  Linux Kernel HOWTO
  Brian Ward, bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at,  Alex Ott
  ott@phtd.tpu.edu.ru
  v0.80, 26  1997

       ,  ,
           ix86.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents
























































  1. 

     1.1   ! (  )
     1.2    

  2.      

     2.1    ?
     2.2      ?
     2.3      ?
     2.4   gcc  libc  ?
     2.5    ?
     2.6      ?
     2.7     ?

  3.   

     3.1   
     3.2   
     3.3  
        3.3.1    
        3.3.2   (MFM/RLL)   /cdrom IDE
        3.3.3  
        3.3.4     16MB
        3.3.5 System V IPC
        3.3.6   (386, 486, Pentium, PPro)
        3.3.7  SCSI
        3.3.8   
        3.3.9  
           3.3.9.1         !
        3.3.10  
        3.3.11  
        3.3.12   
        3.3.13    (Kernel hacking)
     3.4  ? (Makefile)

  4.  

     4.1    
     4.2  
     4.3  ,     ``make''
     4.4  

  5.     

     5.1  
     5.2  - 
     5.3    .orig
     5.4  

  6.  

     6.1 kbd
     6.2 util-linux
     6.3 hdparm
     6.4 gpm

  7.  

     7.1 make clean
     7.2    
     7.3   
     7.4       
     7.5    LILO,     
     7.6   `warning: bdflush not running ( bdflush  )'
     7.7        
     7.8        IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM
     7.9        
     7.10 Firewalling    1.2.0
     7.11 ``Not a compressed kernel Image file (     )''
     7.12       1.3.x
     7.13        
     7.14   

  8.      2.0.x

  9. 

     9.1      
     9.2    

  10.   

     10.1  
     10.2  

  11.   

     11.1    make  patch
     11.2   
     11.3  

  12.  HOWTO,    

  13. 

     13.1 
     13.2  
     13.3 
     13.4    ,     


  ______________________________________________________________________

   ::      , 
  .

  11..  

       ? ,      
  :



    ``!   wizzo-46.5.6 ,     1.8.193,
           1.0.9!''

             
     .

         

    ``     README   ?''

     ,  ,    

      -  ,      
     




  11..11..    !! ((  ))

        ,    
  GNU tar, find,  xargs.    ;  
    .   ,    
    ;     ,   
      mount    
  (   /etc/fstab,     ). 
    ,      
  ,  ,     -
  .


   `` (production)''     
      2.0.30,  ,    
      .      
          ,  
      ,      
  ,       .   
     ,     .


        linux, ``
  (production)''  `` (development)''.  
    1.0.x         ;
  1.0.x  , 1.2.x  ,    
  2.0.x.         
      .   (1.1.x, 1.3.x, 
  ..)    ,   
   ,   , .   !


  11..22..     

  ,     --   ,    
  ,   ,  ,     ,
   ,    (     
  ,     ).       
   (  ` '),    
  :        
  ,     `.'    , -
        
  .     (  ,  , 
    `` )''    
  )  -,     
  ,      ,      
       .  , 
   ,     ``make config'',    
  `make config',   `make config.'


  22..       

  22..11..     ??

   Unix        
  .    (  )
  /     
   (),  ,     ( ,
     )   .   
     ,   
      .


       ,    , 
      .
  22..22..       ??

          
   (    ),   
    ,    , 
    ,     ,  
  ,         .
     , -   
       .


  22..33..       ??

   Hardware-HOWTO.      
   `config.in'     linux source,  
      `make config'.   
     ,   , 
   linux;     ( 
   PCMCIA     ) 
       .


  22..44..    ggcccc  lliibbcc  ??

   Linus   gcc    README, 
     linux.      ,  
     gcc     ,  
      libc.    , 
    .


  22..55..     ??

     ,      . 
           
       .   , 
        . 
    ,    PCMCIA  
    QIC-80/40,   .


  22..66..       ??

       . ,   
   ,  6    2.0.10.   
       .    
     24 .     --   
    .     ,  
    . ,       
  ,  3Com 3C509,    ,   
   30   .   
  ,    26    .  
  ,      (   
   )   ,    .
  ,         ,
     ,       , 
  ,        ( 
  ,     ,       
        ).


  22..77..      ??

       : `` ''. 
          , 
    ,      .  
  486DX4/100  16  ,    1.2    
  ,      , 
    20 .  386DX/40 (8 M )    
  ,    1.5 .  
    ,  ,   
  -      .


  33..    

  33..11..    

          ftp 
  ftp.funet.fi   /pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus,   , 
    .     linux-x.y.z.tar.gz, 
  x.y.z  .   (?)    (patches)
     ,   `v1.1'  `v1.2'. 
          ``
  '',  ,        
     ,      .


   ____________    - 
   ftp.funet.fi.    
  -   :


  USA:         sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/kernel
  USA:         tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/system
  UK:          sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk:/pub/unix/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/kernel
  Austria:     ftp.univie.ac.at:/systems/linux/sunsite/kernel
  Germany:     ftp.Germany.EU.net:/pub/os/Linux/Local.EUnet/Kernel/Linus
  Germany:     sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de:/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus
  France:      ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/linux/sources/system/patches
  Australia:   sunsite.anu.edu.au:/pub/linux/kernel



      sunsite.unc.edu   , 
      .  /pub/Linux/MIRRORS 
    -.       ftp, 
    BBS,   linux 
     comp.os.linux.announce;   .


        Linux   , 
    http://www.linux.org.


  33..22..    

          su, 
     /usr/src.    
     linux (  ),     
     `linux',    
    .      
  ,      .   --
         
  .  `uname -r'     .
  ,   `uname -r'  `1.0.9',   
   (  `mv') `linux'  `linux-1.0.9'.   
  ,   ,    
  .    ,    `linux' 
  /usr/src      .


     /usr/src  ,   `tar
  zxpvf linux-x.y.z.tar.gz' (     .tar 
   .gz  ,    `tar xpvf linux-
  x.y.z.tar').    .  
  ,     `linux'  /usr/src.
   linux    README.    
   `INSTALLING the kernel ( )'. 
    --     
   ,   .o ,  ..


  33..33..   

  :     /
      README  Linus.


   `make config'    /usr/src/linux  
  ,     .   
  bash,     bash   /bin/bash, /bin/sh, 
  $BASH.


      `make config'   
         . ,  
   X   `make xconfig',     Tk
  (`click-o-rama' - Nat). `make menuconfig' --   ,  
   (n)curses    .  
     :      
   ,       .


       ,     `y'
  ()  `n' ().      `m'. 
   ``module ()'', ,   
    ,       ,  
   .       ``maybe
  ( )''.        
  ;   ``  ''   
  .


    2.0.x   ,   `?', 
      .  
     .


  33..33..11..     

        (   386 
  486SX),     `y'   .    
         `y',    --
      ,   
  .     ,   
   ( ).    ,    ;
       ,     , 
       X-windos.


  33..33..22..    ((MMFFMM//RRLLLL))   //ccddrroomm IIDDEE

      ;  ,   
      PC,   
  .      SCSI ;   
    .

        ``old disk-only ( 
  )''  ``new IDE ( IDE)''.      ;
     ,       
    ,     (secondary)
     IDE/ATAPI cdrom.    4k 
      ``'',  
   ,      ,
        ( EIDE).


  33..33..33..   

       `y',      ,
    internet,     SLIP, PPP, term  ..
   dial up   internet.    ( 
    X)   ,     
     ,    `y'.    ,  
    TCP/IP;   `y',     
   .


  33..33..44..      1166MMBB

       DMA   
   386,       16  ;
     `y'   ()     .


  33..33..55..  SSyysstteemm VV IIPPCC

      IPC (Interprocess Communication,
   )      Perl. 
  ,     Perl  
         , 
       (     DOOM),   
  n    ,        ,
    .


  33..33..66..    ((338866,, 448866,, PPeennttiiuumm,, PPPPrroo))

  (  :   -m486    
  486)


  ,      
  ;   ,     
  .   ,      ,  
          .  
  ``386''     .


  33..33..77..   SSCCSSII

       SCSI,   `y'.   
   ,    CD-ROM, ,  
    SCSI   .  SCSI-HOWTO 
   .


  33..33..88..    

       ,     SLIP, PPP,
         Internet, 
   `y'.         
     .
  33..33..99..   

           
        :


   (minix) -      
   minix,      ,    
    .    ``  
  (rescue disk)''         
     minix,    minix
        .


  Extended fs -       ,
       .    
  ,      ,      
  .


  Second extended -       
  .           `y'.


    xiafs -      ,   
           
  .


  msdos -         
  MS-DOS,    ,   MS-DOS, 
   `y'.


  umsdos -       
  MS-DOS  Unix- ,   
  .       (  ),  ``
    DOS.''


  /proc -        
   (  ,      Bell Labs).
       proc  ;  
          . 
  ,    (  `ps')  .
      `cat /proc/meminfo'  `cat
  /proc/devices'.    (  rc)
   /proc/self/fd  (  /dev/fd   )
   /.      `y'   ;
      linux    .


  NFS -          
          NFS, 
   `y'.


  ISO9660 -    CD-ROM.      CD-ROM
        Linux,   `y'.


  OS/2 HPFS -        
     OS/2 HPFS.



  System V  Coherent -     System V  Coherent (
    Unix  PC).


  33..33..99..11..          !!

  ,   `mount'.     
  :



           blah# mount
           /dev/hda1 on / type ext2 (defaults)
           /dev/hda3 on /usr type ext2 (defaults)
           none on /proc type proc (defaults)
           /dev/fd0 on /mnt type msdos (defaults)




     ;      `type ()'
     .       /
   /usr     second extended,  
  /proc,        
  msdos.


      `cat /proc/filesystems',    
      /proc;   
   ,     .


    ,     
     ;     
      ``''  ,   
   .


  33..33..1100..   

          
  ( ),  ,   PS/2 ( notebook
     PS/2    ),
         ``''
  .  `y'  .


  : Selection  ,    
     X window      
  .    ,     
   , -     X,  
     ,    
    .  Selection    
  ,     .


   2:  Selection  .  
   ``gpm''.      , 
     ,    , ..


  33..33..1111..   

         biff,  
  `y',         
        . (  
   :        
   ,   `n'    
         ). 
       Sound-HOWTO   
     ,      .


  33..33..1122..    

        -   
      (,  3Com 3C509 
       ethernet).  
      (     
  Configure),   Axel Boldt (axel@uni-paderborn.de) 
   :



       http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/config_help.html


     FTP  :


       ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/config/krnl_cnfg_hlp.x.yz.tgz



   x.yz   .


     (2.0.x   ),   
      .


  33..33..1133..     ((KKeerrnneell hhaacckkiinngg))

   Linus README:


          ``kernel hacking''  
              ( 
       ),        -
             
        ,      (kmalloc()). 
             `n'   
        ``production'' .



  33..44..   ?? ((MMaakkeeffiillee))

     make config    ,    
  ,   `` ()  Makefile 
   '',  ..


       Makefile.    
   ,       .   
         `rdev'    
     .





  44..   

  44..11..     

       ,    ,
     `make dep'  () `clean'.   
  `make dep'.  ,   ,   
  ,   .     ,  
     .     , 
      `make clean'.    
          
  .   , __      
   .


  44..22..   

    dep  clean,    `make zImage' 
  `make zdisk' (     ). `make
  zImage'       arch/i386/boot 
   `zImage' (  ).    . `make
  zdisk'   ,      zImage 
   ,       ``A:''. `zdisk'
        ;   
   (   ),   
         .   
      ,      ( 
  -     ).  
        ,    
          (``   !
  ,     ?'').


  ,      ,  
    `z'   .    
   .


  44..33..   ,,     ````mmaakkee''''

  `make mrproper'      
  .    ;    
      . `make mrproper'  
    ,      
      (.config),     .


  `make oldconfig'       
  ;       `make config'
   .          
    ,        
  ,       
  .


         `make modules'.


  44..44..   

      ,       
  ,    .    
   LILO ( Linux).  `make zlilo' 
   ,    LILO,      ,
     lilo     : 
     /vmlinuz, lilo    /sbin, 
     lilo (/etc/lilo.conf)   .


      LILO .  
        ,      
      . 
    ( /etc/lilo/config    
  /etc/lilo.conf    ),   
  .     :


      image = /vmlinuz
          label = Linux
          root = /dev/hda1
          ...



  `image ='       .
     /vmlinuz. `label'  
         , 
  `root'      . 
            
    (    `cp zImage /vmlinuz'  
   `/vmlinuz').   lilo --   
       `lilo',     
   /etc/lilo/install   /etc/lilo/lilo -C
  /etc/lilo/config.


         LILO     , 
           ftp 
   .


            ( 
        ), 
    ( ) `image = xxx'   
  LILO   ,   `image = xxx'  `image = yyy', 
  `yyy'      .   `label =
  zzz'  `label = linux-backup'   lilo.   
        , 
    `delay=x',  x     , 
   LILO   ,      
   (     shift),    
     ( ,   
   ).


  55..      

  55..11..   

        .
  ,     1.1.45,   ,  
  `patch46.gz'  ,  ,      
   1.1.46   .    
         ( `make
  clean'   `cd /usr/src; tar zcvf old-tree.tar.gz linux' 
        ).


  ,  ,  , ,    
  `patch46.gz'    /usr/src.  cd  /usr/src
    `zcat patch46.gz | patch -p0' ( `patch -p0 < patch46'
       ).    
    ,   ,   
           , 
     .      ,
           ,  
    ,        -s 
   patch,   patch    
   (    ``,   
  - !'',     ..).  , 
         ,   
  /usr/src/linux      .rej.  
   patch ( ,     
     )    
   #.     `find'   
    :


      find .  -name '*.rej' -print



       ,    
         .rej  
  .


     ,    `make clean',
  `config',  `dep'     3  4.


        patch.   
  , patch -s       
   .      -   , 
   /usr/src/linux,   patch -p1 (  )
    .    patch 
      .


  55..22..   -- 

  (:       ).


         ,
   `config.in'       ,
  -       .  
  ,        
  .        config.in.rej, 
       . 
     `+'  `-'   . 
  ,         `y'
   `n'.    config.in,   `y'  `n' 
  `n'  `y'   .  


      patch -p0 < config.in.rej



     ,     ( ),  
          .
   config.in.rej   ,     .


        ,   ,   
       .   patch 
  `previously applied patch detected: Assume -R? ( 
  :   -R?',     
      ,     ;
     `y',      
     ,      ; 
          (
        ).


        , 
   `patch -R'   .


     ,    - , 
         (  
     linux-x.y.z.tar.gz),    .


  55..33..     ..oorriigg

           
   .orig.    1.1.51,    
      1.1.48.  .orig  
      .

      find .  -name '*.orig' -exec rm -f {} ';'


      .   patch, 
    #       ~
   .orig.


       .orig ,   
  GNU  xargs:

      find .  -name '*.orig' | xargs rm


   `` ,    '' :

      find . -name '*.orig' -print0 | xargs --null rm --




  55..44..   

      (   
  ``''),   Linus.   
   ,    Linus     
      ,     ,
       ,  
    .     ,
           (  
  ),       
    Linus,      
  .       
  .    ,     
    ,     
   ,      
   .


         ? 
     .      , 
       ,     (
     (    )  
     .     
        
     .


  66..   

      ,     
   ;      
   .      
  .


  66..11..  kkbbdd

   linux    ,   .
      ,  
  ,   (   )  ..
   kbd  ,     ,  
         
          , 
     .


  66..22..  uuttiill--lliinnuuxx

  Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)      
  linux,      util-linux. 
       Nicolai Langfeldt (util-
  linux@math.uio.no).     ftp  sunsite.unc.edu 
   /pub/Linux/system/misc,     
  setterm, rdev,  ctrlaltdel,     . 
   Rik, __ ______________ __ ___ _________;   
    ,       ,
     .


  66..33..  hhddppaarrmm

      ,         
   .       
           
     .


  66..44..  ggppmm

  gpm       (general purpose
  mouse).         
   ,       
     .


  77..   

  77..11..  mmaakkee cclleeaann

      -     
  ,    ,     make
  clean    .      
    ,    /  
  .  ,    make dep.



  77..22..     

        , 
   /   ,     
   786DX6/440   ,     
     ( ,    ..). 
     ,    , ,   
   .     , 
         ;   
           Fujitsu Eagles, 
        , 
     .


           
           ``
  ''   /proc/meminfo    `free'.  
       `dmesg' (   
   ,      ).   ,
     :


  Memory: 15124k/16384k available (552k kernel code, 384k reserved, 324k
  data)


      386 (    
   )  :


  Memory: 7000k/8192k available (496k kernel code, 384k reserved, 312k
  data)


        ,     
  ,      `make bzimage'.   
      LILO   .


  77..33..    

     ,      
         
  - .        gcc 
      (     
  ). ,   ,  
  Linus   README  .  ,  
    ,    -     
     .


       1.2.x   ELF 
  (gcc 2.6.3  ).       so-and-so
  undefined   ,       .
       .    
    arch/i386/Makefile:


  AS=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/as
  LD=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/ld -m i386linux
  CC=gcc -b i486-linuxaout -D__KERNEL__ -I$(TOPDIR)/include



     make dep  zImage.

     gcc    -  .
        ``xxx exited with signal 15''
         .    
     ,        
   --     -     
    .    gcc,   
    .       
        , 
       ..


      ,   ,  
     . ,     .  
   FAQ --    http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/.


  77..44..        

     LILO,     .   
           ; 
    `boot=/dev/hda1'  `boot=/dev/hda' (  
    ,       ,
         ).


  77..55..     LLIILLOO,,     

  !  ,        
         ( 
     `make zdisk').    
       (/)     
  ( second extended, minix).   , 
          
    /usr/src/linux,       .


    , /   /dev/hda1,   ,
    /usr/src/linux   /dev/hda3, 
    /usr.     second extended 
  .     
  /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot   zImage.


     ,     ,  
         .
   ,     (    ,
           )
     .


       /  
   (rescue) ,    , 
    :


      mkdir /mnt
      mount -t ext2 /dev/hda3 /mnt




   mkdir  ,    ,  
    .     , 
    . , 


  /mnt + /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot - /usr = /mnt/src/linux/arch/i386/boot




       ``A:'' ( 
          !), 
            
  :


      cd /mnt/src/linux/arch/i386/boot
      dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0
      rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda1



    /      /usr:


      cd /
      umount /mnt



          
     .    lilo (
   ,     )  !


     ,    .  
           / (
  /vmlinuz),        .
     ,      
  /vmlinuz,       :
   /dev/hda3  /dev/hda1 (  ),
  /mnt/src/linux  /mnt,  if=zImage  if=vmlinuz.    
     /mnt/src/linux   .


   LILO    (  1024 ) 
   .  LILO mini-HOWTO    
    .


  77..66..    ``wwaarrnniinngg:: bbddfflluusshh nnoott rruunnnniinngg ((
  bbddfflluusshh  ))''

      .     1.0 (
  20  1994),    `update',  
       /. 
      `bdflush' (      
     ),     ( 
         ).  
     `update'   ,   
       .


  77..77..         

      ELF  (gcc 2.6.3  )  
    1.2.x (  ).   
          arch/i386/Makefile:



  AS=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/as
  LD=/usr/i486-linuxaout/bin/ld -m i386linux
  CC=gcc -b i486-linuxaout -D__KERNEL__ -I$(TOPDIR)/include




       1.2.x   a.out.


  77..88..         IIDDEE//AATTAAPPII CCDD--RROOMM

   ,        
   ATAPI,     ,  
    .


    CD-ROM      IDE,
        ``master''  ``single''.
      .


  Creative Labs ( )   IDE   
  .      ,   ,
        ,    IDE
  ,     (  IRQ15),  
     ,     soundblaster 
  IDE  (IRQ11).


      linux  ,    1.2.x 
    IDE  (   - 
   1.3.x,     ,   ,   
   ).        
    .


       IDE ,   ,  
            .  
  ATAPI         .  
       ,    IRQ.


       ,    
    (     )  
  IRQ15,   .   .


           
   ``'' ,     
     1.3.x (  1.3.57  
  ),    drivers/block/README.ide.  
    .


  77..99..         

      route    ,
     .
  /usr/include/linux/route.h  (    /usr/src/linux)
   .





  77..1100..  FFiirreewwaalllliinngg    11..22..00

         1.2.1.


  77..1111..   ))'''' ````NNoott aa ccoommpprreesssseedd kkeerrnneell IImmaaggee ffiillee ((
    

     vmlinux,   /usr/src/linux  
  ;    
  [..]/arch/i386/boot/zImage.


  77..1122..        11..33..xx

    dumb  linux      
  /etc/termcap.        terminfo.


  77..1133..         

     linux    
   (,     .h),   
      /usr/include.    
    ( xyzzy.h   -  /usr/include/linux):


      #include <linux/xyzzy.h>



    ,  linux  /usr/include  
  include/linux     
  (/usr/src/linux/include/linux   ).   
    ,     ,  
      .   ,  
            ,  
     .     
      ;    
  umask   ,     
      ,     
    p (  ),     
    C.      
  chmod   ,     
    .     ,  
     ,     :


      blah# tar zxvpf linux.x.y.z.tar.gz linux/include



  : ``make config''     /usr/src/linux,
    .


  77..1144..    

          
          
  The following few _e_x_a_m_p_l_e commands may be helpful to those wondering
  how to increase certain soft limits imposed by the kernel:




  echo 4096 > /proc/sys/kernel/file-max
  echo 12288 > /proc/sys/kernel/inode-max
  echo 300 400 500 > /proc/sys/vm/freepages




  88..       22..00..xx

    2.0.x       .
   Documentation/Changes      2.0.x
   ,       
   2.0.x.       
  ,   gcc, libc,  SysVInit,   
    ,    .   .


  99..  

          .
       ,  
  ethernet,     ..


  99..11..       

             
   ,   modules-x.y.z.tar.gz;   
   x.y.z,         .
       `tar zxvf modules-x.y.z.tar.gz',
    ,     (modules-x.y.z),
    README,       
   (    ,    make
  install).      insmod, rmmod, ksyms,
  lsmod, genksyms, modprobe,  depmod   /sbin.  
  ,      
   ``hw''  insmod;      
  INSTALL,       .


   insmod     .   
   .o;  ,   
  drv_hello.o,      ,   
  `insmod drv_hello.o'.      
     lsmod.     :


      blah# lsmod
      Module:        #pages:  Used by:
      drv_hello          1



  `drv_hello'   ,   1  
   (4k),           
  .       `rmmod
  drv_hello'. ,  rmmod  ___ _______,    ; 
        lsmod.  
           .


  99..22..     

    2.0.30,      .  
     ,     
    ;      y  
   `make config'.      
  .     /usr/src/linux,   `make
  modules'.    ,     
   ,       /usr/src/linux/modules. 
        ,   
  `make modules_install',     
  /lib/modules/x.y.z,  x.y.z   .


          . 
       minix  msdos.
  ,         msdos,  
   insmod /usr/src/linux/modules/msdos.o,   rmmod msdos,
    .     50k    
    .    
    minix:   ______     
     `` (rescue)'' .


  1100..    

          ( make
  config),      . 
     .


  1100..11..   

  Normal floppy disk support (   ) -  
  .     drivers/block/README.fd; 
      IBM Thinkpad.


  XT harddisk support (   XT) -   
   8-  XT,   .


  PCI bios support  PCI bios) -     PCI
  ,       ; 
  ,       
  PCI      .    
    PCI  linux     PCI-HOWTO.


  Kernel support for ELF binaries (    
   ELF) - ELF      
      ; linux    
   ,        .


  Set version information on all symbols for modules (
         ) -  , 
       .    y, 
        
   .   README.modules   
  .


  1100..22..   

       NET-3-HOWTO (
  NET----HOWTO).




  1111..    

  1111..11..     mmaakkee  ppaattcchh

        `make'  `patch', 
       .   
       : `grep root
  /etc/passwd'   ,     `/bin/csh'.


     sh  bash,  


      (command) 2>&1 | tee (output file)



      (command)   `(output file)'.


   csh  tcsh,   


      (command) |& tee (output file)




   rc (:      rc)  
  :


      (command) >[2=1] | tee (output file)




  1111..22..    

        
       .    
   Unix-, LILO      
     (     (500 MB  ), 
      LILO      
  ). ,    -    


      image = /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage
          label = new_kernel



       LILO,     
       /vmlinuz (
     lilo).    
  LILO    -     shift  
   (     LILO),  
     .      
   `new_kernel'    .


            
    (      ,
   )      
  /usr/src/linux-x.y.z,    x.y.z    .
    ``''      
  . ,   `ln -sf linux-1.2.2 /usr/src/linux' 
         1.2.2.  
     ,   
   ln     ( 
    );       .


  1111..33..   

  Russell Nelson (nelson@crynwr.com)    
     .       
        .    
   ftp  ftp.emlist.com   pub/kchanges  
   URL


      http://www.crynwr.com/kchanges




  1122..   HHOOWWTTOO,,    


    Sound-HOWTO:    

    SCSI-HOWTO:      SCSI

    NET-2-HOWTO:   

    PPP-HOWTO:     PPP

    PCMCIA-HOWTO:      
     (notebook)

    ELF-HOWTO:   ELF, ..

    Hardware-HOWTO:   

    Module-HOWTO:     

    Kerneld mini-HOWTO:  kerneld

    BogoMips mini-HOWTO:     - 


  1133..  

  1133..11..  

     Linux Kernel-HOWTO  Brian Ward
  (bri@blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at).    
  , ,  (   
    ).


             URLs:

      http://www.math.psu.edu/ward/
      http://blah.math.tu-graz.ac.at/~bri/




         ,  ,
     __________ _____   ,    
       .     
  ,         
  .       ( 
  - ),       . 
     ,    `` ,   
   '',       .  
       , gcc,  libc  .  
   ,       ,   
    .   ,     
  ; ,     ,    
   !    ,    .


           - 
     (   ),  ,
        ()  
   .


        ,   
       .  ,
     ,      
          ;     
  IDE  SCSI , SCSI CD-ROM,   3Com  WD,
   ,     PCI,
   SCSI NCR 810,  AMD 386DX40 w/Cyrix, AMD
  5x86, AMD 486DX4,  Intel 486DX4 (       
     ,       ,   
   ,    :-)).


   -0.1   3  1994 .   
    SGML, PostScript, TeX, roff   .


  1133..22..   

    ``  ''  .     
    .

       `` .''

      /.


  1133..33..  

      README  Linus (kernel
  hacking options). (, Linus!)


  uc@brian.lunetix.de (Ulrich Callmeier): patch -s  xargs.


  quinlan@yggdrasil.com (Daniel Quinlan):    
   .


  nat@nat@nataa.fr.eu.org (Nat Makarevitch): mrproper, tar -p, 
   .


  boldt@math.ucsb.edu (Axel Boldt):     
   ;


  lembark@wrkhors.psyber.com (Steve Lembark):  
   


  kbriggs@earwax.pd.uwa.edu.au (Keith Briggs):   
  


  rmcguire@freenet.columbus.oh.us (Ryan McGuire):  
       make.


  dumas@excalibur.ibp.fr (Eric Dumas):  


  simazaki@ab11.yamanashi.ac.jp (Yasutada Shimazaki):  


  jjamor@lml.ls.fi.upm.es (Juan Jose Amor Iglesias):   


  mva@sbbs.se (Martin Wahlen):  


  jzp1218@stud.u-szeged.hu (Zoltan Vamosi):  


  bart@mat.uni.torun.pl (Bartosz Maruszewski):   


  donahue@tiber.nist.gov (Michael J Donahue):  ,
   ``sliced bread competition''


  rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Richard Stallman):  
  / ``'' 


  dak@Pool.Informatik.RWTH-Aachen.DE (David Kastrup):  
   NFS


  esr@snark.thyrsus.com (Eric Raymond):   


  ,        ,  
   .


  1133..44..     ,,     

      Brian Ward, 1994-1997.

        , 
          .


         
    ,  ,   
       . 
     `` .''


  : 


  :     ;
  ,       
  ,  ,      (
       ).  
      .    
  .




























































