  ؼ ٸ ѱ       ƴұ Ѵ.

  1.1.   ù ° μ init

  Ŀ ޸𸮿 ǰ   ϴ μ ٷ init̴.
   init ϸ  ý Ǳ ϴ ̸  init
    ý  ̴.

       $ ps aux | less

    Ȯغ. init PID 1 ̴. н ý ƴ
   ̹ ˰ ִ μ  μ ᱹ initκ
  (fork)Ǿ  ̴.

  USER PID %CPU %MEM SIZE RSS  TTY STAT  START TIME
  COMMAND
  bin   136 0.0 0.0  824   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (portmap)
  nobody 189 0.0 0.2 1104  112 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (httpd)
  nobody 190 0.0 0.2 1104  116 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (httpd)
  nobody 191 0.0 0.2 1104  104 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (httpd)
  nobody 192 0.0 0.2 1104  120 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (httpd)
  nobody 193 0.0 0.2 1104  108 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (httpd)
  root   1 0.0 0.4  812  212 ? S  Mar 13  0:04 init
  root   2 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (kflushd)
  root   3 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW<Mar 13  0:00 (kswapd)
  root   4 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (nfsiod)
  root   5 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (nfsiod)
  root   6 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (nfsiod)
  root   7 0.0 0.0   0   0 ? SW Mar 13  0:00 (nfsiod)
  root   21 0.0 0.1  796   48 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 /sbin/kerneld
  root  103 0.0 0.3  824  164 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 syslogd
  root  114 0.0 0.2  972  112 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 klogd
  root  125 0.0 0.1  820   84 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 crond
  root  147 0.0 0.0  804   16 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (inetd)
  root  158 0.0 0.0  828   4 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 (lpd)
  root  170 0.0 0.1  976   76 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 named
  root  181 0.0 0.3 1104  160 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 httpd
  root  207 0.0 0.4 1220  224 ? S  Mar 13  0:00 sendmail: accepting

  init ߿ ӹ  ϳ ý ʱȭŰ ̴. 켱 init
    캸 ڱⰡ   ؾ  ˾ƺ.

       /etc/inittab

      (Run Level)̶ 
          ̶  ´.  ýۿ ý
         ǹϴ 0 , Ʈ α  ְ ý 
        ġ Ǵ ̱   1 , NFS 񽺸  ʴ 
          2 , ׸ ⺻  ڵ α 
        ְ ý    ֵǴ 3 , ʱȭڸ
        α ȭ X  α ȭ ߴ 5 , ׸
           6  ִ. 4   ִ°? װ
         ʴ´.

        initdefault ׸񿡼 ⺻ ְ Ǿ ִµ  0 ̳
        6  ϴ Ǽ  . ý õڸ
        õǰų ع ̴.

        ̷  ̶  Ƿ ý   Ȳ
        Ͽ  ϰ ó  ְ   ý ȴ.

  1.2.  /etc/rc.d ͸ Ž

   ͸  ʹ  ޶   
  ϰѴ.

       rc.sysinit

  ý ʱȭ         Ǵ  ʱȭ  ũƮ̴.
  /etc/sysconfig/network  ҷ , hostname  ȣƮ
  ̸ Ѵ.    (control-panel)
  Ʈũ  ϸ  Ǵ ˰ ϴµ ٷ ⺻
  /etc/sysconfig ؿ Ǿ ִٴ  ˾Ƶα ٶ.

   ȰȭŰ /etc/fstab  ǰϿ  ýۿ ̻
  ִ ϴ Ѵ. ƮѴ.  ɰ  ߻ϴ 쿡
  (Repair filesystem) #  Ʈ   e2fsck 
   ý ϵ ûѴ.  ýۿ  ý
   Ŀ ϵ Ǿ ִ.  ũƮ ϴ 
   о ٶ.  ٸ 뵵  ũƮ ¥µ 
    ̶ ϴ´.

       rc0.d
       rc1.d
       rc2.d
       rc3.d
       rc4.d
       rc5.d
       rc6.d

    /etc/rc.d ͸ Ư¡ ٷ ⿡ ִ.  
     ͸ صΰ ִ. , ⺻   3 
  Ǵ rc3.d ͸ . ׸ ls -l غ.

       S10network    ->   ../init.d/network
       S30syslog     ->   ../init.d/syslog
       S40cron       ->   ../init.d/cron.init
       S40portmap    ->   ../init.d/portmap.init
       S50inet       ->   ../init.d/inet
       S50lpd.init   ->   ../init.d/lpd.init
       S55named.init ->   ../init.d/named.init
       S65httpd      ->   /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd.init
       S75keytable   ->   ../init.d/keytable
       S80sendmail   ->   ../init.d/sendmail.init
       S85gpm        ->   ../init.d/gpm
       S99local      ->   ../rc.local

   ũ Ѵ. ׸  ũ  /etc/init.d ͸
  ũ Ʈ Ű ִ. ٸ ͸鿡  ̴.

   ũƮ  /etc/rc.d/init.d  ִ.

  ũ ̸  캸 S## ̸   ִٴ   
  ִ(⼭ ## ). rc6.d  κ K## ̸ 
   ִٴ ͵   ִ. ̿    ̷ .
  ϴ  ũƮ ִ /etc/rc.d/init.d ͸ .

  cron.init      ũ / ũƮ
  functions      ٸ ũƮ Ǵ ƿƼ Լ
  gpm            ؽƮ  콺 / ũƮ
  halt           halt Ǵ reboot ũƮ
  httpd.init       / ũƮ
  inet           inet   / ũƮ
  keytable       Ű ̺  / ũƮ
  killall         ʴ μ   ũƮ
  lpd.init       BSD   / ũƮ
  named.init      Ӽ  / ũƮ
  network        Ʈũ /ٿ ũƮ
  news            /ٿ ũƮ
  nfs            NFS  / ũƮ
  nfsfs          NFS Ʈ ũƮ
  pcmcia         PCMCIA / ũƮ
  portmap.init   Ʈ  / ũƮ
  random          ߻ ũƮ
  sendmail.init    / ũƮ
  single         ̱   ũƮ
  skeleton        init ũƮ 
  syslog         syslog / ũƮ

     ߰ ϰ Ѵٸ   Ѵ.

       # ./httpd.init stop

  ٽ Ϸ   ԷѴ.

       # ./httpd.init start

   ̼ ? Ϸ start, ߷ stop 
  ũƮ  μ ش.    񽺿  ʱȭ
  ũƮ  Ѵٸ  skeleton ũƮ ⺻  ϰ
   ũƮ Ͽ start ؼ   , ׸
  stop ؼ  ῡ   ֵ Ѵ.

  # ũƮ Ǵ Լ ̺귯 ƾ ҽ(source)Ѵ
  . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

  #  κ  캸 ٶ.
  case "$1" in
   start)
      touch /var/lock/subsys/skeleton
      ;;
   stop)
      rm -f /var/lock/subsys/skeleton
      ;;
   *)
      echo "Usage: skeleton {start|stop}"
      exit 1
  esac

  exit 0

  ׷ rc?.d ͸  ɺ ũ  ̸  ǹ̸ °?
  S ϴ ɺ ũ  Ű ũƮ start پ
  ȴ.    ũƮ̴. K ϴ ɺ ũ Ű
  ũƮ stop پ ȴ.   ũƮ̸ Kill
  ǹѴ.   ȣǰ ִ ˾ƺ ؼ
  /etc/rc.d/rc ũƮ о ȴ.

      ϴ      rc.local!
        ý ʱȭ     Ǳ ϴ  ƹ 
          rc.local  ޺κп ߰Ѵ. ڴ 
        ߰Ͽ.

          modprobe slhc
          modprobe ppp            PPP  ε
          modprobe bsd_comp
          modprobe ppp_deflate
          modprobe ip_masq_ftp    FTP ŽĿ̵  ε
          modprobe aic7xxx        ƴ SCSI Ʈѷ ν
          modprobe sbpcd          AT 2 ν

     rc.local ũƮ    α    ִ Red Hat
     Linux release 4.1 (Vanderbilt)  ޽ Ǵ κ
        ̴.

  1.3.   ෹  ϱ

  ׸ 1
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  File                                                      Help
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  init.d     0     1     2     3     4     5     6 
                                     
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Add
  Remove     0     1     2     3     4     5     6 
  Edit                               
  Execute
  ---------------------------------------------------------------

   ȭ   .     â /etc/rc.d/init.d
  ͸ ִ  ũƮ Ÿ ִ.  ũƮ  
    Ǵ ῡ   ϸ ȴ.  ϳ ϰ
  ߰(Add) ư     ߰  ´.
  ׸  ũƮ ƴϸ  ũƮ   ̴.
  ׸   ڸ ڸ ְ Ǵµ  ڰ  
  켱 ȴ. (Remove) ư     
  Ѵ.  ʰ Ƿ ϱ ٶ.

  (Edit) ư  ũƮ 켱  ȣ ϴ ̴. 
  ư (Execute) ϴ init.d â ϴ ũƮ  
  start/stop Ѵ.

   ýۿ ׷ ŷ   𸣳 
   ڷ Ͽ ü ý  ϰ   ִ
  Ǹ GUI  . ݱ Ư  SysV ʱȭ ý
  ˾ƺҴ.

  2.  Ʈũ

    ְ ܺ  ִ  Ʈũ ƴұ? ׸
     ¡  ü衯 θ   ŭ
      ӽμ ް  ǸѰ?
  ΰ?   Ѱ?    ̴.
    Ⱦϴ  鿡 ̿  𸣳 
  ٷ 츮 ڽ ṵ̈  Ƿ   
  ӵ ְ   ϰ ǻ ӿ  ϰ
  ϴ  ִ     ̴.

  2.1.  PLIP̶?

  ̹  Ŀο ϴ  Ư μ  ī̵
    ǻ͸  ΰ װ͵ TCP/IP ݷ  
  ڳ, FTP, NFS       ִ  ϳ
  ䷯  ͳ  PLIP ؼ ˾ƺڴ.

     غ
         Ʈ ϴ(Ϲ   FX ̶̺
        θ) ䷯  ̺ Ѵ.  ǻ , Ư ̺
              ̴.  2 õ   2 õ 5 
           ִٰ ȴ.  Ʈ ϴ  ƴ϶
         Ʈ ϴ ̺ Ȯ ˷־ Ѵ.

         ǻ 2  Ǵ  ӽ    ӽ  
        ׸ Ŀ  ð ڽŰ, Ⱑ  ȴ.

     Ŀ ϱ Ǵ  εϱ

          # cd /usr/src/linux
          # make xconfig

       Ŀ Ͽ   Ǵ   
     ̴.  Ŭ (Yes Ǵ No) ޸  ַ 
     ʴ  Ǵ  浹 Ű  (M) Ͽ
     ý   Ȱȭ, Ȱȭų  ִ.

     PLIP 쿡 ䷯ Ʈ ϱ  ͸ ϴ
              ٴ 
     ´.  ䷯ Ʈ   ޸ 쿡  ޶
     κ PC  ϳ ䷯ Ʈ  ִ.

     ٷ ⼭ ߿    ִ.  /PLIP
     ׶  Ϸ     ؾ Ѵ. ׸
      ͸    PLIP     ְ
     PLIP   ݴ ľ Ѵ.  ䷯  ZIP
     ̺   ϴ  翬 ZIP ɵ 
     ؾ Ѵ.

          # make dep ; make clean
          # make zImage Ǵ make zlilo
          # make modules ; make modules_install

      ° make zImage   Ŀο ̹  ̳ ZIP
        ִ ̴.  ǵ κ 
      ϰ ִ  ɵ  ȭѳ ֱ
      3 °  ־ ϴ.

       ġϸ /lib/modules/<Ŀ > ͸
     ġȴ. PLIP  Ʈŷ ̹Ƿ net ͸ ִ.

          total 119
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9112 Feb 20 22:01 3c509.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5464 Feb 20 22:00 bsd_comp.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6044 Feb 20 22:01 dlci.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2160 Feb 20 22:01 dummy.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4320 Feb 20 22:00 new_tunnel.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12532 Feb 20 22:00 plip.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24268 Feb 20 22:00 ppp.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34176 Feb 20 22:01 ppp_deflate.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6440 Feb 20 22:00 slhc.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8548 Feb 20 22:01 slip.o

     PLIP Ϸ   ǻ͸ ䷯  ̺ Ѵ.
     ׸  δ  insmod, modprobe  plip.o  Ŀ
      ȰȭŲ.

     /etc/hosts ۼϱ
        TCP/IP Ʈŷ ̹Ƿ   θ   ִ ּҸ
         Ѵ.   ǻ /etc/hosts  ڿ  
        ߰.

          192.168.1.1    one
          192.168.1.2    two

     ̺    ּҸ 192.168.1.1 ϰ ̸ ׳
     one̶ ϱ Ѵ.    192.168.1.2 ּҷ ϰ
     two θ Ͽ.

     PLIP ̽ Ȱȭϱ
        one  200.0.0.1̶ ּҸ ο    ӽſ
          Ѵ.

          # ifconfig plip1 one pointopoint two up
          # route add two plip1

     ifconfig   ˾Ƶξ  ̴.  Ʈũ
     ̽ ٷ    ۵Ų. plip1̶
     ̽ . one two ϴ(P-t-P) Ѵ. ׸
         οϴµ plip1ٰ two 
     θ Ѵ.  two̸ PLIP ̽ Ŷ 
     ȴ. two ̸ ǻͿ ݴ  ָ ȴ.

          # ifconfig plip1 two pointopoint one up
          # route add one plip1

     ! ̷ ϸ δ TCP/IP ݷ  ̴.   ڳ,
     FTP غ. NFS    ִ   NFS Ʈ  
     ִ. ݽ ̴.  ʿ ϴ   
     ϴ ͵ ϴ.

          $ telnet two
          $ ftp two

     PLIP ġ     Ѵ.

          # ifconfig plip1 down

     ̽ Ȱȭų   up̶ ߵ ̹
     down̴.  ׸  rmmod   .

          # rmmod plip

        
        PLIP     ̶ . ڳ
        ǿ      ǻ  FTP  
        ް Ǵ     ͷƮ ߻  
        ý ϰ   ɷ   ۾  
          ȴ.

        ̴   翬 𸥴. ̼Ʈ ī 
        ϵ ġ ƴϱ ̸ 2õ¥ Ʈũ Ѱϱ?
        PLIP ϰ   ȯ Ƹ   ũž ž
        ǻ   ƴѰ Ѵ.

  2.2.  IP ŽĿ̵/ȭ

   Ŀ Ʈũ   ȭ(Firewall)  ˾ƺ.
  ̰ ϸ    ˾ƺڴ.

     Ȳ
           繫ǿ 4  ǻͰ ִ. ׸ 
        ǻ͵  ̼Ʈ ī Ǿ   ϴ.
        ׷ 繫ǿ Ҵ  IP ּҴ   ̴. 
           ǻͿ ܺο ἱ ̾ ̴.
         ּҸ   210.126.77.222 .  Ʈũ
        192.168.1.1 ؼ 192.168.1.4 Ͽ Ǿ ִ.
        翬  ͳ ,  ܺο    ܺο  
        Ǿ 210.126.77.222 ּҸ  ǻͿ ϴ.
          ǻͿ ڳ, FTP,   ̴.

        ý ڴ ̷  غ.  ּ 210.126.77.222,
         ּ 192.168.1.1̶ ּҸ  ǻ  ƴ϶
        ܼ  ǻͿ Ǿ   3  ǻͿ
        ͳ   ?  ٸ ǻͿ ڳ, FTP
        غҴ.    ̰  ʴ´.   
        ϱ? 192.168.1.2  ּҸ  ǻͿ ܺη
        ڳ Ѵٰ ġ. ܺη  ؼ ᱹ ܺο Ǿ
        ִ ǻ͸ Ʈ(gateway) Ͽ  ȴ.
        ׸ ٽô ƿ  .  ֳϸ ܺμ 
        192.168.1.2 ּ Ŷ ܺ 迡     
         ̸ּ ü  θ Ͽ 192.168.1.2 Ŷ
          ִ ذ   ̴.

     ذå
        ذå ִ. ܺο Ǿ 210.126.77.222 IP ּҸ 
        ǻͿ Ŷ    ϹǷ ٸ 3 
        ǻ͵鿡  Ŷ ġ 210.126.77.222  ó
        (Masquerade)Ű  ̴. ׷ ϴ Ŷ ٰ
        ƿ  ֱ ̴.  ⼭     4 
        ǻ ΰ 210.126.77.222 ּҸ ϰ Ŷ 
        ͱ  ƿ Ŷ Ͽ װ δ 4  
         ǻ͸   س ʿ䰡 . ̰
         ϸ ᱹ   ޴  
        210.126.77.222̹Ƿ 츮 ϴ    ̴.
        ̿  ذå  ϰ ִ. ܺο  ο
        ϴ ǻͿ  ġǾ  Ʈũ 
        Ŷ Ͽ IP ְ  Ŷ ؼ װ
         Ʈũ   ϴ Ǻϴ  ϴ.

     غ
        ̹   ẻ  ġë ̴.  
           Ŀ Ͽ ؼ Ŀ Ϸ 
         ϴ.  ϴ   ִ°? ׷ Ŀ
        Ͽ   ã.  Ŀ   Ʈũ ɼ(Network
        Options) ׸ .

          [*] Network firewalls
          [*] TCP/IP networking
          [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
          [*] IP: firewalling
          [*] IP: masquerading (EXPERIMENTAL)
          [*] IP: always defragment
          [*] Dummy net driver support

     ̰ Ʈũ ܺ ̿ ȭ  ִ  ӽ
     ϳ ָ ȴ.

     
        Ŀ 2.0.0 ̻󿡼 ipfwadm̶ ƿƼ Ѵ. ȭ
         ϴ ǻͿ 192.168.1.0 Ʈũ Ͽ ܺο
         Ű鼭  Ʈũ  Ŷ ġ ȭ ּ
        210.126.77.222  ó ӿְ  ܺο 
        Ŷ   Ʈũ    ϴ Ǻִ
         ϱ ؼ   Ѵ.  ƿƼ ,
        ,  ǿ  ⺻ ִ.

          # ipfwadm -F -p deny
          # ipfwadm -F -a m -S 210.126.77.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0

      ȭ ǻͿ  ǻ͵  ȭ ļ
       ̹Ƿ  ⺻ Ʈ̸  ӽ
     ϶.

          route add default gw 192.168.1.1

     ̷ ָ 192.168.1.0 Ʈũ ִ  ǻͿ Ӱ
     ͳ  ϴ. ܺο   192.168.1.0̶
     Ʈũ    210.126.77.222 ּҸ  
      ǻ͸  ̴.   Ŷ ȭ  Ƿ
     ȭ ɸ ϴ ̷   .

       ϳ

          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3012 Feb 20
          22:03 ip_masq_ftp.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2640 Feb 20
          22:03 ip_masq_irc.o
          -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2572 Feb 20
          22:03 ip_masq_raudio.o
          modprobe ip_masq_ftp

       ϰ  /lib/modules/<Ŀι>/ipv4 ͸
         ߰  ִ. ó  FTP, IRC,
       ɿ  ŽĿ̵   ̴. 
     Ʈũ FTP  ϱ ؼ ٷ ip_masq_ftp 
     ȭ  ӽſ ־ Ѵ.  IRC,   
     ̴.

  2.3.  MS Windows box ڿ  - Samba

  Ϲ ڶ ݽ  б α׷  ø̼
   ణ ߱ ڶ ڱ  TCP/IP   
  Ѵ.     ڶ   ǻ  Ȱ
    Ͽ  (Routing) ,   
    ̴.   忡 ٷ   ٷ ߰ ڸ
    д.

  2.3.1.  ͳƮŷ

  е      ŭ  ǻʹ 
  Ʈŷ ô  ̴.    ص ο ǻ
     ְ޴µ ϱ Ͽ ȭ ̿ 
  Ḹ   ˰ ־ ȸ  ׻ ̶
  Ϲε ϱ   н/ ýۿ  
  ִ ̶   ־ٴ   ̴.  б
  繫ǿ ̼Ʈ Ʈũ ī带     Ǵ  ǹ
    ǻ͵ Ǿ ִ 찡   Ǵ 쿡
  ISPκ  ͳ ȸ  ͳ̶  ؿ ϴ
  쵵    ִ.

   ǻ͸ ٴ  ó å ϳ  ɾ 
  α׷    Ϳ ġ ʰ Ʈũ ʼ 
  ϰ Ǿ.

  Ʈũ  ̻ 縦  Ѵ.  ϳ ߽ 
  Żؾ  ʿ䰡 ִ.    ڱ 󿡼 ٸ
  ׸  ڱ  ְ ٸ   ʿ  
     ִٸ  ̿ ܱ  ʿġ  ̴. 
  ڱ    ϸ Ȱ  .  ̶  
  ׷ ʴ.  漱 ʸ ڱⰡ ϴ ʹ  ٸ
   ϴ  ְ ׵ 츮 ٸ ڿ ȯ, ȭ
  ȯ濡  ְ 츮    ִ.

  ϴ      Ѿٰ .  
  ̶    翬    ؾ Ѵ.
  ׵   ϸ   ִ°? Ǵ  󿡼
   Ǵ  ؾ Ѵ. ٷ Ʈŷ 谡
  ׷ϴ. Ϲ   ü ڽŸ ü踦  ִ.
  ũμƮ  ǰ   ũ׷ 3.11,  95,  NT
  ׵   ü踦  ־ ϴ ޽ ְ 
  ֵ ȵǾ ִ.   ȯ濡  ǰ ִ 뺧
  Ʈ  ׵ ǰ Ǵ  ü踦 
  ִ. ̷ ȸ縶  ٸ ü踦  ִ.   ȸ
  ̿ Ư     ü    
   ̴. ü谡  ٸ ǻ͸ Ͽ ϴ ޽
  ְ޴´ٴ ͵ Ҽ̴.

   Ϳ   ִ TCP/IP   ü 
  ϳ̴.  ü   ٸ  ũμƮ
  翡 ϰ ִ ü,  NetBIOS Ǵ 
  Ŵ(LanManager) Ҹ SMB(Session Message Block)̴. 뺧
  翡  ǰ ִ ׵鸸  NCP(Network Control
  Protocol)̶ Ҹ.  翡 ũ(AppleTalk) ڽŸ
  ü踦 ´( ڽ ߱ ڶ ϱ Ѵٸ
    ʴ´   ȸ ̷  ִٴ
  Ǹ صα ٶ). 㸶ũξ 翡 ó ߵ
  Ʈũ  ý NFS(Network File System)   
  н ýۿ äǰ ִ ̴.  TCP/IP 
  н  ǻ͵鿡 ؼ Ǵ  ̱ 
    ϰ   ֵ ȵǾ ó ׷ 
  ο ΰ  ̸    ǻ͸ ϰ
  ͳ̶ ϴ  Ʈũ ϰ ϴ ǻͶ
  翬   ǥ Ǿ ִٴ  ٸ ݰ  ߿伺
  ޸  ̴.

     ̷   ȴ.  ̷   ϴ
  ϱ?   ϴ.   ġ   
  ̴. 켱  鿡 ־   ݿ  
  ִٸ ׸ װ ܼ ϴ ͸δ ذ  ٰ
  Ǵ   ٸ   ǼϷ ϱ ̴. ̷ ؼ
   䵵  ٸ  ȣȯ   ݵ
  ܳ.  °   ߿ μ  ȸ ġ
     ִ. öϰ ڱ  ߸ α  
       ұϰ Ϻη  ٸ
   ϴ ̴.   ־  ȸ
   Ѵٸ  븦 ϰ Ǵ ̹Ƿ Ϻη
  ȣȯ ʴ ڽŸ  . ̶ ϳ ̰
  ڽ ü Ȯִ ̹Ƿ   ߿ϰ .

   ȸ ġ    ٸ ȸʹ ȣȯ
  ʴ ڽŸ   Ѵ.  ȸ  ڽ
     ǥ Ǳ ٶ ̴. ̷ ǹ̿ TCP/IP
   ٸ    쿭  . 
  ٴ ġ  ٸ   ̱ ̴. 뺧
   NCP 뺧 Ʈ  ˸  ̸  
  ũ 翬 ڽ ü ý 7 ˸  ׸
  ũμƮ  SMB   ǰ شǴ ̴.
  ׵ ڽ   ϴ   ݹ   
  ̴.  繫ǿ 뺧  ǰ  ƴϸ  ,
  ũμƮ ǰ  츮 ϰ ִ.

  2.3.2.  ũμƮ ǰ ȭϱ

  ̹ ٷ ϴ  ٷ SMB ü  ϴ
  ũμƮ ǰ   ̴.   ο
  ǻͿ   ǰ ִ ü ǰ  3.1,  95
   ũμƮ ǰ̴.  ̼ ġ ڽŸ
  Ʈ̵帶ũ  ־, Խԡ ġ ִ ׵ ǰ 
  ӻ ϵ  ο ǻ ũž 忡 
  ġ ϰ  иϴ.

   б, 繫ǿ ̹ ׷  ũμƮ ǰ
  Ǵ ǻ͵  ̴.     ִ.
  е ˴ٽ       ִ.
    Լ    츮 
  ũμƮ ǰ ׵鸸  츮 Ѵ.  
   ٸ 뵵 ϰ ִµ Ȥ 츮 ϰ ٸ  
  ý ڿ  Ͽ ϰ   ִ.  ̷  
  ؾ ϴ°?

  ũμƮ ǰ    ǥ ϴ ǰ ϳ
  .  ׵鿡Լ ׷   ʿ . ׵ ɹۿ ִ
  ̸   ִ ϴ ġ   ׷ 
   Ⱓ Ͼ   иϴ.  /н ȿ
  ذ  ־԰   ϳ ٷ (Samba) Ű̴.

   ϴ. ٶ Ű ũμƮ ǰ ϰ ִ
  SMB  ϰ  ٷ SMB  ̾߱ 
  ƴ α׷ ̴. ϰ  ǻͰ ǰ(Ϲ
  ̼Ʈ ) ũμƮ ǰ   Ǵ  ݴ
   ޽    ʿ ٸ ġصθ ũμƮ
  ǰ 忡 ڽ ȭϰ ִ 밡 ڻ ǰ 
       .    
  âϰ  ϴ Ͱ .      ǰ
  TCP/IP   Ǿ ־ Ѵٴ    ִ.

  ܵ ٸ ϸ    ϴ.

  1.  ̺긦  ӽŰ Ѵ.

  2.  ̺긦  ӽŰ Ѵ.

  3.  ͸  ӽŰ Ѵ.

  4.  ͸  ӽŰ Ѵ.

     ٸ   ִ 
        ٴ  FTP Ʈ   ִ.
        nimbus.anu.edu.au/pub/tridge/samba/ ٴ  
        ڵ鿡 ־ ߿ Ű νĵǾ ֱ  ,
          ߿ ǿ ⺻ Ű ϰ ִ.
        ҽ 쿡   ҽ ׷ϵ README
        Ĳϰ о ȴ. ƮũƮ ó ưų
         ʴ. Ű Ǵ 쿡   Ű¡
        ýۿ ´  Ͽ ġϵ Ѵ.

      Ű 
         Ű    Ŭ̾Ʈ ̷ ִ. 켱
           .

          smbd (SMB )
          nmbd (Ŭ̾Ʈ  NetBIOS Ӽ)

      ΰ  Ϲ /usr/sbin ͸ ġϸ ý
     õ ũƮ(/etc/rc.d Ʒ) Ǵ inetd    ȴ.
        ̳ʸ ϵ鿡 ؼ ˾ƺ.

          smbclinet (н SMB Ŭ̾Ʈ)
          smbprint (SMB ȣƮ  ͷ ϱ  ũƮ)
          smbstatus (  SMB ȣƮ  Ȳ )
          smbrun (SMB ȣƮ α׷ ϵ ִ ũƮ)

     Ϲ /usr/bin ġϸ  ܿ   α׷̳
     ũƮ  ִ 쵵 ִ.

      ü   ġ /etc ͸̸ ϸ
     smb.conf̴.   ٸ    ִ° °
     ٷ smb.conf     ϴ° ޷ִ ص
      ƴϴ.

        smb.conf 鿩ٺ
           /etc/smb.conf  ϳ ̷.
         Ͽ ܺ   ڿ   ׸ ϴ
        ڿ ؼ     Ѵ.  ׿
        ó  ʿ .  ߿   ġ õõ
           ڼ ʿϴ.  캸 ˰
        [ ̸] ڿ ̸ =   ǰ ̷.
         н Ϲ Ģ  Ͽ ҹڸ
         ʴ´.     иϴ. ũμƮ 
        ӽŵ ҹڸ   ʱ ̴.  غ.

       Ǵ ̸ =   Ѵ.

       , ҹڴ  ʴ´.

       ݷ(;) ϰų  Ѵ.

       н ʴ    (\) ϸ  ٰ
        ̾.

       ȣ     񽺸 ǹѴ.

       񽺿   񽺿  ,   ִ.

        ,  []    ϴ  ˾ƺ
        . 켱   񽺿 ؼ ˾ƺ.

          [foo]
            path = /home/bar
            writable = true

      foo 񽺸 ϰ ִ. θ /home/bar̰
        ϰ ִ(writable = true ).   
     񽺿  ̴. 񽺸 aprinter ǵǾ ִ.

          [aprinter]
             path = /usr/spool/public
             read only = true
             printable = true
             public = true

      񽺴 б⸸ ϸ ÿ õ ̴. 
     Ǯ(Spool) Ͽ   //ݱ⸦   
     οȴ.

        ȣ ѷ   ̸ Ѵ.
     켱 ü  Ǵ [global]  .

          [global]
            printing = bsd
            printcap name = /etc/printcap
            load printers = yes
          ; Uncomment this if you want a guest account
          ; guest account = pcguest
            log file = /var/log/samba
            lock directory = /var/lock/samba
            share modes = yes

      ǿ ϰ ִ   ü õ ̸ 
     ٸ ǿ   뿡  ⺻  Ѵ.
     ߺǴ  ִٸ ٷ [global] ǿ ´.

       Ȩ ͸  񽺸 ϴ Ϳ  õ 
     ϴ [homes] ̴.

          [homes]
            comment = Home Directories
            browseable = no
            read only = no
            create mode = 0750

     Ŭ̾Ʈ Ͽ ڽ Ȩ ͸   ֵ
     ִ 񽺸 Ѵ.  û    켱
     ǵǾ ִ 񽺸 ˻Ѵ.   ش 񽺸 ߰ߵǸ
      װ Ѵ.  ߰ߵ ʾ  񽺸
     ڸ ϰ ˸ н带 Էϸ [homes] ǿ ִ
     뿡 ǰϿ 񽺸 Ѵ.   ڰ   
      ̸  Ǹ  ʿ  [homes] Ǹ
     ϳ صθ ϰ   ֵ ϰ ִ.  create mode
        ⺻   㰡 ǹѴ. 
     ϴ  ٲٴ  ϴ.   [printers] 
     ִ.

          [printers]
            comment = All Printers
            browseable = no
            printable = yes
            public = no
            writable = no
            create mode = 0700

     [homes] ǰ ٰ ϸ ȴ.    񽺰 ƴ
      񽺿 õ   ̴.  ٷ   [printers] 
     ϸ /etc/printcap ǵǾ ִ ͸   ְ
     ȴ.     Ϸ  printable = yes
      ϰ ־ Ѵٴ ̴.

         smb.conf  ߿ϰ Ư ǹ̸ 
     ̴.   ǿ ִ  smb.conf  ƹ
     ϴ    켱  3  Ͽ ؼ ϰ
         ó϶.

       smb.conf  Ͽ  ̻  캸
     ؼ testparm  Ѵ.

          # testparm
          Load smb config files from /etc/smb.conf
          Processing section "[homes]"
          Processing section "[printers]"
          No path in service printers - using /tmp
          Processing section "[public]"
          Loaded services file OK.
          Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions

     <>Ű ġ  ڷ   Ǳ  ڼ 
      ȴ.

      ڽ   
         Ű ִ  Ȯ     
         ̴.         ִ
          ̴.

        ܵ  
            (smbd) netbios Ӽ(nmbd) ܵ 
             ̴. smbd nmbd -D ɼ ְ
           ⸸ ϸ ȴ. κ  ǿ 
           Ű ϰ ְ ý ʱȭÿ ڵ  
           쵵 Ǿִ 찡 .  ý 츦 
            Ű ġϸ /etc/rc.d/init.d ͸ smb
             /  ũƮ ġ Ȯ  ִ.

           Ϲ ý ʱȭÿ ڵ  
           /Ű    ó Ѵ.

             # cd /etc/rc.d/init.d
             # ./smb stop
             # ./smb start

         쿡 ũƮ start,  쿡 stop
        ش.

        inetd     
           ܵ   ͺٴ ð ణ  
              û  ǻ ȯ濡 ׷
             ŭ ƴ  ϴ.  inetd    
           ϴ ̴. ̷ ϸ SMB 񽺸  ʴ
           쿡 SMB   μ   ʰ ǹǷ
           ڿ  ȿ ´. SMB  û  
           inetd Ͽ ڵ  ۵Ѵ.

           inetd   ϴ   ׷ϵ
           /etc/services Ͽ    ְ
           /etc/inetd.conf Ͽ  񽺿 شϴ  
            ش.

           /etc/services Ͽ   ִ Ȯϰ  
           ڿ ߰Ѵ.

             netbios-ns   137/tcp     nbns
             netbios-ns   137/udp     nbns
             netbios-dgm   138/tcp     nbdgm
             netbios-dgm   138/udp     nbdgm
             netbios-ssn   139/tcp     nbssn

        /etc/inetd.conf Ͽ   ִ Ȯϰ  
        ڿ ߰Ѵ.

             netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/smbd smbd
             netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/nmbd nmbd

          1. ܵ    2. inetd  
        ϱ  ÿ   ٴ   ʹ. 
         ڶ X      ⸦ 
           3(Ϲ ෹) SMB   ũƮ
        Ѵ.

          3  (Start) â smb   (Remove)
        ư .  SMB 񽺸  ʴ 鿡 ϰ
         ̴.

      ӽſ  ̺ ֱ
        ׳  鿡  ͸   Ϻθ ֱ
        ؼ    smb.conf Ѵ.

          [public]
             comment = Public Stuff
             path = /home/public
             public = yes
             writable = yes
             printable = yes

      smbd nmbd -D ɼǰ Բ Ͽ  · ߰
     س   Ʈũ  Ŭ̾Ʈ  95  NT 
      Ʈ ũ ̺  ϸ ȴ. ̺   
     ٰ ġ н ȣƮ ȣƮ 񽺸  
     ش.

     \\freeyong\yong

        ʴ´ٴ ǿ ϱ ٶ. 񽺸 
      /etc/smb.conf  ̸ Ǵ  ڽ н ȣƮ
       ָ ȴ. ø     ȣƮ ׸
       ,   񽺸 ´.    
     ͸  [public]   ϱ ؼ 
      ´.

          \\freeyong\public

        ġϰ     
     ۵ϴ  95  NT ӽſ  ʾƵ  Ȯ
     ϴ. ֳϸ   Ű  Ŭ̾Ʈ 
     ֱ ̴.       ġ 
       غ. yong̶ Ϲ ڰ   ߴٰ
     ġ.

          $ smbclient \\\\freeyong\\yong

     Ǵ

          $ smbclient '\\localhost\yong'

     ȣ ʿ 쿡 ȣ  ̴. ȣ  쿡
     ׳ Ű ġ ȴ.

     ؾ     . \\\\freeyong\\yong̶ 
       ̻ ? Ȥ ڰ ƴѰ? ׷ ʴ. н
     п  ڴ Ư ǹ̸    α׷
         ϰ   п Ͱ  
      ־ Ѵ. C α׷ printf   ڸ
     ϱ ؼ  ־ ϴ ƴ  ݹ 
     ̴. Ǵ   ؼ    ǥ ָ
     ȴ.  ȸ å ãƼ ǥ(backquoute, `), 
     ǥ('), ū ǥ(") п  ٸ ǹ̸  غ
     ٶ. ߱ڶ ̰Ϳ ؼ  ϰ ־ Ѵ.

     smb: \> Ʈ  h ļ   ִ Ȯغ
     ٶ.  ftp ϴ ɰ  ϴ.   q
     .    ӽŰ  ӽ Ǿ ִ  
       ȿ ƴٴϰų Ǵ  ӽ ftp 
      ´ٵ ϴ   ̴.    ftp
      ִ.     ϰ  ̺긦
     ϴ ̶  ó ǿ ڿ ftp
       ʴ  95  NT ӽ 쿡 ݴ 
       ӽſ  ӽ     
      ƴϴ. ׷ٰ     95/NT ڳ  FTP
      Ѵٴ   ʿ  ?

      ڽ  ̺ ֱ
        ̹ ݴ 츦 غ.  ڽ Ŭ̾Ʈ
        ̰  ӽ ̺꿡 ִ   Ѵ.
        Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷δ    ִ smbclient
        ִ.

          $ smbclient -L freeyong

     -L ɼ   ӽ ȣƮ(Ȯ  Ŵ )
     ָ    п ϴ    
     ̴.

          [yong@freeyong yong]$ smbclient -L freeyong
          Added interface ip=127.0.0.1 bcast=127.255.255.255 nmask=255.0.0.0
          Server time is Fri Apr 18 05:59:01 1997
          Timezone is UTC+9.0
          Domain=[WORKGROUP] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 1.9.16p9]

          Server=[freeyong]     User=[yong]     Workgroup=[WORKGROUP]
          Domain=[WORKGROUP]

              Sharename   Type     Comment
              ---------   ----     -------
              IPC$        IPC      IPC Service (Samba 1.9.16p9)
              lp          Printer
              public      Disk     Public Stuff
              tmp         Disk     Temporary file space
              yong        Disk     Home Directories

          This machine has a browse list:

              Server         Comment
              ---------      -------
              FREEYONG       Samba 1.9.16p9

          This machine has a workgroup list:

              Workgroup      Master
              ---------      -------
              WORKGROUP      FREEYONG

        ǻ    ϰ 
     Ŭ̾Ʈ Ȯ ̴.    񽺸 Ȯ 
     񽺸 غ.

          $ smbclient \\\\ȣƮ\\񽺸 ȣ

     ġ FTP   Ͱ    ̽ 
     ̴.

     ŰŸ 
        Ŀ  Ͻý(FileSystem)-SMB  ý  Ŀ
        ȿ ϵ簡 ƴϸ  Ѵ.  95 ϴ
        쿡 SMB  95  ġ  ϵ . Ȯ 
        ̰  Ŭ̾Ʈ   ϴ ̴. 
         ġϿ  ڽ θ ϰ ϴ
        鿡Դ ʿ  ̴.

         95   ͸  ִµ װ ִٴ
         .  ణ ӵ ϸ ϰ 
        ͸ 񽺸 ް Ѵٸ SMB  95  ġ ɼ
        ѵε . Ŀο ϴ SMB Ŭ̾Ʈ  񽺸
        ް   Ư Ʈ α׷ ; Ѵ. ġ
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/smbfs
        smbfs-2.0.1.tgz ͼ Ͽ Ѵ. Ŀ 
        2.0.29 ̻ ϵ ϶. make , make install Ŀ
        smbmount, smbumount Ư Ʈ α׷ ġȴ.

            Ͱ   ü  
          ȿ Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ȯ  ͵ .
        ׷߸  95/NT       
         ƴϸ ̺   95/NT  
          ľ  ֱ ̴.

  2.4.  Ʈũ ⺻  

  ͳ ȣ ŷڸ     Ʈũ̴. 
  Ŵ BBS ȸ, Ư ̱ Ǫ(CompuServe) Ǵ AOL 
  ȸ ־ٰ ϳ ׵  ⲯؾ   Ϻ
  ̱  ӹ ̴. ͳ ó 񿵸 
  ڵ ȣ  Ʒ  踦  鼭 ޼ӵ
  ĵǾ  Ư е ˴ٽ  ̵ ̶ ü
   Ϲο ٰ ̴.

  ͳ ϴ  ڰ   ͳ  
     ݸ     ŭ Ϻ 
  ظ ϰ ִ.   Ź, TV    ִ
  ũŷ(Cracking) ǵ  ׷  Ǻ   ڱ׸
  ε ػʰ ߻ϰ ִ     ִ.

  峭ٷ ڵ ɸ  𸣰 и 
  ׵鿡 ̳ öå شٰ ؼ  ĸԴ´ٴ
  嵵   Ȱ   ڽ  ؾ ϴ
    쿡 Ȧ    ̴.

   ִٰ ؼ     ƴϴ. ñ谡 ִٰ
  ؼ   ʴ   ƴϴ.  ̷ ⺻ å
   ʴ´ٸ   ʹ  ʰڴ°?

    ⿡ ռ ̷ ̾߱⸦ ϴ  Ʈũ
  " ̶  Ͽ ̼ ڼ ڴ ǵ̴. ȿ
   ش ,  ȿ Ȧ ϴ 游 µ ׸ ȿ
  Ͽ ص Ű ϴ µ  ΰ ü Ϳ
    ʴ´.   ʿ   ȿ  ʿ Ű
  ٴ  콺 ̸  ʿ  ڰ ƹ  
   ִ  õ ̴.

  2.4.1.   ⺻  

    ſ  ̴.  Ʒ ʿϸ  
  ߿ϴٴ   ˰  ̴. Ʈũ   
  ̴.      ̸ ̸ ٵ
  ϰ     ȵȴ١ ̴.  
   ü迡 Ͽ    ϴ ٷ µ
    ʺ   ذ  ִ 
  ƴ϶  и ϰڴ. ٸ  𸣰  
  Ͽ   ã Ʈũ ڰ ִٸ ̳ ü
    ذؾ Ѵٰ ϰ ʹ. ״ ̳ ݼ 
  ʰڴٴ  .   ƴ϶  ̷  
   ְڴ°?

  Ʈũ   ־  ư   ִٸ  Ư 
  Ʈũ  ׻  ǿ ִ. ˿ 
    .   ּ     ʴ´.
   Դٰ ؼ  ʿ ݰ  ִ ͵ ƴϴ. 츮 
  뵵  ϰ ⸸ ؾ Ѵٴ ̴. ̷ غ 
   ӿ Ʋ.  ظ ϰ    ó 
  ְ ̹    ̴.   ڻ 
  Ǿ ̹ ȸ簡 ·ο 濡   Ǭ ̸
  ѵ  ҿ ְڴ°?

     ̾߱⸦   ȣ ŷڸ  
  ͳ ǿϴ  ִٴ  ǿ ȭ   . 
   а   ̶   ִ   
  ڴ.    ظ ִ  ̿ܿ ִ ϵ
  󸶵 ִٰ Ѵ.

     ⺻ Ģ
        ʿ    ϵ õ Ѵ!

        ⼭ ϴ ٴ н/ Ǵ ̴. Ʈũ
         ũ 2   Ǵµ ϳ inetd 
          ڵ Ǵ ̸  ϳ н Ÿ
        μ   Ű ̴.  쿡
           캸 ʿ   ۵ ʵ
        ý ʱȭ  ϸ ȴ.   Ͽ ص
             ýۿ ϸ ׸̴.
          ׸ ,   ǿ 
        ġ/ οǷ  ϵũ  ϰ  ʿ
         ϴ  ٰ .     ý 
         ġϰ    ϱ ̴.  츮 ġ
         κ ٷ inetd    Ǵ ̴.
        츮 𸣴 ̿ ȿ      
        ִ.

     /etc/inetd.conf ûϱ
          ϳ 񽺸 Ѵ.   .

          <񽺸> < Ÿ> <> <÷> <> < > < μ>

          #
          # These are standard services.
          #
          ftp  stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a
          telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd
          gopher stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd gn

     ftp, telnet  񽺴  ⺻ ̴.  
     ٿ ִ (gohper) 񽺴      α⵵
      κ   ̶ .  𸥴ٸ 
     ̰ ϰ  ʴ ̸ 񽺸  ɷµ 
     Ƿ   տ (#) ڸ ־ ּ óع ٶ.

          #
          # Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
          #
          #shell  stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rshd
          #login  stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rlogind
          #exec  stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rexecd
          talk   dgram  udp wait  root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.talkd

       񽺵  (?) 񽺵̴. н 
      αϰų ݿ   α׷ ų  ִ
      ϱ ̴. ̷ 񽺿  ݴϸ ε 
     ´. shell, login, exec  ο  ƴ ̻ ó
     ּóϱ ٶ.

          #
          # Finger, systat and netstat give out user information
          # which may be valuable to potential "system crackers."
          # Many sites choose to disable
          # some or all of these services to improve security.
          #
          # cfinger is for GNU finger, which is currently not
          # in use in RHS Linux
          #
          # finger stream tcp nowait root  /usr/sbin/tcpd in.fingerd
          #cfinger stream tcp nowait root  /usr/sbin/tcpd in.cfingerd
          #systat stream  tcp nowait guest  /usr/sbin/tcpd /bin/ps -auwwx
          #netstat stream tcp nowait guest  /usr/sbin/tcpd /bin/netstat

     ̹ inetd.conf  Ͽ   ִ ̴. ⿡ ִ
     񽺵 ܺο  , ڿ   Ѵ.
     finger, systat, netstat ּ ó ΰ  ΰ? finger
      .

     [yong@freeyong src3]$ finger @localhost
     [localhost]
     Login Name     Tty Idle Login Time  Office Office Phone
     root root     *4  1:18 May  12 12:20
     yong Lee Man Yong *1  1:18 May  12 12:20
     yong Lee Man Yong *2  1:18 May  12 12:20

     [yong@freeyong src3]$ finger @linux.cs.helsinki.fi
     [melkki.cs.Helsinki.FI]
     ----------------------------------------------------  University
     of Helsinki - Department of Computer Science
       Local time is Mon May 12 07:45:27 EET DST 1997

       Latest Linux Kernel versions (from ftp.cs.Helsinki.FI)
         v2.0 (stable):   2.0.30
         v2.1 (development): 2.1.36
     -------------------------------------------------------
     Login Name    Tty Idle Login Time Office Office Phone
     ahalme Allan Halme p8 7:22 May 12 00:22 [ hi-hat.in.helsin ]

      ٽ ü    ȣƮ ۾ϰ
     ִ  иϰ  ϰ ִ.  Ű 
        ۾ϰ ִ ִ ̴. 
     ǵ κ finger   ֵ صξµ ̴ ȿ 
       ƴϴ.  ȣ ŷڿ  ߵǴ ü̱
     ̴.  ߿ ӹ ϰ ħڸ ƾ ϴ 
      ̸ ƾ Ѵ. finger  ȣƮ 쿡 
      ޽ ´.

          [yong@freeyong src3]$ finger @localhost
          [localhost]
          finger: connect: Connection refused

       finger  ſ  ϴ 񽺸 
     Ǹ  ΰ   Ѵٴ    ƴ 
     . ϴ   ص  ý  
     ;ϴ 鿡 谨 Ȱ ̴. Ǵ ǿ 
     Ű ϱ?

     /etc/ftpusers
          ̸ ǹϴ ٿʹ ޸   ȿ 
        ڵ ftp 񽺸    ϴµ   ִ.

     root
     bin
     daemon
     adm
     lp
     sync
     shutdown
     halt
     mail
     news
     uucp
     operator
     games
     nobody

       캸  ˰  ڵ Ϲ
     ڵ ƴϰ ý  ʿ Ư  
     ID̴. ̵ ftp α  telnet  ε 
     ͼ ȵǴ ڵ̴. ָ  δ  ù 
     root   ִµ root ڷ ftpϴ  ص  ̱
     ̴. root    ftp ͼ ߿ 
      ٰų ߿  ٵ Ǵ ߿  Ʈ
     񸶿 üѴٵ    ϰڴ°?

     /etc/securetty
        Ϲ root ڽ ϴ  ܼ տ ɾƼ ۾ؾ
        Ѵ.  root  𿡼   ֵ صдٸ ̴
        ũĿ鿡  ý  ٹġ ϰ ٸ 
        .

          tty1
          tty2
          tty3
          tty4
          tty5
          tty6
          tty7
          tty8

     ⺻ ġ   ܼ 8  ̴. ص 
      tty1 ϳ ܵα⵵ Ѵ.  9  Ǿ ¥
      3.1 ٷ  Ͽ Ŀٶ   ִ. ܼ 
     ƴ϶ ܺο ڳ α  ֵ ߸ Ǿ ֱ
     ̴.   ¥  3.1 ڶ   
      غ ٶ.    ̷  .  
      ܺο root α  ٸ ߸  ƴϳİ
     ȣϴ   ִ. ߸  ƴϰ  
     ̴.   Ͽ root ۾ ϰ ʹٸ Ϲ
      α  su  ϶.

  2.4.2.  tcpd ȣƮ   Ŀ

    inetd.conf     ڼ 캸  
       ̴.

       telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd

  ڳ 񽺿    α׷ in.telnetd̴. ׷ 
     ڸ in.telnetd ִ  ƴ϶
  /usr/sbin/tcpd α׷  ִ. ftp ٸ  Ƶ
  tcpd ڸ ϰ ִٴ  Ȯ  ִ.

  ٷ tcpd  ڿ   Ͽ α,   Ŀ
  ϴ α׷̴. inetd    tcpd 2  
      ȿ ǵǾ ִ Ģ ǰϿ 񽺿 
   , ź θ Ѵ.

    д  /etc/hosts.allow  /etc/ho sts.deny ̴.
   ؾ   tcpd   鼭  ó
  յǴ Ģ  ű⼭ ٴ ̴.   ؾ
  ϴ ؼ   Ͽ     ϱ ϰڴ.
   յǴ Ģ ߰ ϸ  Ѵ.

     /etc/hosts.allow
           Ģ Ѵ.   ſ ϴ.

          < >: <ȣƮ > [: ]

     < > Ģ   μ  ׸
     ޸(,) Ͽ Ѵ. δ ftpd, telnetd, fingerd
        ִ.  <ȣƮ > ȣƮ  ε 
     ޸ Ѵ. ȣƮ ̿ܿ IP ּҸ   ִ. 
     ȣƮ IP ּҿ Ͽ ϵ ī ڸ ϴ 
     ϴ.

       gw.vk2ktj.ampr.org  ϳ ȣƮ ϴ 
     ְ .uts.edu.au  ȣƮ    ȣƮ
     Ͽ ϰ ϴ ͵ ϴ.  44.̶ ǥϸ 
     ڷ ϴ  IPּҸ  ȣƮ Ű ̴.

     ̿ܿ Ư ɺ ִµ ALL  ״ ͳ  
     ȣƮ ǹϸ LOCAL Ʈ(.) ڸ  ʴ 
     ȣƮ Űµ   ȣƮ ӽŰ  ο 
      ȣƮ Ų.  PARANOID    ּ
     ڵ ϱ Ͽ ּҿ ȣƮ ġ ʴ ȣƮ
     ų  Ѵ.   EXCEPT   ״ ü
     ȣƮ  ȣƮ   Ǵ Ű̴.

     <> κ Ϲ  ʴµ شٸ tcpd  
     Ģ   ־  ϵ ϵ Ǿ ִ.
       н ־ Ѵ.   ȣƮ
     Ϸ õϴ Ȯϴ , Ư   ý
     ڿ ڵ ̳  ޽  ϴ 
     ´.

     # /etc/hosts.allow
     #
     #    
     in.smtpd: ALL
     # telnet ftp  ο    ִ  ȣƮ
     #  
     telnetd, ftpd: LOCAL, myhost.athome.org.au
     # finger ϵ  ûߴ  .
     fingerd: ALL: (finger @%h | mail -s "finger from %h" root)

     /etc/hosts.deny
           źο  ̴. Ϲ ALL: ALL̶
         ϳ ־ /etc/hosts.allow 㰡 ʴ  Ϳ
        Ͽ ⺻ ź å ϴ  ٰ .
        /etc/hosts.deny ⺻ å  񽺿 Ͽ ׸
         ڿ Ͽ źθ س  tcpd
        /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts .deny  ˸ Ģ
        ߰   㰡Ѵٴ å  ֱ ̴.
        ⺻ ź å  /etc/hosts.allow ϳ 㰡ϴ
         ùٸ  .

           /etc/hosts.allow ALL: ALL  
          ƴ޶ ̴. ׸ tcpd Ģ  Ư 
        Ư Ģ տ ΰ Ϲ Ģ ڿ д. 
        ߿ϱ ̴.  tcpd  صξ Ǹ
        ڶ 򰡸    ũĿ 忡  Ű
        ̴  ࿡ ̴. ͳ     ձ 
            ̻ ȸϷ   ̴.

  2.4.3.    , RPC 

  ũĿ Ʈũ   ٴ   Ѵ. ׵ 
  к  ƴ ͵  . κ ũĿ CERT 
      ǥ Ʈ  ̹ ˷  
  ˾ƺ  ڸ ΰ ִ 鿡 ġٴŸ. ̹ 
   װ ִٰ ǥ  ؼ  ο  
  ϵ ƴϸ  ó smail̶   
  ϴ ͵ .

  NFS Sun RPC 񽺸 ϴ 쿡  Ǹ ￩ Ѵ.
   񽺸 ǿ     ̴. NFS 쿡
  Ʈ       ʿϴ. б⸸ ؾ 
   б/⸦ Ѵٵ ϴ   ־ ȵȴ.

  2.5.  , ϳ Ϻ ȭ Ʈ

   ͳ/Ʈ  Ȱ о߿ ־  Ŀΰ  
   ϳε  Ǹ ȭ  س  ִٴ ǿ 
   ϰ ִ.    ڵ 
      󸶳 ־? ׸ 
  ϴ  ڵ  ̹ ˰ ִ  Ʈ Ÿ
    ٸ.    ڵ   
  򰡿    ǸǸ  ̰  ׷ ϴٸ
  ä  ׸̴.

  2.5.1.  ȭ(Firewall)̶ ΰ?

  ȭ̶  ڵ о ٰ Ѵ. ȭ ڵ 
  °    ִ ġ Ų. ڵ  
  ٴ Ȳ  ȭκ ° ȣϱ ؼ ȵǾ. 
   ״ Ʈũ о߷ ͼ ǻ Ʈũ  ǹ̸
   Ǿµ ⼭ ȭ̶  Ʈũ Ϲ
  ͳݰ   Ʈũκ ȣϴ ġ Ʋ Ѵ.

   ȭ  س ǻ͸ ׳  ȭ̶ θ.
   ȭ  ȣϰ ϴ Ʈݰ   Ʈũ
  ͳ     ִ Ư ġ  ǻ̴.  
  Ʈ ͳ     ͳ  ͳ
     ϴ ̴. ̷ Ʈݰ ͳ  κп
  ȭ ϰ Ƿ  Ʈݿ ִ   ͳ
  ϰ Ѵٸ 켱 ȭ ڳ α   
  ͳ ؾ Ѵ.      ȭ 
  Ʈũμ  ٸ Ʈũ   Ͽ  Ǿ ִ.
  ̼Ʈ ī带 2 ް ְų ϳ ̼Ʈ, ϳ ȭ̳
  뼱  PPP  찡 .

  2.5.2.  غ 

    Ŀ  ؾ ϹǷ Ŀ ҽ ʼ̴.  ǿ
     Ŀ ҽ ⺻ ԵǾ ִ(Ŀ  2.0.0 ̻).

    ipfwadm ̶ Ʈũ   ־ Ѵ. ֽ ǿ
      ԵǾ ִ.   ǿ ã  ٸ
     ftp.xos.nl/pub/linux/ipfwadm  ipfwadm-2.3.0. tar.gz 
     ޾ ͼ  make ׸ make install   ġ 
      ̴.

  2.5.3.   Ʈŷ ڵ   ִ ?

  켱 IP ȭ   ִ. IP ȭ̶   ϴ
  Ģ ( ȣƮ Ǵ Ʈũκ  Ǵ  Ŷ 
  ΰ?   񽺿  Ŷ  ΰ?)  Ŷ
  㰡ϰų ź  ִ ̴. ̷ ƿ Ŷ ؿ
  ν     Ʈ ü  ɺ ξ 
    å õ  ְ Ǿ. ̹ Ŀٶ ü鿡
   ȭ ϵ Ʈ ϰ ִ.

    ȭ  Ŀ Ʈŷ ؿ óϰ ִ. ̴
      ȭ  Ʈ  ʰ
  ܼ  ġϴ  ϳε Ʈ,  
  س  ְ Ǿٴ  ǹѴ.   ȸ ϴ ġ
  б 񿵸 ȸü    κ  
  غ Ǿ ִٰ   ִ.

  Ȳ Ϲ  . ϳ ̼Ʈ Ǵ Ÿ 
  Ʈ Ǿ ִ ̴. ׸  Ʈݰ ͳ 
    ž Ʈ ӽ  ִ. Ʈ
  ͳݰ ϸ鼭  ߿  ٷ ͳ ڿ ǳ
  Ȱϸ鼭 Ʈ  ܺη  ʰ ͳ 
  ݿ  Ҿ ؼϴ  ̴. ٷ  ͳݰ Ʈ
  ߰  Ŷ ͸(Filtering) ۾ سν  ذϰ
   ̴.

      ִ Ϸδ IP 뷮  м(IP Acco unting) ׸
  ϳ  ͳ IP Ʈ  ǻ͵ Ͽ 
   ֵ ϴ IP ŽĿ(IP Masquerading)    ִ. IP
  м   Ȱϸ  忡 ġ  ȭ 
   ߰ϴ  ϴ.

  2.5.4.  IP ȭ(IP Firewall)

  켱 Ŀ  ؾ  ʿ䰡  𸥴.

       Networking options --->
       [*] Network firewalls
       ....
       [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
       ....
       [*] IP: firewalling
       [ ] IP: firewall packet logging

   Ÿ ɼ Ŀ ɿ  ־߸ ϴ.  
  ϴ      Ŀ   
  Ȯغ ٶ.  Ľ    Ŀ
  صΰ  ġ Ŀ ϰ lilo ٽ Ű ʴ
  찡 ϴ.    lilo.conf Ű ִ Ŀ
  ġ / ͸ ƴ϶ /boot ͸̴. Ŀ   make
  zlilo Ŀ /boot ġ ƴ / ġ ϰ lilo ŰǷ
   ϶.

  2.5.4.1.  IP Ŷ ͸ ȭ

  ȭ ϴµ ũ 2   ִٰ Ѵ. ϳ ݺ
  ϰ ϴ Ŷ ͸ ȭ(IP Packet Filtering Firewall)̰
   ϳ Ͻ(Proxy, 븮)   ִ. Ŷ
  ͸̶  ǹϵ ̷  ȭ Ŷ  ϴ
  Ư Ģ  ɷ ̴.  Ŷ ׳ źع 
  ְ  Ŷ ؼ 㰡  ִ. ⼭ ߿  ٷ 
   Ŷ̶   Ǵ°ϴ ̴. Ŷ ο
  Ŷ  ߽ ּ, Ŷ ϰ ϴ  ּ, Ŷ
  ϰ ϴ  Ʈ(Port) ׸ TCP/UDP  Ŷ  
    ԵǾ ִ. IP Ŷ ͸ ȭ ٷ Ŷ θ
  Ѵ.

  2.5.4.2.  IP Ŷ ͸ Ģ

     ߽/ ּ
         Ŷ κ  ׸    ϴ
        Ͽ Ѵ.    縦 ΰ ִ ȸ簡 ִٰ
        .   Ʈ Ǿ ְ  Ʈ
        ͳ  Ǿ ִ.  Ʈ ͳ  
         ȭ ġϰ  Ʈ ּҸ ϵ
        ϰ  ּҿ  Ŷ źع.

      
        TCP, UDP, IGMP

     IP ɼ
        IP Ŷ    ƮũԴ  ɼǵ ִ. 
         ϳ  ҽ Ʈ(source route) ɼε  Ŷ
         Ʈũ ƴٴϸ ܺο  Ʈũ
         Ǿ ִ ľ  ֱ ̴.  Ϲ ̷
        Ŷ źؾ Ѵ. ܺο  Ʈũ  
        ʿ䰡  ?

     ߽/ Ʈ ȣ
        TCP/UDP  κп Ʈ ȣ ԵǾ ִ. TCP/IP
        Ʈũ ٷ Ʈ ȣ  񽺸 Ѵ. 
        ȣƮ   Ŷ̶   23 Ʈ  ޷
        Ŷ ڳ 񽺿  Ŷ̸ 25 Ʈ  񽺿
        õ ̴.   ˰ ִ  񽺴 Ϲ 80
        Ʈ Ѵ. Ư Ʈ ȣ Ե Ŷ ͸ ν
               ִ.    
         /etc/services   캸 ٶ.  񽺿
        Ͽ װ TCP ϴ UDP ϴ ׸ ϴ
        Ʈ   ִ.

     TCP ÷
        (Connection-Oriented)  TCP Ŷ  Ȯ
         ACK/SYN  Ʈ ִ. ̰ ͸ϸ ܺο
         Ʈݿ       
        ο ܺη Ӹ 㰡  ִ. ֳϸ  Ȯ
        ûϴ Ŷ  ع ̴.

     ICMP ޽ 
        ICMP Ŷ ICMP ޽    ִ. 
        ޽  ɷ  ִ.    ȣƮ
        ִ Ȯغ ping ɿ ߽ŵǴ  û(Echo
        Request) Ŷ źϰ Ǹ ܺ ħ 忡 ü
        ȣƮ ǻͰ  ִ  ִ   ʰ
        Ȯ   .

     Ŷ  ڷ, Ʈũ ġ, Ŷ ¥/ð
        ̷  ǰϿ  Ǵ  Ѵ.  
        Ŀο ϴ ͸ å(Policy)  3 ̴.

       㰡(Accept)

       (Deny)

       (Reject)

        ⼭  ʿ κ ٷ ΰ   ̴.
         Ģ ǰϿ ͸    Ŷ ƹ Ҹ
         µ   ͸    Ŷ 鼭
        Ŷ       ޽(ICMP Destination
        Unreachable) ģϰ ش. ̷ ϸ ߽ 
        ƹ   ü   ٸ   ȴ.  
           ؼ   ޷ȴ.

  2.5.4.3.  ipfwadm  

  Ʈũ ȿ       ϳ ذѴ. 
   ɷ ִ  Ʈũ ڰ Ƿ  ɼؾ
  Ѵ.  е ϰ ϳ ɿ   ذϱ 
  ణ  ɼǵ  ִ.  ׷ ó  
  ʿ .   ̵ 丸    ΰ 
  ̻     ٰ ڽſ غ.

     

     ipfwadm -A command parameters [options]
     ipfwadm -I command parameters [options]
     ipfwadm -O command parameters [options]
     ipfwadm -F command parameters [options]
     ipfwadm -M [ -l | -s ] [options]

     
         4 ַ   ִµ IP ȸм(IP Accou nting), IP
        Է ȭ (IP Input Firewall), IP  ȭ(IP Ouput
        Firewall) ׸  IP  ȭ(IP Forward
        Firewall) װ̴.   ڿ ipfwadm  -A, -I,
        -O, -F  踦  Ƶα ٶ.

     (command)
        ipfwadm  Ŀ ־ ָ     
        .

        -p <å>
            ȭ   ⺻ å ϰų  
             ȭ Ų. <å> ġ   ִ  
             ִ accept, deny, reject̴.  ƹ Ģ
           ش ʴ Ŷ ߰ߵǸ ٷ ⺻ å Ѵ. -I,
           -O, -F ÷׿    ִ(policy).

        -f Ģ  (flush).

        -l Ģ ȭ鿡 ǥѴ(list).

        -a <å>
           Ģ ߰Ѵ(append).

        -i <å>
           Ģ  տ Ѵ(insert).

        -d <å>
           Ģ Ѵ(delete).

     μ(parameters)

        -P 
           Ŷ ¸ Ѵ. tcp, udp, icmp ׸  Ŷ
           Ű all    ִ. ϸ all̶
           Ѵ(Protocol).

        -S ּ[/ũ] [Ʈ ...]
           ּҿ   ִ ǥ ȣƮ, Ʈũ ׸ 
           IP ̴ּ.   ũ ְų Ǵ ׳ ڸ
           ִ ͵ ѵ   24 255.255.255.0 .
           24 ǹ̴ ⼭ IP ּ 32 Ʈ Ͽ  24 Ʈ
           1̰  0̶ ̴. Ʈ 23, 25  Ʈ
           ȣ ų telnet, smtp  񽺸Ī Ǵ ICMP Ÿ
           ´. Ʈ  ǥ  1023:65535 
           Ʈ:Ʈ  Ѵ. ϸ 0.0.0.0/0̶ 
           ϴµ ̴  ּҸ Ѵ(Source).

        -D ּ[/ũ] [Ʈ ...]
           -S  .  ICMP Ʈ  
           (Destination).

       ɼǵ(Options)

        -m ϵ 㰡 Ŷ Ͽ ŽĿ̵ Ѵ. 
           ɼ  ȭ 㰡(accept) Ģϰ   
            Ŀ   ŽĿ̵  ־
           Ѵ(masquerade).

  2.5.4.4.  ipfwadm   

   2  ڴ.      ϴ.   
     ٸ ⸦    ̶ Ͽ 
  ҰѴ.  ù ° Ȳ ͳݰ  ̽
  199.1.2.10̶ ּҸ  Ʈ  192.168.2.1̶ ּҸ
   Ȳ̴.

       #
       # IP Ŷ ȸм ޿  
       #
       #  (Forwarding)
       #
       # ⺻  񽺸 Ѵ.
       ipfwadm -F -p deny
       # , Է, ¿ Ͽ Ģ .
       ipfwadm -F -f
       ipfwadm -I -f
       ipfwadm -O -f
       # ڿ   
       ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535 - D 192.1.2.10 25
       # ܺ ڿ  ӿû 
       ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2.10 25 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

       #   û    
       /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0 /0 1024:65535 -D 196.1.2.11 80

       # ܺ    û 
       /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2. * 80 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535

       # DNS Ŷ 
       /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P udp -S 0.0.0.0 /0 53 -D 196.1.2.0/24

       #  м Ģ 
       ipfwadm -A -f
       # ȸ м(Accounting)
       /sbin/ipfwadm -A -f
       /sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
       /sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24
       /sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
       /sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24

  ͳݰ PPP Ǿ ְ  Ʈũʹ ̼Ʈ Ǿ
  ִ  ȭ ȭ  ̴. ϳ  ũƮ
  صΰ    /etc/rc.d/rc.local    
  ָ .

  #!/bin/sh
  # '(Forwarding)' Ģ ̺ .
  # ޿  ⺻å '㰡(accept)' Ѵ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -f
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -p accept
  #
  # .. ̹ '' Ŷ Ͽ
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -I -f
  /sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

  # 켱 PPP ̽ Ѵ.
  # δ '-a reject -y'  '-a deny' ϰ  
  # ϸ ̽  ü Ұϰ ȴ.
  # -o  źε ͱ׷ صε Ѵ. Ǽ   
  #  ־°    ũ  ʿ Ѵ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a reject -y -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D
   172.16.174.30/sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

  #  Ŷ   :
  # ƼĳƮ/ִĳƮ/εĳƮ ּҷκ  ͵ ͼ 
  # ȴ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 224.0/3 -D 172.16.37.0/24
  #
  #  Ʈũ Ŷ ȸ  ƴٴϸ ȵȴ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 127.0/8 -D 172.16.37.0/24

  # ܺηκ  SMTP, DNS  ޾Ƶ  / 
  # Ը Ѵ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37. 19 25 53
  #
  # DNS TCP  ƴ϶ UDP Ѵ.    ؼ
  # UDP ؾ Ѵ.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37. 19 53
  #
  #  NFS Ǵ Larry McVoy NSF Ȯ    Ʈκ
  #  亯  ϰ Ѵ. squid ϰ ִٸ  Ʈ
  #  ߰ϱ ٶ.
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 53 -D 172.16.37.0/24 2049 2050

  #   Ʈ ؼ .
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 53 -D 172.16.37.0/24 53 1024:65535

  # identd   û (reject)
  # 츮 ⼭ 'reject' ν ϴ ȣƮ  
  # ص ҿٴ  ش. ׷  ident ŸӾƿ ɸ
  #    .
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a reject -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 113

  # 192.168.64 ׸ 192.168.65 Ʈũ 츮 ϴ ģ̹Ƿ
  #   Ϲ 񽺸 㰡Ѵ.

  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 192.168.64.0/23 -D 172.16.37.0/24 20:23

  # ο ߻ϴ Ͽ ؼ 㰡ϰ Ų.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 172.16.37.0/24 -D 0/0
  # ٸ κ TCP  û źϰ صд.
  # ( ftp  ۵ ʴ´ٸ 1:1023  ߰϶)
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -y -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24

  # UDP ̴.
  #
  /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24

    ̱  ipfwadm   ϴ  
    ̴.

  2.6.  鼭 :     ?

  ⼭  Ŷ ͸ ȭ   Ͻ(Proxy)  
   ȭ   ִ.  Ͻ  ϱ 
   ׸ ⿡ Ұ   NET-3 Ͽ, Firewall Ͽ
   ڼ     ʿ  ð
    о ٶ.

      ̹ Ͽ ִٴ  ֱ
  ٶ.    ϴ   ҽ Ǿ
  Ƿ ȿ  ̶ Ѵ. ҽ ϴ å 
    ʴ´.  ý 峭 ִ Ŀ 
  ĥ  ֵ ϱ Ͽ ҽ ϴ  ƴϴ.  
  ־     ݷѴ.     NT
    ϴٰ ϴ  ϴ.   ϳ ȸ簡 ҽ
  ϰ ϰ  ʱ   .    Ŀٶ
   ϰ ִ. ׵     
  ̴١ ܼϰ ϰ   Ϲε ׷
  ϰ ִ  .  NT     ׻
  巯 ̴. װ    ƴ Ʈ
   Ư ̴.  ʾƼ ϴٸ   å
   ̴.  ҽ     
  ϴ     ٶ.

  ҽ Ǿ Ƿ ҽ     ã 
   ̶ ϴ  ִ.  ڰ ⿡ ũĿ
  ҽ   ΰ ƴ϶ . ׷ ϰ ɾƼ
  ҽ  ̶ α׷  ɼ . 
  Ź    ִ   ϳ   ,
   н ˾Ƴ  ϰ  ۾  ϰ
  ִٴ    ִ. ڰ  ϱ⿡   ȭ
  ġ  . ǻ ŷ Ͽ ϳ 𸣴  ׷
  Ŀ  ű⿡ .

    NT  Ȱ    ߰ߵǾٰ ġ.
   ڴ   ҽ  ġ ϴ.  
   ǥ     ׷ â   
   ִ.   NT ڶ ũμƮ 翡  ǥ
  ̷   ϴ 찡 κ̴. ׸ ġ ⸦
  ٸ鼭 Ҿȿ  񽺸 ߴϴ ۿ .

   ȿ Ắ  ִٸ  ȸ翡  
  α׷Ӹ Ͽ  Ʈũ Ʈ    ߿
  κ Ƿ ļ ϸ  ʰڴ°?  
  α׷Ӵ   ϴ°?    ҽ  ȭ 
   ؼ  ִ.

  3.  PnP ϵ νĽŰ

   Ǹ ɿ ұϰ   ÷  ÷(PnP)
  ϵ   ϰ ִ. е ˴ٽ ÷ 
  ÷̴ IBM Űó ϵ ֺ⸦ ġ  
   I/O ּ, IRQ, DMA    ؼϱ ؼ
   ̸ ̹    ʿ ʼ ̾.

   PnP ϵ ν/  󸶳 ȿΰ 
  ĵΰ ǻ  ū 鿡 Ͽ ̹ ǥ 
  Ǿ ̹Ƿ ݷ  PnP   Ŀ ֿ
   ڸƾ Ѵٰ .

   κ ġ Ͽ ϵ νĽÿ  ãƳ 
  ǥ I/O ּ Ǵ IRQ  ʴ 쿡  ν
  ϴ 찡 . ֺġ     鿡Դ 
    ̼Ʈ ī带   νĽѾ Ѵٵ   ġ
    ƴ  .

  κ ֺġ  Ǿ ִ PnP   
  Ʈ  Ư ּҿ IRQ 缭 ϱ⵵  
  δ   ʴ 찡 ߴ.  ̿   ִ.
    Ŀο PnP   ISA PnP ̶ 
  ϸ  κ  ذ  ִ.

  3.1.  ISA PnP ,    ִ°?

      www.redhat.com/linux-info/pnp/

    FTP Ʈ ftp.redhat.com ftp.demaon.co.uk

     ȣȸ ڷ

  ׸  α׷ 1ȣ η ¥  4.0 CD 
  ִٸ ٸ CD Ʈ  Ʈ ͸κ  misc/pnp/utils
  ġ isapnptools-1.8.tgz  ãƺ   ̴. ڰ 
  ֽ ҽ 1.9 ̾    ־.

  3.2.  ISA PnP  

       /etc/isapnp.conf
       /usr/man/man5/isapnp.conf.5
       /usr/man/man8/isapnp.8
       /usr/sbin/isapnp
       /usr/sbin/pnpdump

  3.3.  ISA PnP  

     Ģ  ȴ. ISA PnP    
   ģ.

  1. pnpdump  ISA PnP ϵ   ԼѴ.

  2. /etc/isapnp.conf  鼭 ϰ  I/O ּ, IRQ 
     Ѵ.

  3. isapnp  PnP ϵ Ѵ.

  4.  εѴ.

  ⼭   ߿ϰ ¤ Ѿ   ִ. ISA PnP 
  Ͽ   ִ ϵ    
  ϴ Ϳ ȿϴ. ̹ Ŀ    ɿ ؼ
  ISA PnP   ȸ ־ ʱ ̴.   Ŀ
   κ  Ͽ   ֱ⿡ Ǵ  
   ̴.

  3.4.  ISA PnP  ϱ

  ڰ  ȯ Ŀ  2.0.30, C ̺귯 5.4.23,
  Ϸ gcc 2.7.2.1 ̴.  ҽ Ǯ make  
     ޽ ´.

       [yong@freeyong isapnptools-1.8]$ make
       cc -O2 -Wall -DREALTIME -DNEEDSETSCHEDULER
        -DNEEDNANOSLEEP  -c pnpdump.c -o pnpdump.o
       pnpdump.c:36: conflicting types for `nanosleep'
       /usr/include/time.h:124: previous declaration
        of `nanosleep'
       make: *** [pnpdump.o] Error 1

   ȯ  𸣰 Makefile PNPFLAGS κп
  -DNEEDNANOSLEEP Ѵ.   README ִ ̴.

       [yong@freeyong isapnptools-1.8]$ make
       cc -O2 -Wall -DREALTIME -DNEEDSETSCHEDULER
        -c pnpdump.c -o pnpdump.o
       cc  pnpdump.o  -o pnpdump
       flex -i -t isapnp.y > isapnp.c
       cc -O2 -Wall   -c isapnp.c -o isapnp.o
       isapnp.y:934: warning: prototype for `yywrap' follows
       isapnp.y:76: warning: non-prototype definition here
       isapnp.y:1360: warning: `yyunput' defined but not used
       cc  isapnp.o  -o isapnp

  make install  Ƿ pnpdump isapnp ̳ʸ /sbin
  ͸  Ѵ.

  3.5.  PnP  ϱ

       # pnpdump > /etc/isapnp.conf

  pnpdump    PnP BIOS ϰ PnP ϵ
  ߰ϰ Ǹ ̷ ־ /etc/isapnp.conf Ͽ 
  Ѵ.

  3.6.  /etc/isapnp.conf  ϱ

  /н ۾  ׷ϴٴ   ̴. ⸦
   ϱ ¦     Ȳ ˸° Ѵ.
      ˾ƺ .

       # $Id: pnpdump.c,v 1.8 1997/01/14 21:05:35 fox Exp $
       # This is free software, see the sources for details.
       # This software has NO WARRANTY, use at your OWN RISK
       #
       # For details of this file format, see isapnp.conf(5)
       #
       # Compiler flags: -DREALTIME -DNEEDSETSCHEDULER -DNEED
       # NANOSLEEP
       #
       # Trying port address 0203
       # Trying port address 0207
       # Trying port address 020b
       # Board 1 has serial identifier 5e 00 19 1c 0b 19 80
       # 8c 4a

       # (DEBUG)
       (READPORT 0x020b)
       (ISOLATE)
       (IDENTIFY *)

       # Card 1: (serial identifier 5e 00 19 1c 0b 19 80 8c 4a)
       # RTL8019 Serial No 1645579 [checksum 5e]
       # Version 1.0, Vendor version 1.0
       # ANSI string -->Plug & Play Ethernet Cardb --
       #
       # Logical device id RTL8019
       #   Device support I/O range check register
       #
       # Edit the entries below to uncomment out the
       # configuration required.
       # Note that only the first value of any range is given,
       # this may be changed if r
       # Don't forget to uncomment the activate (ACT Y)
       # when happy

       (CONFIGURE RTL8019/1645579 (LD 0
       #   Compatible device id PNP80d6
       #   Logical device decodes 10 bit IO address lines
       #     Minimum IO base address 0x0220
       #     Maximum IO base address 0x0380
       #     IO base alignment 32 bytes
       #     Number of IO addresses required: 32
       (IO 0 (BASE 0x0340))
       #   IRQ 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 15.
       #     High true, edge sensitive interrupt
       (INT 0 (IRQ 10 (MODE +E)))
       (ACT Y)
       ))
       # End tag... Checksum 0x00 (OK)

      ̱      
  ʿ . ڵ ϱ ¦  isapnp.conf    
  о ʾҴ.  Ͽ (#) ڷ ϴ  е
  ϴٽ ̴ּ.    Ͽ  Ǵ
  κ  .

       (READPORT 0x020b)
       (ISOLATE)
       (IDENTIFY *)
       (CONFIGURE RTL8019/1645579 (LD 0
       (IO 0 (BASE 0x0340))
       (INT 0 (IRQ 10 (MODE +E)))
       (ACT Y)
       ))

  ó (ACT Y) ؼ    ּ óǾ 
  ̴.   ۾ ּ óǾ ִ  ߿ ˸ 
  Ͽ # ڸ  ȰȭŰ , ּ ڼ  I/O ּ,
  IRQ  ٸ ֺ 浹 ʴ ּҿ IRQ ϴ
  ̴. ּ  Ǿ ֱ ϳ ڰ ϱ⿡ 
  ٵ  ߿ϰ   ˷ش.

       #     Compatible device id PNP80d6
       #     Logical device decodes 10 bit IO address lines
       #     Minimum IO base address 0x0220
       #     Maximum IO base address 0x0380
       #     IO base alignment 32 bytes
       #     Number of IO addresses required: 32

        ̴.   ִ I/O ּ 
  0x0220 ̰ ִ  0x0380̶  ְ ִ. ϱ 
  ̹  õǰ    I/O ּҸ ؾ ϹǷ 
   I/O ּҿ Ͽ ˾ƾ  ̴. ̷  
  ִ  ý /proc ý ̿.

  # cd /proc
  # cat ioports
  0000-001f : dma1
  0020-003f : pic1
  0040-005f : timer
  0060-006f : keyboard
  0070-007f : rtc
  0080-009f : dma page reg
  00a0-00bf : pic2
  00c0-00df : dma2
  00f0-00ff : npu
  0170-0177 : ide1
  01f0-01f7 : ide0
  0220-022f : sound blaster
  0230-0233 : sbpcd
  02f8-02ff : serial(auto)
  0376-0376 : ide1
  0378-037f : lp
  0388-038b : OPL3/OPL2

  ߺǴ ּҸ ؼ ϸ ȴ.

       #     IRQ 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 15.
       #     High true, edge sensitive interrupt
       (INT 0 (IRQ 10 (MODE +E)))

  ̹ IRQ ϴ κ̴. ģϰ   ִ IRQδ 3,
  4, 5, 9  ִٰ ˷ְ ִ.  ̹  IRQ 
   Ƿ   IRQ غ.

       # cd /proc
       # cat interrupts
        0:  23254768  timer
        1:   312846  keyboard
        2:     0  cascade
        3:  6309207 + serial
        4:     1 + serial
        5:     1  sound blaster
        8:     0 + rtc
       11:     60 + aic7xxx
       12:   779889  PS/2 Mouse
       13:     1  math error
       14:  1616870 + ide0
       15:   208796 + ide1

   IRQ ȣ ϶.

  3.7.  isapnp  PnP ϱ

     /etc/isapnp.conf   ƴ.

       # isapnp /etc/isapnp.conf

  ̷ ϸ ý  ߴ  ̰   PnP
   ĥ ̴.     ùٸ ʾ PnP
  BIOS   źεǸ  ޽  ̴.

  3.8.  ϴ  

  ڴ 븸 PnP NE2000 ȣȯ ̼Ʈ ī带 νĽŰ isapnp
   Ͽ.

       # modprobe ne io=0x340,irq=10

  Ǵ Ŀ (kerneld) ϴ  /etc/conf.modules Ͽ 
     ߰ϸ ȴ.   ̴.

       alias scsi_hostadapter aic7xxx
       alias eth1   ne
       options sbpcd  sbpcd=0x230,1
       options ne   io=0x340,irq=10
       options wdt   irq=6

     32  3Com509b ν  ũ ε 
  ִ.   ֽ  IDE ̽ ް  
  IDE ̽ 츮 𸣰 IRQ 10 Ǵ 11 ϴ 
   ̴. ȴ   PnP , IDE
  ̽  Ű    ʴ  Ҵ.
  ڵ ¥  4.1     ׽Ʈ  ӽſ
    32 ϴ  ٶ 3Com509b   ־.

       Peter Fox ϴ  ´.
  ״ ũμƮ  PnP     α׷
  ٰ Ѵ.        
  ִٴ , װ͸ŭ    ? е α׷Ӷ
    ̿ܿ ̷    ?  ⿩
   ִ оߴ  .

  4.  α׷

  û ϵ   Ʈ   ϰ ִٴ
   .  ¦ ̿ ̹ Ƽ  200 Ѿ ְ
  Ƽ̵  MMX  ؼ ڻ ο  屸 浿
  ϰ ִ. ڰ ϵ  ʵ    ϵ ġ
   Ͼ  ϴ.

  ϵ  ߿ ̹ SMP(Symmetrical MultiProcessing)
  ׸  ó  ϴ (thread) α׷ֿ 
  ⸦  غ Ѵ. ̹ ٷ  Ұ  ۿ
  ȵȴٴ  ̸ Ϸΰ Ѵ.

  ó  ϸ    ִ оߴ  ͳ
     ִ.      HTTP 񽺸 䱸ϴ
  Ŭ̾Ʈ 䱸   ڱ θ (fork)Ͽ  
  μ Ͽ Ŭ̾Ʈ 񽺸 ϰ  μ
   Ư Ʈ(Ϲ   80 Ʈ Ǵ 8080
  Ʈ) ͱ̴ ¸ Ѵ. ̹ н ýۿ  
   Ŭ̾Ʈ  ,    ذ ɷ 
  ִ. ׷ ұϰ  α׷   ư Ѵ.
   δ н μ  ɸ ý ϰ 
   ׺ٴ     (thread) Ҹ
  淮(light-weight) μ  Ͽ   ó 
  ȿ ڴ ̴. ٳ ATM ȯ    Ʈũ
  ǼǸ ణ ð ̶   ó ɷ Ŀٶ 
     . ATM ȯ⸦ ؼ   Ŷ 
  ó Ѵٸ   鿩 Ǽ Ʈũ ϵ  ҿ
  ְڴ°?

  尡 Ӱ  Ͱ μ Ӱ   ̿
  ణ ̰ ִٰ Ѵ. μ    ϴ θ
  μ     Ѵٰ Ѵ. 
   쿡    (global variable),  
  (static local variable), ׸   , μ ID 
     Ѵٰ Ѵ.  μ   
  µ 忡   ϰ  ɸ 
  μ ٸ μ  ѱµ (context switch
  Ѵ) ɸ ð  忡 ٸ  ̵ϴ ð
     ɸٰ Ѵ.

   ׷쿡   α׷ֿ   
   Ǿ   α׷ ǥ α׷
  ̺귯 ġ  ߴ.  Ŀ 2.0 
  Ǹ鼭 Ƽ- μ ٷ  ְ Ǿ  
  α׷ֿ  ְ ִ.

  4.1.   α׷ ϱ  ʿ ?

   C  ̺귯  5.x   ̺귯  
  (User-Level)  ̺귯  ׷   
  ƴ϶   .   غ    ͵鵵 
   ־ ƿ  ü ȵǴ 쵵 ߴ.

   ؾ   Xavier Leroy Ŀ (Kernel-Level)
   ̺귯̴. Ŀ    Ŀ  2.0
  Ͽ ϰ ִ clone()̶ ϴ ο ɿ ǰ
  带 Ѵ.  Ұ ؿ ġ  ۿ  
   Ŀ   ũ  ʿ  API Ƿ
   ʾƵ .

  ҽ Ͽ  ġؾ ϴµ  ġ  .
  pauillac.inria.fr/~xleroy/linuxthreads/   ڴ ս
  Ŀ  ̺귯 ġ  ִ.     4.1
  Ű ߰Ǿ ֱ ̴.  ġؾ  Ű
  linuxthreads, linuxthreads-devel ̷ 2  Ű̴.  
  Leroy Ŀ  ̺귯̴.

    غ.  ( ҽ   97 2ȣ ISSUE
  34ȣ, Martin McCarthy  Listing 6. ο Դϴ)

  {{{{#define _REENTRANT
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <pthread.h>

  #define MATSIZE     4

  /* Լ  */
  void* matMult ( void* );

  /*   ڷ */

  int mat2[MATSIZE][MATSIZE] =
    {  {1, 2, 3, 4 },
       {4, 5, 6, 7 },
       {7, 8, 9, 10 },
      {10, 11, 12, 13 } };
  int mat1[MATSIZE][MATSIZE] =
    {  { 9, 8, 7, 6 },
      { 6, 5, 4, 3 },
      { 3, 2, 1, 0 },
      { 0, -1, -2, -3 } };
  int result[MATSIZE][MATSIZE];

  int
  main( void )
  {
      pthread_t thr[MATSIZE];

      int i, j;

      for ( i = 0 ; i < MATSIZE ; ++i )    {
          pthread_create ( &thr[i], NULL, matMult, (void*)i );
      }
      for ( i = 0 ; i < MATSIZE ; ++i )    {
          pthread_join ( thr[i], NULL);
      }
  /* ҽ   */
  /* ҽ տ ̾ */

      for ( i = 0 ; i < MATSIZE ; ++i )    {
          printf ("|");
          for ( j = 0 ; j < MATSIZE ; ++j )
              printf ("%3d ", mat1[i][j] );
          printf ("|%c|", ( i==MATSIZE/2 ? 'x' : ' ') );
          for ( j = 0 ; j < MATSIZE ; ++j )
              printf ("%3d ", mat2[i][j] );
          printf ("|%c|", ( i==MATSIZE/2 ? '=' : ' ') );
          for ( j = 0 ; j < MATSIZE ; ++j )
              printf ("%3d ", result[i][j]);
          printf ("|\n");
      }

      return 0;
  }

  void*
  matMult ( void* col )
  {
      int i, j;
      int val;

      for ( i = 0 ; i < MATSIZE ; ++i )
      {
          result[i][(int)col] = 0;
          for ( j = 0 ; j < MATSIZE ; ++j )
              result[i][(int)col] += mat1[i][j] *
                  mat2[j][(int)col];
      }

      return NULL;
  }

  Ʒ   ش.

       $ gcc thread_ex1.c -o thr_ex1 -lpthread
       $ ./thr_ex1
       | 9  8  7  6 |   | 1  2  3  4  |   | 150 180 210 240 |
       | 6  5  4  3 |   | 4  5  6  7  |   |  84 102 120 138 |
       | 3  2  1  0 | x | 7  8  9 10  | = |  18 24 30 36    |
       | 0 -1 -2 -3 |   | 10 11 12 13 |   | -48 -54 -60 -66 |

   α׷    ̴.  
  α׷  ƴٱ ٴ  Ȱ ΰ ã 
   ƴٰ     .  Ȱ  ռ 
   Ŭ̾Ʈ   α׷ ׸ ⼭  ó 
   ׸ Ұ   ̴   ؾ ϴ
     ִ.  δ ޿ Ұߴ MPEG Layer3
  ڴ/÷̾ splay ٷ pthread ̺귯 ϰ ִ.

   꿡 ؼ ˾ƺ.  4x4  2   
  óϴ  ְ ִ.  б  ƴٸ 
     ̷  Ģ ˰  ̴.   m
  °    n °  Ͽ   m  n 
  Ұ ȴ.   Ģ  캸     
    ʰ      ִ.  
      óϱⰡ  .

  ڴ  α׷  ֳ տ  ġ Ͽ
  ڽ Ӹ ̾ ڱ׸ нŵ  ϴ  ϰ
  Ѵ.

  4.2.  POSIX 

  Ƽ Ͽ POSIX ǥ ̹ õǾ ִ.  POSIX
   ǥؿ  α׷ Ѵٸ ҽ ڵ ؿ 
  ƴ϶ ٸ  н  α׷   ִ. 
   ̺귯 POSIX ǥ Ƿ  ʿ.

  4.3.  õ ̾߱

  忡 Ͽ ̾߱ϸ鼭 ߸    ִ. ٷ 
   μ SMP ũ(Mach) Ŀ ٷ װ̴.  츮
  ɽ ʰ 2  μ   ִ 带   ִ. ׸
   н Ŀΰ ٸ   ũ(Mach) Ŀο  ⸦
  ɽġ ʰ  ȴ.  α׷ ٷ ̷ ȯ濡 
  پ ȿ Ѵٰ Ѵ.

  īױ ᷱ (CMU)  ο ü  Ʈ 
  ϳ ũ Ʈ 1985 ۵Ǿٰ ϴ   ð
  ģ ý̶   ִ. 1994 CMU ũ Ŀ  ߴܵǾ
  ũ Ŀ  Open Software Foundation, Ÿ  Flexmach,
  Ű  LITES ý, ׸ FSF Hurd ý  
  ̴.  ũ Ŀο  ڼ   Ʈ   ִ.
  www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/mach/public/www/mach.html

  ŸԵ  ũ Ŀ    ƴϸ 
  н ŸϷ  ̴.  ̹  翡  
  MkLinux ũ Ŀ   ÷µ Ͽ.  
   ϱ⿡  ð ٷ   Ǵ ü
  GNU ũ Ŀ ̸ Hurd Ŀ Ѵ. ֱ  GNU
   ũ Ŀ Ҵٰ Ѵ. ũ Ŀο  
  ٵ   μ ؽƮ Ϻ ̱⿡  Ŀ
  .  GNU Hurd    Ʈ 湮غ ٶ.
  www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/software/hurd/hurd.html

  5.  Ÿ 

  ݺ Ұ  RT-Linux Ҹ μ Ƽ½ŷ OS
  ذϱ   Ÿ(Real-Time)    Ư
  Ʈ̴. Ϲ  Ƽ½ŷ ýۿ Ȯ ð
  ֱ⸦   ؾ ϴ μ Ŀ Ȯ Ÿ̹
  شٴ   Ұ ó δ.

   κ ۾(   μ,  ¡ ) ª
  ð , Ȯ ֱʹ   ͵̴.  ϰ ɷ 
  μ Ѱ    ȴٴ ؼ  ۾
  ġų  ʴ´. Ʈũ   ߱ Ͼ ¡
  ۾ 1-2  ٸ ۾   ص   .

  ڷμ Ȯ ֱ⸦  ñ׳  Ѵٵ ϴ ߿
  ۾   ִ   ȵ  Ǿ ǽð 
  OS  ߿伺 ߸     ϳ Ѵ.  
   ذؾ߸ / ī޶, κ Ǵ   
    ϴ PC Ͽ Ȱϴ  .

   Ȯ Ÿ̹ ̷ ʴ  ؼ ϶
  ָ ã ʾƵ ȴ.  κ ġ ũ ߴµ ð
   ɸ ݽ /X     ̴.
  ߴ  콺     ʰ  α׷ Ŵ
    Ȯ  ִ.

  5.1.  Ʈ  Ÿ 

   ġ  ǥ Ŀ ȿ ִ  Ÿ  ϴ
   Ʈ  Ÿ ̶ θ ִ.  Ŀ   
  ġ(Character Devices)-->Enhanced Real Time Clock Support ϰ
   Ŀ  غ . ׸   ȣ 10, ̳
  ȣ 135  ġ  /dev/rtc  .

  # mknod /dev/rtc c 10 135

  [yong@freeyong 9705]$ cat /proc/interrupts
   0:  2859962  timer
   1:   140285  keyboard
   2:     0  cascade
   3:  1447093 + serial
   4:     1 + serial
   5:     1  sound blaster
   8:     0 + rtc
  10:    430 + aic7xxx
  12:   202636  PS/2 Mouse
  13:     1  math error
  14:   252100 + ide0
  15:   421489 + ide1

   Ÿ    Ŀη ϰ  ͷƮ  Ȳ
  캸 8 ͷƮ rtc ɿ ϰ ִٴ    ִ.

  ,  Ʈ  Ÿ  غ  α׷ ϳ
  ؿ; Ѵ.  ٷ  Ŀ   ϴ rt 
  α׷  LSM(Linux Software Map) ̴.

       Legin3
       Title:          rt - run program on realtime priority
       Version:        1.0
       Entered-date:   12 Jan 1997
       Description:    rt starts any program on realtime priority, like nice
                       does with lower priority. Lets you choose scheduler
                       class (SCHED_RR vs SCHED_FIFO policy) and priority.
       Keywords:       linux, real time, scheduler
       Author:         Boris Tobotras <boris@xtalk.msk.su>
       Maintained-by:  Boris Tobotras <boris@xtalk.msk.su>
       Primary-site:   sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/system/Admin
                       10 kb rt-1.0.tar.gz
       Alternate-site: ftp.macsimum.ru /pub/Linux/local
                       10 kb rt-1.0.tar.gz
       Platform:       Linux 1.3.87 and later
       Copying-policy: GPL
       End

  ҽ  ϰ ġϴ  Ұ ʿ 
  ϴ.    ̳ʸ rt̴.

       Usage: rt [options] command

       Recognized options are:
           -r  Use SCHED_RR scheduling policy (default);
           -f  Use SCHED_FIFO scheduling policy;
           -p  N Set priority level N. If N<0, set priority level
               to sched_get_priority_min(POLICY)-N.
               Default is (sched_get_priority_max()+sched_get_priority_min())/2;
           --  End of options;
           -v  Be verbose;
           -h  This help screen.

   splay  Ǹ MPEG Layer3 ÷̾ Ƿ 
  ʿ䰡    ̳ʸθ ־ ξ 
  mp3play   ־. mp3play  ũƮ Ұϰ
  l3dec α׷ wavplay ҷ Ͽ.  Ƽ 120
  ̻󿡼 ݸ ٸ μ Ѵٵ   ϰ 
   ̾.  ҽ ڵ尡 Ǿ  Ƿ ٸ ذ
   ã ϴٰ rt α׷ ˰ Ǿ  Ŀο ̹
     Ÿ  ־ٴ   ˰ Ǿ.

       rt [ɼǵ] -- <Ÿ  ϴ >
       (  --  rt  ɼ  ˸ )

  ̷ Ű   mp3play  ݽ 
  α׷ ص rt  Ų μ  켱
  οǾ Ƿ   ʴ    ־. Ʈ
  ڸ   ִ.  翬  μ Ͽ Ư 켱
  ־ٴ  ü ٸ μ鿡 ǿ ٴ 
  ǹѴ.

  5.2.  ϵ  Ÿ 

    Ŀ ȿ ⺻ ϰ ִ  Ÿ 
  Ʈ θ  Michael Barabanov Victor Yodaiken RT-
  Linux Ʈ   μ ׷ θ ̴. Ŀ
  ġ · ־ RT-Linux      Ÿ
   ֵ  Ŀ  ణ ȭ  ̴.  
  Ʈ  . luz.cs.nmt.edu/~rtlinux/  ⼭ ϴ
  Ŀ 2.0.27  ġ   rtlinux-0.5.tgz  ޾ƿ;
  Ѵ. Ŀ 2.0.29 ؼ    ġ  ޾ƿ
  ȴ.   Ǯ rtlinux-0.5 ͸ 
  kernel_patch  ϳ    ̴.   /usr/src
  ͸  Ѵ.   4.1 ڶ ̹ Ŀ 
  2.0.27  ̴.

       cd /usr/src/linux
       patch -p2 < ../kernel_patch

  patch α׷ -p2 ɼ ִ Ϳ .

       make config
       make dep ; make clean
       make zlilo
       make modules ; make modules_install

  Ϲ Ŀ   ġ  /lib/modules/2.0.27/misc
  ͸ rt_prio_sched.o    ϳ . Ÿ
   Ϸ ٷ   ε־ Ѵ.׸ 
  rt_fifo_new.o ⵵ εѴ.

       modprobe rt_prio_sched.o
       modprobe rt_fifo_new.o

       [root@freeyong /root]# lsmod
       Module        Pages      Used by
       rt_fifo_new     2      [rt_process]  0
       rt_prio_sched   1                    0
       sbpcd          14                    1
       aic7xxx        10                    0
       bsd_comp        1                    0
       ppp             5      [bsd_comp]    1
       slhc            2      [ppp]         1
       lp              2                    0

   εǸ  Ŀΰ ϵ  ̿  Ÿ Ŀ
   Ǿ   ó ߰ ä óϰ Ǵ ̴.
    ־ ϴ  /dev ͸  ġ 
  ̴.   ڶ ࿡   Էָ ȴ.

       for i in 0 1 2 3; do mknod /dev/rtf$i c 63 $i; done

  Ƽ 120 ӽſ RT-Linux 150 ũ  Ȯ 
  층   ִٰ Ѵ.

   ýۿ  Ÿ  ʿѰ? κ 鿡Դ
     ̴. ׸ Ʈ  Ÿ ε 
  ̶ .

  5.3.  ׽Ʈ غ

  rtlinux-0.5 ͸  testing̶ ͸   
  ̴.  ͸ README о ׽ غ ٶ. sound
  ͸ ִ  غ  Ÿ     
   ̴.  ڰ   ִ  rtlinux-0.5  Ű 
  ҽ   Ƿ   ġ ͼ
  ġ  ؾ Ѵ.  sound ͸  ġ patch <
  soundpatch ϰ  README  ׽Ʈغ.

   â  ϴ     ϴ
  ̶  .

  6.   Ʈ ڵ    ϰ ִ°?

  6.1.  , , 

     Űó õǰ ִ.  Ρ 
  翡   CPUκ   ƹ̰(Amiga),
  Ÿ (Atari) - 츮 󿡼    ǻ͵̴ -,
  (DEC/Alpha), ARM, MIPS, ĿPC, SPARC  õǾ  
   ÷  ü谡 Ǿȴ.

   ܿ 286 ׸ XT ǻͿ ư  ֵ 
  ٿ¡Ͽ  ý(Embeddable System)   ְ ϴ
  Ʈ ̴.  ۰  ۾ CE ȯ濡
  ʼ̶ .  ʹ ݴ VAXLinux  ӵ ִ.

  (Linus) ڽ ڽ ڵ忡 Ͽ  ʹ  x86
  ڵ带  ߱  ٸ ÷   Ұ
  ̶  Ͱ ݴ  Ȱ ִ.   ̻ 
  ڽŸ  ƴϸ ȥ  ͵ ƴϴ.

        ̿ܿ   ϱ
  ϴ  . н  ؼ   簡 
   ΰ  .  ޲ٴ  (World
  Domination) ׳ Ȳ  ƴ϶   Ѵ.

    Ʈ Ͽ   ˾ƺ   ִ   
  sunsite.unc.edu/linux ̴.

  6.2.  Ϲ ڸ  ,  

     Ȯϸ鼭 Ϲ ڸ 
  ,    ٰ  ִ   Ⱑ
  ׷쿡   .     95
    ,  α׷ 縦 ǹϴ ó .
  Ƽ ȴ. ϰ ̽ ʿϴ.

    ̱ ̾߱ϴ ̴.   ִ
  Ƽ (Motif) ̽  95 Ǵ OS/2 Ͽ ̸ 
  ʵ ʴ´. ϰԴ  3.1 ô    ϴٰ ϴ
   ִ.  /X  GUI α׷ Ϸ 鿡
  ־ Ӱ ⵵  Ե   ٷ ̰
  ٷ /X  ̴ٶ   ṵ̈ ǥ
  ̽ ٴ ̴.   Ư ̷ 
  ϴ   ʴµٰ  ̷   
  ͵ ׸  ʾұ ̴.    ܿ 
  GUIȭ Ͽ ϴ    ̴.

  6.2.1.  ̽   

  SVGA ׷ ̺귯 X  ý ׷ ȯ ϴ
    ڽ ϰ ִ ׷ ýۿ Ͽ ȸǸ
     . 켱 X   ׷ ڿ  
   Ƿ ϰ ְ  Ŀ  ϰ ִ.
      ִ δ X  ý ϸ鼭 ܼ ȭ
   ߸       ϴ  
   ־.    X  setuid ̳ʸ · ۵ϹǷ
  ū  ƴ  . ̿   X   Ƿ
  Ѱ  Ŀο ׷   ִ Ʈ GGI
  ְ ұ   ̴.  Ȩ 
  synergy.foo.net/~ggi ⼭ ִ  ٸ    ִ.

   ܿ  SDK  Ʈ  ִµ   θ 
     ü ȯǸ .

   ̽ (LIP) ͵ ִ.    
      ϴ. Ȩ  blank.pages.de/lip LIP
  Xt   ʰ  Xlib Ͽ   ̽
   Ʈ̴.       °?

   ĢĢ н ͹̶̳  ̿ܿ   ο
      °?

  6.2.2.   ũž ȯ?

  /X  ȯ濡   ڰ ִ.   
  ޾Ҵ  fvwm    ͽܰ  ؽƮ
   ڸ   ְ   95  䳻 ִ
  fvwm95 ڵ ִ. ⿡ KDE(K Desktop Environment) 
  ߴµ ̰   ϳ ƴ϶ ũž ȯ ϴ
    Ҹ  ִٴµ  ġ Ѵ.

  ġغ ˰  ġ  95 OS/2  ȯ濡
  ۾ϰ ִٴ   ̴.  95   ִ  ģ
  ҵ ⼭ ߰    ο ϰ 
  ͽ÷η ִ.

  KDE Ʈ ڴ  ,  δ ġ, Ű ׼
    ϰ ȯ ߱  ϰ ִ.  KDE
  Ʈ  Ҹ  ʹٸ  The Style Guide
   оƾ Ѵ.

  KDE Ʈ ũ(Troll Tech) ȸ www.troll.no   ݰ X
    Qt Ϳ ǰϰ ִ. ׵  Qt  X
  / 95/NT Ƽ÷ μ  95/NT ȯ濡 ؼ
  ̼Ḧ ޴ ݸ X  ýۿ ؼ  Ʈ
      ҽ  Ѵ.   ҽ
  ĥ  . KDE Ǹ ũž  Ű 
  ұϰ   ݴϴ  ٷ GPL ƴ϶  
  .

  KDE Ͽ ̳ Ȱ   ڵ  
  ̴ ߿  δ. ڷμ    ƽ
  ̴ (    ̽  Ʈ κ
  ε鿡  ֵǰ ִٴ ̴. η ). 
  鿡 ؼ 5 21   23 3  Ͽ   4 
   ȸǡ  ٷ.

  6.2.3.  踷  ΰ?

     Ȱ ۾  ΰ ׸ ۾ ƴұ
  Ѵ.  ణ ׷ Ƿ  ̶  ǥϴ
  ִ ΰ ׷ ϱ⸦ Ѵ.  ־  
    ÿ ޸ ̹Ƿ   ΰ   
    ִ.   ٷ  ΰ ƴѰ Ѵ.

  ߼ 踷        𸣰 Brian
  Hammond  ϴ  ϰ ģ ǻ ȯ  .
  ̹ ȣ ȭ    ٷ ׸  
     ?  Ʈ  .
  www.wco.com/~png/greg/greg_lnxpics.html

  7.   ġ鼭

  ڰ ϴ ͺ   ׸  θ
  ˷  . Ʈũ  ڳ   ̶ 
  а  ̸  ʰ    ̶ . ܱ
   ̹  ISP   ϰ ִٴ Ǹ 
  ɸ鿡 ݸ鿡 ׸ ٵ 츮 ̶͡ ü
  鿡 ϰ ִٴ    ִ.

         ϰ  ִ.
     ؿ԰ 鿡Լ ǻ    ִٴ
  ̾߱⸦   ٸ ʺڵ鿡  Ұ  
  ¥١     ־ Ѵ. 
      ʹ    ߿
  鿡 ؼ ϴµ ϱ ̴.   
   ִ   .   ٷ   Ʈ
  ȸ α׷ ηºٵ    ŭ  ڹ
  Ŀ  ӿ Ŀ ֱ ̴.  ׵   
   ȴ.      ־  ƴϸ  
  ȯ濡      ʿ Ѵٴ 
  ϰ ʹ.

   ̿ ǹ ̶ .  ʺڵ ٸ 
  ڽ  ׻ ؾ  ǹ ִ ó ٱġ Ѵ.
       Ƹ  ̹Ƿ  
  亯 翬 (?) Ѵٰ ϴ  .  
    .      ʿ ̴. 
    ã ذϰ ַ    
     ǻ ȯ̴.

    ٵ п ſ   ִ ǻ
  ȯ̴.   ϱ⿡  ̵    ʴٰ
  ϸ   ڰ  ʿ.  ٵ
  ſ â ۾  ̸ ݵ ׷ϰ ε ׷
  ̴. ׸  е ׷ϱ ٶ  е
  ׷  ٶ.  ƹ  ̴   
   غ Ǿ ִٸ ϴ.

