  Linux Information Sheet
  Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com>
  v4.14, 1  1998

         
  Linux,    Linux,  , 
     .
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1.   Linux

  2.  Linux

  3.  

     3.1  
     3.2    
     3.3  

  4.          

  5.   Linux?

  6.  Linux

     6.1  FTP
     6.2 CDROM
     6.3    Linux

  7.   Linux

  8.   Linux

  9. 

  10.  

  11.  



  ______________________________________________________________________

   :     , 
   ,  .     
  .       .


  11..    LLiinnuuxx

  Linux      POSIX, 
   SYSV  BSD ( ,  Linux   Unix, 
         ), Linux    
       .     
  Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>   ,  
  ,       ,
    GNU General Public License (GPL).  GPL  
    Linux;      
  <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/COPYING>

     LLiinnuuxx,     ,  ,
    ,  , 
     .    Linux  
        
  .        Linux.
    LLiinnuuxx       ,  
        ,  
   Linux.        
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-
  HOWTO.html>        ``
  Linux''.

  Linux    public domain,  `shareware'.  ''
   ,   ffrreeeewwaarree  OOppeenn SSoouurrccee
  SSooffttwwaarree[[ttmm]] (  <http://www.opensource.org>),   
     ,       
        ,    ,
      .     
  ,        
  .   GNU General Public License ( 
   GNU)    .

  Linux      2.0,   
  . - - GPL,    Linux,
      . : `' 
        ;  
      Linux,   
    .    ;   
   ,   GPL.

  Linux       386/486/Pentium  
  ISA, EISA, PCI  VLB. MCA (  IBM)   
      2.0.x   ,   
         , 2.1.x. 
    ,    
  <http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca>

       Motorola 680x0 ( 
       Amiga, Atari  VME), 
    .    68020  MMU, 68030,
  68040  68060,    FPU.    
     X Window.    <news:comp.os.linux.m68k>

  Linux       DEC Alpha, 
  "Jensen", "NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal Desktop Box" (
    Multia),    .  
    <http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html>

  Linux     Sun SPARC;   sun4c,
  sun4m,  sun4u       Linux, 
  sun4    . Red Hat Linux (  )
     Linux   SPARC; 
  <http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/>

  Linux       PowerPC, 
   PowerMac (Nubus  PCI), Motorola, IBM,  Be. 
  <http://www.cs.nmt.edu/~linuxppc/>   <http://www.linuxppc.org/>

     ,  MIPS (
  <http://linus.linux.sgi.com>   <http://lena.fnet.fr/>)  ARM,
         .  
     ,     
  ,     .

  Linux       - 
      14  1994.     
           
     .  Linux  `` 
   (open development model)'',     
  ,        ``''.
  ,  ,       
    ,    :  n.x.y,  x
    ,   ,   
        y.     
   1.2.2  1.2.3,       
  .  n.x.y,  x   , 
           
       .

    ,     ,
      ``'' ,   
     . ,    
  Linux,    ,    -  ,
    ;    ``''
   `` ''    ``''.

       2.0.35 ( 
     ,      
   ),      
  2.1.x.    Linux   Documentation/Changes,
    ,      
     . ,  
   Linux       
      .

    Linux,   ,  ,  
     ,      
  ,         (bleeding edge).  
         0.97p1
  (  1992)   136     .
  (   ,    backhoe    
        dumpster...)  
       .     
  ,    Linux 0.99p15s   600
     .

         --- ,  Linux
       , 
        
   .  ,   
     (     ),   
     .    , 
       ,    
   ,       
     ,    , 
       .

   ,     ,  
        ,   
   ,   ,    .
          ,
        .
         
  ,       .

         Eric Raymond ``The
  Cathedral and the Bazaar''  
  <http://sagan.earthspace.net/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/>. (
     ``  ''   . 
  <http://www.ras.ru/~moshkow/>).

   1-  1998,    Linux  2.0.35, 
       2.1.119.


  22..   LLiinnuuxx


    :        .

     :   
          (  
     !).

    :    ,   
     Intel.

    :   SMP   Intel 
     SPARC (     ),  Linux
        - MP ,
       Beowulf (
     <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html>) 
       SPARC  Fujitsu AP1000+.

    :      
          .

         386.

        ,     
        .

        : Linux   
        ,    .

     copy-on-write    . 
     ,         
      .         ,
       (4  )  -. Copy-on-
     write   :    
      .

         (  
      )  :        
     ,   ,    
          (,    
      ).   16  
       128 MB (2GB   )   
     ,   2 GB  
      .     , 
      ,      .

          
      ,       
       ,      
       .

        (DLL), 
      .

     core dump    , 
        ,    
     ,   ,    .

        POSIX, System V  BSD  
      .

     iBCS2-compliant  ,  
       SCO, SVR3  SVR4    .


       ,      ,
          ; , 
       .   
       Linux   ,    ,
         ,  .

      POSIX.

     (pty).

      387  ,     
      .  ,   
     Linux     .
     ,       
     ,      ,   
           ,
         .

         , 
          .

      :    
       ,      
       (    ). 
      ;     64 .

        ,  minix, Xenix,  
        System V,   
       ,    
      4 TB,     255 .

       o MS-DOS (   OS/2 FAT)
        :    
         MS-DOS,    
         Unix (  
        ,     ). 
      MS-DOS 6       
           (dmsdosfs). 
     VFAT (WNT, Windows 95)  FAT-32   Linux 2.0

      ,  UMSDOS,  
      Linux    DOS.

         HPFS-2  OS/2 2.1 ( 2.4  
       . . )

       HFS (Macintosh)  , 
     .

      CD-ROM,     
      CD-ROM.

      TCP/IP,  ftp, telnet, NFS,  ..

     Appletalk

       Netware

       Lan Manager/Windows Native (SMB)

      :  ,  
         TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25,
     X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), Netrom,  .  
     ,         TCP,
     IPv4, IPX, DDP,  AX.25.

  33..   

  33..11..   

         
    Linux: 386SX/16, 1 MB RAM, 1.44 MB  1.2 MB 
  ,    ( ,   
  ).       ,  
  ,       .  
     <http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html>  
   Linux.

      -,    
      ,  5  10   
      (  
         ,  
   ).        
  ,        , 
  - .       
     ,     
      .


  33..22..     

       ,   
   ,   gcc, X,  TeX,    
        386SX/16,   
    ,   .

         4 MB  RAM,    
   X,  8 MB,     .    
       ,  
      4 MB  .  
       ,    
     (     
  )     ,    
  .      ,  16
  MB   .      
     ,  32 MB  
     .    
      ,   
    64 MB    
  . ,     
  ,        .

       ,   
    .     Unix, 
         
  10 MB,      . 
    ,  Red Hat, Debian,   
   ,     60  600 MB,   
  ,          .
     ,    
  .      ,   
   ,     ,   
  .       2 GB,   4
  GB         . Linux  
       ,     
   11 GB IDE     18 GB SCSI 
  .

    ,       
    ,     ,   
      .  ,  
    DOS  ,   Linux,    
  ,    DOS,      
  .      DOS    640KB,
       Linux.


  33..33..   


     ::
        ,       
          386.     
        386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,   .
        ( 286  ,     ,
         ELKS (Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset),   
            ).    680x0 (
        _x = 2  l MMU, 3, 4,  6),    Amiga
         Atari      tsx-11.mit.edu  
        680x0.     DEC Alpha, SPARC 
        PowerPC.        ARM,
        StrongARM  MIPS.       
          .


     ::
         PCI, ISA, EISA  VLB.  MCA ( 
         PS/2) ,   ( ). Linux
               DOS,
        Windows    .  , 
          ,   
              ,
              Linux. Linux 
          ...


     RRAAMM::
         1 GB   Intel;    64- .
          ( Linus) ,  
             -
           ,       
        ,    ,   
        -.     
          ,     
           (  
           64 MB).   64 MB 
              
           2.0.35   ,   BIOS
           ,       
        64MB.    2.1.x     
            .


      ::
           AT (EIDE, IDE, 16- 
        HD   MFM  RLL,  ESDI),     
         SCSI  CD-ROM,    SCSI. 
           XT (8-  
        MFM  RLL).    SCSI:  Advansys,
        Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx,  29xx ( 
        ), Buslogic MultiMaster  Flashpoint,  
        NCR53c8xx ,  DPT,  Qlogic ISP 
        FAS, Seagate ST-01  ST-02,  Future Domain TMC-88x (
             TMC950)  TMC1660/1680,
        Ultrastor 14F, 24F  34F, Western Digital wd7000  . 
          SCSI, QIC-02,   QIC-80. 
        IDE  SCSU cdrom,   
         CD-ROM,  Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi, Sony,
        Soundblaster, Toshiba, ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI,  .  
             Hardware Compatibility
        HOWTO.  NN..BB..       
        .      .


     ::
        VGA, EGA, CGA,  Hercules ( )   
        .    X,   (  )
         VGA,   super-VGA  ( 
            Tseng, Paradise,  
        Trident), S3, 8514/A, ATI, Matrox,  Hercules.  (Linux
         XFree86 X ,     
        .      
        .   <http://www.XFree86.org/>)


      ::
         Ethernet  3COM 503/509/579/589/595/905
        (501/505/507 ,   ) AT&T GIS (ne
        NCR) WaveLAN,     WD8390, 
           most WD80x3, NE1000/2000  
        , AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP, DE425/434/435/500,
        D-Link DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101, DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210,
        DE422, Cabletron E2100 ( ), Intel EtherExpress
        ( ), EtherExpress Pro, EtherExpress 100, DEC
        EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus,   
         AMD LANCE, NI5210, ni6510, SMC Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip),
        Zenith Z-Note ethernet,   Zircom    Cabletron,
         E2100,     
            
        .

         FDDI      DEF_x_x
         DEC.

          Point-to-Point (--)  PPP,
        SLIP, CSLIP,  PLIP.  PPP    
               ,
          ISDN.

           Token Ring.


      ::
         ,   16450  16550 UART,  AST
        Fourport, Usenet Serial Card II  .  
         ,   Cyclades Cyclom (
        ),  Comtrol Rocketport series (
        ), Stallion ( ; 
        ),  Digi ( ; 
        ).     ISDN,
            (frame relay).


      ::
        SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound,
          ,  (?)  
        (Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2),  ..



  44..        
    


       Unix    Linux,
        GNU  
  X-   .  ,  
    ,     
        ,  Linux
     POSIX.   
       ,  Linux 
          .
         Unix 
        Linux.

         , 
      Linux:


       UUnniixx::
        ls, tr, sed, awk    (  ,   Linux 
          ).


      ::
        gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.


        ::
        C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
        Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp 
         .


      ::
        GNOME  KDE (), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), X11R5 (XFree86
        2.x), MGR.


     ::
        GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
        vim, vile, joe, pico, jed,  .


      ::
        bash (POSIX sh-), zsh (   
        ksh), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash ( 
        sh-  ,   /bin/sh 
        BSD),   .


      ::
         PPP, UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP,     
         TCP/IP, kermit, szrz, minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term (
          ,   ,
            X-,    
         ), Seyon (    X-
        windows),     fax   
        ( ZyXEL   ).   
           .


       ::
        C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, exmh, pine, mutt, 
        ...


      ::
        TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML,  .

     ::
        Nethack,    Mud  X,    .

     (       ) 
  .    
   ;    
   ,    Linux.


  55..    LLiinnuuxx??

  Linux           
        ,  
        Linux. 
          Linux,  
    Linux    -  internet, 
      ,   
   .     
      7.5  11  .


   , Harald T. Alvestrand <Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no>,
      Linux  
  :   .      
   Linux,      
     <http://counter.li.org/>.     
    linux-counter@uninett.no     : `I
  use Linux at home', `I use Linux at work',  `I use Linux at home and
  at work'.        ;
     .


        <news:comp.os.linux.misc>  ;
       <http://counter.li.org/>.


  66..   LLiinnuuxx

  66..11..   FFTTPP

       Linux,  
  Linux Documentation Project
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP/> 
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>


      <news:comp.os.linux.announce> 
    .

        ftp   
   Linux.















                           Linux
  =============================  ===============  ===============
  tsx-11.mit.edu                 18.172.1.2       /pub/linux
  sunsite.unc.edu                152.2.22.81      /pub/Linux
  ftp.funet.fi                   128.214.248.6    /pub/Linux
  net.tamu.edu                   128.194.177.1    /pub/linux
  ftp.mcc.ac.uk                  130.88.203.12    /pub/linux
  src.doc.ic.ac.uk               146.169.2.1      /packages/linux
  fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de     129.187.200.1    /pub/linux
  ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de  131.159.0.110    /pub/comp/os/linux
  ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de         137.226.4.111    /pub/linux
  ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de  137.226.225.3    /pub/Linux
  ftp.Germany.EU.net             192.76.144.75    /pub/os/Linux
  ftp.lip6.fr                    132.227.77.2     /pub/linux
  ftp.uu.net                     137.39.1.9       /systems/unix/linux
  wuarchive.wustl.edu            128.252.135.4    mirrors/linux
  ftp.win.tue.nl                 131.155.70.100   /pub/linux
  ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl           131.155.2.71     /pub/linux
  srawgw.sra.co.jp               133.137.4.3      /pub/os/linux
  cair.kaist.ac.kr                                /pub/Linux
  ftp.denet.dk                   129.142.6.74     /pub/OS/linux
  NCTUCCCA.edu.tw                140.111.1.10     /Operating-Systems/Linux
  nic.switch.ch                  130.59.1.40      /mirror/linux
  sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch        193.5.24.1       /mirror/linux
  cnuce_arch.cnr.it              131.114.1.10     /pub/Linux
  ftp.monash.edu.au              130.194.11.8     /pub/linux
  ftp.dstc.edu.au                130.102.181.31   /pub/linux
  ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au       129.78.192.2     /pub/linux





  tsx-11.mit.edu  fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de  
    Linux GCC.     
  .    (  ) 
    .

     sunsite.unc.edu  ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
    ftpmail.      
      ftpmail@sunsite.unc.edu 
  ftp@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.

    ,  
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO.html>, 
    . Red Hat Linux  Debian 
       ,   
   U.S.


  66..22..  CCDDRROOMM

      Linux  CDROM. 
         Linux, 
         28.8  
  ISDN-   .


     2    Linux  CDROM:  
   FTP-,    .    ,
         ,  
  .       , 
      ,    
   ,    .


  66..33..     LLiinnuuxx

    BBS,      Linux.   
      comp.os.linux.announce.   
     ,     
  .    Linux distribution HOWTO,
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-
  HOWTO.html>,      
  <news:comp.os.linux.announce>.



  77..    LLiinnuuxx

   Linux     ,  
   ,   ,   public
  domain.       GNU General Public License, 
       ``copyleft''.   
    GPL. ,    
  Linux    ,     
   GPL. X  MIT X copyright,    
   BSD copyright.       
  FTP-    (    
   ).


  88..    LLiinnuuxx

   ,  _L_i_n_u_x _J_o_u_r_n_a_l,   
  4-  .      
    ,       
   Linux.    $22  , $27   
  ,  $32   ,    .   
          
  subs@ssc.com,     +1-206-782-7191,    
  +1-206-782-7733,    Linux Journal, PO Box 85867, Seattle,
  WA 98145-1867 USA. SSC    PGP  
         ;  
  finger info@ssc.com   .

      Usenet   Linux, 
     .  Linux FAQ  
       (   FAQ  
   ,   FTP-).

     <news:comp.os.linux.announce>  
       Linux ( ,
     ..)

     <news:comp.os.linux.answers>  
       Linux FAQ,   HOWTO,
    .

     <news:comp.os.linux.admin>  
         Linux.

     <news:comp.os.linux.development.system>---
         Linux.
        , 
      .   
          
          Unix 
       comp.unix,     
       Linux,   
       
  comp.os.linux.development.apps.
     <news:comp.os.linux.development.apps>--- 
        
       Linux.    
         Linux,  
         Linux.

     <news:comp.os.linux.hardware>  
    Linux    .

     <news:comp.os.linux.networking>  
    Linux      
  .

     <news:comp.os.linux.x>    Linux
    X Windows.

     <news:comp.os.linux.misc>   
  comp.os.linux,     ,   
     .

       Linux    
  .        
      <news:comp.os.linux.announce>. 
     comp.os.linux     
      .

  Linux       <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>


  99..  

    Linux 1.0    
  .  Linux 1.2     , 
  TTY,   ,   , 
   .  Linux 2.0,   ,  
    ,    ,
     ,      
   TCP/IP  ,  .  
  ,      
      Linux 2.2.

    3/4     ,    
  ,    .    
   linux-doc@vger.rutgers.edu      
  .      majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu 
   ,   ``help''    ( 
  ).


  1100..   

     Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com>.
       ,    . 
           
   .        
      <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>


  1111..   

      .    
     .      
   .      public
  domain,         
  .



































































