
    Linux  Database-SQL-RDBMS HOWTO  (PostgreSQL pƮwt)
                                       
@̡JAl Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) [1]alavoor@yahoo.com
Ķ̡JFd [2]a9504480@graduate.hku.hk

   Gsss~GA23.0
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   O@Цpb Unix tΧֱaإߤ@ SQL Ʈw
   (Database Engine) Ϋeݤu㪺uΫnvC]QװڼзǪ
   ANSI/ISO SQL yαQbpu}񦡶}ov ("open
   development" environment) }o SQL ƮwuICOpb
   Unix tΤإ PostgreSQL oӬJiΧ@ε{ƮwA
   (Application Database Server)ASbΧ@UƮwA (Web
   Database Server) s@NpƮwCPostgreSQL չ᪺
    ISO / ANSI SQL зǡC]Ʈw{ApeݹϹ
   Bε{t}o (Rapid Application Development) uBODBCBJDBC
   Xʵ{BCBC++BJavaBPerl {yMWƮwuCo̴Ѫ
   ƾAΩҦ Unix / Windows NT xΨLƮwAƮwBSQL y
   PostgreSQL sD`ΡCo]@ SQL ɤޡA SQL ykA
   Ǫ̫D`ΡCg窺ήa|ıooO@ΪѦҸơCǥͨӻ
   AoBѪƷ|Ḻo PostgresSQL pƮw{XAqӾ
   ߦpsg@Ӫp SQL ƮwC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. ި

2. zwߤ]AΩqnI

3. PostgreSQL OH

     * 3.1 ե֮
       
4. ӸnHPostgreSQL ٬O MySQLH

5. Bo ?

6. PostgreSQL ֳtw˫

     * 6.1 w˩M
     * 6.2 PostgreSQL RPMs
     * 6.3 Maximum RPM
     * 6.4 RPM Ҥl 
     * 6.5  PyGreSQLXPython  
     * 6.6  PerlXPerl  
     * 6.7  libpq, libpq++  
     * 6.8  Java  
     * 6.9  ecpg  
     * 6.10  SQL ҤlXۭqƫAM 
     * 6.11  Tcl/TK 
     * 6.12  ODBC 
     * 6.13  MPSQL Motif-worksheet 
     * 6.14 {
     * 6.15 氣
       
7. PostgreSQL 䴩WL 200 Gig WŸƮw

8. ̤۫H PostgreSQLHRegression ծM (Regression test package) Τ
߫H

9. PostgreSQL e GUI u]ϹϥΪ̬ɭ^

10. PostgreSQL Xʵ{

     * 10.1 PostgreSQL  ODBC Xʵ{
     * 10.2 PostgreSQL  UDBC Xʵ{
     * 10.3 PostgreSQL  JDBC Xʵ{
     * 10.4 PostgreSQL  Java
       
11. PostgreSQL  Perl Ʈw (Database Interface, DBI) 

     * 11.1 PostgreSQL  PERL 5 
     * 11.2 Perl Ʈw DBI
     * 11.3  Perl 
       
12. PostgreSQL ޲zu

     * 12.1 PGACCESS - PostgreSQL ޲z GUI u
     * 12.2 PostgreSQL ʦdߤu]WISQL  MPSQL^
     * 12.3 W PSQL  PostgreSQL ʦdߤu]ISQL^
     * 12.4 MPMGRXPostgreSQL Ʈw޲zu
       
13. uϥΤ@ܾ (monitor) ӫإߦhx PostgreSQL q

14. PostgreSQL Uε{A

     * 14.1 Enhydra
     * 14.2 Zope
       
15. PostgreSQL ε{Mu

     * 15.1 PostgreSQL  4GL UƮw{XAppGEN }ot
     * 15.2 PostgreSQL pXDBENGINE
     * 15.3 PostgreSQL  Apache AҲաXNeoSoft NeoWebScript
     * 15.4 HTML  HEITML AݩM@ PostgreSQL  4GL y
     * 15.5 PostgreSQL  America On-line AOL UA
     * 15.6 PostgreSQL  / plܨtε{u(Problem/Project
       Tracking System Application Tool for PostgreSQL )
     * 15.7  dbase  dbf ഫ PostgreSQL
     * 15.8 Ln MDB Ʈwഫ PostgreSQL
       
16. PostgreSQL pƮw]p/uXEARP

     * 16.1 EARP OH
     * 16.2 I
     * 16.3 pu@H
     * 16.4 Bo EARPH
       
17. PHP Hypertext PreProcessorXPostgreSQL A html OJROZy 

     * 17.1 DnS
     * 17.2 PHPX²v
     * 17.3 Aگ PHP H
     * 17.4 @²檺ҤlJ
     * 17.5 CGI V (CGI Redirection)
     * 17.6 bO PHP
       
18. PostgreSQL  Python 

     * 18.1 po PyGresH
     * 18.2 ƩM䴩
     * 18.3  Python 
       
19. PostgreSQL MUh (gateway) XWDB-P95

     * 19.1  wdb-p95
     * 19.2 PostgreSQL ABpgperl M httpd O_ݦbP@qH
       
20. "C", "C++", ESQL/C yM PostgreSQL vB⤸ (Bitwise Operators)

     * 20.1 "C" 
     * 20.2 "C++" 
     * 20.3 ESQL/C
     * 20.4 PostgreSQL v줸B⤸
       
21. PostgreSQL 尲WX (Kanji Code)

22.  PostgreSQL  95 /  NT

     * 22.1 NT @
     * 22.2 w Cygwin M
     * 22.3 ]w Bash 
     * 22.4 w Andy Piper u
     * 22.5 w Ludovic Lange  Cygwin32 IPC M
     * 22.6 w PostgreSQL 
       
23. qH׾

     * 23.1 PostgreSQL qlf
     * 23.2 ^qH׾
     * 23.3 qH׾¦sw
     * 23.4 ZqH׾
       
24. MѦҮ

     * 24.1 ΤީM
     * 24.2 uW
     * 24.3 ΪѦҮ
     * 24.4 ANSI/ISO SQL WXSQL 1992, SQL 1998
     * 24.5 ANSI/ISO SQL 1992 yk
     * 24.6 ANSI/ISO SQL 1998 yk
     * 24.7 Ǫ SQL ɤ
     * 24.8 SQL92 ɺA (Temporal Extension)
     * 24.9 ĹsXo ISO/ANSI SQL  
     * 24.10 Ĥ@XISO/ANSI SQL ep
     * 24.11 ĤGXISO/ANSI SQL  (ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation)
     * 24.12 ĤTXISO/ANSI SQL IsŤ (Call Level Interface)
     * 24.13 ĥ|X ISO/ANSI SQL [xsҲ (Persistent Stored
       Modules)
     * 24.14 ĤX ISO/ANSI SQL/X (Bindings)
     * 24.15 ĤXISO/ANSI SQL XA W ]SQL/XA^
     * 24.16 ĤCXɺA ISO/ANSI SQL 
     * 24.17 ĤKXISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)
       
25. PostgreSQL ޳N䴩

     * 25.1 ӷ~䴩
       
26. g٩Mӷ~譱

27. LƮwW

28. UjM

29. 

30. FAQX PostgreSQL D

31. 󪺨L榡

32. vq

Appendix

33. ҡXANSI/ISO SQL 1992 yk 

34. AXǪ SQL ɤ 

     * 34.1 PostgreSQL ɤ
     * 34.2 p URL 
       
35. XLinux ֳtw˫ 
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. ި

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   ǡC
   
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   γn|D`xCȤƱ@Lϥ ISO SQLAODBCAJDBC oi@γn
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   w (RDBMS) A̬y檺O PostgreSQLCPostgreSQL Os@Np
   ƮwAHŦXp ISO/ANSI  SQL зǬؼСC|iDApw˳o
   ƮwBpإߺWƮwBγnƮwBeݹϹM{C
   jPĳAҼgƮwn󥲶ʤʲŦX ISO/ANSI SQLBODBCBJDBC 
   ǡAoˡAA{~Ө줣PƮwAp PostgreSQLBOracleBSybase
   BInformix C
   
   Aib PostgreSQL o̰ΫD`״I\A]̱qu}񷽩lX
   }oҦv (Open Source Code development model)C}񷽵{XҦ|A
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   ܥӤjn}ou@|b@ɳq檺ҿסuTtvWiC 
   ӼƦ~Ap|zʦaAo˷|Ϸ~ɧhϥ PostgreSQLC
   
   ǧέpǡBƾǩMǪzΩnAڭ̥u|b@Ӧp
   PostgreSQL Aⷽ{X}񵹸gTtsôb@_jqYt
   UA~o̰nCҿ׶sqC}񷽵{XҦ]i
   Фu@AD`g١A`ٴGɶΦXŦ̨ΤưꤺMy귽g٩w
   ߡCunHgnF@ӳnAAKݭnAӤ@CA|Oɶ󦭤w
   nFC@o@oAAnnnQΡA]H@ѥuKpɤu@Ib
   ̽Jܤ@@ɡAڭ̨oһݳn󪺤kN|ܡCCHĤ@ܳN|
   Op PostgreSQLBLinux }tΡC
   
   ʶRi檺n󤣥NA֦nC{XOöQ겣AGɨõL
   CʶRni|vCAuݭnRnwAbwWӱqpW
   onOȱoCIOu@qjqwCw~Ou]ʪǡAn
   uO@eCqw󪺽{רϱoyu 6 Ӱa{X]pΥͲq
   Mw󪺯OCoO@إiޡAL{D`AKA]t
   Ͳ 0.18]Ʀܤp 0.18^L̬ުejCb@pWK
   HʸUpbMqb@_CApplied MaterialBAMDB^NBCyrixA
   ߡAIBM ΨLuqOjqH-~ (man-years) bޡAp]pBL
   qlηLqlsWCL̥NʸU@ (10^-6)AL̥NQ
   @ (10^-9)C{Lql޳NA0.35 L̪ϥξT@A0.25 L̪
   ϥλɡC[NӤAλɪ 0.10 Ļ޳NAƭPLql޳NN|Ω
   qC]ɾɹqOjATN|Q^OCbk
   (photolithography) L{AW~uBX-guιql|QΩk
   (etch) Sxjp (feature size) p 0.15 L̪qCGQ~AN
   |Qlq (molecular computers) Mͪ (bio chips) NC̪
   tױN|񪿤ּƤQIlO@խlCӭlզҦAb@WҨ
   Clq|Ϊ誺lӷW֪ql}C} (ON) ᥦ
   1B (OFF)  0C@WҦq{OھڤGơ]Ʀr 1 M 0^B
   @C
   
   UCX޳NiBΥӵoiͶաC
   
                                 ӴOii
                                 ********************
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| /~                | 1997    | 1999    | 2001    | 2003    | 2012   | 2
020    |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| Sxjp]L̡^         | 0.25    | 0.18    | 0.15    | 0.13    | 0.05   |<
0.00001|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| jp]̡^         | 200     | 300     | 300     | 300     | 450    |
/l|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| ̧CBq             | 1.8-2.5 | 1.5-1.8 | 1.2-1.5 | 1.2-1.5 | 0.5-0.6| <
 0.001 |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| ̤j\v             | 70      | 90      | 110     | 130     | 175    | 6
00     |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| BWv (MHz)           | 750     | 1,250   | 1,500   | 2,100   | 10,000 | >
 50,000|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+
| DRAM eq                | 256 MB  | 1 GB    | 2 GB    | 4 GB    | 256 GB | >
 1000GB|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+--
-------+

   pAҨAw~nMݭnޡAnhHKAҥΪ޴N²
   C
   
   t@譱A@WCa|oinCƹWA@W@Ӿ֦@Cq
   HisgnC
   
    OracleAInformixASybaseAIBM DB2 (Unix) ƮwAO "C" yg
   AGɫhOνsĶ͡Ao˫Ki⵹ΤFCOracleBSybase
   BInformix ƮwOʤʪ C {II
   
   Q|~ӡAH̤wb PostgreSQL WF֨ơAqYгyt@ӲŦX
   ANSI/ISO SQL ƮwtΨäXű`zCb PostgreSQL {W[W
   \αN[jAߨϥΡAܤjnBC
   
   ڦpAup~vݨDN|HƯżƼWA]iô@հ
   BCejƶqϥΪ̤ζ}oHCϥΡup~va|L
   ouypRvӳQLajjCoO]pNO@W
   ̤jun󤽥qvA]OjnuoqvI
   
2. zwߤ]AΩqnI

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   tp󭫭nC]|ǪѦbϥάǪ~eD`nC
   
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   ƮwtΡBqtΡB@~tΡBtzƦܧAIYOAAnotΧ
   㪺{XMơCFѤHMH餺lD`nA] PostgreSQLBL
   n 95 OHyC
   
   гyOܭn@BCϥάǪ󪺤HDp󲣥͡CoƦܾAΩq
   tΩM PostgreSQLCjhƤHSǪѡA]DpLn
   NT/95BOracleBHMtztΦp󲣥͡CܦhHDгytzMLn
    NT/95 M̤OCtάOH²檺զئCҦpA
   ddUUӦtzͤFACӦtzOddUUӶWP (super-cluster) զ
   ACӶWPγOddUUӬPt (galaxy) զACӬPtOddUU
   P (star) զAڬPtΤP (planet)AӦPOƥHQpl
   զC]@ɾvAubjLצ@ӤHгyF@ӦtzAb{N|AS
   HΡCгytzO@󷥬iޡA񬵤sqMTAyƪ}
   aluiohC^{N֪ZJӤpSjlAϱouݤ@ӳoǮּuYi
   ayI]ZiMM@WҦ֪ZIIZܤƥiL
   ILn 95 nO²aH C Mu| 1 M 0 զXy{gA
   ڭ̪tzƥѨӤۦXALplӦCHѨӤۦ
   XALpӭMӦIIHǤFtzSʡCAҦbtzHeäsb
   XtzҦläsbAƦܮɶIItzbjzɥX͡A}lXi
   򦨪Cܲ{btzbXiIIHb@ӦWBrahmatzгyF
   AҦbtzCHbOiгytzCiHгytz`ƬOLjA
   iHгy@~tΪ`Ƥ]OLjIILƶqtzMLܤƪh
   l (multi-dimensional atoms) Y򦨬ƭӰ򥻺tz
   (primary-dimensional-universe)C
   
   ǩMέpǩwߤ}lXAp PostgreSQL M LinuxCptרC
   鳣bWA]VӶViaA}񦡵{Xʶq (momentum) |tW[Ct
   ~ApGέpǤάǩwߥTܡAḨ`NǩMLH}lǲ߬
   ǡAʳ{𦭷|b@WC
   
   oi PostgreSQL opݭnqMɶ귽A]APostgreSQL OqM
   ɶ~CqMɶubǤWAҥHzǩM PostgreSQLBLinux
   nM׬OpC
   
   ǡ]z^wΩaBɶBu@AƦܶ}onM׮
   CzǧYϦbAܡ]ni^BB]aM}O^BݮѩMsg
   nɳoͧ@ΡC@WҦǳӮکƾǡA]A PostgreSQL
   CPostgreSQL ϥΤFƾǪ@ӤpK{NNơ(Modern Algebra)C{NN
   ƳBzXס(Set Theory)BYNơ(Relational Algebra)Bs
   (Groups)B (Rings)B (Collections)B (Sets)BpX (Unions)B
    (Intersections)Bƥ (Exclusions)B (Domains)BƦC (Lists) 
   C
   
   PostgreSQL o~ҥHsbAKO]qMɶCӽqMqOP@
   IۦPƹb@ʦ~eHҪIYϦbɤ@H]D
   pO̤jnuoqvM@W̤jun󤽥qvC
   
   HӭMbu@]sg{^ɷ|ӯqAӦۭƾǯƬq
   μCYϦbA\ŪoqrɡAAӭMK|ӿUƤΨϥΤpq
   qC]NOAHO@xOǤW (thermodynamic heat engine)C
   ]oˡAOǪwߤ]AΩHA]NavT PostgreSQL @n
   C
   
   @WiLCBqyB]pMzסAi঳@اC
   BqyB]pMtΡIAүo쪺uOGC]i^BtΡB
   ƮwβzסIj۵MN@ӸUᵩXLƪŶALŶɤl
   ܤơḀXpƪŶAϤMC
   
   @WƦʸUqX_ӡAϱoإߤ@ӪGtΡ]]AƮw
   n^ܱoiCtxAyۺjqHⶰX_ӡAL̪`q
   |D`ejAӥBiإߤ@ӪGtΡC
   
   qOJ (Joules)AdJթΤAɶHΤpɶqסC\v
   (power) OqHɶAOˡC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
        CHq = y J
ΥHqӻ
        CHq = y J
qMqഫ]ƬO E = m * c * cA'c' Ot 'm' OqC
        ɶ = 8 pɡ]oO@ӱ`ơA]@H@ѥu 8 pɡ^
        \v = q / ɶ
             = (y / (8 * 60 * 60)) 
        @ɪ`\v = n * (y / (8 * 60 * 60)) 
n = ѻPp`HơC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   qHW{AܲMW[ 'n' |jTﵽ~C
   
   ܩVApisôܦhHA]NOpjqqMɶAiΤn
   quɶͧ󰪽nCYϬOLnBIBM jq]iHܪ
   zwߡAӥ|Vzwߧ뭰C
   
   ׬OJ]ǪwߡA}lXtΡA PostgreSQLBLinux |
   ӡʳlXtΡAM|񥦭uCoOǮھڪCHO
   ɶгyӦhЪn󲣫~C
   
3. PostgreSQL OH

   PostgreSQL O@ӦۥѪƮwAA㪺{XAO@ӥH ANSI SQL
   1998, 92, 89 W欰ؼЪpƮwtΡAΥibPw󥭥xM
   @tΤCPostgreSQL ̲ץتOʤʲŦX ANSI/ISO SQL Φ@
   Ĥ@}qθƮwC
   
   ѡAPostgreSQL O@W̥itΡCOHҲOAܦhӷ~Ʈwb
   BSʩMOU譱lWIIPostgreSQL OayWܦhaX@G
   AO@өMڤӪů (International Space Station) ۦMסCbӪ
   ƤQ~APostgreSQL |ǪΪƮwtΡA]O@Ӷ}񷽩lXt
   C
   
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   sg@Aޥud@II
   
   Informix Universal server]1997 ~X^¦O PostgreSQL ª
   A] Informix ʤF Illustra Inc. ξX InformixCIllustra Ʈw
   Oھ Postgres]PostgreSQL e^gC
   
   PostgreSQL O POSTGRES Ʈw޲ztΪ}A@ӷs@N DBMS s
    (prototype)CbOd POSTGRES jjƼҫ״IƫAPɡA
   H@XRF SQL lӨN PostQuel d߻yC
   
   PostgreSQL OѤ@sѥ[ PostgreSQL }oqH׾ªp}oHi檺C
   ثeժ̬ Marc G. FournierC
     * [3]scrappy@postgreSQL.org
       
   o|tdҦ{bΥӪ PostgreSQL oiu@CMAƮwΤ
   v]O PostgreSQL }oHIo}oL{ObpWjqƮwήa
   C
   
   PostgreSQL 1.01 @̬O Andrew Yu M Jolly ChenCPostgreSQL e
   Postgres {XAOܦhjǲ~͡Bͤε{]pb University
   of CaliforniaABerkeley  Michael Stonebraker бªɤU~C
   
   wƥHʸUM PostgreSQL Qw˧@ƮwAAWƮwAM
   {ƮwACO@ӫܥiɦVpƮw]ORDBMS^C
   
   PostgreSQL ib SolorisBSunOSBHPUXBAIXBLinuxBIrixBDigital Unix
   BBSDiBNetBSDBFreeBSDBSCO UnixBNEXTSTEPBUnixware ΩҦL
   Unix CӨ 95/NT u@wH Cygnus cygwin32 M󧹦C
   
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3.1 ե֮

   PostgreSQL ²J
   
     * DءJ PostgreSQL SQL RDBMS Ʈw]pƮw޲ztΡ^
     * ثeJ7.0.1
     * ~֡J PostgreSQL QC 1985 ~}l}o
     * @̡J Q~ӤpWƥHʸUpjǩMq
       
   PostgreSQL ե֮Ѧb [4]http://www.greatbridge.com C
   
4. ӸnHPostgreSQL ٬O MySQLH

   MySQL Ot@Ӷ}񷽩lX SQL AA䴩 (Transaction)C
   D`AΩD`pƮwAӤ䴩i SQL \CPostgreSQL hO@
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   |AҦ MySQL Ϊ̳|ಾ PostgreSQLA] MySQL ]H ANSI SQL
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   (quasi-commercial) ~AM PostgreSQL PA̶}񷽩lXALݱ
   vOC
   
   MySQL ib [5]http://www.tcx.se C
   
5. Bo ?

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     * Linux System Labs }J [6]http://www.lsl.com/ ]7 ^
     * Cheap Bytes Inc }J [7]http://www.cheapbytes.com/ ]7 ^
     * Debian D}J [8]http://www.debian.org/vendors.html
       
   PostgreSQL ´]桥PostgreSQL CDROMAt㪺{XA\h
   Unix ާ@tΪiɤΧ㪺C
     * qDo PostgreSQL СJ [9]http://www.postgresql.org 30]
       ^
       
   PostgreSQL utGɪGJ
     * PostgreSQL RPMs @HO Lamer OwenAb [10]lamar.owen@wgcr.org
       C
     * PostgreSQL  RPM MG RPM
       [11]http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgresC
     * PostgreSQL  RPM MG RPM [12]http://www.postgresql.org CI
       Latest NewsM Redhat RPMsC
     * PostgreSQL  RPM MG RPM
       [13]http://www.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/ Cftp site b
       [14]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/
     * Solaris, HPUX, AIX, IRIX, Linux GɯxJ
       [15]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/bindist
       
   UJ
     * DJ [16]http://www.postgresql.org/
     * J [17]http://logical.thought.net/postgres95/
     * [18]http://www.itm.tu-clausthal.de/mirrors/postgres95/
     * [19]http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
     * [20]http://xenium.pdi.net/PostgreSQL/
     * [21]http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
       
   bCX ftp J
     * D FTP: [22]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub
     *  FTP: [23]ftp://ftp.chicks.net/pub/postgresql
     * [24]ftp://ftp.emsi.priv.at/pub/postgres/
     * [25]ftp://ftp.itm.tu-clausthal.de/pub/mirrors/postgres95
     * [26]ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu/pub/mirrors/postgreSQL
     * [27]ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/dbms/postgres95
     * [28]ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95
     * [29]ftp://postgres95.vnet.net:/pub/postgres95
     * [30]ftp://ftpza.co.za/mirrors/postgres
     * [31]ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/databases/postgresql
     * [32]ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/pub/software/postgresql
     * [33]ftp://xenium.pdi.net/pub/PostgreSQL
       
   PostgreSQL {X]iq sunsite unc Mgo]yj@d
   ^COb Redhat Linux M󴲧G /pub/contrib/i386/postgresql.rpm 
   C
     * nDMgAШ [34]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu
       
6. PostgreSQL ֳtw˫

   o`|Abp󤭤ֳtw˩MҰʳoƮwC
   
6.1 w˩M

   wˡBաBT{M PostgreSQL BJ H root nJ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# cd /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS
# man rpm
# ls postgre*.rpm
# rpm -qpl postgre*.rpm | less ][ɮצW^
# rpm -qpi postgre*.rpm ][ݮMơ^
# cat /etc/passwd | grep postgres
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   `NJpGAݨ@ӡpostgresϥΪ̡AAinƥMM postgres 
   aؿ  postgres M RoWΪ̡AΧLWpostgres2Cwˮ
   ݭnbbC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# rpm -i postgre*.rpm ]w˩ҦMAYȤݡB}oBƩMDM
Ө pgaccess `u@^
# man chkconfig
# chkconfig --add postgresql  ]ΨӦbҰʮɶ}l pgC^
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql start ]Ұ postgresql^
# man xhost
# xhost +  ] postgres ϥܸ˸m^
# su - postgres
bash$ man createdb
bash$ createdb mydatabase
bash$ man psql
bash$ psql mydatabase
KKb psql iW / UbCӽsvO \s

bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname>:0.0
bash$ man pgaccess
bash$ pgaccess mydatabase
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   {bAiHb pgaccess  psql ֳtaU SQL OFII
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql*
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   b\ŪҦ FAQAϥΪ̡B{]pB޲zUMޡC
   
6.2 PostgreSQL RPMs

   ~AЬ [35]http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgres  "Installation
   Steps"C
   
   PostgreSQL RPM  Lamar Owen ޲zA [36]lamar.owen@wgcr.org b
   [37]http://www.postgresql.org ih PostgreSQL ơC
   
6.3 Maximum RPM

    RedHat RPM package manager H޲z PostgreSQL w b
   [38]http://www.RPM.org UMaximum RPM@ѡAMɦW
   maximum-rpm.ps.gzC b Linux ϥ gv O\ŪX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# gv maximum-rpm.ps.gz
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   @ rpm2deb i RPM Mഫ Debian Linux M
   
6.4 RPM Ҥl

    PostgreSQL UؤݭnҤlCqHUaw PostgreSQL Ҥlؿ
   X
     * Linux  - postgresql-*examples.rpm
     * postgresql-*examples.rpm [39]http://www.aldev.8m.com 
       [40]http://www.aldev.webjump.com
     * PostgreSQL {X postgresql*.src.rpmAb examplesBtesting 
       tutorial ؿMC
       
6.5  PyGreSQLXPython 

   w examples MAаѾ\ [41]Examples RPM AX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/lib/pgsql/python
bash$ createdb thilo
bash$ psql thilo
thilo=> create table test (aa char(30), bb char(30) );
bash$ /usr/bin/python
>>> import _pg
>>> db = _pg.connect('thilo', 'localhost')
>>> db.query("INSERT INTO test VALUES ('ping', 'pong')")
>>> db.query("SELECT * FROM test")
eins|zwei
----+----
ping|pong
(1 row)
>>>CTRL+D
bash$
KKnFX{bw˥
bash$ su - root
# cp /usr/lib/pgsql/python/_pg.so /usr/lib/python1.5/lib-dynload
     _________________________________________________________________
   
6.6  PerlXPerl 

   w examples MAаѾ\ [42]Examples RPM AX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/perl5
bash$ perl ./example.pl
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   `NJpGHWOѤFаpJܼ @INC nb]Ab site_perl
   ؿ Pg.pm ҲաAҥHnpUϥ -I ﶵC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ perl -I/usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.004/i386-linux-thread ./example.pl
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   KKA perl wbs PostgreSQL ƮwII
   
   nϥ perl AаѾ\ example.pl ɡC
   
6.7  libpq, libpq++ 

   w examples MAаѾ\ [43]Examples RPM AX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ su root   --> ܨҤl֦v
# chown -R postgres /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples
# exit

bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/libpq
bash$ gcc testlibpq.c -I/usr/include/pgsql -lpq
bash$ export PATH=$PATH:.
bash$ a.out

bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/libpq++
bash$ g++ testlibpq0.cc -I/usr/include/pgsql -I/usr/include/pgsql/libpq++
-lpq++ -lpq -lcrypt
bash$ ./a.out ]`NJz|~TXpU^
> create table foo (aa int, bb char(4));
No tuples returned...
status = 1
Error returned: fe_setauthsvc: invalid name: , ignoring...
> insert into foo values ('4535', 'vasu');
No tuples returned...
status = 1
Error returned: fe_setauthsvc: invalid name: , ignoring...
> select * from foo;
aa   |bb   |
-----|-----|
4535 |vasu |
Query returned 1 row.
>
>CTRL+D
bash$
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   KKA C/C++ Ӧs PostgreSQL ƮwII
   
6.8  Java 

   w examples MAаѾ\ [44]Examples RPM Mw˥HUFC FoA
   Aw jdk-*glibc*.rpm M]Java RPM M^
     * q [45]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386 
       [46]http://www.blackdown.org oJDK jdk-*glibc*.rpm
     * q [47]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386 o
       postgresql-jdbc-*.rpm
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/jdbc
bash$ echo $CLASSPATH
 --> ݭn  CLASSPATH=/usr/lib/jdk-x.x.x/lib/classes.zip
x.x.x OXC
bash$ export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:.:/usr/lib/pgsql/jdbc6.5-1.2.jar
sҦ psql.java ɡA⡥packageܬסC
bash$ javac psql.java
bash$ java psql jdbc:postgresql:template1 postgres < password >[1] select * fro
m pg_tables;
tablename       tableowner      hasindexes      hasrules
pg_type postgres        true    false   false
pg_attribute    postgres        true    false   false
[2]
CTRL+C
bash$
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   KKA Java Ӧs PostgreSQL ƮwI
   
6.9  ecpg 

   w examples MAаѾ\ [48]Examples RPM AX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/ecpg
bash$ ecpg test1.pgc -I/usr/include/pgsql
bash$ cc test1.c -I/usr/include/pgsql -lecpg -lpq -lcrypt
bash$ createdb mm
bash$ ./a.out
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   KKAδOJ SQL Ӧs PostgreSQL ƮwI
   
6.10  SQL ҤlXۭqƫAM
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/sql
gnK
     _________________________________________________________________
   
6.11  Tcl/TK 

   Tck/Tk ҤlO pgaccess {C ϥΤ@Ӥrs边\Ū
   /usr/bin/pgaccess ɮסX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ view /usr/bin/pgaccess
bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname of your machine>:0.0
bash$ createdb mydb
bash$ pgaccess mydb
     _________________________________________________________________
   
6.12  ODBC 

    1. b [49]http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc/ o win32 pgsql odbc
       Xʵ{
    2. t~аѾ\ /usr/lib/libpsqlodbc.a
       
6.13  MPSQL Motif-worksheet 

   b [50]http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com o RPMC
   
6.14 {

   n{ PostgreSQL ~A Regression ծMJ H root nJ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# rpm -i postgresql*test.rpm
\Ū README ɩΦw˷{Aw regress ؿ
# rpm -i postgresql*.src.rpm
# cd /usr/src/redhat/SPECS
# more postgresql*.spec ]Hݻݭnw˭ RPM M^
# rpm -bp postgresql*.spec ]o˷|ǳƸӮM^

Regression ջݭn Makefiles M *fmgr*.h YɡAiΥHUO
͡X
# rpm --short-circuit -bc postgresql*.spec ]|I^
ݨ졥make -C common  SUBSYS.o CTRL-C פu@CoɭԳ]wwg
\AҦ Makefiles MYɤ]w͡CAAݭn~UhC
# cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
# chown -R postgres postgresql*
# su - postgres
bash$ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/postgresql-6.5.3/src/test/regress
bash$ more README
bash$ make clean; make all runtest
bash$ more regress.out
     _________________________________________________________________
   
6.15 氣

   ɰOɷ|bDnX PostgreSQL DnX{CAi̾ڦۤv
   ݭnAۦi׸ɡCиqHUBJJ  postgresql {Xؿ
   
                # rpm -i postgresql*.src.rpm
                # cd /usr/src/postgresql6.5.3
                # man patch
                # patch -p0 < patchfile
                # make clean
                # make

   OɬOb
     * PostgreSQL OɡJ [51]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/patches
       
7. PostgreSQL 䴩WL 200 Gig WŸƮw

   32 줸BzqbƮwWL 5 GigaByte ɪ{|tUCAi 32
   줸Bz 30 gig ƮwA{|UC32 줸̦h 2 GB
   OA2 GB ɮרtΤΨLާ@tΤ譱Cϥ SGIBIBMB HP 
   Linux SsɮרtΩ ext3-fs Ӧb 32 줸W䴩jL 2 GB ɮפj
   pC
   
   ﷥jƮwӻAڱjPĳAϥ 64 줸BzAp Digital Alpha
   BSun Ultra-sparc 64 줸BzBSGI 64 줸BzBIntel Mercel IA-64
   BzBHPUX 64 줸qBIBM 64 줸qCϥ 64 줸BzӽsĶ
   PostgreSQLANiHBzjƮwάdߡCdߤjMƮwt
   | 32 줸qּƭC64 줸quIOAܤjOЦ}
   (memory addressing space) Mާ@tΥiBzܤjɮרtΡBjƮw
   ѸΪ{B䴩hOBOjKK
   
8. ̤۫H PostgreSQLHRegression ծM (Regression test package) Τ
߫H

   uzǩwߡvAڭ̥iHǦaҬO_u̱q ISO/ANSI SQL Wu
   @CKPostgreSQLARegression ծM]src/test/regress^w]t
   bGAe\AqҼзǪ SQL ާ@ PostgreSQL OC
   ծM󤤤w]tFƦʭ SQL յ{C
   
   Aιqt PostgreSQLAӤOΤHCqiHHdUƦ
   ƥHtרӶi Regression աC{NqibܵuɶƤQ
    SQL աCb[NӡAq|HּƥHC]AϥιqӴչq
   {OXzC
   
   pݭnAA]iۦW[աCpGA{|ApήaUAA
   ]i⥦W PostgreSQL DCRegression ճnUΤإ߹
   PostgreSQL HߤΫHA]UͲtΨt] PostgreSQLC
   
   RegressionեiQ}oHP̲ץΤᶡۤPN@D`O޳N
   CPostgreSQL b}oL{αXn󤧫esxϥ Regression ըӫO
   C
   
   PostgreSQL Oiy Regression ժϬMXӡCpG@إ\Byk
   Sʦb Regression դsbANQ䴩AҦLSCX
   PostgreSQL Niण䴩IIAiHۦҤΥ[J Regression դC
   
9. PostgreSQL e GUI u]ϹϥΪ̬ɭ^

   sbӱN|̬y檺e GUICj{nHARO
   Z]MsĶ^y PHP/Zend [52]PHP+Zend compilerBHTML M DHTML gAp
   bȤ믥H JavaScript M Java Applet gCګĳA{s
   Windows 95/NT ε{Ө PHP + HTML + DHTML M Zend sĶCPHP 
   \QjlA] PerlBJavaBC++ M Javascript \൲X@ػy
   AӥBiҦ@~tΡXUnixes M NT/95 C
   
   ̨Τu㬰
     * PHP ROZM Zend sĶ [53]PHP+Zend compiler
     * X-Designer 䴩 C++, Java M MFC [54]http://www.ist.co.uk/xd
     * Windows95 M Unix  QT b [55]http://www.troll.no M
       [56]ftp://ftp.troll.no
     * Code Crusader b Linux cdrom Aھ MetroWorks Code Warrior g
        KOn
       [57]http://www.kaze.stetson.edu/cdevel/code_crusader/about.html
     * MetroWorks  Code Warrior [58]http://www.metrowerks.com
     * GNU Prof C++ IDEAӦ [59](Redhat) Cygnus
       [60]http://www.cygnus.com
     * Borland C++ Builder Linux  [61]http://www.inprise.com
     * Borland Java JBuilder Linux  [62]http://www.inprise.com
       
   H̨άyܡX
    1. PHP UAROZ[W HTMLBDHTMLBJavascript ȤݩROZ
       Java-AppletC
    2. Perl ROZyϥ Perl-Qt  Perl-Tk [63]Perl Database Interface
    3. Omnipresent M Omnipotent y C++ (GNU g++)J
          + Fast CGI]H C++ g^[W Javascript/Java-Applet @e
            ݤ
          + GNU C++ [ QtEZ  QT
          + GNU C++ [ Lesstiff  MotifC
    4. Java {QwCλݪOCC++  Java  20 C
       
   ٦LuX PostgreSQL M󴲧G@ӦWpgTcl Tcl/Tk {
   wCTcl/Tk @ӦW SpecTcl X}oҡC
   
     * Lesstiff Motif u
       [64]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/lesstiff*.rpm
     * Vibe Java/C++ b [65]http://www.LinuxMall.com/products/00487.html
     * JccWarrior [66]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/jcc*.rpm
     * Tcl/Tk [67]http://www.scriptics.com
     * W INCR  Tcl ɦV [68]http://www.tcltk.com
     * Visual TCL  [69]http://www.neuron.com
     * Visual TCL Redhat rpm b
       [70]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/visualtcl*.rpm
     * [71]http://sunscript.sun.com/
     * [72]http://sunscript.sun.com/TclTkCore/
     * [73]ftp://ftp.sunlabs.com/pub/tcl/tcl8.0a2.tar.Z
     * Java FreeBuilder
       [74]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/free*.rpm
     * SpecTCL [75]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/spec*.rpm
     * Java RAD u PostgreSQL Kanchenjunga 
       [76]http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/kj/kanch.html
     * Applixware u [77]http://www.redhat.com
     * XWPE X Window Programming Environment
       [78]http://www.rpi.edu/~payned/xwpe/
       [79]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwpe*.rpm
     * XWB X Window Work Bench
       [80]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwb*.rpm
     * NEdit [81]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/nedit*.rpm
       
   A]ib 95 ϥ Borland C++ BuilderBDelphiBBorland JBuilder
   BPowerBuilder g ODBC/JDBC Xʵ{s unix q PostgreSQLC
   
10. PostgreSQL Xʵ{

10.1 PostgreSQL  ODBC Xʵ{

   ODBC NѷLnwOpen DataBase ConnectivityCOqPtӤP
   Ʈwsƪy椶Cϥ ODBC Xʵ{gnOҥiMP
   wAp PostgreSQLBOracleBSybase M Informix X@C
   
     * [82]PostODBC wg]AbGCаѾ\D
       [83]http://www.postgresql.orgC w]Ab PostgreSQL ФC
     * b [84]http://www.iodbc.org }lX ODBC MסC
     * [85]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation 
       PostgreSQL MLƮw ODBC Xʵ{Co]eXKO ODBC (WB
       ^C
     * PostgreSQL  Insight ODBC [86]http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc
       oO PostODBC xC
     * FreeODBC M [87]http://www.ids.net/~bjepson/freeODBC/CoO@ӧK
       O ODBCC
       
10.2 PostgreSQL  UDBC Xʵ{

   UDBC O@ؿWߩXʵ{޲z (driver managers) M DLL 䴩RA
   ODBC AΨӪƮwsOOJγn󤤡C
     * [88]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation X
       PostgreSQL MLƮw UDBC Xʵ{C Open Link ]eXKO
       UDBC (WB^C
       
10.3 PostgreSQL  JDBC Xʵ{

   JDBC NJava DataBase ConnectivityCJava O@ت@ (Sun
   Microsystems) Ҷ}oWߩ󥭥x{yCJava {]pvQyϥ
   JDBC ӼgƮw{AHWj{bPƮwAp PostgreSQLBOracle
   BInformix ӯOCpGAg Java {AAibHUo
   PostgreSQL  JDBC Xʵ{C
   
   JDBC Xʵ{w]AAb PostgreSQL  postgresql-jdbc*.rpm M󤤡C
   
     * [89]http://www.demon.co.uk/finder/postgres/index.html @ Java 
       PostgreSQL s
     * [90]ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/people/rst/rst-jdbc.tar.gz
     * [91]http://www.openlinksw.com Open Link Software Corporation X
       PostgreSQL MLƮw JDBC Xʵ{C Open Link ]eXKO
       JDBC (WB^C
     * JDBC ^ [92]http://www.retep.org.uk/postgres
     * JDBC FAQ  [93]http://eagle.eku.edu/tools/jdbc/faq.html
       
   JDBC BɤީM FAQ bJ
     * JDBC HOME [94]http://splash.javasoft.com/jdbc
     * JDBC guide
       [95]http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc
     * JDBC FAQ [96]http://javanese.yoyoweb.com/JDBC/FAQ.txt
       
   аѦ [97] Java  @`C
   
10.4 PostgreSQL  Java

   Java {]pv|ıooǹL̫ܦΡC
     * [98]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386  postgresql-jdbc-*.rpm
     * [99]http://www.blackdown.org
       
   аѦ [100] Java  @`C
   
11. PostgreSQL  Perl Ʈw (Database Interface, DBI)

11.1 PostgreSQL  PERL 5 

   PERL OPractical Exptraction and Report Language²gC@WҦn
   w󥭥xiϥ PerlCAҦb 95/NTBīG iMacBҦ Unix
   ]SolarisBHPUXBAIXBLinuxBIrixBSCO ^Bjq MVSBୱ
   OS/2BOS/400BAmdahl UTS MLܦhqCPerl ƦܥibܦhyM
   Hާ@tΩMwIIҥHAbݨ Perl b@Өuާ@tΤW
   ɡAjpǡCAiHQ Perl ϥΪ̩M}oHƶqC
   
   PostgreSQL  Perl w]Ab PostgreSQL GCаѬ
   src/pgsql_perl5 ؿC
     * Pgsql_perl5 qlpa}J [101]E.Mergl@bawue.de
     * t@ƨӷJ
       [102]ftp://ftp.kciLink.com/pub/PostgresPerl-1.3.tar.gz
     * Perl  [103]http://www.perl.com/perl/index.html
     * Perl ɤޡAЦb [104]http://reference.perl.com/ Ѭݾɤޥؿ
     * Perl FAQ b
       [105]http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Programming_Langu
       ages/Perl/
     * Perl GUI ϥΪ̤ Perl-Qt rpmJ
       [106]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386 ]Ь
       PerlQt-1.06-1.i386.rpm
     * Perl GUI ϥΪ̤ Perl-QtJ
       [107]http://www.accessone.com/~jql/perlqt.html
     * Perl GUI ϥΪ̤ Perl-XFormsJ
       [108]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386AM
       Xforms4Perl-0.8.4-1.i386.rpm
     * Perl GUI ϥΪ̤ Perl-TkJ
       [109]ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
     * Perl GUI kitsJ [110]http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?ui
     * Perl ƮwJ
       [111]http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?database
     * Perl  "C" ½ĶuJ
       [112]http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local/modules/by-module/B/ M
       Compiler-a3.tar.gz
     * Bourne shell  Perl ½ĶuJ
       [113]http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/id/MERLYN/sh2perl-0.02.tar.g
       z
     * awk  perl  a2p M sed  perl  s2p w]Ab PERL GC
     * ]Ь comp.lang.perl.*  PERL sD
       
11.2 Perl Ʈw DBI

   DBIH
  
   Perl Ʈw]DBI^O Perl y@ӸƮwsε{]API^
   CPerl DBI API WwqF@ըơBܼƩMDҡAHѤ@Ӥ@PӿWߩ
   کҥθƮwC
     * DBI FAQ @ Descartes Hermetica b [114]descarte@hermetica.com
       
  PostgreSQL  DBI Xʵ{ DBD-Pg-0.89
  
   bo DBD-Pg-0.89.tar.gzJ
     * DBD-Pg-0.89 : [115]http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/DBD/
     * Comprehensive Perl Archive Network CPAN
       [116]http://www.perl.com/CPAN
     * DBI Xʵ{WM DBI Ҳպ
       [117]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI
     * DBI Ʀb [118]http://www.fugue.com/dbi/
     * D [119]ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/perl/db
     * A DBI s [120]http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
     * A DBI s [121]http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html
     * A DBI s [122]http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html
     * PostgreSQL Ʈw [123]http://www.postgresql.org
       
  DBI ޳N䴩
  
     * бNNο~isP perl -v M perl -V XBPostgreSQL 
       BDBD-pg BDBI H [124]E.Mergl@bawue.de
       
   DBIBDBperlBOraperl M *perlH
  
   K Tim BunceADBI ]p̩M@̡J
   
   DBI O Perl y@ε{]API^CPerl DBI API WwqF @
   ըơBܼƩMDҡAΩ󴣨Ѥ@Ӥ@PӿWߩکҥΪƮwC
   
   ²aADBI e\ήaza (transparently) shظƮwCҥHApG
   As OracleBInformixBmSQLBSybase ΥƮwAAݭnD 3GL
   h̪CDBI ҩwq API iΩҦoǸƮwC
   
   o˪nBOAob@g perl ZsӤPXӤPƮwA
   pb@ӵ{Ūb@ Oracle ƮwƤαNJ Informix 
   wCDBI he\A²ΦOaC
   
   oO DBperl ҲժWAҹ DBI ҲդΧ޳N䴩TC DBI X
   {DӦb dbi-users qT׾´XC list.
   
     ҲզW      һݸƮw        @           DBI
    ----------- -----------------   ------          ---
    Sybperl     Sybase              Michael Peppler DBD::Sybase
                                    <mpeppler@datamig.com>
                                    http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler
    Oraperl     Oracle 6 & 7        Kevin Stock     DBD::Oracle
                                    <dbi-users@fugue.com>
    Ingperl     Ingres              Tim Bunce &     DBD::Ingres
                                    Ted Lemon
                                    <dbi-users@fugue.com>
    Interperl   Interbase           Buzz Moschetti  DBD::Interbase
                                    <buzz@bear.com>
    Uniperl     Unify 5.0           Rick Wargo      None
                                    <rickers@coe.drexel.edu>
    Pgperl      Postgres            Igor Metz       DBD::Pg
                                    <metz@iam.unibe.ch>
    Btreeperl   NDBM                John Conover    SDBM?
                                    <john@johncon.com>
    Ctreeperl   C-Tree              John Conover    None
                                    <john@johncon.com>
    Cisamperl   Informix C-ISAM     Mathias Koerber None
                                    <mathias@unicorn.swi.com.sg>
    Duaperl     X.500 Directory     Eric Douglas    None
                User Agent

   LA DBI Ҳզ DBperl h (emulation layers)A]
   ADBD:Oracle | Oraperl hAALݧ{s Oraperl ZK
   Coh Oraperl API Is½Ķ DBI IsóqL DBI C
   
  DBI W
  
   o̦@ DBI ƨӷC
     * DBI W
       [125]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec
       
   POD  POD OOJ perl {ΥHY{X@qAΥH
    ΪƵ{]pvMҲժήaCDBI MXʵ{ POD VӶV
   yAn\ŪAШϥΥHUOC
     _________________________________________________________________
   
DBI W檺 PO iΥHUO\Ū
        $ perldoc DBI

ϥεX DBD::Oracle  Oraperl hHiΥHUO\Ūp Oraperl 
sg{J
        $ perldoc Oraperl

DBD::mSQL ҲժήaiyHUO\Ū@ǸXʵ{Wa (private functions
) MS\઺ơJ
        $ perldoc DBD::mSQL

POD 󤤤]]t`DCn\ŪܽпJJ
        $ perldoc DBI::FAQ

POD @ơX POD p󼶼g PODAξ骺 POD ǡAiyHUO\ŪJ
        $ perldoc perlpod
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   wˤF Tk Ҳժήai|@ӦW tkpodAϥ Tk  POD \Ū
   C| POD sƨ@ӤKΥi\ŪΦC
   
   ͡BpDM[J b DBI qH׾¤PHX@s갸M
   ͡C ]Ьݬ
     * DBI qH׾ª
       [126]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/tidbits
     * DBI Perl Journal  [127]http://www.tpj.com
     * DBperlo峹b@EE~Q@몺Dr. Dobbs JournaloC
     * The Perl5 Database InterfaceA@ Alligator Descartes gA
        O'Reilly and Associates XѡC
       
   ήaiѥ[qH׾¬J The mailing lists that users may
   participate in are:
     * qH׾ [128]http://www.fugue.com/dbi
     * dbi-announce ql [129]dbi-announce-request@fugue.com H
       'subscribe' 夺e
     * dbi-dev }oHM Email: [130]dbi-dev-request@fugue.com H
       'subscribe' 夺e
     * dbi-users @Q Email: [131]dbi-users-request@fugue.com H
       'subscribe' 夺e
     * qHxsB
       [132]http://outside.organic.com/mail-archives/dbi-users/
     * ڬwqHxsB
       [133]http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/PerlDB-Int
       erest
       
  sĶ~Ρuեѡv
  
   pGoͰTx (core dump)Aըϥ Devel::CoreStack ҲըӲͰT
   x|l (stack trace)CDevel::CoreStack ib CPAN J
     * [134]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Devel::CoreStack
       
   |lܡBҲժBperl BխӮסBާ@tΪΥLAΪ
   ƹql dbi-users qH׾¡CHXƶVA}oHVָѨMDC
   
   95/NT S DBI 䴩H
  
   DBI M DBD::Oracle  Win32 w DBI зǳC]A DBI
   0.81 ӷ|`B@CzL ODBCAAiHsLn Access M
   SQL-Server ƮwCb DBI-0.79]ΥH^@ӹʽ誺 Win32::ODBC
   DBI hCW DBI::W32ODBCCAݭnϥ Win32::odbc ҲաC
     * Win32 DBI [135]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/win32
     * Win32 ODBC [136]http://www.roth.net
       
   CGI ӻADBI SΡH
  
   @ӦrJIDBI  CGI {]pD`ΡIƹWACGI O DBI ̭n
   ~@C
   
   DBI  CGI {]pv]p\jjpeݸƮwL̪ήaAqӴ
   ѤjqǱƦCơCDBI ]e\bƮwAWLtɡA޲z
   HbL CGI ROZpUNɯšC
   
  ڦp[ CGI P DBD Oracle stסH
  
   Apache httpd ޲z@դl httpd (httpd children) ӪAȫȤCy Doug
   MacEachern  Apache mod_perl ҲաAperl ½ĶwOJl httpd 
   CCGIBDBI MAwҲշ|blϥͮɸJCoǼҲժbϺФWɮ
   Qɤ~|AQJCnDh Apache ơAЬ Apache p
   J
     * Apache p [137]http://www.apache.org
     * Mod_perl Ҳ
       [138]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl
       
  p DBI M CGI sH
  
   y Edmund Mergl  Apache::DBI ҲաACӤl httpd |ƮwnJxs
   b (hash) CpGAε{u@ӸƮwήaAC@Өli}
   lssCثeAlä|ɸƮwsCApache::DBI iq CPAN U
   J
     * [139]http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI
       
  ڦbO@ perl ROZɡAõLDCLAڦb http 楦ɡA|
  ѡIѡH
  
   򥻤WAoܦiO]qOROZϥΪ̤wܼƳ]wnA
   H DBD::Oracle ӻAY $ORACLE_HOME, $ORACLE_SID  TWO_TASKChttpd 
   {q`OH nobody AYSF]wnҡCbopU
   檺Z|TaѡCnѨMoDAbAROZ}YΤ@
   BEGIN() ϶]wҡCo˫K|ѨMDCP˦aAAnˬdA httpd ~
   ɥHMuAHξ\ŪIdiot's Guide To Solving Perl / CGI
   ProblemsMPerl CGI Programming FAQHMhơCoDj|
   M DBI CШ󳣤p߾\ŪI
     * Guide to Solving Perl CGI problems
       [140]http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/index.html
       
  DBI ihyBz (multi-threading)H
  
   nݤ@ǨϥΦhy SELECT yl Oracle OCI dҵ{AаѾ\J
     * [141]http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.ta
       r.gz
       
  ڦp DBI Isx{ (stored procedure)H
  
   ]AbؼиƮwAҦp@ Oracle ƮwإߤFx{ǡAAiϥ
   $dbh->do Өϵ{ǥߧYCҦpJ
   
   $dbh->do( "BEGIN someProcedure END" );
   
  b DBI Aڦp^x{Ǫ^ȡH
  
   O٭nˬd~I
   
    $sth = $dbh->prepare( "BEGIN foo(:1, :2, :3); END;" );
    $sth->bind_param(1, $a);
    $sth->bind_param_inout(2, \$path, 2000);
    $sth->bind_param_inout(3, \$success, 2000);
    $sth->execute;

  ڥi_ DBI ӫإߩΥ@ӸƮwH
  
    DBI ӻAnAa䴩ƮwإߩMөHFCҦpAOracle ڥ
   䴩ƮwI~Ab Oracle AƮwA򥻤WNOƮwA
   b mSQLAYϨSƮwAA]බQaCoDosӼsFC]p
   AXʵ{zLpa func kӫإߩMRƮwCAnˬdXʵ{
   ӤFѥS䴩oC
   
  DBI ˳Bz NULL ȡH
  
   DBI Qw NULL ȷ@ undef ȳBzCNULL iH NULL ƭȨӥ[J
   ƮwAҦpJ
   
    $rv = $dbh->do( "INSERT INTO table VALUES( NULL )" );

   Ld߮ɡANULL nM undef CoOҦXʵ{AΪзǡC
   
  o func kO򪺡H
  
   DBI  func kwqƮwW\઺iJIAҦpإߩM@ӸƮw
   CϥγoXʵ{WkQ²AҦpAnϥΤ@ createDatabase 
   kJ@Ӥ޼ (argument) Aڭ̷|gJ
   
    $rv = $dbh->func( 'argument', 'createDatabase' );

   n}oHn`N func kbPƮwӡC
   
  ӷ~䴩ΰVm
  
   PERL CLINIC : Perl Clinic HXΦ PerlBDBIBDBD::Oracle M
   Oraperl Ѱӷ~䴩CoǤ䴩O DBI @ Tim Bunce u@qѪ
   CԱAЬݡJ
     * [142]http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc
       
11.3  Perl 

   аѾ\ [143] PerlXPerl @`
   
12. PostgreSQL ޲zu

12.1 PGACCESS - PostgreSQL ޲z GUI u

   PgAccess O PostgreSQL  Tcl/Tk Cwg]Ab PostgreSQL G
   CAiQqoXSsJ
     * [144]http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
     * pNB}ĳAqlJ [145]teo@flex.ro
       
   pgaccess Ϊk
     _________________________________________________________________
   
# man xhost
# xhost +
# su - postgres
bash$ man pgaccess
bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname>:0.0
bash$ pgaccess mydatabase
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   PgAccess S
   
   PgAccess XMain window, Table builder, Table(query) view, Visual
   query builder.
   
   Tables
     * }Ҫ (tables) d\A̦hGʭӬ]ib perferences ؿ^
     * y즲u (grid line) jp]bCŶ (table space) b
       Cؿ (table header) in^
     * 椤۰ʴXCӪ檺tmWxs
     * פJ/ץXLɮ׮榡]SDFBCSV^
     * Lo\]Jp price>3.14 Lo^
     * Ƨǥ\]ۦJݱƧǪ^
     * Ys
     * }F沣ͧUz (table generator assistant)
     * }Fs
       
   Queries
     * wqBsMxsήawqdߡ(user defined queries)
     * dxs@ (views)
     * dߪ
     * [ select ΦdߵG
     * RMdߦW
     * 즲MU\઺ Visual query builderCpGAw Netscape
       Navigator  Tcl/Tk AAibݨ쥦u@J ]ĶJbHI
       ^
       
   ǦC (sequence)
     * wqBRMˬdǦC 
     * ϥ SQL ywqBˬdMR
       
   Nٷ|HUi
     * ]p]W[BW^
     * Ʃwq
     * i;
     * 򥻪ROZsg\
       
    LIBGTCL 
   
   A|Ψ PostgreSQL  Tcl {w libgtclAҿת Tcl/Tk iJ
   ҲաClibpgtcl M{X PostgreSQL  /src/interfaces/libpgtcl
   ؿCSwӻAAݭn@ӥib Tcl/TkJ libpgtcl {wC޳NW
   ӻAMq PostgreSQL iJتɨäۦPA] libpgtcl O@
   تɪXCoɮצb Linux W libpgtcl.soCAibHW}U@Ӭ
   Linux i386 tιwsĶFCuݧoɮ׫tε{wؿ
   ]/usr/lib^YiCpA䤤@ӸѨMkOR{XJ
   libpgtcl.so @yMϥ pgwish] wishpg^ӸJ pgaccess.tclAӫD
   wishA]o wish w쵲 libpgtcl 禡wC
   
   pGAbsĶ pgaccess ؿɹJ䤣 crypt ΡAШϥ -lcryptC
   
12.2 PostgreSQL ʦdߤu]WISQL  MPSQL^

   MPSQL ѵϥΪ̤@ӹϹ SQL  PostgreSQLCMPSQL P Oracle 
   SQL Worksheet ηLn SQL Server dߤu WISQL C@Ӻ}G
   GUI MOOCA]iHŤUζKWC٦LUͲO\C
     * [146]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * qlJ [147]keidav@whidbey.com
     * [148]http://www.ucolick.org/~de/ b tcl_syb/wisql.html ɤ
     * [149]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * qlJ [150]de@ucolick.org
       
12.3 W PSQL  PostgreSQL ʦdߤu]ISQL^

   ISQL OѤrO׺ݾϥΪC ow]AbGAW psqlCM
   Sybase ISQLBOracle SQLplus QۦCb Unix OܿJpsql|X
   { psql> ܡC
   
bash# su - postgres
bash$ man psql
bash$ psql mydatabase
Type \h to see help of commands.

   D`ϥΪ̤͵MΡC ib~ةROZ (shell script) ϥΡC
   
12.4 MPMGRXPostgreSQL Ʈw޲zu

   MPMGR  PostgreSQL OѤ@ӹϹ޲zCAibHUa쥦J
     * [151]http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/
     * Email: [152]keidav@mutinybaysoftware.com
     * [153]http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
     * qlJ [154]keidav@whidbey.com
     * [155]http://www.ucolick.org/~de in file tcl_syb/wisql.html
     * PostgreSQL  WISQL [156]http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures
     * qlJ [157]de@ucolick.org
       
13. uϥΤ@ܾ (monitor) ӫإߦhx PostgreSQL q

   pGAQw󪺿ܾAAiϥ VNC (Vitual Network Computing)
   ޳NAѹqT~H AT & T ӨӡC VNC O GPL AO@ӦۥѳnCy
   VNCAAib@ӨSܾq PostgreSQL {AӦbݹq
   ܥXӡIILAǹqH Ethernet dsCVNC ib
   [158]http://www.uk.research.att.com/vnc C]ĶAVNC Oϥ
   TCP/IPAzפWun IP a}KibݹqsALtץiܺCC^
   
   Ai|_hxqDΥuΤ@ܾAӥΤ@ KWM ]LBvBܾ
   ^(Keyborad, Video, Monitor) ]ĶJM O_ƹH^ܾӿܩҥ
   qCo`٦aAֲVáA]`ܾBLMƹ]C` 100
    500 ^C
   
   yۿܾAAi|hx PostgreSQL A]}oBաBͲ^Bp
   ABftp ABpABqlABsDAb@ӤjdCo
   ܾ]i 95/NT M OS/2 qC
   
   ЬdݤUC}J
     * DataComm Warehouse IncAq 1-800-328-2261CL̴ѩҦ~تq
       w [159]http://www.warehouse.com 4  KVM ܾ (PS/2) j
       $89.99C Part No. DDS1354
     * Network Technologies Inc
       [160]http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html (120 /PC 8 )
       M椤]A 'Server Switches' M 'Video only switches'
     * Scene Double Inc, ^
       [161]http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm
     * Cybex corporation [162]http://www.cybex.com
     * Raritan Inc [163]http://www.raritan.com
     * RealStar Solutions Inc [164]http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm
     * Belkin Inc [165]http://www.belkin.com
     * Better Box Communications Ltd.
       [166]http://www.betterbox.com/info.html
     * 񪺵wӾQdߡServer Switchκ١KVM Auto SwitchesC
       
   b yahoo jMXhServer SwitchesΡKVM Switchesq
   C
   
   C PostgreSQL ƮwA̦nΤ@MΪ unix qAHWj{C
   L{/{nboqWC\ŪAҦa誺ӷ~X
   ǰӾQ Intel qM 13 Tù]QGyù^CAuݭnw
   AӤݷLn/DOSC ƮwAݭnmܾA]Aib@ӱm
   ӤHqW޲zC bHUao RedHat]ΨLM󴲧G^Linux 
   СJ
     * Linux System Labs }J [167]http://www.lsl.com/ 7 
     * Cheap Bytes Inc }J [168]http://www.cheapbytes.com/ 7 
       
   TOAʶRwQ RedHat Linux 䴩CʶReb RedHat  ftp X
   ˪wAp SCSI tMܥdCΤjʬKio@xjl
   Intel qA RedHat Linux Ӱ PostgreSQLCq 95BOS/2BUnix
   MotifBs]p RedbaronBOperaBNetscape ΨLܦhӡ^g
   odbc/jdbc/perl/tcl ӳs PostgreSQLC]stзǪ GUI Ȥ
   (client)C^
   
   ϥ KWM ܾAAiuΤ@ܾM@LӱhxDC
   
14. PostgreSQL Uε{A

   @ǥiM PostgreSQL X@Uε{AA}񷽩lX٬Oӷ~
   CۦW}񷽩lXUε{A Enhydra M ZopeAӷ~
   h IBM WebsphereBBEA WeblogicC
   
14.1 Enhydra

   Enhydra O@ӷy檺Uε{AA Lutris Corporation }
   oCHʤʯ¥ Java gAi [169]http://www.enhydra.org o
   CEnhydra O@Ӷ}XMסAHӷ~ΦAӥ Lutris Corp 
   CаѾ\ [170]http://www.lutris.comC
   
   ]Щ
   [171]http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Enterprise-Java-for-Linux-HOWTO.htm
   l Ѿ\ Enterprise Java HOWTOC
   
14.2 Zope

   Python y檺u¡vɦVROZyCZope O@ӸU
   {AAѤF PostgreSQL CZope ib [172]http://www.zope.org
   o Python ib [173]http://www.python.org C
   
15. PostgreSQL ε{Mu

15.1 PostgreSQL  4GL UƮw{XAppGEN }ot

   AppGEN ibU
     * [174]http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html
     * [175]ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN.
       
   AppGEN O@ذĥ|N{yMε{; (application
   generator) AΥHͥHU¦{Coǵ{@bpΤq
   pϥΡCAppGen {HXG Common Gateway Interface (CGI) зǪ C R
   OZ (C scripts) gAjpAi䴩C
   
   nϥ AppGenAAݭnJ
   
   PostgreSQLApƮwt
   
   䴩 CGI pAAp NCSA  HTTPD
   
   @ ANSI C sĶAp GCC
   
   AppGEN ]AHU Unix ]Linux^ i{J
   
     * defgenA|ھ޿Ƶcͤ@Ӱ¦˪O{Coǵ{i[J
       BsB RMMƮwASi۰ʫOѦҾX
       (referential integrity)C
     * appgenAAppGEN sĶ{C| AppGEN {XsĶi CGI
       檺 C {ΥiYɦbWϥ HTML 榡C
     * dbf2sqlA dBase III ۮe .dbf ഫi檺 SQL ROZu
       {Coϱojxsb DOS/ƮwƥiӨ@ SQL A
       Ap PostgreSQLC
     * ~AAppGEN F@Ƿ|bϥΪ HTML BGIF ɩM Java
       p{CMApҦnnA]]A㪺{XC
       
   @ Andrew Whaley iHHU~|ĲJ
     * [176]andrew@arthur.smuht.nwest.nhs.uk
       
15.2 PostgreSQL pXDBENGINE

   dbengine O Ingo Ciechowski Ҽg@HYΪ PostgreSQL p
   Cb
     * [177]http://www.cis-computer.com/software/dbengine/ 
       
    DBENGINEJ dbengine OpP Postgres95 AuݪƤ
   AKis{sƮwC
   
   PHP Ab󤤽sg Perl yAOu PerlAAppGEN M
   WDB-P95 ݭnAC@ӸƮwإ߳]w (configuration files)XXť_
   AAGnǤ@sy (meta language) ~ҥΡC
   
   MLu㤣PAAݭnǥSO{ΩROZyӨϥ dbengineC]
   |CӸƮw]wɪpAҥHAݭn߳oǷscCLAp
   GAQΨ dbengine \Aǲ Perl |O@ӦnDNC
   
   ӨtΥiy@Ӫ[Ʈw@²B@]wnA|]tpz
   ѧAƮwsơCAƦܥiHw갲 (virual fields)AΥHb
   ܦbùe@XYɭpC
   
15.3 PostgreSQL  Apache AҲաXNeoSoft NeoWebScript

   Apache O@ӦWpAC@ PostgreSQL  Apache Ҳզ
   X
     * [178]http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/
       
   NeoWebScript O@{e\A⤣P{ת{OJ HTML ɵ{yC
   
   HnD@ӥ]t NeoWebScript  HTML ɡA NeoWebScript 
   AKOJFROZAͤ@ӧtۭqeC
   
   NeoWebScript Ob HTML Xi\jOBA¦ʵ{
   @ӰtBwBǪkCy NeoWebScriptAYϹsӻApƾ
   (counter)Bql (email forms)BȡBñWï (guest books)BXȬ
   ܱo²CЬݬ NeoWebScript ۤvBPERL M JavaScript @XC
   
   pGAQbApAw NeoWebScriptAA޲zb}leݥ
   \ŪL̪ Sysop FAQCmTheory of Operationsn| NeoWebScript p
   B@AmInstallationn|vBCmManagementn]wMA
   ƩyAmTestnATw NeoWebScript B@`AmTroubleshootingnMA
   DC
   
   bۤv ISPBpΥ~pϥ NeoWebScript OΥKAA|bnOU
   ɱo짹ӡCLApGAQ⥦OJۤv~Φbӷ~A]
   p SSL^ϥΡA` 99 C
   
   NeoWebScript O@Ӯe\AbOJ Tcl/Tk y@ROZu㪺
   Apache ҲաC Karl LehenbauerANeoSoft  Chief Technical Officer
   oAå Neosoft {]pvM޳NZsgB}Υ[j\C
   
   Apache O@W̬y檺pAAgլdQKڥPϥΡC
   
   Tcl/Tk O Dr. John Ousterhout }o@رjlBۥѡB󥭥xROZy
   CLL
   
   Tck/Tk e\n}oHϥΥH C  C++ ¦u֤Qu@
   C]O@ذjy (glue language)Aϱo{s{@Pu@B
   ϹƩMiΩ InternetC
   
   NeoSoft пH Chief Technical OfficerAKarl Lehenbauer b}lɫKw
   ѻP Tcl/Tk }oCL]M Mark Diehkans @_Ч@F Extended TclASW
   TclX  NeoSoft TclAoػy\Cܦh Tcl ֤߫OӦ
   Extended TclAӥ Dr. Ousterhout [J֤߻yC
   
   NeoSoft Inc., 1770 St. James Place, Suite 500, Houston, TX 77056 USA
   
15.4 HTML  HEITML AݩM@ PostgreSQL  4GL y

   heitml Ot@ postgres PUCԱAбĲ
   

          Helmut Emmelmann H.E.I. Informationssyteme GmbH
          Wimpfenerstrasse 23 Tel. 49-621-795141
          68259 Mannheim Germany Fax. 49-621-795161

     * Mr.Helmut Emmelmann qla} [179]emmel@h-e-i.de
     * Heitml D [180]http://www.heitml.com
     * Heitml  [181]http://www.h-e-i.deom
       
   Heitml PɬO HTML AݩM@ 4GL yCsgHiH
   HTML  HTML ҽsg{C
   
   Heitml] "Hi"-TML^O HTML Τ@ӥĥ|NyAe\Hp
   ¦{Q SQL ƮwơAӤݨϥν CGI ROZ
   C
   
   Heitml bAݩ HTMLAʺAa⡧.heiഫ HTML 榡AϥP
   sݮeC]AjaxBΪ HTML ykAδѤjqw}oF
   ҩM{wH CGI i檺u@C XML Aheitml e\ϥΪ
   ۩wҡCy heitmlAϥΪ̦۩wҥi½Ķ HTML ζǰesC
   
   Heitml PɥH HTML ]p̩MM~{]pvؼСCHTML ]pviϥ
   heitml Ҩӫإ߰ʺAAs SQL ƮwAΫإߧ㪺Uε{
   CpƾBnOƮw (registration databases)BjMBqlB
   h (hierachical menus) iPayۦbjq禡w
   (Component Libraries) wت HTML Ҳ͡C
   
   {]pvӻAheitml b HTML OJF㪺ĥ|N{yA
   

          (e.g. <if>, <while>, M <let> )A

   MtơBơBLȡBrM (tuple) FjlBOC
   Ѧһyk (reference semantics) pPɦVyAxsb|
   CHeitml ܼơA]AҦb|ƵcAb Session Mode ib
   PCA]iHۭqҩҼ (environment tags)AƦܭsw
   q HTML ҡC
   
   heitml ϱoHUƱi
   
   XXH㵲cμҲդ (structured and modular) 覡}oAjTC
   @xZC
   
   XX}ozΤʪAeiʺAaAΪ̩һݡC
   
   XXLݳ]p{Ki SQL ƮweAAuݭnϥιw wq
   dbaҡC
   
   XXϥ Session Variables }oƮwΥؿʪ{C
   
   Heitml ig CGI b Linux pAAӦb Apache i
   ϥ apache API ϱotׯSO֡]קKF CGI u@^CثeA䴩
   mSQL]Ĥ@ΤG^BPostgreSQL]Ĥ^BmySQLB the yard databases
   Cheitml ib LinuxBBSDiBSolaris M SunOS AHΦb NT [W
   CGI M ISAPIBODBCB 95 ϥΡC
   
   heitml]Linux ^sBDӷ~ʩMӤHγ~OKOCӷ~ݪX
   vOC]եδ\৹㪺եΪiKOUC]Ln`NACӧA}
   o.hei|LX@ӰTXODӥΪCnOA|@
   XAϧAioTӵLݭswˡC^
   
   heitml]Hi-TML^yۥiۦwqҩM㪺{]pOۦa
   μWj HTML \CoϰʺAeMƮw{ib HTML @ɤX{A
   Ӥݭn CGI Υ~Zε{yC]NOA@ HTML @̥ibO
   Jε{CouݭnϥηsҡAӤ CGI ε{]pCt@譱Ai
   ϥΪ̩ε{]pviгyγ]pjlҮwCokϱo heitml  HTML
   sMM~{]pv@ɾAΡCheitml bUAWΰʺAa
   HTMLAҥH heitml MpзǭݮeA]MsݮeC@譱ѥ
   ̧㪺Ʈws\At@譱ϥΪ̵L z|󤣥n CGI 
   Cheitml OھڦsĶcyM (transaction) tΪ̷ssG
   }oC
   
   heitml }oL{M HTML @ˡAOϥΤrs边 HTML s边A]
   p`abUAWCLAsi]AʺA heitml ҩMϥ
   ҮwCAi ϥγoǼҦsƮwBͰʺAeBHXqlAƦܥiH}
   ojlε{ApnOƮw (registration database) MʪtΡC
   
   HTML sMM~{]pv@˷|t²a]pε{Ap
   ڭ̪ñWïAӤݨϥνǪ CGI ROZYCou@uݨ
    dba wuKiC
   
   heitml ]APҮwAΥHsyñWïBƮw@{Bid
   ߪBjlqlκh (hierarchic menu)CoǤuw
   iϥΡAAuݦbW[WҡC
   
   @@Ӧg窺{]pvAAiϥ heitml [ʺAլ[c
   (persistent dynamic tuple architecture)Jheitml OʺAA
   (dynamic typing)B\઺ FpBjƩM״IѼƶǻS⪺R
   ZyA]y ʺAլ[c۰ʫOjp session ơC
   
15.5 PostgreSQL  America On-line AOL UA

   AOLserver 2.3 O@ӧKOӷ~UAAis PostgreSQLC
   ԱAЬ
     * AOL UAD [182]http://www.aolserver.com
     * Philip Greenspun  AOLserver 
       [183]http://photo.net/wtr/aolserver/introduction-1.html
       
   AOLserver O@ӧֳtAhyBz (multithreaded)A䴩 Tcl UA
   C󦹡A٬O@ӥ䴩ƮwU}oxC
   
   ϥ AOLserverAAi (pooled)  PostgreSQL]ML RDBMS^sA
   ѤP (threads) ɡCAOLserver  Tcl M C APIAAi}ojl
   ʺACҦoǪF賣b 1995 ~}lCH APL (AOLserver Public
   License)  GPL vA]OۥѪnC
   
   ӻATcl API ̦ΡCAOLserver @ձjl Tcl IsAҦp
   ns_sendmail]ΨӵoXql^Bns_httpget]ΨӨ^@ URL^
   Bns_schedule]H cron \AΥHƩw{bSwɶ^CA]
   i Tcl API ӻXi AOLserver \CC@ AOLserver A
   i֦pa Tcl ROZ禡wA AOLserver Aåiӵ
   AϥαoC
   
   AiΤTؤk AOLserver }oJ
     *  HMTL
     * .tcl XXYi ns_write IsӶǦ^ HTML  tcl {C
     * .adp XXAOL Dynamic PagesCAH HTML }oAAi <% %>
        <%= %> ӴOJ Tcl XAM PHP  ASP ۦC
       
   M AOLserver O@ӰjpAA֦u}[cA~b
   sƮwOCAOLserver ֦ۤvƮwHh (abstraction
   layer)AAݭק{ӳs줣P RDBMSCo RDBMS sO
   (pooled)B (persistent)AѤΪɡCoe\ܧ֪sM
   Bθ귽C
   
   AOLserver ֦ҦDn RDBMS Xʵ{JPostgreSQLBOracleBSybase
   BInformixBIllustraBSolidBInterbase M MySQLC
   
15.6 PostgreSQL  / plܨtε{u(Problem/Project Tracking System
Application Tool for PostgreSQL )

   b
     * [184]http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/
       
15.7  dbase  dbf ഫ PostgreSQL

   dbf2msql {M mSQL  PostgreSQL X@r֡CAibHU
     * [185]ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/
     * [186]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz
       
   o{ Faculty of Electrical Engineering TU Delft, NL Computer
   Architecture and Digital Technique section  Maarten Boekhold gC
     * [187]M.Boekhold@et.tudelft.nl
       
   A]iϥ python k (method) bŪJ dbf ɤθJ postgres Ʈw
   C
     * See [188]http://www.python.org
       
15.8 Ln MDB Ʈwഫ PostgreSQL

   p MDB Tools O@ը禡wM{AΩLn Access Ʈw
   ]mdb ɡ^ץXܦhΤ᪺ƮwAp OracelBSybaseBDB2BInformix
   BMySQLBPostgreSQL C
     * q [189]http://mdbtools.sourceforge.net o MDB Tools
     * qH׾
       [190]http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/mdbtools-dev
       
16. PostgreSQL pƮw]p/uXEARP

     * [191]http://www.oswego.edu/Earp
     * [192]ftp://ftp.oswego.edu pub/unix/earpؿC
       
16.1 EARP OH

   O David Dougherty Easily Adjustable Response ProgramCEARP O@
   ӧQ PostgreSQL ƮwttWƮw]p/IuC\]AJ
   
     * @ӵıƪ]ptΡC
     * @ sendmail C]ioql^
     * @ӼWjFOwC
     * @ cgi Xʵ{C
       
16.2 I

   EARP DnI@Ӧb http ʱ{U檺 CGI GɨӦsƮwA
   CҦ]pu㳣إߦbXʵ{AbWAASaݭn@X]pC
   Ǥu㥻ݭn@Ӥ䴩ϹsAҳ]pXӪWߩsgkA
   OھڭӤHncC
   
16.3 pu@H

   EARP 䤤@ӥDnSOϥΪɦVkӲͥΥHsƮw
   html Cj]thӪCCӪ󳣥HYǤu㲣ͤΨo@ӦW
   rAoǪ|Qu (page tool) H@ӥiIs (callable
   sequence) sb@_CibLΡC HTMLBdߡBŪϥ
   ̿JBidߩMJ榡 (Extendable Formatting of Query
   and Input objects)B{sL󪺰򥻤uҦѡCi
   u]AqluMhydߤuC
   
   EARP t@ӯSOiOwChؤks EARP tΪPC
   FiOwAEARP ˬdC@ӳsAHTwCӳsH (ids)
   θs (groups)CPsWߩwqA̲תզXMwG_s
   EARP @ӯSwC~AIoǫOwSuݤ@Ӥ䴩򥻡]ΧΡ^
   Ϊ̻{ (user authentication)  http AC
   
16.4 Bo EARPH

   EARP iyΦW (anonymous) ftp oJ
     * [193]ftp://ftp.oswego.edu  'pub/unix/earp' ؿC
       
17. PHP Hypertext PreProcessorXPostgreSQL A html OJROZy

   UuJ
     * [194]http://www.php.net
     * [195]http://www.vex.net/php
       
   PHP ]@ӦW Zend sĶAijTﵽ{CAb}oBթM
    ɨϥ PHP ROZyCǳƦnϥήɨϥ Zend sĶͥit
    ɡC
   
   e Professional Home Pages]PHP^Ӳ{b٬ PHP Hypertext
   Pre-Processor
     * ܦhwMgxAW www.COUNTRYCODE.php.net
     * [196]http://www.fe.de.php.net
     * [197]http://www.sk.php.net
     * [198]http://php.iquest.net/
     * DiqlJ [199]rasmus@lerdorf.on.ca
       
   PHP O@ӦA html OJROZyCAbA .HTML ɤ[J²
   ROZA JavaScript CLAM JavaScript PAPHP WߩA
   CJavaScript O@ثȤݪ html OJROZyA PHP OAݻy
   CPHP M Netscape  LiveWire Pro ~ۦCpGAwֳtsS
   ]A{XۥѳnAAj|w PHP 3C
   
     * 䴩 PostgreSQL {X Adam Sussman g
       [200]asussman@vidya.com
       
17.1 DnS

     * зǪ CGIAFastCGI M Apache Ҳդ䴩X @@ӼзǪ CGI {
       APHP ib Unix pA Unix qWwˡC[W
       s FastCGI зǪ䴩APHP iqotפWﵽC@@ Apache
       ҲաA PHP ܦ CGI {~@ӱjlΧ֦p{qܡC
     * sO (Access Logging)X y PHP s\AΪ̥iۦ@
       RƦr (hit counting) Χ@XCQΨtΤɡA
       ӥBYɺʹsL{CLog Viewer Script ѤFӧOΪ֦̾
       sKnC~AMiQ]wbCͤ@ܦsƪ}C
       N@ӨҤlC
     * s (Access Control)X @ӥHU¦س]weBz
       ]wCΪ̥iHYH֦ҦέӧOإ߳WhA֤H
       L˾\ŪCھڥΪ̪BsBqla}Ʀܨӷ
       (referring document)AiHKXO@BݤBT
       (logging disabled) MLơC
     * PostgreSQL 䴩X Postgres O@ӥiۥ RDBMSCQ PHPAΪ̥i
       b .HTML  OJ PostgreSQL uSQL dߡvC
     * RFC-1867 ɮפWǤ䴩X ɮפWǬO Netscape 2.0 s\CΪ
       ɮפWǨUACϱooƦi]AOڪ Mime ѽX
       PHP ѡAiB~ج[AbWǪɮ׫ᰵǦΪơC
     * HTTP ¦{ұX PHP iΨӦb Apache UAإߦ۩w
       H HTTP ¦{ҾC
     * ܼơBC}BpC} (Associative Arrays)X PHP 䴩ܼƧκABC}
       BƦܦp Perl 몺pC}C̥iy GET  POST kbǻC
     * 󦡡BWhile jX PHP 䴩@ C \ZyCAiϥ
       if/then/elseif/else/endif 󦡡Bwhile jM switch/case ԭzӫ
       ާA html ܪ޿yVC
     * `WFX `WF`QΩҦtBҦ (pattern
       substitutions) M@몺rBzCPHP 䴩Ҧ`Ϊ`WFB@C
     * l HTTP YX ni氪]pAϺζǰe۩w HTTP
       YOOC@ӺD`ΪkOǰe@ Location: URL Yӧ
       ݶǰeL URLC]iΩ֨γBzWWs
       YC
     * Y GIF Ϲ͡X PHP 䴩 Thomas Boutell  GD Ϲ禡wAϥ
       iYɲ GIF ϹC
     * ISPwҦ䴩X PHP 䴩@ӿWwҦ(Safe Mode)A
       obP@AWhӥΤϥ PHP ROZ]SwDC
     * s PHP [JFܦhs\AаѾ\D
       [201]http://www.php.net
     * OۥѪI ̫@ӭnSʡJoMOۥѪCH GPL 
       vAAiتϥγonA]Aӷ~γ~CԱAаѬ
       GNU General Public License C
       
17.2 PHPX²v

   X{ɡAPHP O@ӥH Perl gp²檺 cgi ]˾ (wrapper)CoM
   ̥W Personal Home Page ToolsAܬ Personal Home Page
   Construction KitC
   
   t@uOg²ƦbOJ SQL dߪu@C򥻤WOt@ CGI
   ]˾AR (parsed) SQL dߤ²ƫإ߮ھڳoǬdߪMCu
   @CouWFI (Form Interpreter)C
   
   PHP/FI 2.0 goMnANXӬ@CiƦܥi²qy
   OJ HTML ɤCyۧ²檺ROZOJ HTML ɤAjqp
   Perl cgi {ݭnCo˷|[֧AA] fork h Perl xZwg
   C]²ƤF޲zju@A]AiҦb@
   html ɤC[WhظƮw䴩AiϥθƮw}oܱo²CܦhH
   ıoOJdߤOإ HTML M CGI ²ohC
   
   PHP/FI wW PHPC
   
17.3 Aگ PHP H

   pGAϥ PHPAA|`N쥦b[WoQsLh֦
   ]pGAbbsĶɿF access logging^CouO PHP Ұ@pC
   t@ӭnO@@Ӫ檽Ķ cgi { (form interpreter cgi)A
   o]NOW FI NCҦpApGAb@ӺإߤF@ӪAA
   n @ӵ{ӳBzWơCYϧAuQƶǰet@AA]ݭn
   cgi {UCPHP ϱooMBz檺ƷeC
   
17.4 @²檺ҤlJ

   ]A@iJ
   
<FORM ACTION="/cgi-bin/php.cgi/~userid/display.html" METHOD=POST>
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="name">
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="age">
<INPUT TYPE="submit">
<FORM>

   A display.html Ki]AFJ
   
< ?echo "Hi $ name, you are $ age years old!<p>" >

   NOo²IPHP ۰ʬCӪJ첣ͤ@ܼơCAKib
   ACTION URL ɤϥγoܼơC
   
   bAXpϥܼƤ᪺BJNObեΤ@޿y{ҡCҦpA
   pGAQھڥΪ̿JܤPTAAiϥ if/else ޿CbWҤlA
   ڭ̥i display.htmlAϱoPF|ھڥΤJܥXӡJ
   
<?
    if($age>50);
        echo "Hi $name, you are ancient!<p>";
    elseif($age>30);
        echo "Hi $name, you are very old!<p>";
    else;
        echo "Hi $name.";
    endif;
>

   PHP Ѥ@ثD`jlROZyAవ쪺ƤHW²檺ҤlhܦhC
   ԱAаѾ\ PHP Script Language `C
   
   A]iϥ PHP ӳ]wHݨACoiϥΤ@Ӥت]we
   CҦpAyۥAiwuYǺ쪺HiݨAAΫإߤ@ǳW
   hӥαKXO@YǺCԱAаѾ\ Access Control `C
   
   PHP ]O̷ RFC-1867 WwsWǪɮסCoSϥΪ
   WǤrΤGɡCy PHP sM޿\AAia\֤W
   ǤΤWǫᰵCԱAаѾ\ File Upload `C
   
   PHP 䴩 PostgreSQL ƮwMC䴩b .HTML ɤOJ SQL dߡC
   
   PHP 䴩 mysql ƮwMC䴩b .HTML ɤOJ SQL dߡC
   
17.5 CGI V (CGI Redirection)

  Apache 1.0.x Kn
  
   ϥ Apache A cgi VҲլO PHP @ӦnkCЪ`NAL
   ߧVҲաApGAϥ PHP  Apache Ҳժ (Apache module
   version)CӳoVҲաC@ӬO Dave Andersen }oJ
     * [202]angio@aros.net
       
   ibHUa
     * [203]ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c
       
   t@Ӥw]Ab Apache AW mod_actions.cCoǼҲշۦAuOb
   ΪkWֳ\tOCӳչLAM PHP QX@C
   
   d Apache p[J@ӼҲաC@ӻAAҲզW٥[@
   W Configuration ɮפCpGAϥ mod_actions ҲաAAn[@y
   OJ
   
   Module action_module mod_actions.o
   
   pGAϥ mod_cgi_redirect ҲաA[WHU@yJ
   
   Module cgi_redirect_module mod_cgi_redirect.o
   
   ssĶA httpd Φw˥Cn]w cgi VAݭnbA mime.types 
   إ߷s mime AΦbA srm.conf ɤϥ AddType Oӥ[W
   mime Cҥ[W mime J
   
     application/x-httpd-php phtml

   pGAϥ mod_actions.c ҲաAAݦb srm.conf ɤ[WHU@J
   
     Action application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

   pGAϥ mod_cgi_redirect.c ҲաAAݦb srm.conf ɤ[WHU@J
   
     CgiRedirect application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

   nPɨϥ mod_actions.c M mod_cgi_redirect.cC
   
   wˤΥT]wFo cgi VҲիAAuݧ⩵ɦWw .phtmlAKi
   Hwoɮץ PHP RC~ApGAb srm.conf ɪ DirectoryIndex ]
   w[W index.phtmlA̤WhK|۰ʥ php RApGA index
   ɦW index.phtmlC
   
  Netscape HTTPD
  
   Aiy Netscape Server CGI Redirection Ҳըӫw۰ʧYǩɦW
   תnDV PHPCoҲեib PHP  File Archieves CM
    README TaFp]wӥΩ PHPC
   
  NCSA HTTPD
  
   ثeANCSA ä䴩ҲաAҥHAnϥ cgi VܡAAnקA
   {XC@ӹ NCSA 1.5 ou@Oɦbb PHP ɮצswC
   
17.6 bO PHP

   pGAإߤF CGI  PHPAAuݦbOJ php.cgi filenameA
   filename OAQRɮסCAiإ߿Wߪ PHP ROZAuݧZ
   @gJ
   
    #!/usr/local/bin/php.cgi -q

   -qLX HTTP YCwܡAAiνпܡC
   
18. PostgreSQL  Python 

   Python O@ӪĶɦVROZyCϥ²]ykB²檽
   yl^AܦhΩإ GUI BUC@Ӧzs
   ] HotJava^b}o]@EE~Q@^Ao|{]pܦh
   |CPython vHiS Stichting S Mathematisch
   CentrumAiۥѴGC]ABO (classes)BҲաBMҥ~
   (exceptions) ʺAJCϥ C yӱN䤶[JstΨ禡wO
   u@A Python bۦ]wɮeϥΡCPython O@Ӿ֦ X R
   OZyCb Linux Ф Python M]Ajз Python ҲաAH
   Χ@ Tk  Tix widget ҲաC
   
   PyGreSQL O@ӥΧ@ PostgreSQL ƮwCOJF PostgreSQL dߨ
   wAϱob Python Zϥαjl PostgreSQL SʤQ²CPyGreSQL
    by D'Arcy J.M. Cain and Pascal Andre gC
     * PyGreSQL s [204]http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
     * D'Arcy Һ@ [205]http://www.druid.net/~darcy/
     * ºb
       [206]ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.REA
       DME 
     * D'Arcy J.M. Cain [207]darcy@druid.net
     * Pascal Andre [208]andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr
     * Pascal Andre [209]andre@via.ecp.fr
       
18.1 po PyGresH

   PM󪺥DbJ
     * Python
       [210]ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.
       gz
     * PyGreSQL [211]ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
     * º
       [212]ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95-1.0
       b.tar.gz 
       
   LצpAAմM̱AMgxCаѾ\ƨӷӧoǯx
   CPygreSQL ]|b Python M PostgreSQL x contrib ؿC
   
18.2 ƩM䴩

   pGAݭnoǮM󪺸ơAЬdݥHUJ
     * Python : [213]http://www.python.org/
     * PostgreSQL :
       [214]http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html
     * PyGreSQL [215]ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
     * PyGreSQL º :
       [216]http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
       
   䴩J
     * PyGreSQL qH׾¡Cnѥ[ܡAAiqlܡJ
       [217]majordomo@vex.net b夤gsubscribe pygresql name@domain
       A⡧name@domain אּAۤvqla}C
     * Python sDաJ newsgroup comp.lang.python
     * PyGreSQL : pγiBNB`AЧ Andre
       [218]andre@via.ecp.fr
       
18.3  Python 

   аѦ [219] PythonXPostgreSQL  @`C
   
19. PostgreSQL MUh (gateway) XWDB-P95

19.1  wdb-p95

   WDB-P95 - @ӥ J. Douglas Dunlop }o PostgreSQL ƮwU
   bJ
     * J Rowe s WDB b
       [220]http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb
     * s WWW-WDB b [221]http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95/
     * DηQ[JqH׾ [222]dunlop@eol.ists.ca
       
   oO@ӭקF wdb-1.3a2AѤ@ PostgreSQL UhCo
   ]ݭnBz HTML 檺sC쥻 wdb LnDAn٭]C
   
   Ai CASI Tape M Image QueryCAiݬݨ Form Definition File
   (FDF)A]Ω󲣥 CASI Tape M Image QueryA]tFӦCp
   (join)C
   
   o]tҦݭnΩw˩MH WDB-P95  PostgreSQL ɮסCn
   otβӨLƮwᬰ²XpG䴩зǪ SQL M֦ Perl 
   C
   
19.2 PostgreSQL ABpgperl M httpd O_ݦbP@qH

   _XPostgreSQL ݦbP@qC] WDB-P95  httpd IsA̭nbP@
   qCS] WDB-P95 ϥ Pg.pmApgperl ]nbP@qCPgperl OH
   libpq 禡wgAҥHisW PostgreSQL AANpL
   PostgreSQL ȤCpUҭzJ
   
   (UȤ (Netscape)) => (HTTP A (NCSA's http) + WDB-P95 +
   pgperl + libpq)=> (PostgreSQL A)
   
   A () NqC
   
   CqiOPJNTBSUNBHPKKAݭnbA WDB-P95 q
    libpq 禡wA]AnΥӽsĶ pgperlC]otγ]p|ϥ
   HTML AҥH̦n@s񪺸UȤݡC^
   
20. "C", "C++", ESQL/C yM PostgreSQL vB⤸ (Bitwise Operators)

20.1 "C" 

   w]tbGAWlibpqCM Oracle OCIBSybase DB-lib
   BInformix CLI禡wۦC
   
20.2 "C++" 

   w]tbGAWlibpq++C аѦ [223] libpq, libpq++ 
    @`C
   
20.3 ESQL/C

   PostgreSQL ESQL/C 'Embedded C Pre-compiler'  Oracle Pro*C
   BInformix ESQL/CCPostgreSQL ESQL/C O@ SQL ε{ (API)A
   C {]pvۦ]pi֦޲zƮwOε{CPostgreSQL
   ESQL/C e\AϥΧAҼxĤTNqyӤSQΨ쵲cƬd߻y
   (SQL) uIC
   
   ESQL/C ]tHUnJ
     * ESQL/C 禡wѨƮwAsO C 禡C
     * ESQL/C Yɴѹ ESQL/C {ΪƵcB`ƩMwqC
     * ESQL/C wBzA@ӧ]t SQL yl C ഫiɪ{w
       BzC ]ĶJtOJ SQL  C ɮഫзǪ C ɮסA
       åi gcc sĶiɡCt~APostgreSQL  SQL API W ecpg
       C^
       
   b
     * PostgreSQL  ESQL/C w]tbGC
     * D [224]ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus
     * qlJ [225]linus@epact.se
       
   аѦ [226] ecpg  @`C
   
20.4 PostgreSQL v줸B⤸

   v줸B⤸ Nicolas Moldavsky g
     * [227]nico@overnet.com.ar
       
   v줸B]ANDBORBXORB줸ɼ (bitwise complement)^ pgsql
   C禡Ci anonymous FTP oJ
     * [228]ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz
       
   ]AF Linux  MakefileC
   
21. PostgreSQL 尲WX (Kanji Code)

   bHU}J
     * [229]ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/
       
22.  PostgreSQL  95 /  NT

    NT  PostgreSQL GɥibHUaJ
     *  NT PostgreSQL G [230]http://www.askesis.nl
     * [231]http://www.postgresql.org
       
   UiɡANAñqĤQTB}lq [232]w PostgreSQLC
   
   pGAQssĶ{XAиqHUܡC
   
   Ө¬ NT nϥ Cygnus cygwin32 MA]A NT/95  gcc
   BgmakeC
     * Cygwin 32 package b [233]http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32 
       
   즹o cdk.exe ɡ]gnu-win32 ۧڸɡ^ ]ĶJuwW
    cygwinA} [234]http://sourceware.cygnus.comC^
   
22.1 NT @

   PostgreSQL NT @̬X
     * Daniel Horak [235]horak@mmp.plzen-city.cz
     * Joost Kraaijeveld [236]JKraaijeveld@askesis.nl
     * Kevin Lo [237]kevlo@FreeBSD.org
     * NT b
       [238]http://www.freebsd.org/~kevlo/postgres/portNT.html
       
22.2 w Cygwin M

    1. U
       [239]ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/latest/f
       ull.exe
    2.  full.exeAw˨ c:\Unix\Root ؿC
    3.  CygwinAJmount --helpH\ŪCAi -f ﶵjW
       C桧umount / " Mmount c:\Unix\Root /
       
22.3 ]w Bash 

   w Cygwin MAжiHUu@H]wu@ҡJ
   
   1. w Vi s边VimCаѾ\
   [240]http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html
   
   2. cygwin bash wwO@Ӥܥ|A⬰¦⪺Cn]w bash 
   MjpA}l->x->MS DOS DxA⩳]w¦Ajp
   CQC
   
   ]Ρ^kDCAܤeC
   
   3. s c:\cygnus\cywinb20  cygnus.bat M@HU]wX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
set HOME=c:\cygnus\cygwinb20
bash --login
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   νs  /.bash_profile [WoX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
set -o vi
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
export PATH
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   4. nҰʫOCvsAJX
   
   bash$ set -o vi
   
   ϥ lBkBjBhAAi vi OsOCvCAiЩMק蠟eO
   AH`٥rɶC
   
   5. AiΥHUOWϺо / ؿX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ umount /
bash$ mount "c:\cygnus"  /
bash$ mount "c:\cygnus\cygwin-b20\postgres" /usr/local/pgsql
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   6. ΥHUO\ŪuWUX
     _________________________________________________________________
   
bash$ mount --help
bash$ ls --help
     _________________________________________________________________
   
22.4 w Andy Piper u

    1.  [241]ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/aux/ U
       cygwin-b20-local.tar.bz2  c:/Unix/Root directory.
    2. cd c:/Unix/Root; bunzip2 cygwin-b20-local.tar.bz2
    3. tar -xvf cygwin-b20-local.tar
    4. cd /local/bin; sh check_cygwin_setup.sh
    5. ĥ|BAA|ݨHUTJ
         _____________________________________________________________
       
You don't have /bin would you like to mount cygwin as /bin?"
[ y/n ]
nALDhyC
         _____________________________________________________________
       
    6. mount c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/bin
       /bin
    7. cd c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32; mkdir
       libexec share man etc sbin info
    8. cp -R /local/{ bin,libexec,share,man,etc,sbin,info,include }
       
22.5 w Ludovic Lange  Cygwin32 IPC M

    1.  [242]http://www.multione.capgemini.fr/tools/pack_ipc U
       cygwin32_ipc-1.03.tgz  c:/Unix/Root directory.
    2. tar -zxvf cygwin32_ipc-1.03.tgz
    3. cd cygwin32_ipc-1.03/src and run 'make'
    4. mkdir -p c:/usr/local/{bin,include,lib,include/sys}
         _____________________________________________________________
       
cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/bin/* c:/usr/local/bin
cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/include/sys/* c:/usr/local/include/sys
cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/lib/* c:/usr/local/lib
cp c:/usr/local/bin/* /bin
cp c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/bin/* /bin
         _____________________________________________________________
       
    5. mount c:/usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin
         _____________________________________________________________
       
mount c:/usr/local/include /usr/local/include
mount c:/usr/local/lib /usr/local/lib
cp /local/lib/* /usr/local/lib
         _____________________________________________________________
       
22.6 w PostgreSQL

    1. U̷s PostgreSQL {X
    2. Postgres Ҧɮ׷@GɡAҥH|J lf/cf DAڭ̭nĤG
       ܤBJ
         _____________________________________________________________
       
mkdir -p c:/Postgres/{Source,Binary}
mkdir c:/Postgres/Binary/pgsql
mkdir -p /usr/src/pgsql
mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql
         _____________________________________________________________
       
    3.  Postgres {X c:/Postgres/Source ؿA tar -zxvf
       postgresql-6.5.3.tar.gz
    4. mv postgresql-6.5.3 pgsql
    5. {bWUӥؿX
         _____________________________________________________________
       
mount -b c:/Postgres/Binary/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql
mount c:/Postgres/Source/pgsql /usr/src/pgsql
mount c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/share /sw/cygwin-b20/share
         _____________________________________________________________
       
    6. mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql/{bin,include,lib,data}
    7. cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/win32
    8. YɡX
         _____________________________________________________________
       
cp un.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include/sys
cp endian.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include
cp tcp.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include/netinet
         _____________________________________________________________
       
    9. ln -s /usr/local/lib /usr/src/pgsql/src/backend/libpostgres.a
   10. cd /usr/src/pgsql/src,  './configure'
   11. make > make.txt 2>&1
   12. make install > make.install.txt 2>&1
   13. cp /usr/local/pgsql/lib/pq.dll /usr/local/pgsql/bin
   14. b make install An bin M lib ؿrഫAHM
       cr/lf M eof FC
   15. b / ؿϥΥs边 .bashrc pUJ
         _____________________________________________________________
       
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin:/usr/local/bin
PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib:/usr/local/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH PATH PGDATA PGLIB
         _____________________________________________________________
       
   16. source /.bashrc,  'initdb --username=xxxx' n`NƮwt
       ֦HiHO root/administratorC
   17. s /usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf ɡApJ
         _____________________________________________________________
       
host        all     163.17.11.109   255.255.255.0   trust
         _____________________________________________________________
       
   18. ipc-daemon.exe&
   19. postmaster -i&
   20.  ' psql -h host_name template1'
       
23. qH׾

23.1 PostgreSQL qlf

   HUaoKOql
     * b Yahoo [243]http://www.yahoo.com w e-mail
     * In Lycos [244]http://www.lycos.com w new e-mail accounts
     * In hotmail [245]http://www.hotmail.com w new e-mail accounts
       
   q\ PostgreSQL qH׾¡A Yahoo @Ӫ[SA| PostgreSQL ql
   إ߿WߪؿAKPZçALqlCܿؿ Email- > Options- >
   Filters δz seperate folder for emailCAiγoӹqlfb@ɥ
   a覬oqlAunAWC
   
   pGALqlAAiΡMail FiltersӦ۰ʧ PostgreSQL lW
   ߪؿAHKVáC
   
23.2 ^qH׾

   аѾ\D Mailing Lists ءJ
     * [246]http://www.postgresql.org/
     * DqlܡJ [247]pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
     * }oH [248]pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
     * ӪD [249]pgsql-ports@postgresql.org
     * D [250]pgsql-docs@postgresql.org
       
   A|b@餧qql쵪שΦ^СC
   
   A]iq\qT׾¡Cnq\ΰq\Aql
     * [251]pgsql-questions-request@postgresql.org
     * [252]pgsql-hackers-request@postgresql.org
     * [253]pgsql-ports-request@postgresql.org
     * [254]pgsql-docs-request@postgresql.org
       
   Tui@
   
   subscribe
   
   ]Ρ^
   
   unsubscribe
   
23.3 qH׾¦sw

   qH׾¤]H html 榡swbHUaJ
     * g MHonarc Ag WWW Cؿ
       [255]http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions
     * [256]ftp://ftp.postgresql.org ؿ /pub/majordomo
       
   PostgreSQL D]@ӱM pgsql Dӳ]jMC
   
23.4 ZqH׾

   ثe@ӡuDxvZ PostgreSQL qH׾¡Cnq\ܡAΪ̻
   qlܡJ
     * [257]majordomo@tlali.iztacala.unam.mx
       
   Tui@
   
   inscripcion pgsql-ayuda
   
24. MѦҮ

24.1 ΤީM

   PostgreSQL Gw]AHUU postscriptBHTML 榡 M unix
   man-pagesC̦b /usr/doc/postgresql* ؿCpGAWAAibHU
   aUCJ [258]http://www.postgresql.org/docs
   
     * "Installation Guide"
     * "User Guide" for PostgreSQL
     * "Implementation Guide" Բӻ PostgreSQL ƮwB@
     * uW
     * HTML 榡uW
     * Postscript 榡uWѡAΥHCL
       
24.2 uW

     * ظƫAMB⤸WMѻ
       
A O_ PSQL O@

     * 䴩 SQL rW
       
b{ /tools ؿ@өROZ

     * 䴩yyW
       
ϥ psql \h O

     * PostgreSQL 򥻪pƮw]Ik^MƭӽuWҤl]d
       ^
       
 src/test  regression աAoѾ\ <ref id="Examples RPM">CA| regr
ess/sql M suite/*.sql ؿC

     * PostgreSQL 
       
SQL ɽZb src/tutorial ؿ

       ]аѾ\A [259]Appendix B Ǫ SQL ɡC
       
24.3 ΪѦҮ

     * "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" - Jim Melton M Alan
       R.Simon 
       
Morgan Kaufman Publisher O䤤@̦n SQL ѡCoѥH SQL92 ǡC

     * "A Guide to THE SQL STANDARD" - C.J.Date 
       

Addison-Wesley Publishing company ]O@nѡC SQL W@C

     * SQL - The Standard Handbook, @EEG~Q@
       
Stephen Cannan M Gerard Otten
McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe , Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England

     * SQL Instant Reference, 1993
       
Martin Gruber, Technical Editor: Joe Celko
SYBEX Inc.  2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501

     * C.J.Date, "An introduction to Database Systems" (Ĥ),
       Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-82458-2
       
oOƮw޲ztΪtgCoѸԲӻW (normalization)BSQLB
_ (recovery)Bæ (concurrency)BOwBX (integrity)B
쥻pҦB{ODpDqtΩMɦVҫC]]Ajq
ѦҸƥHѲ`JsCVjΤˡC

     * Stefan Stanczyk, "Theory and Practice of Relational Databases",
       UCL Press Ltd, 1990, ISBN 1-857-28232-9
       
oѸԲӻpƮwBYN (relational algebra)BYt (calculus)
MWƪzסC]t{@ɪDMҤlCVjΤˡC

     * "The Practical SQL Handbook" ĤTA Addison Wesley Developers
       Press ISBN 0-201-44787-8
       
VjΤˡC

     * Michael Stonebraker, "Readings in Database Systems", Morgan
       Kaufmann, 1988, ISBN 0-934613-65-6
       
oOLhƦ~Ʈwפ嶰CO@Ϊ̬ݡAӬOiǥ͡]s͡^
θƮw}oHC

     * C.J.Date, "Relational Database - Selected Readings",
       Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-14196-5
       
oOLhƦ~Ʈwפ嶰CO@Ϊ̬ݡAӬOiǥ͡]s͡^
θƮw}oHC

     * Nick Ryan M Dan Smith, "Database Systems Engineering",
       International Thomson Computer Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85032-115-9
       
oѲ`JskMxsަҡC

     * Bipin C. Desai, "An introduction to Database Systems", West
       Publishing Co., 1990, ISBN 0-314-66771-7
       
O@Ϊ̬ݡAӬOiǥ͡]s͡^θƮw}oHC

     * Joe Celko "INSTANT SQL Programming"
       
Wrox Press Ltd.
Unit 16, 20 James Road, Tyseley
Birmingham, B11 2BA, England
1995

     * Michael Gorman "Database Management Systems: Understanding and
       Applying Database"
       
Technology
QED and John Wiley
1991

     * Michael Gorman "Enterprise Database for a Client/Server
       Environment" QED and John Wiley
       
إ߸g repository metamodels DqƮwε{nDM ANSI
з SQL 1993 ΡC

   ٦ƥHʭp SQL ѡIѩݬݧaC
   
24.4 ANSI/ISO SQL WXSQL 1992, SQL 1998

   ANSI/ISO SQL WibUCJ
     * [260]http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html
     * [261]http://www.ansi.org/docs wɮ cat_c.html δM䡧Database
       SQLC
     * SQL92 з [262]http://www.jcc.com wɮ sql_stnd.htmlC
     * ANSI/ISO SQL W
       [263]http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html A|b
        SQL ѦҸơC
       
24.5 ANSI/ISO SQL 1992 yk

   аѾ\󪺪 [264]Appendix A
   
24.6 ANSI/ISO SQL 1998 yk

   SQL 1998 (SQL 3) W椴b}oCѬݥ󪺡ql~|o SQL3 ס
   [265]SQL 1998
   
24.7 Ǫ SQL ɤ

   ѬݥA [266]Appendix B
   
24.8 SQL92 ɺA (Temporal Extension)

     * SQL92 ɺA [267]ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/
     * Temporal SQL-3 W [268]ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/
       
   oؿ]A@ SQL-92 yW檺ɺACoطsyQW TSQL2C
   
   o̪yWOoy̲תC
   
   ip TSQL2 ]pe|DuJRichard T.Snodgrass, Department of
   Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721,
     * [269]rts@cs.arizona.edu
       
   J|ԱM TSQL2 Language Design Committee qla}ibyW̫᪺
   @C
   
   oؿepUC
   
   spec.dvi,.ps TSQL2 yWA@EE|~EX
   
   bookspec.ps TSQL2 yWAepb TSQL2 ѯA@EE~Q X
   ]аѾ\U^
   
   sql3 浹 ANSI M ISO SQL3 we|׭qĳ
   
   MyW@_Ao٦F@Ǧ]pWMwסBѨҤlBM
   spoyסCoǵ׭쥻O TSQL2 Language Design
   Committee ĳC̲{bt@ӥγBJѦ TSQL2 cyҤlB
   ]pɧ@XjqMwB TSQL2 MLhQ~HĳLjqyC
   jաAШǵץثeO TSQL2 yW檺@AӬO復ɥRMoiCo
   yWwO TSQL2 ̲רMwC
   
   oǵסA[WyWBƭӯީML䴩ơAwgѡJ
   
   Snodgrass, R.T., editor, The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language, Kluwer
   Academic Publishers, 1995, 674+xxiv C
   
   Ѥ@Ӹ`FA㪺bؿ eval.ps ѡC
   
   tl2tsql2.pl ɬO@ӧ򱵨ɺA޿ (temporal logic) ½Ķ TSQL2 
   prolog {Co{ Michael Boehlen gC
     * [270]boehlen@iesd.auc.dk
       
   UiĲLHo@o½ĶL{פCoOo{ªCs
   b
     * [271]http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software
       
   (the TimeDB and Tiger systems).
   
24.9 ĹsXo ISO/ANSI SQL 

   o峹p]Xka^o@ SQL-92 зǩM˨o@{ɪ
   SQL3 סC
   
   oзǪvҦA ANSI зǪH ANSIAISO зǪH ISOC
   
   {ɦ]2^ SQL зǡAO ANSI M ISO XCoзǨCӦr@
    @ˡAF@Ǥp`ApDBBuyInternational Standard
   M American StandardC
   
   ʶR SQL-92 з
   
   The ISO standard, ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology - Database
   Languages - SQLAثe]@EET~T^b ANSI sfΥioJ
   
     American National Standards Institute
     1430 Broadway
     New York, NY 10018 (USA)
     Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

    US$230.00CANSI AANSI X3.135-1992, American National Standard
   for Information Systems - Database Language SQLAثeõLsfAӥi
   b@EET~TUܤWoCpO US$225.00C
   
   pGAq ANSI ʶR@AAݭn 7% O]Yj US$9.10^
   C~lH֩w|QCANSI nDҦڳH@qq檺ƦLAΪ
   AiHH@iꪺȦ檺䲼AL̷|bFHAC]ҥ~pJ
   pGA´O ANSI q| (corporate member)AANSI |HA
   ӦVqC^
   
   b~AISO зǤ]iq@ ISO (International Organization for
   Standardization)  IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) |
   gc]wзǲ´^ʶRCcΨa}Wiq
   ANSI ΨLcoC̤]iq ISO oJ
   
     International Organization for Standardization
     Central Secretariat
     1, rue de Varembi
     CH-1211 Genhve 20
     Switzerland

   pGAQHKֱkqʳoзǡAAݭnXNCAiqHU´H
   US$308.00 q ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology - Database
   Languages - SQLJ
   
     Global Engineering Documents
     2805 McGaw Ave
     Irvine, CA 92714 (USA)
     USA
     Phone (works from anywhere): +1.714.261.1455
     Phone (only in the USA): (800)854-7179

   ڤDoO_]AfBOAڦp]_X^ڳfB|B~OCL̷|
   ֱaHAAƦܷ|DnHΥdCGlobal ٨S ANSI 
   AΥL̨SΦpɶ]ڹwp|b ANSI XƶgX{A
    US$300.00^C
   
   ʶR@ SQL3  (Working Draft)
   
   Aiq ANSI X3 Secretariat, CBEMA (Computer and Business Equipment
   Manufacturers Association) ʶR@ SQL3 תƦLCL̷NϽTOണ
   ѡ̪񡨪 SQL3 סAåH US$60.00  US$65.00 XCAiHHU
   ~|Ĳ CBEMAC
   
     CBEMA, X3 Secretariat
     Attn: Lynn Barra
     1250 Eye St.
     Suite 200
     Washington, DC 20005 (USA)

   Lynn Barra ]iHqܸX +1.202.626.5738 ĲHnD@ALlHG
   §C
   
   ql|o SQL3 
   
   ̷s]Hgɬǡ^ SQL3]ANSI M ISO^ס]MҦ^ib
   HUxHanonymous ftpΡftpmailoJ
   
     gatekeeper.dec.com

  b

     /pub/standards/sql/

   oؿhɮסA]A PostScript ɩM¤rɡ]榡ܬ[Aib
   ùWLSOn\Ū^C
   
   @ӻAAiW٪ɮסJ
   
     sql-bindings-mar94.ps
     sql-bindings-mar94.txt
     sql-cli-mar94.ps
     sql-cli-mar94.txt
     sql-foundation-mar94.ps
     sql-foundation-mar94.txt
     sql-framework-mar94.ps
     sql-framework-mar94.txt
     sql-psm-mar94.ps
     sql-psm-mar94.txt

   sAmar94|ܨӻsX]Ҧpaug94O
   pbmar94᪺^C
   
   t~AUq FTP oɮצW檺Ū̡Aڭ̦bؿmF@ӦW
   
     ls

   ɮסCoɮס]_I^]AFؿɮצWC
   
   q Ftp oɮ
   
   oOϥ FTP ҤlCSOps gatekeeper.dec.comAFm
   oɮתؿAΧɮ׶ǰeAqCn`NqnW\Cn
   JW٬OftpAKXhOAqla}]Yҿסanonymous ftp^CO
   type binaryOΨӽTO쪺ɮפS줸QIhCget@o@
   ɮסCbROZ`ѷ|bA < YOp >C
   
  % ftp gatekeeper.dec.com
  Connected to gatekeeper.dec.com.
  220- *** /etc/motd.ftp ***
       Gatekeeper.DEC.COM is an unsupported service of DEC Corporate Research.
       <K@|K>
  220 gatekeeper.dec.com FTP server (Version 5.83 Sat ... 1992) ready.
  Name (gatekeeper.dec.com:<AnJW>): ftp  <anonymous ]i>
  331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
  Password: <JAqla}>
  230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
  Remote system type is UNIX.  <ΨLF>
  Using binary mode to transfer files.
  ftp> cd pub/standards/sql
  250 CWD command successful.
  ftp> dir
  200 PORT command successful.
  150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
  total 9529
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     357782 Feb 25 10:18 x3h2-93-081.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     158782 Feb 25 10:19 x3h2-93-081.txt
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system     195202 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system      90900 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.txt
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system    5856284 Feb 25 09:55 x3h2-93-091.ps
  -r--r--r--  1 root     system    3043687 Feb 25 09:57 x3h2-93-091.txt
  226 Transfer complete.
  ftp> type binary
  200 Type set to I.
  ftp> get x3h2-93-082.txt
  200 PORT command successful.
  150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for x3h2-93-082.txt (90900 bytes).
  226 Transfer complete.
  90900 bytes received in 0.53 seconds (166.11 Kbytes/s)
  ftp> quit
  % <oɮפwAq x3h2-93-082.txt>

   S ftp 䴩pUoɮ
   
   Digital Equipment Corporation MƶLqۦA ftp email AȡC
   iݭnƤѤ~^AઽWHѤFP ftp AȡC
   Aa}J
   
   ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com
   
   HUROZ|o̷s SQL3  PostScript J
   
     reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
     connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
     binary
     compress
     uuencode
     chdir /pub/standards/sql
     get x3h2-93-091.ps
     quit

   Ĥ@yOiDAnɮ׶ǵAAAݭn
   joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.comAqla}CoҤlɮ
   x3h2-93-091.ps |H uuencode F compress ɮ榡ATQ|ʹql^
   CpGAҨSѭɮתuAAݭnΤUCROZH¤rҦ
   oɮסJ
   
     reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
     connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
     chdir /pub/standards/sql
     get x3h2-93-091.ps
     quit

   Ъ`NAo .ps ɤj|QWLCQӦ^СI
   
   no󤣬O x3h2-93-091.ps ɮסAuݧ⡧x3h2-93-091.psAQ
   nɮתW١CnoҦɮתWA⡧x3h2-93-091.psdirC
   
24.10 Ĥ@XISO/ANSI SQL ep

   oO SQL зǩMepƨӷC
   
   epJ
   
   ثebi}ou@AHi SQL pW㪺y (computationally
   complete language)AHiΩ[BCo]AJ@ƩMMƵ
    (generalization and specialization hierarchies)Bh~ (multiple
   inheritance)BۭqƧκABEo (triggers) MP_ (assertions)BѮw
   tΤ䴩 (support for knowledge based systems)Bjdߦ (recursive
   query expression) M[ƺ޲zuC]]AHƫA (ADTs)B
   ѧOr (object identifiers)Bk (methods)B~ (inheritance)Bh
   (polymorphism)B] (encapsulation) BMҦLPƺ޲z\
   ઺WC
   
   @EE~uASQL3 ƭӳiF@ ISO CD OW벼CoƳ
   OSQL/FrameworkBSQL/Foundation M SQL/BindingsC@pҮơA벼GOb
   EʭӵפUD_MC@U|F@ ISO DBL s|ĳ (editing
   meeting)ABzFjqbפΩΥt~檺DѨMkCѩӦ|ĳ
   BzҦסA|ĳN|Cs|ĳw@EEC~CAaI
   b۴C
   
   ڦpAbC몺s|ĳA|AX靈ǳ SQL i̫᪺
   CD 벼C̫ CD L{|jӤA| DBL s|ĳBDIS 벼M
   ֱ IS 벼C
   
   ISO {Ǧb SQL/92 ܤFAҥH SQL e|bNoL{ԱC
   
   pGƨƶQASQL3 oǳ|b 1998 ~x ISO/IEC зǡA
   LɶD`򭢡C
   
   b@EET~AANSI M ISO }oe|Mw⤧᪺ SQL oih
   ǡCoǳ]AJ
   
     * Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
       is structured.
     * Part 2: Foundation The core specification, including all of the
       new ADT features.
     * Part 3: SQL/CLI The Call Level Interface.
     * Part 4: SQL/PSM The stored procedures specification, including
       computational completeness.
     * Part 5: SQL/Bindings The Dynamic SQL and Embedded SQL bindings
       taken from SQL-92.
     * Part 6: SQL/XA An SQL specialization of the popular XA Interface
       developed by X/Open
     * Part 7:SQL/TemporalAdds time related capabilities to the SQL
       standards.
       
   bASQL3 Pɷ@ ANSI g (Domestic, "D") MשM ISO M׳B
   zCثepɶO@EEE~C
   
   SQL/CLI M SQL/PSM {H̰t׳BzAH@ SQL-92 ׭qCbA
   ̥uQ@ (International, "I") M׳BzC SQL/CLI b@EE~
   FCSQL/PSM ӷ|b 1996 ~qC
   
   F SQL3 ~A٦@Ǫ[pJ
   
     * SQL/MM An ongoing effort to define standard multi-media packages
       using the SQL3 ADT capabilities.
     * Remote Data Access (RDA)
       
   зǩe|ML{ (Standards Committee and Process)
   
   ƹWA@Wh SQL зǩe|CISO @O@Ӱ SQL зǤp
   ChӰaH SQL Ie|Coǰa]q`^XNѻP
   ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 21/WG3 DBL |ĳCDʰѻP ISO SQL зǨwaOJ
   
     * Dw
     * ڦ
     * [j
     * k
     * w
     * 饻
     * 
     * 
     * ^
     * 
       
   NIST T{ (NIST Validation)
   
   bASQL T{u@ National Institute of Standards and
   Training (NIST) iCNIST ثe@MJ (entry level) SQL-92 
   MCNIST T{nDԱQwq@ Federal Information Processing
   Standard (FIPS)Cثe SQL nDwq FIPS 127-2C
   Postscript MrҦiq NIST oCثeqL SQL T{~W]ib
   NIST oC
   
   з SQL ZM (Standard SQL Publications and Articles)
   
   Ӫ SQL зǡCӳiq ANSI oJ
   
     * ISO/IEC 9075:1992, "Information Technology --- Database Languages
       --- SQL"
     * ANSI X3.135-1992, "Database Language SQL"
       
   ʭMLзǪѦҥ~ASQL зǪӪ@ˡCӪiq
   HU aoJ
   
     American National Standards Institute
     1430 Broadway
     New York, NY 10018
     USA
     Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

    SQL-92 зǥ~A{b٦@޳N~ (Technical Corrigendum) ]
   ^J
   
   * Technical Corrigendum 1:1994 to ISO/IEC 9075:1992

   TC 1 ӥiq ANSI oCTC 1 u ISO XXAΩ ISO M ANSI 
    SQL-92C
   
   зǥ~A] 1992 SQL зǪѡCoǮѴѤ@ӤڼзǩzѪ
   yzC
   
   з
   
   SQL s]hӨLзǦCo`]A@ǦoǧVOwCh
   ƦbWX{AoӦW]|C
   
     * SQL Environments (FIPS 193)
     * Next Generation Repository Systems (X3H4) - @I~ѻP
       "Developing Standards for the Next Generation Repository Systems"
       sDZC
       
24.11 ĤGXISO/ANSI SQL  (ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation)

   SQL3 VO@ӭnb SQL 󤤡J
   
     * 򥻪 SQL/PSM O]Ӧ SQL/PSM-92^
     * sƫA
     * Eo (Triggers)
     * lC (Subtables)
     * ⹳ƫA (Abstract Data Types, ADT)
     * ɦVO
       
   磌ɦVOƭӥMnDJ
   
     * wqB@O
     * B@xsbƮw
     * Is~{ǡAǤ SQL 쪺B@AλݭnM~q
       
   oǯOwwq SQL/PSM @
   
   {bjqu@bһs SQL ҫAϥM ODMG XҫݻCoV
   Ob X3H2 M ISO DBL 峹yzLJe SQL3 M ODMGCb SQL3/OQL
   Merger ̪񪺧s]ioC
   
   SQL3 ɶ
   
    SQL3 u@biA̲׼з٦ݼƦ~~X{C
   
     * کʧ벼 SQL3 ¦q״ɬe (Committee Draft, CD) b
       @EEuiC
     * p벼|aӤjq
     * N|ݭnĤG CD 벼
     * Draft International Standard 벼hb|b 1998 ~i
     * ڼзǥib@EEE~
       
   ANSI зǪsƤ]thC
   
24.12 ĤTXISO/ANSI SQL IsŤ (Call Level Interface)

   SQL/CLI O@ع SQL ƮwIsŤC]p䴩]q
   (shrink-wrapped) ε{CCLI 쥻 SQL Access Group (SAG) @Ӥp
   թe|гyC SAG/CLI Wb 1992 ~HLn Open DataBase Connectivity
   (ODBC) W椽GC@EET~ASAG  CLI  ANSI M ISO SQL e|
   C(SQL Access Group {wX X/Open consortium C)
   
   SQL/CLI ѤFHUƶڼзǡJ
   
     * Wߩk CLI Ӧs SQL Ʈw
     * Dqu (Client-server tools) iyʺA쵲禡wsƮw
     * 䴩ιy״IDqu
       
   SQL/CLI ɶ
   
   зǪ}oL{ASQL/CLI HHt׳BzC
   
     * SQL/CLI O 1992 SQL зǡ]SQL-92^ɿ
     * @EE~A ISO з
     * ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages
       -- SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI)
     * ثe SQL/CLI VO[W SQL3 \
       
24.13 ĥ|X ISO/ANSI SQL [xsҲ (Persistent Stored Modules)

   SQL/PSM yHU\XR SQLJ
   
     * {ǻy (Procedural language) 
     * ƥy (Multi-statement) Mxs{
     * ~ƻP{ǩIs (External function and procedure calls)
       
   @Ȫε{}ouASQL/PSM  SQL3 ѤFɦVO
   ¦䴩C
   
   ƥyMxs{
   
   ƥyMxs{ǬDqҴѦhئnBJ
   
     * {Xѩxs{ǥihy SQL yyAPȤgqi֡C
     * OwXΪ̥iHvQgxs{ǧs@өΦhӦCASvsC
     * ɵ{XXݨCӦsƮwȤu㳣gMxs{Ǫ{X
       C
     * Xε{洣ѳ@wqMC
       
   {ǻy
   
   {ǻyyyVMLs{ޥ SQL [Wǲε{y\C
   
   yVyy
   
     * If-then-else
     * j鵲c (Looping constructs)
     * ҥ~Bz (Exception handling)
     * Case yy
     * Begin-End ϶
       
   {ǻy٥]ALs{ޥJ
   
     * ܼƫŧi
     * Set yyAΩ (assignment)
     * o{ǩMA
       
   ~AҦǲ SQL yi]tbhy{ǤC
   
   ~ƻP{ǩIs
   
   @Ӹg`bjqƮw~ wish lists X{AӦ쪺SAO
   IsΪ̩ҼgAbƮwn~{ǡC
   
     * e\Yӹqε{[WۤvƮw
     * ibӸƮwε{ϥ
       
   o\઺nBOƮw]]]AƮwε{^ϥ״I{ǩM
   A qhoѤ@Ӽзǲ´wXC
   
   SQL/PSM ɶ
   
   SQL/PSM oitJ
   
     * SQL/PSM O SQL-92 ɿ
     *  SQL/PSM qڼзǪܬڼзǪڧ벼b@EE~@
       맹C
     * @EE~몺s|ĳѨMҦ
     * PSM s|ĳwƩ@EE~ETQܤQ|}
     * wƺ򭢡A PSM ib@EE~X
     * xRJ ISO/IEC DIS 9075-4:199? Information technology --
       Database languages -- SQL -- Part 4: SQL Persistent Stored Modules
       (SQL/PSM)
     * { SQL3 [W SQL/PSM 䴩u@C
       
24.14 ĤX ISO/ANSI SQL/X (Bindings)

   KѦҡA{yXQXWߪCثeYO SQL-92 
   ʺAMOJX (dynamic and embedded bindings) `C
   
   {yXPDݸѨMC
   
   ǲε{yӻAƫAM SQL-92 iH۹CLA SQL 
   M{yܼƤwqC
   
   磌ɦVyӻAثe SQL ƫABSQL ҫMɦV{y
    YwqC
   
   ҫݦb}oǤeíwUӡC
   
   yXɷ| SQL3 @C
   
24.15 ĤXISO/ANSI SQL XA W ]SQL/XA^

   oW|`޲z (global Transaction Manager) M SQL 귽޲z
   (SQL Resource Manager) ε{ (API) ѼзǡC|ھ
   ISO/IEC 10026 eABz (Distributed Transaction
   Processing^зǤƨƩIsASQL 귽޲z|ΥH䴩GqTw
   (two-phase commit)C¦O۸g X/Open ǦӨӦۤ@ X/Open X
   AM xa_close, xa_commit, xa_complete, xa_end, xa_forget,
   xa_open, xa_prepare, xa_recover, xa_rollback M xa_start hӨơAH
   SQL ƫAJMXѼƪykC
   
   ISO ثeպɧְlW (fast-tract) X/Open XA WCoӹL{ʤʱ
   Τ@ӥثe~ɳWCH ISO SC21AJTC 1 Ū XA ɧְlW벼b@EE
   ~|GQC}lA@EE~QGQC鵲CpG XA Wg 75% 
   ƩM 2/3  JTC 1 p-members ǡA|@ӰڼзǡCpGgɧְlW
   벼ǡASQL/XA ib 1996 ~зǡC
   
24.16 ĤCXɺA ISO/ANSI SQL

   ɺA SQL BzMɶơC䷧Od߸ƦӪDb@ӯSwɶ
   pOΪCɺA SQL O@ Rick Snodgrass b@EE|~QGҼgA
   yzoC
   
   X3 ŧGT{@ӷspAISO/IEC 9075 Part 7: SQL/Temporal O@
   SQL/Temporal sDZ
   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Temporal SQL
                                ************
Rick Snodgrass]TSQL2 e|Du^
31-Dec-1994

   hHݹL SQL 3 [ɶ䴩D]pb DBL R10-75 ĳAnD
   SQL sӳBzɶʪƮw^CIOHƧκA (ADT's) H
   䴩ɺACboTʪءAڨϥΨҤlӽҾ֦HƧκA
   BzɺAdߡCSOӻAܦhɶʪdߤO SQL ANO
   bL{yϥδOJ SQLCLܦb TSQL2A@ӹ SQL-92 ɺA
   XFC
   
  ɨ
  
   Įɶ (Valid-time) 䴩WX@ӮɺA ADT OCϥΫ̡A@
   QwɺAAp DATE  INTERVAL]y|Ҥl^CyۦĮɶA
   檺CHۮɶܡA ]ڤWܤFCpô@ӦĮɶ檺Y檺
   ɶWO (timestamp)A|Qd߻yzѬӦ椤UƭȪզXĪɶ
   CoӵLɶWOϱodߥiH²aFXӡC
   
  Ӯ׬sXxs{ɸ
  
   The University of Arizona  Office of Appointed Personnel bƮw
   ǸơA]AWrBثe~Mثe¾CoǥiΤ@²檺FX
   ӡC
   
        Employee(Name, Salary, Title)

   ϥγoӪM@ӹ~Q²C
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

   {b OAP QAOXͤCǡAb椤[F@AͥHU
   (schema)J
   
        Employee(Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth DATE)

   M@WXͤӴM~C
   
        SELECT DateofBirth
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

  Ӯ׬sXxsv
  
   OAP QvqơCAL̥[WA@Xܦ檺Ʀ
   }lġA t@XƦɥġC
   
   Employee (Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
   
   HƼҫ (data model) AoǷsM DateofBirth @LOCLA
   ̪ sbͦhصGC
   
  Ӯ׬sXM (Projection)
  
   nXثe~|xC
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee
        WHERE Name = 'Bob' AND Start <= CURRENT_DATE AND CURRENT_DATE <= Stop

   oydߤ񤧫eCܩOsWCOAP QoX~vU
   uCSOaAݭnXC@Wb@~S̪ɶCaA
   SQL వC@Wb~Sվ¾ΥihܧC
   
Name    Salary  Title             DateofBirth   Start           Stop
----    ------  -----             -----------   -----           ----
Bob     60000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-06-01      1993-09-30
Bob     70000   Provost           1945-04-09    1993-10-01      1994-01-31
Bob     70000   Professor         1945-04-09    1994-02-01      1994-12-31

                                1

   n`NT Bob ~db $70,000CҥHAGӬO Bob C
   
Name    Salary  Start           Stop
----    ------  -----           ----
Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1994-12-31

   t@kO~M¾ŸƦLΪ̡AӥѥΪ̧XL~SܧCo
   kJlޡA礣ڡCt@kOɶqϥ SQLC
   
CREATE TABLE Temp(Salary, Start, Stop)
AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;

   repeat
   
        UPDATE Temp T1
        SET (T1.Stop) = (SELECT MAX(T2.Stop)
                         FROM Temp AS T2
                         WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
                      FROM Temp AS T2
                      WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
        until no rows updated;

DELETE FROM Temp T1

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
              FROM Temp AS T2
              WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary
                        AND ((T1.Start > T2.Start AND T1.Stop <= T2.Stop)
                        OR (T1.Start >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop))

   j餤X|ά۾FӻݭnX֪ɬqCbapAj| log N 
   AN @s꭫|ά۾FP~ƶqCŪ̥iۦdߦbHWҤl
   ҥTʡC
   
   ĤTؤkOϥ SQL }Ҥ@Ӵ (cursor)CC~޲z@ӦU
   q (linked list)Co}lɻݬťաC
   
DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
        SELECT Salary, Title, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;
OPEN emp_cursor;
loop:
        FETCH emp_cursor INTO :salary, :start, :stop;
        if no-data returned then goto finished;
        find position in linked list to insert this information;
        goto loop;
finished:
CLOSE emp_cursor;

   ЦALXM~C
   
   pGЬO ORDER BY StartAëDnC
   
   LצpA@y²檺d߬O SQL-92 \FXoتCϥ TSQL2
    ܳod߷|²C
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee

  רҬsXs (JOIN)
  
   @ӧEikOحA~B¾šBXͤƤ}Aq׶}
    ~SvɹJ쪺DC]KpAڭ̥H᪺QפAҼ{Xͤ
   C^
   
        Employee1 (Name, Salary, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
        Employee2 (Name, Title, Start DATE, Stop DATE)

   Employee1 pUJ
   
Name    Salary  Start           Stop
----    ------  -----           ----
Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1993-12-31

   oO Employee2 C
   
Name    Title                   Start           Stop
----    ------                  -----           ----
Bob     Assistant Provost       1993-01-01      1993-09-30
Bob     Provost                 1993-10-01      1994-01-31
Bob     Professor               1994-02-01      1994-12-31

   ܤAo~ܱo²C
   
        SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee1
        WHERE Name = 'Bob'

   pG OAP Q@Ӫ椤]A~B¾쪺ɬq]Y OAP Q@ӹ 1 Φ
   ^H@ӤkOLXӪAΪ̧XզXCt@kO
    SQLCaAod߭nR Employee1 CM Employee2 |pA
   |إiX{C
   
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start <= Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee1.Start >= Employee2.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop
        AND Employee1.Start < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
        AND Employee2.Start < Employee1.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
     AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop

   TXҦάO@Dԩʪu@Cϥ TSQL2Ai@ӨɺAs
   NpH̩ҴC
   
        SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept
        FROM Employee1, Employee2
        WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name

  Ӯ׬sXE (AGGREGATES)
  
   {b OAP Qݤγ̰~SOH[WɶeAo²C
   
        SELECT MAX(Salary)
        FROM Employee

   {b[WF~vAڭ̭nXPɶ̰~vCDMO SQL 
   ѨɺAEC²檺kOLXơAΤHX̤jȡCt@
   kOA@ӷɪ (snapshot) EdƬϥλEdߡAA
   ƬɺAECӤϥλEdߥΩXj󥦥ƭȪ~C
   
        SELECT Salary
        FROM Employee AS E1
        WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
                          FROM Employee AS E2
                          WHERE E2.Salary > E1.Salary)

   oӬdܬɺAdߨäLCHUO@ؤkC
   
CREATE TABLE Temp (Salary, Start, Stop)
AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
        FROM Employee;
INSERT INTO Temp
        SELECT T.Salary, T.Start, E.Start
        FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
        WHERE E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;

INSERT INTO Temp
        SELECT T.Salary, T.Stop, E.Stop
        FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
        WHERE E.Stop > T.Start AND E.Stop <= T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;
DELETE FROM Temp T
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
              FROM Employee AS E
              WHERE ((T.Start => E.Start AND T.Start < E.Stop)
                        OR (E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop))
                    AND E.Salary > T.Salary;

   okإ߻UCڭ̦boӪ椤[WӮɬq|WBU
   Cڭ̧ҦldߤXRA]vT NOT EXISTSC̫ڭ
   qU椤X̪ɬqAeڭ̧X~TCpjaҮơAo
    SQL ylɮĲvD`CA]ǽ_dߡC
   
   ĤTӤkOɶq֥ SQLAӦbDWҥΪyδЧX̪vC
   
   ϥ TSQL2 A²檽C
   
        SELECT MAX(Salary)
        FROM Employee

  Kn
  
   jƮwε{ݭnBzHɶܪơCĮɶb SQL ä䴩
   CܦhɺAdߤOH SQL ANOݭn SQL OJ{ǻyA]
    SQL bƼҫMd߻ycʥF靈Įɶ䴩C
   
   t@譱Aڭ̥ܽdX[WĮɶ䴩ݭn DBMS I@X@ǧܡA
   @ʦa²@ǬdߡAèϨLdܱoiCNӤ]ixscB
   k̨Τ (optimization)Cӳ̨ΤƪiɭP{jTɡC
   
   H SQL3 @ӷs䴩HɶܪơAڭ̥iH}BzoΡA
   } SQL3 BzɺAƪOC
   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Accredited Standards Committee* X3, Information Technology
NEWS RELEASE

sJ       PR/96-0002

^СJ       Barbara Bennett at bbennett@itic.nw.dc.us

             X3 ŧG{i@ӳoM, ISO/IEC 9075 Part 7:  SQL/Temporal

Washington D.C., 1996 ~@
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

   -- Accredited Standards Committee X3, Information Technology ŧG{i@
   Ӧ SQL/Temporal 䴩sMסAISO/IEC 9075 Part 7Aç⦳u@椩
   Technical Committee X3H2, DatabaseCoӫĳзǭqNX{ SQL3
   зǪ@ӷsApĤC Temporal SQL  SQL @өAb SQL 
   ƮwҤ䴩sMBzɺAơCU X3H2 |ĳw@EE~TQ
   @ܤQ|bĴ (Kansas) |C
   
   pdߡAilHJ
   
        Chairman of X3H2,
        Dr. Donald R. Deutsch,
        Sybase, Inc., Suite 800,
        6550 Rock Spring
        Drive, Bethesda, MD  20817.
        Email: deutsch@sybase.com.

   {MDi઺MQMLƶ]vBӼС^Co⦳ƱHJ
   
        X3 Secretariat at
        1250 Eye Street
        NW, Suite 200,
        Washington DC  20005.
        Email: x3sec@itic.nw.dc.us
        FAX:  (202)638-4922.

24.17 ĤKXISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)

   @ӬإߥΩhCε{ SQL 禡ws ISO/IEC ڼзǤƭp
   b@EET~ǶiCoӷsзǤƦʦW SQL Multimedia
   (SQL/MM)A|ί SQL3 W椤HƫA]ADT^WMؼЫw
   SQL ADT wqMˡC SQL/MM ؼЬзǤƬǩMu{BMBzB޲z
   hC骫ApvBnBʵeB֩MƮwChƷ|X@
   إΩL JTC1 зǲ´]p SC18Bv SC24BӤMʧ@
    SC29^wq SQL yX (binding)C
   
   SQL/MM M׭pX|@hзǡA]twƶqCĤ@
   |OLpئج[CLCӳ|M`@ӯSw SQL ε{
   MCHU@EE|~Ksb SQL/MM J
   
     * Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
       is structured.
     * Part 2: Full Text Methods and ADTs for text data processing. About
       45 pages.
     * Part 3: Spatial Methods and ADTs for spatial data management.
       About 200 pages with active contributions from Spatial Data
       experts from 3 national bodies.
     * Part 4: General Purpose Methods and ADTs for complex numbers,
       Facilities include trig and exponential functions, vectors, sets,
       etc. Currently about 90 pages.
       
   hӦŶMazƪзǤƪu@bi椤J
   
     * ANSI X3L1 - Geographic Information Systems. Unisys  Mark
       Ashworth of Unisys O X3L1 M ANSI X3H2 pHC L]O SQL/MM
       ZĤ@BTM|sC
     * ISO TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics
       
25. PostgreSQL ޳N䴩

   pGA޳NWDJxAAiqlܡJ
     * [272]pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
     * sD [273]comp.databases.postgresql.general
     * sD [274]comp.databases.postgresql.hackers
     * sD [275]comp.databases.postgresql.doc
     * sD [276]comp.databases.postgresql.bugs
     * sD [277]linux.postgres
     * LqH׾ [278]http://www.postgresql.org
       
   ιwb@餺^СC]p~ΤdܼsAΤSUA
   piƥHʸUpΤᴣѧ޳N䴩Cql䴩qܤ䴩KohA
   ]AiŤUMKW~TB{XASiǰeqH׾ / sD
   աC
   
25.1 ӷ~䴩

   PostgreSQL ´]|VqX޳N䴩Aұoq|Ω@@ɦUah
   Mgx]UM ftp^C]|ΨӦLsBީMyHUUȡCL
   } [279]http://www.postresql.orgC
   
   t@WGreat Bridge Corporationi PostgreSQL }oBPM
   䴩CL̪ [280]http://www.greatbridge.comCO@
   Landmark Communications corpMLꤽq]ߪ@qAMV@
   ɤj~jqMM䴩 PostgreSQLC
   
   A]ib RedhatBAndersonBWGS]Work Group Solutions^M~Uݦo
   UCAiLUA]L̦ܦn CBC++ Ma] PostgreSQL H C g
   ^C
     * Redhat qXƮwUݳ [281]http://www.redhat.com
     * Work Group Solutions [282]http://www.wgs.com
     * Anderson Consulting [283]http://www.ac.com
       
26. g٩Mӷ~譱

   ӷ~Ʈwúܦh|ppB{BPBΡB|O١BOI|B
   udO١BLU{u֧QBsMsiOCҦoǶOγ
   Ʈw}oAΩﵽƮw~M޳NCAʶR@Ӱӷ~ƮwA
   @BO|ڡBs}oaC
   
   ӥBAӷ~ƮwݤIMʶR Unix A˩M@CҦoǦ
   ΤC
   
   Mӷ~ƮwۤAPostgreSQL ֦Lݪ|uIA]Opsy
   C@jsH PostgreSQL }o@XmCҦpAH@Ӱ]ҤlApGb
   ꦳@ʸUqAӨCQ] PostgreSQL ӻWҭȡ^AC
   Ko@dUIIoNOpWn}o]NC
   
   ثeAPostgreSQL {j 250,000  CBC++ {CpGC C {X
   ȤGAѾ PostgreSQL KȤQUI
   
   ܦhqw}ojq CBC++ {H@ۥΡC]AޤJ PostgreSQL {X
   MPpWLqX@|綠qaӤjqQqA`ٮɶMHOC
   
27. LƮwW

   HUCXL UnixBLinux  SQL ƮwC
     * IΨF Applications->databases.
       [284]http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/linuxapps/linapps.html
     * IΨF Applications->databases.
       [285]http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
     * Ʈw귽 [286]http://linas.org/linux/db.html oO Linas
       Vepstas gC [287]linas@fc.net
     * ۥѸƮwW
       [288]http://cuiwww.unige.ch:80/~scg/FreeDB/FreeDB.list.html
     * Browne  RDBMS W [289]http://www.hex.net/~cbbrowne/rdbms.html
        Christopher B. Browne gC [290]cbbrowne@hex.net
     * SAL p RDBMS W [291]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/1/
     * SAL ɦV DBMS W [292]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/2/
     * SAL's uMLƮwW [293]http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/3/
     * ACM SIGMOD ioƮwn
       [294]http://bunny.cs.uiuc.edu/sigmod/databaseSoftware/
       
28. UjM

   pD`sA֦jqnMU観@ӸTvCb@ɥHC~ʤ
   Tʪt׼WCڦpAyj@dUӺI
   
   njMơAAݭnBBLycos jMCh춮AI searchC
   ϥιLoﶵ (filtering options) ӦAjMnDCw]jMʥO
   Intelligent searchAo@ƤΦCXҦiʡCIOptions
   ܡEXACT phrasejMBANDjMBORjMCo˧Ai֧A
   QnTC~Ab search ؿUA radio buttons ΥHܷjMsD
   BpζC
   
29. 

   bsLҦۥѩMio{XƮwAo{u PostgreSQL O@W
   ̦B̦hHϥΩMۥ SQL RDMS]p^C
   
   PostgreSQL D`lޡA]ܦhu@wC ODBC M JDBC Xʵ{A
   y۳oǡAiHsgWߩƮwε{C ODBC  JDBC Xʵ{g
   PostgreSQL ε{ܮeӨLƮwAp OracleBSybase M
   InformixAϤMC
   
   Ai|ݡu PostgreSQLHv׬O]ѹs}l}o@ӸƮw
   jqɶAܤ@ӺHU󪺸ƮwtΦXG`ѡJ
   
   @
     * io{XXO}{Xt
     * S[vry (license string)BS֦vry]Ķ
       JPostgreSQL O GPLAëDL vĳCpGSvryAϥΥKH
       kFI^
     * ibpG
     * w}oh~
     *  ISO/ANSI SQL 92]M SQL 89^з
     * iӪݭnAp SQL 3]SQL 98^
     * ֦i\
       
   ƮwtΡA ӥu PostgreSQL ҦoǱAbopUO@MA
   nC Ai|PostgreSQLO@өǦWCڪݪkOXWHo
   @ɷ|ûϥΡPostgreSQLII
   
30. FAQX PostgreSQL D

   аѾ\@ʡBLinux M Irix ̷s FAQJ
     * [295]http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq-english.shtml
       
31. 󪺨L榡

   HQؤP榡XXXDVIBPostscriptBLaTeXBLyXBGNU-info
   BHTMLBRTF]Rich Text Format^B¤rBUnix man pages M SGMLC
     * Aib
       [296]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/ o
       H HTMLBDVIBPostscript  SGML 榡g@ tar.gz ɡC]Ķ
       Jsunsite.unc.edu wW metalab.unc.eduC^
     * ¤rɦbJ [297]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO
     * Ly½ĶApkBwBZBB
       [298]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO ڹ½ĶL
       yULwC
       
   H@ӦWSGML toolugAibHUaJ
   [299]http://www.xs4all.nl/~cg/sgmltools/ sĶ{A|oHU
   OJ
     * sgml2html databasehowto.sgml ] HTML ɡ^
     * sgml2rtf databasehowto.sgml ] RTF ɡ^
     * sgml2latex databasehowto.sgml ] LaTeX ɡ^
       
   J
     * [300]http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
       
   A]ibHUMgx쥻J
     * [301]http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
     * [302]http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html
     * [303]http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.htm
       l
     * [304]http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.h
       tml
     * LbA]H}ӻ^xib
       [305]http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html Aܤ@ӺM
        /LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html ؿC
       
   ]ĶJ󪺤ejXfثeu LaTeXBLyXBHTMLB¤rM
   SGML 榡Cib [306]http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/HOWTO/ Cӭn
   AAݭn bg5sgmltoolsAib [307]http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/
   C^
   
   n[ dvi 榡Aϥ xdvi {Cb Redhat Linux AAizL
   ControlPanel | Applications | Publishing | TeX s
   tetex-xdvi*.rpm MAY xdvi {C
   
   n\Ū dvi AOJ
   
        xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
        man xdvi

   MϥηƹվjpC sɨϥνbYBPage UpBPage Down AA]
   i 'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' rӲWBUBmB
   e᭶Cn expert menuA 'x'C
   
   Aiε{ 'gv' (ghostview)  'ghostscript' Ӿ\Ū postscript ɡCb
   RedHat Linux Aghostscript {Ob ghostscript*.rpm M˳nAgv h
   b gv*.rpmCAizL ControlPanel | Applications | Graphics s쥦
   ̡Cgv { ghostscript αohCghostscript M gv ]ibLxA
   p OS/2B 95  NT oAA]iboǥx\ŪC
   
                gv howto.ps
                ghostscript howto.ps

   `NJܪApGAQLXo postscript ɡAjݭn 113 C ]Ķ
   Jgv O ghostscript @ӫeݬɭAҥHYϧAu gvAA]nw
   ̡C~Ab OS/2 MèS gvAu GSViewA@өM gv \t
   h{CԱа [308]http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghostC^
   
   Aiϥ Netscape NavigatorAMicrosoft Internet ExplorerARedhat Baron
   Web Browser ΥLUsӾ\Ū HTML 榡C
   
   Ai LyXALaTeX @ X-Window eݤӾ\Ū LaTeX M LyX ɡC
   
32. vq

   Copyright policy is GNU/GPL as per LDP (Linux Documentation project).
   LDP is a GNU/GPL project. Additional restrictions are - you must
   retain the author's name, email address and this copyright notice on
   all the copies. If you make any changes or additions to this document
   then you should intimate all the authors of this document.
   
   NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. In no event shall the
   author/authors of this document be liable for any damages whatsoever
   (including without limitation, special, incidental, consequential, or
   direct/indirect damages for personal injury, loss of business profits,
   business interruption, loss of business information, or any other
   pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of this document.
   
   Author/authors offers no warranties or guarantees on fitness,
   usability, merchantability of this document. Brands, companies and
   product names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered
   trademarks of their respective holders. Please refer to individual
   copyright notices of brands, companies and products mentioned in this
   document. It is your responsibility to read and understand the
   copyright notices of the organisations/companies/products/authors
   mentioned in this document before using their respective information.
   
Appendix

33. ҡXANSI/ISO SQL 1992 yk

   oɮפ]Aoy BNF H`׬𪬼ұ (depth-first tree
   traversal)Ajb 27-AUG-1992 11:03:41.64 CoӯSwҥΪ
   BNF Ou ANSI M SQL2 C
   


<SQL terminal character> ::=
      <SQL language character>
    | <SQL embedded language character>

<SQL language character> ::=
      <simple Latin letter>
    | <digit>
    | <SQL special character>

<simple Latin letter> ::=
      <simple Latin upper case letter>
    | <simple Latin lower case letter>

<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
          A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
    | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
          a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
    | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

<digit> ::=
    0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

<SQL special character> ::=
      <space>
    | <double quote>
    | <percent>
    | <ampersand>
    | <quote>
    | <left paren>
    | <right paren>
    | <asterisk>
    | <plus sign>
    | <comma>
    | <minus sign>
    | <period>
    | <solidus>
    | <colon>
    | <semicolon>
    | <less than operator>
    | <equals operator>
    | <greater than operator>
    | <question mark>
    | <underscore>
    | <vertical bar>

<space> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(space character in character set in use)

<double quote> ::= "

<percent> ::= %

<ampersand> ::= &

<quote> ::= '

<left paren> ::= (

<right paren> ::= )

<asterisk> ::= *

<plus sign> ::= +

<comma> ::= ,

<minus sign> ::= -

<period> ::= .

<solidus> ::= /

<colon> ::= :

<semicolon> ::= ;

<less than operator> ::= <

<equals operator> ::= =

<greater than operator> ::= >

<question mark> ::= ?

<underscore> ::= _

<vertical bar> ::= |

<SQL embedded language character> ::=
      <left bracket>
    | <right bracket>

<left bracket> ::= [

<right bracket> ::= ]

<token> ::=
      <nondelimiter token>
    | <delimiter token>

<nondelimiter token> ::=
      <regular identifier>
    | <key word>
    | <unsigned numeric literal>
    | <national character string literal>
    | <bit string literal>
    | <hex string literal>

<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

<identifier body> ::=
    <identifier start> [ ( <underscore> | <identifier part> )... ]

<identifier start> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<identifier part> ::=
      <identifier start>
    | <digit>

<key word> ::=
      <reserved word>
    | <non-reserved word>

<reserved word> ::=
      ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL
    | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
    | ANY | ARE
    | AS | ASC
    | ASSERTION | AT
    | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
    | BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH
    | BOTH | BY
    | CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST
    | CATALOG
    | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_LENGTH
    | CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE
    | COLLATE | COLLATION
    | COLUMN | COMMIT
    | CONNECT
    | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
    | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
    | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS
    | CURRENT
    | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME
    | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
    | DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC
    | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE
    | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR
    | DIAGNOSTICS
    | DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
    | ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE
    | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
    | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
    | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
    | FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR
    | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
    | GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO
    | GRANT | GROUP
    | HAVING | HOUR
    | IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR
    | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT
    | INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT
    | INTERVAL | INTO | IS
    | ISOLATION
    | JOIN
    | KEY
    | LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT
    | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
    | MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE
    | MONTH
    | NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO
    | NOT | NULL
    | NULLIF | NUMERIC
    | OCTET_LENGTH | OF
    | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
    | ORDER | OUTER
    | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
    | PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE
    | PRESERVE | PRIMARY
    | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
    | READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT
    | REVOKE | RIGHT
    | ROLLBACK | ROWS
    | SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION
    | SELECT
    | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
    | SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE
    | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE
    | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
    | TABLE | TEMPORARY
    | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP
    | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
    | TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION
    | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
    | UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE
    | USER | USING
    | VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
    | WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
    | YEAR
    | ZONE

<non-reserved word> ::=

      ADA
    | C | CATALOG_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG
    | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA | COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION
    | COMMITTED
    | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME
    | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
    | DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
    | FORTRAN
    | LENGTH
    | MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
    | NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
    | PASCAL | PLI
    | REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
    | ROW_COUNT
    | SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
    | TABLE_NAME | TYPE
    | UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

<unsigned numeric literal> ::=
      <exact numeric literal>
    | <approximate numeric literal>

<exact numeric literal> ::=
      <unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
    | <period> <unsigned integer>

<unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

<approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

<exponent> ::= <signed integer>

<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

<national character string literal> ::=
    N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )...
 ]

<character representation> ::=
      <nonquote character>
    | <quote symbol>

<nonquote character> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

<separator> ::= ( <comment> | <space> | <newline> )...

<comment> ::=
    <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

<comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign>[<minus sign>...]

<comment character> ::=
      <nonquote character>
    | <quote>

<newline> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(implementation-defined end-of-line indicator)

<bit string literal> ::=
    B <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<bit> ::= 0 | 1

<hex string literal> ::=
    X <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

<delimiter token> ::=
      <character string literal>
    | <date string>
    | <time string>
    | <timestamp string>
    | <interval string>
    | <delimited identifier>
    | <SQL special character>
    | <not equals operator>
    | <greater than or equals operator>
    | <less than or equals operator>
    | <concatenation operator>
    | <double period>
    | <left bracket>
    | <right bracket>

<character string literal> ::=
    [ <introducer><character set specification> ]
    <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
      [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )...
 ]

<introducer> ::= <underscore>

<character set specification> ::=
      <standard character repertoire name>
    | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
    | <user-defined character repertoire name>
    | <standard universal character form-of-use name>
    | <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>

<standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ]
      <SQL language identifier>

<schema name> ::=
    [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

<catalog name> ::= <identifier>

<identifier> ::=
    [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>

<actual identifier> ::=
      <regular identifier>
    | <delimited identifier>

<delimited identifier> ::=
    <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

<delimited identifier part> ::=
      <nondoublequote character>
    | <doublequote symbol>

<nondoublequote character> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

<unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

<SQL language identifier> ::=
    <SQL language identifier start>
       [ ( <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> )... ]

<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

<SQL language identifier part> ::=
      <simple Latin letter>
    | <digit>

<implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::=
    <character set name>

<user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<standard universal character form-of-use name> ::=
    <character set name>

<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::=
    <character set name>

<date string> ::=
    <quote> <date value> <quote>

<date value> ::=
    <years value> <minus sign> <months value>
        <minus sign> <days value>

<years value> ::= <datetime value>

<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<months value> ::= <datetime value>

<days value> ::= <datetime value>

<time string> ::=
    <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<time value> ::=
    <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

<hours value> ::= <datetime value>

<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

<seconds value> ::=
      <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

<time zone interval> ::=
    <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

<timestamp string> ::=
    <quote> <date value> <space> <time value>
        [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<interval string> ::=
    <quote> ( <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> ) <quote>

<year-month literal> ::=
      <years value>
    | [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

<day-time literal> ::=
      <day-time interval>
    | <time interval>

<day-time interval> ::=
    <days value>
      [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value>
        [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

<time interval> ::=
      <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
    | <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
    | <seconds value>

<not equals operator> ::= <>

<greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

<less than or equals operator> ::= <=

<concatenation operator> ::= ||

<double period> ::= ..

<module> ::=
    <module name clause>
    <language clause>
    <module authorization clause>
    [ <temporary table declaration>... ]
    <module contents>...

<module name clause> ::=
    MODULE [ <module name> ]
      [ <module character set specification> ]

<module name> ::= <identifier>

<module character set specification> ::=
    NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<language clause> ::=
    LANGUAGE <language name>

<language name> ::=
    ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI

<module authorization clause> ::=
      SCHEMA <schema name>
    | AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
    | SCHEMA <schema name>
          AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>

<module authorization identifier> ::=
    <authorization identifier>

<authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

<temporary table declaration> ::=
    DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE
        <qualified local table name>
      <table element list>
      [ ON COMMIT ( PRESERVE | DELETE ) ROWS ]

<qualified local table name> ::=
    MODULE <period> <local table name>

<local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

<table element list> ::=
      <left paren> <table element> [ ( <comma> <table element> )... ] <right pa
ren>

<table element> ::=
      <column definition>
    | <table constraint definition>

<column definition> ::=
    <column name> ( <data type> | <domain name> )
    [ <default clause> ]
    [ <column constraint definition>... ]
    [ <collate clause> ]

<column name> ::= <identifier>

<data type> ::=
      <character string type>
           [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
    | <national character string type>
    | <bit string type>
    | <numeric type>
    | <datetime type>
    | <interval type>

<character string type> ::=
      CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<length> ::= <unsigned integer>

<national character string type> ::=
      NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
    | NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<bit string type> ::=
      BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
    | BIT VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<numeric type> ::=
      <exact numeric type>
    | <approximate numeric type>

<exact numeric type> ::=
      NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | INTEGER
    | INT
    | SMALLINT

<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

<approximate numeric type> ::=
      FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE PRECISION

<datetime type> ::=
      DATE
    | TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
          [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
    | TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
          [ WITH TIME ZONE ]

<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

<interval qualifier> ::=
      <start field> TO <end field>
    | <single datetime field>

<start field> ::=
    <non-second datetime field>
        [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

<non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
    | MINUTE

<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<end field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
    | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right pare
n> ]

<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<single datetime field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
          [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
    | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision>
          [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

<domain name> ::= <qualified name>

<qualified name> ::=
    [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<default clause> ::=
      DEFAULT <default option>

<default option> ::=
      <literal>
    | <datetime value function>
    | USER
    | CURRENT_USER
    | SESSION_USER
    | SYSTEM_USER
    | NULL

<literal> ::=
      <signed numeric literal>
    | <general literal>

<signed numeric literal> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

<general literal> ::=
      <character string literal>
    | <national character string literal>
    | <bit string literal>
    | <hex string literal>
    | <datetime literal>
    | <interval literal>

<datetime literal> ::=
      <date literal>
    | <time literal>
    | <timestamp literal>

<date literal> ::=
    DATE <date string>

<time literal> ::=
    TIME <time string>

<timestamp literal> ::=
    TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

<interval literal> ::=
    INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

<datetime value function> ::=
      <current date value function>
    | <current time value function>
    | <current timestamp value function>

<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

<current time value function> ::=
      CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current timestamp value function> ::=
      CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

<column constraint definition> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <column constraint>
      [ <constraint attributes> ]

<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

<column constraint> ::=
      NOT NULL
    | <unique specification>
    | <references specification>
    | <check constraint definition>

<unique specification> ::=
    UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

<references specification> ::=
    REFERENCES <referenced table and columns>
      [ MATCH <match type> ]
      [ <referential triggered action> ]

<referenced table and columns> ::=
     <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

<table name> ::=
      <qualified name>
    | <qualified local table name>

<reference column list> ::= <column name list>

<column name list> ::=
    <column name> [ ( <comma> <column name> )... ]

<match type> ::=
      FULL
    | PARTIAL

<referential triggered action> ::=
      <update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
    | <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

<referential action> ::=
      CASCADE
    | SET NULL
    | SET DEFAULT
    | NO ACTION

<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

<check constraint definition> ::=
    CHECK
        <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<search condition> ::=
      <boolean term>
    | <search condition> OR <boolean term>

<boolean term> ::=
      <boolean factor>
    | <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

<boolean factor> ::=
    [ NOT ] <boolean test>

<boolean test> ::=
    <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ]
          <truth value> ]

<boolean primary> ::=
      <predicate>
    | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<predicate> ::=
      <comparison predicate>
    | <between predicate>
    | <in predicate>
    | <like predicate>
    | <null predicate>
    | <quantified comparison predicate>
    | <exists predicate>
    | <unique predicate>
    | <match predicate>
    | <overlaps predicate>

<comparison predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> <comp op>
        <row value constructor>

<row value constructor> ::=
       <row value constructor element>
    | <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
    | <row subquery>

<row value constructor element> ::=
      <value expression>
    | <null specification>
    | <default specification>

<value expression> ::=
      <numeric value expression>
    | <string value expression>
    | <datetime value expression>
    | <interval value expression>

<numeric value expression> ::=
      <term>
    | <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
    | <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

<term> ::=
      <factor>
    | <term> <asterisk> <factor>
    | <term> <solidus> <factor>

<factor> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

<numeric primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <numeric value function>

<value expression primary> ::=
      <unsigned value specification>
    | <column reference>
    | <set function specification>
    | <scalar subquery>
    | <case expression>
    | <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
    | <cast specification>

<unsigned value specification> ::=
      <unsigned literal>
    | <general value specification>

<unsigned literal> ::=
      <unsigned numeric literal>
    | <general literal>

<general value specification> ::=
      <parameter specification>
    | <dynamic parameter specification>
    | <variable specification>
    | USER
    | CURRENT_USER
    | SESSION_USER
    | SYSTEM_USER
    | VALUE

<parameter specification> ::=
    <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

<parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

<indicator parameter> ::=
    [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

<variable specification> ::=
    <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

<embedded variable name> ::=
    <colon><host identifier>

<host identifier> ::=
      <Ada host identifier>
    | <C host identifier>
    | <COBOL host identifier>
    | <Fortran host identifier>
    | <MUMPS host identifier>
    | <Pascal host identifier>
    | <PL/I host identifier>

<Ada host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<C host identifier> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<COBOL host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<indicator variable> ::=
    [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

<column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

<qualifier> ::=
      <table name>
    | <correlation name>

<correlation name> ::= <identifier>

<set function specification> ::=
      COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
    | <general set function>

<general set function> ::=
      <set function type>
          <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

<set function type> ::=
    AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

<query expression> ::=
      <non-join query expression>
    | <joined table>

<non-join query expression> ::=
      <non-join query term>
    | <query expression> UNION  [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
    | <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

<non-join query term> ::=
      <non-join query primary>
    | <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ]
          [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

<non-join query primary> ::=
      <simple table>
    | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

<simple table> ::=
      <query specification>
    | <table value constructor>
    | <explicit table>

<query specification> ::=
    SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

<select list> ::=
      <asterisk>
    | <select sublist> [ ( <comma> <select sublist> )... ]

<select sublist> ::=
      <derived column>
    | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

<table expression> ::=
    <from clause>
    [ <where clause> ]
    [ <group by clause> ]
    [ <having clause> ]

<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference>
    [ ( <comma> <table reference> )... ]

<table reference> ::=
      <table name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name>
          [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
    | <derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name>
          [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
    | <joined table>

<derived column list> ::= <column name list>

<derived table> ::= <table subquery>

<table subquery> ::= <subquery>

<joined table> ::=
      <cross join>
    | <qualified join>
    | <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

<cross join> ::=
    <table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

<qualified join> ::=
    <table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN
      <table reference> [ <join specification> ]

<join type> ::=
      INNER
    | <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
    | UNION

<outer join type> ::=
      LEFT
    | RIGHT
    | FULL

<join specification> ::=
      <join condition>
    | <named columns join>

<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

<named columns join> ::=
    USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

<join column list> ::= <column name list>

<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

<group by clause> ::=
    GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

<grouping column reference list> ::=
    <grouping column reference>
        [ ( <comma> <grouping column reference> )... ]

<grouping column reference> ::=
    <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

<collation name> ::= <qualified name>

<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

<table value constructor> ::=
    VALUES <table value constructor list>

<table value constructor list> ::=
    <row value constructor> [ ( <comma> <row value constructor> )... ]

<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>

<query term> ::=
      <non-join query term>
    | <joined table>

<corresponding spec> ::=
    CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

<query primary> ::=
      <non-join query primary>
    | <joined table>

<case expression> ::=
      <case abbreviation>
    | <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
      NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
            <value expression> <right paren>
    | COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
            ( <comma> <value expression> )... <right paren>

<case specification> ::=
      <simple case>
    | <searched case>

<simple case> ::=
    CASE <case operand>
      <simple when clause>...
      [ <else clause> ]
    END

<case operand> ::= <value expression>

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<when operand> ::= <value expression>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<searched case> ::=
    CASE
      <searched when clause>...
      [ <else clause> ]
    END

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<cast specification> ::=
    CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS
        <cast target> <right paren>

<cast operand> ::=
      <value expression>
    | NULL

<cast target> ::=
      <domain name>
    | <data type>

<numeric value function> ::=
      <position expression>
    | <extract expression>
    | <length expression>

<position expression> ::=
    POSITION <left paren> <character value expression>
        IN <character value expression> <right paren>

<character value expression> ::=
      <concatenation>
    | <character factor>

<concatenation> ::=
    <character value expression> <concatenation operator>
        <character factor>

<character factor> ::=
    <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

<character primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <string value function>

<string value function> ::=
      <character value function>
    | <bit value function>

<character value function> ::=
      <character substring function>
    | <fold>
    | <form-of-use conversion>
    | <character translation>
    | <trim function>

<character substring function> ::=
    SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>
                [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

<fold> ::= ( UPPER | LOWER )
     <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion> ::=
    CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression>
        USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

<character translation> ::=
    TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression>
        USING <translation name> <right paren>

<translation name> ::= <qualified name>

<trim function> ::=
    TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

<trim operands> ::=
    [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>

<trim specification> ::=
      LEADING
    | TRAILING
    | BOTH

<trim character> ::= <character value expression>

<trim source> ::= <character value expression>

<bit value function> ::=
    <bit substring function>

<bit substring function> ::=
    SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position>
        [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<bit value expression> ::=
      <bit concatenation>
    | <bit factor>

<bit concatenation> ::=
    <bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

<bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

<bit primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <string value function>

<extract expression> ::=
    EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field>
        FROM <extract source> <right paren>

<extract field> ::=
      <datetime field>
    | <time zone field>

<datetime field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
    | SECOND

<time zone field> ::=
      TIMEZONE_HOUR
    | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

<extract source> ::=
      <datetime value expression>
    | <interval value expression>

<datetime value expression> ::=
      <datetime term>
    | <interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
    | <datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
    | <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

<interval term> ::=
      <interval factor>
    | <interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
    | <interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
    | <term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

<interval factor> ::=
    [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

<interval primary> ::=
      <value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]

<interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

<interval value expression> ::=
      <interval term>
    | <interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
    | <interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
    | <left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign>
          <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

<interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

<interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

<datetime term> ::=
      <datetime factor>

<datetime factor> ::=
      <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

<datetime primary> ::=
      <value expression primary>
    | <datetime value function>

<time zone> ::=
    AT <time zone specifier>

<time zone specifier> ::=
      LOCAL
    | TIME ZONE <interval value expression>

<length expression> ::=
      <char length expression>
    | <octet length expression>
    | <bit length expression>

<char length expression> ::=
    ( CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH )
        <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<string value expression> ::=
      <character value expression>
    | <bit value expression>

<octet length expression> ::=
    OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<bit length expression> ::=
    BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<null specification> ::=
    NULL

<default specification> ::=
    DEFAULT

<row value constructor list> ::=
    <row value constructor element>
        [ ( <comma> <row value constructor element> )... ]

<row subquery> ::= <subquery>

<comp op> ::=
      <equals operator>
    | <not equals operator>
    | <less than operator>
    | <greater than operator>
    | <less than or equals operator>
    | <greater than or equals operator>

<between predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
      <row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>

<in predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor>
      [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

<in predicate value> ::=
      <table subquery>
    | <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

<in value list> ::=
    <value expression> ( <comma> <value expression> )...

<like predicate> ::=
    <match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
      [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<match value> ::= <character value expression>

<pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<escape character> ::= <character value expression>

<null predicate> ::= <row value constructor>
    IS [ NOT ] NULL

<quantified comparison predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

<quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

<all> ::= ALL

<some> ::= SOME | ANY

<exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

<unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

<match predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ]
        [ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

<overlaps predicate> ::=
    <row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

<row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

<row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>

<truth value> ::=
      TRUE
    | FALSE
    | UNKNOWN

<constraint attributes> ::=
      <constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
    | [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

<constraint check time> ::=
      INITIALLY DEFERRED
    | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

<table constraint definition> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <table constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table constraint> ::=
      <unique constraint definition>
    | <referential constraint definition>
    | <check constraint definition>

<unique constraint definition> ::=
            <unique specification> even in SQL3)
    <unique specification>
      <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

<unique column list> ::= <column name list>

<referential constraint definition> ::=
    FOREIGN KEY
        <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren>
      <references specification>

<referencing columns> ::=
    <reference column list>

<module contents> ::=
      <declare cursor>
    | <dynamic declare cursor>
    | <procedure>

<declare cursor> ::=
    DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
      FOR <cursor specification>

<cursor name> ::= <identifier>

<cursor specification> ::=
    <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]
      [ <updatability clause> ]

<order by clause> ::=
    ORDER BY <sort specification list>

<sort specification list> ::=
    <sort specification> [ ( <comma> <sort specification> )... ]

<sort specification> ::=
    <sort key> [ <collate clause> ] [ <ordering specification> ]

<sort key> ::=
      <column name>
    | <unsigned integer>

<ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

<updatability clause> ::=
    FOR
        ( READ ONLY |
          UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] )

<dynamic declare cursor> ::=
    DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
        FOR <statement name>

<statement name> ::= <identifier>

<procedure> ::=
    PROCEDURE <procedure name>
        <parameter declaration list> <semicolon>
      <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

<procedure name> ::= <identifier>

<parameter declaration list> ::=
      <left paren> <parameter declaration>
          [ ( <comma> <parameter declaration> )... ] <right paren>
    | <parameter declaration>...

<parameter declaration> ::=
      <parameter name> <data type>
    | <status parameter>

<status parameter> ::=
    SQLCODE | SQLSTATE

<SQL procedure statement> ::=
      <SQL schema statement>
    | <SQL data statement>
    | <SQL transaction statement>
    | <SQL connection statement>
    | <SQL session statement>
    | <SQL dynamic statement>
    | <SQL diagnostics statement>

<SQL schema statement> ::=
      <SQL schema definition statement>
    | <SQL schema manipulation statement>

<SQL schema definition statement> ::=
      <schema definition>
    | <table definition>
    | <view definition>
    | <grant statement>
    | <domain definition>
    | <character set definition>
    | <collation definition>
    | <translation definition>
    | <assertion definition>

<schema definition> ::=
    CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
      [ <schema character set specification> ]
      [ <schema element>... ]

<schema name clause> ::=
      <schema name>
    | AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
    | <schema name> AUTHORIZATION
          <schema authorization identifier>

<schema authorization identifier> ::=
    <authorization identifier>

<schema character set specification> ::=
    DEFAULT CHARACTER
        SET <character set specification>

<schema element> ::=
      <domain definition>
    | <table definition>
    | <view definition>
    | <grant statement>
    | <assertion definition>
    | <character set definition>
    | <collation definition>
    | <translation definition>

<domain definition> ::=
    CREATE DOMAIN <domain name>
        [ AS ] <data type>
      [ <default clause> ]
      [ <domain constraint>... ]
      [ <collate clause> ]

<domain constraint> ::=
    [ <constraint name definition> ]
    <check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table definition> ::=
    CREATE [ ( GLOBAL | LOCAL ) TEMPORARY ] TABLE
        <table name>
      <table element list>
      [ ON COMMIT ( DELETE | PRESERVE ) ROWS ]

<view definition> ::=
    CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list>
                                  <right paren> ]
      AS <query expression>
      [ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

<view column list> ::= <column name list>

<levels clause> ::=
    CASCADED | LOCAL

<grant statement> ::=
   GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
     TO <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ]
       [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

<privileges> ::=
      ALL PRIVILEGES
    | <action list>

<action list> ::= <action> [ ( <comma> <action> )... ]

<action> ::=
      SELECT
    | DELETE
    | INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
    | USAGE

<privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

<object name> ::=
      [ TABLE ] <table name>
    | DOMAIN <domain name>
    | COLLATION <collation name>
    | CHARACTER SET <character set name>
    | TRANSLATION <translation name>

<grantee> ::=
      PUBLIC
    | <authorization identifier>

<assertion definition> ::=
    CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check>
      [ <constraint attributes> ]

<assertion check> ::=
    CHECK
        <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<character set definition> ::=
    CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name>
        [ AS ]
      <character set source>
      [ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

<character set source> ::=
      GET <existing character set name>

<existing character set name> ::=
      <standard character repertoire name>
    | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
    | <schema character set name>

<schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

<limited collation definition> ::=
    COLLATION FROM <collation source>

<collation source> ::=
      <collating sequence definition>
    | <translation collation>

<collating sequence definition> ::=
      <external collation>
    | <schema collation name>
    | DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
    | DEFAULT

<external collation> ::=
    EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right pare
n>

<external collation name> ::=
      <standard collation name>
    | <implementation-defined collation name>

<standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

<implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>

<schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

<translation collation> ::=
    TRANSLATION <translation name>
        [ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

<collation definition> ::=
    CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR
        <character set specification>
      FROM <collation source>
        [ <pad attribute> ]

<pad attribute> ::=
      NO PAD
    | PAD SPACE

<translation definition> ::=
    CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
      FOR <source character set specification>
        TO <target character set specification>
      FROM <translation source>

<source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<translation source> ::=
      <translation specification>

<translation specification> ::=
      <external translation>
    | IDENTITY
    | <schema translation name>

<external translation> ::=
    EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right pa
ren>

<external translation name> ::=
      <standard translation name>
    | <implementation-defined translation name>

<standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

<implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

<schema translation name> ::= <translation name>

<SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
      <drop schema statement>
    | <alter table statement>
    | <drop table statement>
    | <drop view statement>
    | <revoke statement>
    | <alter domain statement>
    | <drop domain statement>
    | <drop character set statement>
    | <drop collation statement>
    | <drop translation statement>
    | <drop assertion statement>

<drop schema statement> ::=
    DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

<drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

<alter table statement> ::=
    ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

<alter table action> ::=
      <add column definition>
    | <alter column definition>
    | <drop column definition>
    | <add table constraint definition>
    | <drop table constraint definition>

<add column definition> ::=
    ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

<alter column definition> ::=
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

<alter column action> ::=
      <set column default clause>
    | <drop column default clause>

<set column default clause> ::=
    SET <default clause>

<drop column default clause> ::=
    DROP DEFAULT

<drop column definition> ::=
    DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>

<add table constraint definition> ::=
    ADD <table constraint definition>

<drop table constraint definition> ::=
    DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>

<drop table statement> ::=
    DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>

<drop view statement> ::=
    DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>

<revoke statement> ::=
    REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
        <privileges>
        ON <object name>
      FROM <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ] <drop behavior>

<alter domain statement> ::=
    ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

<alter domain action> ::=
      <set domain default clause>
    | <drop domain default clause>
    | <add domain constraint definition>
    | <drop domain constraint definition>

<set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

<drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

<add domain constraint definition> ::=
    ADD <domain constraint>

<drop domain constraint definition> ::=
    DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<drop domain statement> ::=
    DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>

<drop character set statement> ::=
    DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

<drop collation statement> ::=
    DROP COLLATION <collation name>

<drop translation statement> ::=
    DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>

<drop assertion statement> ::=
    DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

<SQL data statement> ::=
      <open statement>
    | <fetch statement>
    | <close statement>
    | <select statement: single row>
    | <SQL data change statement>

<open statement> ::=
    OPEN <cursor name>

<fetch statement> ::=
    FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ]
      <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

<fetch orientation> ::=
      NEXT
    | PRIOR
    | FIRST
    | LAST
    | ( ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE ) <simple value specification>

<simple value specification> ::=
      <parameter name>
    | <embedded variable name>
    | <literal>

<fetch target list> ::=
    <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<target specification> ::=
      <parameter specification>
    | <variable specification>

<close statement> ::=
    CLOSE <cursor name>

<select statement: single row> ::=
    SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list>
      INTO <select target list>
        <table expression>

<select target list> ::=
    <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<SQL data change statement> ::=
      <delete statement: positioned>
    | <delete statement: searched>
    | <insert statement>
    | <update statement: positioned>
    | <update statement: searched>

<delete statement: positioned> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<delete statement: searched> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<insert statement> ::=
    INSERT INTO <table name>
      <insert columns and source>

<insert columns and source> ::=
      [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
            <query expression>
    | DEFAULT VALUES

<insert column list> ::= <column name list>

<update statement: positioned> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause list>
        WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<set clause list> ::=
    <set clause> [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]

<set clause> ::=
    <object column> <equals operator> <update source>

<object column> ::= <column name>

<update source> ::=
      <value expression>
    | <null specification>
    | DEFAULT

<update statement: searched> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause list>
      [ WHERE <search condition> ]

<SQL transaction statement> ::=
      <set transaction statement>
    | <set constraints mode statement>
    | <commit statement>
    | <rollback statement>

<set transaction statement> ::=
    SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode>
        [ ( <comma> <transaction mode> )... ]

<transaction mode> ::=
      <isolation level>
    | <transaction access mode>
    | <diagnostics size>

<isolation level> ::=
    ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

<level of isolation> ::=
      READ UNCOMMITTED
    | READ COMMITTED
    | REPEATABLE READ
    | SERIALIZABLE

<transaction access mode> ::=
      READ ONLY
    | READ WRITE

<diagnostics size> ::=
    DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

<number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

<set constraints mode statement> ::=
    SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list>
        ( DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE )

<constraint name list> ::=
      ALL
    | <constraint name> [ ( <comma> <constraint name> )... ]

<commit statement> ::=
    COMMIT [ WORK ]

<rollback statement> ::=
    ROLLBACK [ WORK ]

<SQL connection statement> ::=
      <connect statement>
    | <set connection statement>
    | <disconnect statement>

<connect statement> ::=
    CONNECT TO <connection target>

<connection target> ::=
      <SQL-server name>
        [ AS <connection name> ]
          correspondence with Tony Gordon)
        [ USER <user name> ]
    | DEFAULT

<SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

<connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

<user name> ::= <simple value specification>

<set connection statement> ::=
    SET CONNECTION <connection object>

<connection object> ::=
      DEFAULT
    | <connection name>

<disconnect statement> ::=
    DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

<disconnect object> ::=
      <connection object>
    | ALL
    | CURRENT

<SQL session statement> ::=
      <set catalog statement>
    | <set schema statement>
    | <set names statement>
    | <set session authorization identifier statement>
    | <set local time zone statement>

<set catalog statement> ::=
    SET CATALOG <value specification>

<value specification> ::=
      <literal>
    | <general value specification>

<set schema statement> ::=
    SET SCHEMA <value specification>

<set names statement> ::=
    SET NAMES <value specification>

<set session authorization identifier statement> ::=
    SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
        <value specification>

<set local time zone statement> ::=
    SET TIME ZONE
        <set time zone value>

<set time zone value> ::=
      <interval value expression>
    | LOCAL

<SQL dynamic statement> ::=
      <system descriptor statement>
    | <prepare statement>
    | <deallocate prepared statement>
    | <describe statement>
    | <execute statement>
    | <execute immediate statement>
    | <SQL dynamic data statement>

<system descriptor statement> ::=
      <allocate descriptor statement>
    | <deallocate descriptor statement>
    | <set descriptor statement>
    | <get descriptor statement>

<allocate descriptor statement> ::=
    ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
       [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

<descriptor name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<scope option> ::=
      GLOBAL
    | LOCAL

<occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate descriptor statement> ::=
    DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<set descriptor statement> ::=
    SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
        <set descriptor information>

<set descriptor information> ::=
      <set count>
    | VALUE <item number>
        <set item information> [ ( <comma> <set item information> )... ]

<set count> ::=
    COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

<simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<set item information> ::=
    <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

<descriptor item name> ::=
      TYPE
    | LENGTH
    | OCTET_LENGTH
    | RETURNED_LENGTH
    | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
    | PRECISION
    | SCALE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
    | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
    | NULLABLE
    | INDICATOR
    | DATA
    | NAME
    | UNNAMED
    | COLLATION_CATALOG
    | COLLATION_SCHEMA
    | COLLATION_NAME
    | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
    | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
    | CHARACTER_SET_NAME

<simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<get descriptor statement> ::=
    GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

<get descriptor information> ::=
      <get count>
    | VALUE <item number>
        <get item information> [ ( <comma> <get item information> )... ]

<get count> ::=
    <simple target specification 1> <equals operator>
         COUNT

<simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

<simple target specification> ::=
      <parameter name>
    | <embedded variable name>

<get item information> ::=
    <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>>

<simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

<prepare statement> ::=
    PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

<SQL statement name> ::=
      <statement name>
    | <extended statement name>

<extended statement name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate prepared statement> ::=
    DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

<describe statement> ::=
      <describe input statement>
    | <describe output statement>

<describe input statement> ::=
    DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<using descriptor> ::=
    ( USING | INTO ) SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<describe output statement> ::=
    DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<execute statement> ::=
    EXECUTE <SQL statement name>
      [ <result using clause> ]
      [ <parameter using clause> ]

<result using clause> ::= <using clause>

<using clause> ::=
      <using arguments>
    | <using descriptor>

<using arguments> ::=
    ( USING | INTO ) <argument> [ ( <comma> <argument> )... ]

<argument> ::= <target specification>

<parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>

<execute immediate statement> ::=
    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

<SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
      <allocate cursor statement>
    | <dynamic open statement>
    | <dynamic fetch statement>
    | <dynamic close statement>
    | <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
    | <dynamic update statement: positioned>

<allocate cursor statement> ::=
    ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ]
        [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
      FOR <extended statement name>

<extended cursor name> ::=
    [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<dynamic open statement> ::=
    OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]

<dynamic cursor name> ::=
      <cursor name>
    | <extended cursor name>

<dynamic fetch statement> ::=
    FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>
        <using clause>

<dynamic close statement> ::=
    CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table name>
      WHERE CURRENT OF
          <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
    UPDATE <table name>
      SET <set clause>
          [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]
        WHERE CURRENT OF
            <dynamic cursor name>

<SQL diagnostics statement> ::=
    <get diagnostics statement>

<get diagnostics statement> ::=
    GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

<sql diagnostics information> ::=
      <statement information>
    | <condition information>

<statement information> ::=
    <statement information item> [ ( <comma> <statement information item> )...
]

<statement information item> ::=
    <simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item
 name>

<statement information item name> ::=
      NUMBER
    | MORE
    | COMMAND_FUNCTION
    | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
    | ROW_COUNT

<condition information> ::=
    EXCEPTION <condition number>
      <condition information item> [ ( <comma> <condition information item> )..
. ]

<condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

<condition information item> ::=
    <simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item
 name>

<condition information item name> ::=
      CONDITION_NUMBER
    | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
    | CLASS_ORIGIN
    | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
    | SERVER_NAME
    | CONNECTION_NAME
    | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
    | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
    | CONSTRAINT_NAME
    | CATALOG_NAME
    | SCHEMA_NAME
    | TABLE_NAME
    | COLUMN_NAME
    | CURSOR_NAME
    | MESSAGE_TEXT
    | MESSAGE_LENGTH
    | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

<embedded SQL host program> ::=
      <embedded SQL Ada program>
    | <embedded SQL C program>
    | <embedded SQL COBOL program>
    | <embedded SQL Fortran program>
    | <embedded SQL MUMPS program>
    | <embedded SQL Pascal program>
    | <embedded SQL PL/I program>

<embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL C program> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Fortran program> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Pascal program> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL declare section> ::=
      <embedded SQL begin declare>
        [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
        [ <host variable definition>... ]
      <embedded SQL end declare>
    | <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

<embedded SQL begin declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
        [ <SQL terminator> ]

<SQL prefix> ::=
      EXEC SQL
    | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

<SQL terminator> ::=
      END-EXEC
    | <semicolon>
    | <right paren>

<embedded character set declaration> ::=
    SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<host variable definition> ::=
      <Ada variable definition>
    | <C variable definition>
    | <COBOL variable definition>
    | <Fortran variable definition>
    | <MUMPS variable definition>
    | <Pascal variable definition>
    | <PL/I variable definition>

<Ada variable definition> ::=
    <Ada host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Ada host identifier> )... ] :
    <Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

<Ada type specification> ::=
      <Ada qualified type specification>
    | <Ada unqualified type specification>

<Ada qualified type specification> ::=
      SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
         [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SQL_STANDARD.BIT
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
    | SQL_STANDARD.INT
    | SQL_STANDARD.REAL
    | SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
    | SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
    | SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
    | SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
      CHAR
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | BIT
          <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
    | SMALLINT
    | INT
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE_PRECISION
    | SQLCODE_TYPE
    | SQLSTATE_TYPE
    | INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada initial value> ::=
    <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

<Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

<C variable definition> ::=
      [ <C storage class> ]
      [ <C class modifier> ]
      <C variable specification>
    <semicolon>

<C storage class> ::=
      auto
    | extern
    | static

<C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

<C variable specification> ::=
      <C numeric variable>
    | <C character variable>
    | <C derived variable>

<C numeric variable> ::=
    ( long | short | float | double )
      <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
            [ ( <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C initial value> ::=
    <equals operator> <character representation>...

<C character variable> ::=
    char [ CHARACTER SET
             [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
      <C host identifier>
        <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
        [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
          <C array specification>
                 [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C array specification> ::=
    <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

<C derived variable> ::=
      <C VARCHAR variable>
    | <C bit variable>

<C VARCHAR variable> ::=
    VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
        <character set specification> ]
        <C host identifier>
            <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
          [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
              <C array specification>
                      [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C bit variable> ::=
    BIT <C host identifier>
        <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
      [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
        <C array specification>
                   [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<COBOL variable definition> ::=
    (01|77) <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
      [ <character representation>... ] <period>

<COBOL type specification> ::=
      <COBOL character type>
    | <COBOL bit type>
    | <COBOL numeric type>
    | <COBOL integer type>

<COBOL character type> ::=
    [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
          <character set specification> ]
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] ( X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL bit type> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
        ( B [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL numeric type> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
      S <COBOL nines specification>
    [ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

<COBOL nines specification> ::=
      <COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
    | V <COBOL nines>

<COBOL nines> ::= ( 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL integer type> ::=
      <COBOL computational integer>
    | <COBOL binary integer>

<COBOL computational integer> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
      [ USAGE [ IS ] ] ( COMP | COMPUTATIONAL )

<COBOL binary integer> ::=
    ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
      [ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

<Fortran variable definition> ::=
    <Fortran type specification>
    <Fortran host identifier>
        [ ( <comma> <Fortran host identifier> )... ]

<Fortran type specification> ::=
      CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ]
          [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                <character set specification> ]
    | BIT [ <asterisk> <length> ]
    | INTEGER
    | REAL
    | DOUBLE PRECISION

<MUMPS variable definition> ::=
    ( <MUMPS numeric variable> | <MUMPS character variable> )
        <semicolon>

<MUMPS numeric variable> ::=
    <MUMPS type specification>
      <MUMPS host identifier> [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> )... ]

<MUMPS type specification> ::=
      INT
    | DEC
          [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
    | REAL

<MUMPS character variable> ::=
    VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
      [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> )... ]

<MUMPS length specification> ::=
    <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<Pascal variable definition> ::=
    <Pascal host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Pascal host identifier> )... ] <colon
>
      <Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

<Pascal type specification> ::=
      PACKED ARRAY
          <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
        OF CHAR
          [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                <character set specification> ]
    | PACKED ARRAY
          <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
        OF BIT
    | INTEGER
    | REAL
    | CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
                                [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
    | BIT

<PL/I variable definition> ::=
    (DCL | DECLARE)
        (   <PL/I host identifier>
          | <left paren> <PL/I host identifier>
                [ ( <comma> <PL/I host identifier> )... ] <right paren> )
    <PL/I type specification>
    [ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

<PL/I type specification> ::=
      ( CHAR | CHARACTER ) [ VARYING ]
          <left paren><length><right paren>
          [ CHARACTER SET
                [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
    | BIT [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>
    | <PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision>
          [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
    | <PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
    | <PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>

<PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
      ( DEC | DECIMAL ) FIXED
    | FIXED ( DEC | DECIMAL )

<PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
      ( BIN | BINARY ) FIXED
    | FIXED ( BIN | BINARY )

<PL/I type float binary> ::=
      ( BIN | BINARY ) FLOAT
    | FLOAT ( BIN | BINARY )

<embedded SQL end declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION
        [ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
    <SQL prefix>
      BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
        [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
        [ <host variable definition>... ]
      END DECLARE SECTION
    <SQL terminator>

<embedded SQL statement> ::=
    <SQL prefix>
      <statement or declaration>
    [ <SQL terminator> ]

<statement or declaration> ::=
      <declare cursor>
    | <dynamic declare cursor>
    | <temporary table declaration>
    | <embedded exception declaration>
    | <SQL procedure statement>

<embedded exception declaration> ::=
    WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

<condition> ::=
    SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

<condition action> ::=
    CONTINUE | <go to>

<go to> ::=
    ( GOTO | GO TO ) <goto target>

<goto target> ::=
      <host label identifier>
    | <unsigned integer>
    | <host PL/I label variable>

<host label identifier> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<host PL/I label variable> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<preparable statement> ::=
      <preparable SQL data statement>
    | <preparable SQL schema statement>
    | <preparable SQL transaction statement>
    | <preparable SQL session statement>
    | <preparable implementation-defined statement>

<preparable SQL data statement> ::=
      <delete statement: searched>
    | <dynamic single row select statement>
    | <insert statement>
    | <dynamic select statement>
    | <update statement: searched>
    | <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
    | <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

<dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

<dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
   DELETE [ FROM <table name> ]
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
   UPDATE [ <table name> ]
      SET <set clause list>
      WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable SQL schema statement> ::=
      <SQL schema statement>

<preparable SQL transaction statement> ::=
      <SQL transaction statement>

<preparable SQL session statement> ::=
      <SQL session statement>

<preparable implementation-defined statement> ::=
    !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<direct SQL statement> ::=
    <directly executable statement> <semicolon>

<directly executable statement> ::=
      <direct SQL data statement>
    | <SQL schema statement>
    | <SQL transaction statement>
    | <SQL connection statement>
    | <SQL session statement>
    | <direct implementation-defined statement>

<direct SQL data statement> ::=
      <delete statement: searched>
    | <direct select statement: multiple rows>
    | <insert statement>
    | <update statement: searched>
    | <temporary table declaration>

<direct select statement: multiple rows> ::=
    <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]

<direct implementation-defined statement> ::=
    !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules)

<SQL object identifier> ::=
    <SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

<SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

<arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<arc3> ::= 9075

<SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

<SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

<1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

<1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>

<integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

<SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

<low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>

34. AXǪ SQL ɤ

34.1 PostgreSQL ɤ

   SQL ɤޤ]]tb PostgreSQL GCSQL ɤޤZb src/tutorial ؿ
   C
   
34.2 p URL 

   Ǫ̪ SQL ɤޥibHUa
     * [309]http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm
       
   NκHql
     * Jim Hoffman [310]jhoffman@one.net
       
   John Hoffman ]˥HU}J
     * SQL Reference
       [311]http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html
     * Ask the SQL Pro [312]http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/
     * SQL Pro's Relational DB Useful Sites
       [313]http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/usefulsites.html
     * Programmer's Source
       [314]http://infoweb.magi.com/~steve/develop.html
     * DBMS Sites [315]http://info.itu.ch/special/wwwfiles 즹o
       compdb.html 
     * DB Ingredients [316]http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/databases/f017.html
     * Web Authoring [317]http://www.stars.com/Tutorial/CGI/
     * Computing Dictionary
       [318]http://wfn-shop.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/foldoc
     * DBMS Lab/Links [319]http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
     * SQL FAQ
       [320]http://epoch.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/sequoia/dba/montage/FAQ Go
       here and see file SQL_TOC.html
     * SQL Databases
       [321]http://chaos.mur.csu.edu.au/itc125/cgi/sqldb.html
     * RIT Database Design Page
       [322]http://www.it.rit.edu/~wjs/IT/199602/icsa720/icsa720postings.
       html
     * Database Jump Site [323]http://www.pcslink.com/~ej/dbweb.html
     * Programming Tutorials on the Web
       [324]http://www.eng.uc.edu/~jtilley/tutorial.html
     * Development Resources
       [325]http://www.ndev.com/ndc2/support/resources.htp
     * Query List [326]http://ashok.pair.com/sql.htm
     * IMAGE SQL Miscellaneous
       [327]http://jazz.external.hp.com/training/sqltables/main.html
     * Internet Resource List
       [328]http://www.eit.com/web/netservices.html
       
35. XLinux ֳtw˫

   pGApb Linux w PostgreSQLAӦbw Linux ɻݭnUAаѦҦb
   oܪaC̥]tHUDDJ
     * Salient Features of Linux - Why Linux is better as a database
       server when compared with Windows 95/NT
     * 10 minutes Linux Quick Install Instructions
     * Microsoft-Linux Analogy List
     * Quick Steps to Recompile the Linux Kernel
       
     * D [329]http://www.aldev.8m.com
     * Mgx [330]http://www.aldev.webjump.com
     * Mgx [331]http://www.homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html
     * Mgx [332]http://www3.bcity.com/aldev/
     * Mgx [333]http://www.members.spree.com/technology/aldev/

References

   1. mailto:alavoor@yahoo.com
   2. mailto:a9504480@graduate.hku.hk
   3. mailto:scrappy@postgreSQL.org
   4. http://www.greatbridge.com/
   5. http://www.tcx.se/
   6. http://www.lsl.com/
   7. http://www.cheapbytes.com/
   8. http://www.debian.org/vendors.html
   9. http://www.postgresql.org/
  10. mailto:lamar.owen@wgcr.org
  11. http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgres
  12. http://www.postgresql.org/
  13. http://www.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/
  14. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/
  15. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/bindist
  16. http://www.postgresql.org/
  17. http://logical.thought.net/postgres95/
  18. http://www.itm.tu-clausthal.de/mirrors/postgres95/
  19. http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
  20. http://xenium.pdi.net/PostgreSQL/
  21. http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/
  22. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub
  23. ftp://ftp.chicks.net/pub/postgresql
  24. ftp://ftp.emsi.priv.at/pub/postgres/
  25. ftp://ftp.itm.tu-clausthal.de/pub/mirrors/postgres95
  26. ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu/pub/mirrors/postgreSQL
  27. ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/dbms/postgres95
  28. ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95
  29. ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95
  30. ftp://ftpza.co.za/mirrors/postgres
  31. ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/databases/postgresql
  32. ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/pub/software/postgresql
  33. ftp://xenium.pdi.net/pub/PostgreSQL
  34. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/
  35. http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgres
  36. mailto:lamar.owen@wgcr.org
  37. http://www.postgresql.org/
  38. http://www.RPM.org/
  39. http://www.aldev.8m.com/
  40. http://www.aldev.webjump.com/
  41. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Examples RPM
  42. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Examples RPM
  43. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Examples RPM
  44. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Examples RPM
  45. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
  46. http://www.blackdown.org/
  47. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
  48. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Examples RPM
  49. http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc/
  50. http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/
  51. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/patches
  52. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#PHP
  53. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#PHP
  54. http://www.ist.co.uk/xd
  55. http://www.troll.no/
  56. ftp://ftp.troll.no/
  57. http://www.kaze.stetson.edu/cdevel/code_crusader/about.html
  58. http://www.metrowerks.com/
  59. http://www.redhat.com/
  60. http://www.cygnus.com/
  61. http://www.inprise.com/
  62. http://www.inprise.com/
  63. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Perl Database Interface
  64. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/lesstiff*.rpm
  65. http://www.LinuxMall.com/products/00487.html
  66. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/jcc*.rpm
  67. http://www.scriptics.com/
  68. http://www.tcltk.com/
  69. http://www.neuron.com/
  70. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/visualtcl*.rpm
  71. http://sunscript.sun.com/
  72. http://sunscript.sun.com/TclTkCore/
  73. ftp://ftp.sunlabs.com/pub/tcl/tcl8.0a2.tar.Z
  74. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/free*.rpm
  75. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/spec*.rpm
  76. http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/kj/kanch.html
  77. http://www.redhat.com/
  78. http://www.rpi.edu/~payned/xwpe/
  79. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwpe*.rpm
  80. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwb*.rpm
  81. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/nedit*.rpm
  82. http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc
  83. http://www.postgresql.org/
  84. http://www.iodbc.org/
  85. http://www.openlinksw.com/
  86. http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc
  87. http://www.ids.net/~bjepson/freeODBC/
  88. http://www.openlinksw.com/
  89. http://www.demon.co.uk/finder/postgres/index.html
  90. ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/people/rst/rst-jdbc.tar.gz
  91. http://www.openlinksw.com/
  92. http://www.retep.org.uk/postgres
  93. http://eagle.eku.edu/tools/jdbc/faq.html
  94. http://splash.javasoft.com/jdbc
  95. http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc
  96. http://javanese.yoyoweb.com/JDBC/FAQ.txt
  97. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing Java
  98. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
  99. http://www.blackdown.org/
 100. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing Java
 101. mailto:E.Mergl@bawue.de
 102. ftp://ftp.kciLink.com/pub/PostgresPerl-1.3.tar.gz
 103. http://www.perl.com/perl/index.html
 104. http://reference.perl.com/
 105. http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Programming_Languages/Perl/
 106. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
 107. http://www.accessone.com/~jql/perlqt.html
 108. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
 109. ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386
 110. http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?ui
 111. http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?database
 112. http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local/modules/by-module/B/
 113. http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/id/MERLYN/sh2perl-0.02.tar.gz
 114. mailto:descarte@hermetica.com
 115. http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/DBD/
 116. http://www.perl.com/CPAN
 117. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI
 118. http://www.fugue.com/dbi/
 119. ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/perl/db
 120. http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html
 121. http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html
 122. http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html
 123. http://www.postgresql.org/
 124. mailto:E.Mergl@bawue.de
 125. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec
 126. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/tidbits
 127. http://www.tpj.com/
 128. http://www.fugue.com/dbi
 129. mailto:dbi-announce-request@fugue.com
 130. mailto:dbi-dev-request@fugue.com
 131. mailto:dbi-users-request@fugue.com
 132. http://outside.organic.com/mail-archives/dbi-users/
 133. http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/PerlDB-Interest
 134. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Devel::CoreStack
 135. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/win32
 136. http://www.roth.net/
 137. http://www.apache.org/
 138. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl
 139. http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI
 140. http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/index.html
 141. http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.tar.gz
 142. http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc
 143. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing Perl
 144. http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
 145. mailto:teo@flex.ro
 146. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 147. mailto:keidav@whidbey.com
 148. http://www.ucolick.org/~de/
 149. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 150. mailto:de@ucolick.org
 151. http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/
 152. mailto:keidav@mutinybaysoftware.com
 153. http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html
 154. mailto:keidav@whidbey.com
 155. http://www.ucolick.org/~de
 156. http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures
 157. mailto:de@ucolick.org
 158. http://www.uk.research.att.com/vnc
 159. http://www.warehouse.com/
 160. http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html
 161. http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm
 162. http://www.cybex.com/
 163. http://www.raritan.com/
 164. http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm
 165. http://www.belkin.com/
 166. http://www.betterbox.com/info.html
 167. http://www.lsl.com/
 168. http://www.cheapbytes.com/
 169. http://www.enhydra.org/
 170. http://www.lutris.com/
 171. http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Enterprise-Java-for-Linux-HOWTO.html
 172. http://www.zope.org/
 173. http://www.python.org/
 174. http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html
 175. ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN
 176. mailto:andrew@arthur.smuht.nwest.nhs.uk
 177. http://www.cis-computer.com/software/dbengine/
 178. http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/
 179. mailto:emmel@h-e-i.de
 180. http://www.heitml.com/
 181. http://www.h-e-i.deom/
 182. http://www.aolserver.com/
 183. http://photo.net/wtr/aolserver/introduction-1.html
 184. http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/
 185. ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/
 186. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz
 187. mailto:M.Boekhold@et.tudelft.nl
 188. http://www.python.org/
 189. http://mdbtools.sourceforge.net/
 190. http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/mdbtools-dev
 191. http://www.oswego.edu/Earp
 192. ftp://ftp.oswego.edu/
 193. ftp://ftp.oswego.edu/
 194. http://www.php.net/
 195. http://www.vex.net/php
 196. http://www.fe.de.php.net/
 197. http://www.sk.php.net/
 198. http://php.iquest.net/
 199. mailto:rasmus@lerdorf.on.ca
 200. mailto:asussman@vidya.com
 201. http://www.php.net/
 202. mailto:angio@aros.net
 203. ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c
 204. http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
 205. http://www.druid.net/~darcy/
 206. ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.README
 207. mailto:darcy@druid.net
 208. mailto:andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr
 209. mailto:andre@via.ecp.fr
 210. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.gz
 211. ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
 212. ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95-1.0b.tar.gz
 213. http://www.python.org/
 214. http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html
 215. ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz
 216. http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
 217. mailto:majordomo@vex.net
 218. mailto:andre@via.ecp.fr
 219. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing PyGreSQL
 220. http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb
 221. http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95/
 222. mailto:dunlop@eol.ists.ca
 223. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing libpq
 224. ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus
 225. mailto:linus@epact.se
 226. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Testing ecpg
 227. mailto:nico@overnet.com.ar
 228. ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz
 229. ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/
 230. http://www.askesis.nl/
 231. http://www.postgresql.org/
 232. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#installpgsql
 233. http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32
 234. http://sourceware.cygnus.com/
 235. mailto:horak@mmp.plzen-city.cz
 236. mailto:JKraaijeveld@askesis.nl
 237. mailto:kevlo@FreeBSD.org
 238. http://www.freebsd.org/~kevlo/postgres/portNT.html
 239. ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/latest/full.exe
 240. http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html
 241. ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/aux/
 242. http://www.multione.capgemini.fr/tools/pack_ipc
 243. http://www.yahoo.com/
 244. http://www.lycos.com/
 245. http://www.hotmail.com/
 246. http://www.postgresql.org/
 247. mailto:pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
 248. mailto:pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
 249. mailto:pgsql-ports@postgresql.org
 250. mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org
 251. mailto:pgsql-questions-request@postgresql.org
 252. mailto:pgsql-hackers-request@postgresql.org
 253. mailto:pgsql-ports-request@postgresql.org
 254. mailto:pgsql-docs-request@postgresql.org
 255. http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions
 256. ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/
 257. mailto:majordomo@tlali.iztacala.unam.mx
 258. http://www.postgresql.org/docs
 259. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix B
 260. http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html
 261. http://www.ansi.org/docs
 262. http://www.jcc.com/
 263. http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html
 264. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix A
 265. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#SQL 1998
 266. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.txt.html#Appendix B
 267. ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/
 268. ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/
 269. mailto:rts@cs.arizona.edu
 270. mailto:boehlen@iesd.auc.dk
 271. http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software
 272. mailto:pgsql-questions@postgresql.org
 273. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/comp.databases.postgresql.general
 274. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/comp.databases.postgresql.hackers
 275. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/comp.databases.postgresql.doc
 276. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/comp.databases.postgresql.bugs
 277. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.32571/linux.postgres
 278. http://www.postgresql.org/
 279. http://www.postresql.org/
 280. http://www.greatbridge.com/
 281. http://www.redhat.com/
 282. http://www.wgs.com/
 283. http://www.ac.com/
 284. http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/linuxapps/linapps.html
 285. http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
 286. http://linas.org/linux/db.html
 287. mailto:linas@fc.net
 288. http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~scg/FreeDB/FreeDB.list.html
 289. http://www.hex.net/~cbbrowne/rdbms.html
 290. mailto:cbbrowne@hex.net
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 292. http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/2/
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