     , Linux NET-3-HOWTO.
    (Terry Dawson) ( ), VK2KTJ;
    (), alessan
  dro.rubini@linux.it   () deo@logos-m.ru
  v1.4,  1998

         " "
   .   tcp/ip  
         .  
    ,     
       .
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents




















































  1.    1.3 ( 1998)

  2. .

     2.1 

  3.    (NET-3-HOWTO-HOWTO ?).

     3.1 ,    

  4.      .

     4.1      .
     4.2      .
     4.3    ,     

  5.     .

     5.1   ?
        5.1.1    .
        5.1.2  .
        5.1.3  .
        5.1.4 .
     5.2     ?
     5.3   .
     5.4   .
     5.5     (Name Resolver)
        5.5.1   "" ?
        5.5.2     ?
        5.5.3 /etc/resolv.conf
        5.5.4 /etc/host.conf
        5.5.5 /etc/hosts
        5.5.6    
     5.6   .
     5.7 .
        5.7.1   
     5.8     .
        5.8.1 (TT
           5.8.1.1  
        5.8.2 (TT
           5.8.2.1  
     5.9  ,    .
        5.9.1 (TT
        5.9.2 (TT
     5.10    .
        5.10.1 /etc/ftpusers
        5.10.2 /etc/securetty
        5.10.3      
           5.10.3.1 /etc/hosts.allow
           5.10.3.2 /etc/hosts.deny
        5.10.4 /etc/hosts.equiv
        5.10.5   
        5.10.6   ().
        5.10.7  .

  6.   IP- Ethernet-.

     6.1 Ethernet
     6.2 EQL --   .
     6.3 IP- (   2.0).
     6.4 IP- (   2.2)
     6.5 IP-.
     6.6 IP  (   2.0).
     6.7 IP- (   2.2)
     6.8 IPIP-
        6.8.1  IP- -.
        6.8.2  IP- -.
     6.9 IP- (   2.0)
     6.10 "" IP-.
     6.11 IPv6
     6.12  IP
     6.13 IP- (IP multicast)
     6.14    (NAT, Network Address Translation)
     6.15   . (Traffic Shaper)
     6.16     2.2.*

  7.    .

     7.1 ISDN
     7.2  PLIP    2.0.*
     7.3  PLIP    2.2.*
     7.4 PPP
        7.4.1   ppp-  
     7.5 SLIP-
        7.5.1 dip
        7.5.2 slattach
        7.5.3      ?
        7.5.4  ,  SLIP-  DIP.
        7.5.5  ,  SLIP-  DIP.
        7.5.6   DIP.
        7.5.7  SLIP-      slattach.
     7.6 SLIP-.
        7.6.1 SLIP-   
           7.6.1.1  
           7.6.1.2  
           7.6.1.3 
           7.6.1.4 
           7.6.1.5 
           7.6.1.6 
        7.6.2 SLIP-   
           7.6.2.1 
        7.6.3 SLIP-   

  8.   .

     8.1 ARCNet
     8.2 Appletalk (
        8.2.1  AppleTalk.
        8.2.2     .
        8.2.3    .
        8.2.4  AppleTalk.
        8.2.5  AppltTalk.
        8.2.6   AppleTalk.
        8.2.7  .
     8.3 ATM
     8.4 AX25 (
     8.5 DECNet
     8.6 FDDI
     8.7     (Frame Relay).
     8.8 IPX (
     8.9 NetRom (
     8.10  Rose (
     8.11 SAMBA -   `NetBEUI'  `NetBios'.
     8.12  STRIP (Starmode Radio IP)
     8.13  Token Ring
     8.14 X.25
     8.15   WaveLan

  9.  .

     9.1  - .
     9.2       (PLIP)
     9.3 10base2 (  Ethernet-)
     9.4 Ethernet- ` '

  10. .

  11.   - ?

  12. 

  13.  .



  ______________________________________________________________________

  11..     11..33 (( 11999988))


  :
             (Traffic Shaper).
           PLIP   .

  /:
            NetKit.
              .
           .
             2.0  2.2 (   2.2  )
           .

  :
             .
               IPv6.
             /proc/sys/net/
           WanRouter
                 2.2



  22..  ..

   NET-FAQ,       
      ,     (Matt Welsh) 
    (Terry Dawson)  ,     
    .      
   .   NET-2-HOWTO,  
       NET-FAQ.    
   HOWTO,    2 (     3) 
   .  ,   ,  
  NET-2-HOWTO     3   .

         -
    ,    
  .       
    HOWTO.         
   .

    1998       
           
  (Alessandro Rubini).

  22..11..  

          .
      (rubini@linux.it <mailto:rubini@linux.it>.


  33..     ((NNEETT--33--HHOOWWTTOO--HHOOWWTTOO ??))..

      .  
    ,         
   .     ,  
     .   ,
        3 :
    ethernet-  IP-, ,  
    ,   
  .

        :



       
               
         ,  ,   
          ,    .


        
                
                
           .


       ````EEtthheerrnneett  IIPP'''',,    
             ."     
          ethernet-   
         IP-  ,   , 
          ..


       ,,     
        "      PLIP, PPP, SLIP 
        ISDN -- ,   
        .


      ,,    
              ,
          IP,    
        .


       
                 
        ,   -    .


     ,,    
            ,      
          ,  ,  
         ,        
        .


     !!
         ,   .






  33..11..  ,,    

        , , 
      --   . 
  ``''  ,   
  .     ,   
       "user%",   --
  "root#"   "#".    ,   
   .

   ,  ``  ''  
   _m_e_n_u_c_o_n_f_i_g. ,     ,  
    .       
  ,    _m_e_n_u_c_o_n_f_i_g.

       HOWTO  ,  ,
      HTML-   .  
         ,    
   sunsite.unc.edu ( /pub/Linux/HOWTO)     
  .

  44..       ..



  44..11..       ..

       tcp/ip,  
        
   .       
    ,    ,   
         
    ,  U.S.L.  ,  
     -  ,   .

   ,     
    (Ross Biro <biro@yggdrasil.com>).    
  ,      , 
      ethernet WD-8003.   ,
         , 
            .
  ,    ,  
          
        .  
          
   -     
          
  .

    (Orest Zborowski <obz@Kodak.COM>)  
    BSD sockets.     , 
         
    .

    -    (Laurence Culhane
  <loz@holmes.demon.co.uk>)    
   SLIP.   ,     
  ethernet-,     .
   ,        
    .     , 
           
  ,    .

           (Fred van
  Kempen <waltje@uwalt.nl.mugnet.org>).   
  ,    ,    
   ,   .     
     ,     
     .     
  ,  NET-2 (   NET -- , 
  ),     .   ,
        ,  
    ,   Amateur Radio
  AX.25     . NET-2 
    ,     
  ,      
  .          
           
  . NET-FAQ  NET-2-HOWTO    ,
   ,     . 
      ,   
   .       
  ,       80% .  
  ,      ,    
   .

    (Alan Cox <iialan@www.uk.linux.org>)  
     .     
    NET-2      , 
     .     
          .  
           
   NET-2D ( NET-2-Debugged).    
   ,    .  
      ,        
      ,   NET-2.  
         -- 
  -- " ,  "   -- " 
   ".   (Linus Torvalds)  
      ,     
   .     .   
      ,   
   .     ,   
        .

    (Donald Becker <becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov>) 
         
    ethernet-.   ,  
      .   
    ,      , 
    .

     NET-2D,   , 
      .   ,  
    1.3.*   ,  
     3 -- NET-3,     
      .    
            
   .      
      AX.25  IPX.   
          .

   PPP     (Michael Callahan
  <callahan@maths.ox.ac.uk>)    (Al Longyear
  <longyear@netcom.com>).     ,  
      .

    (Jonathon Naylor <jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk>) 
    AX.25,    NetRom  Rose.
   AX.25/NetRom/Rose    ,  
          
   .
  ,       
   .       
  ,      , 
  ,       
  .       .  
   --   ,  ""
  ,        
  .


  44..22..       ..

            
   .

   ,      
   web-,     
  ,     .  
     www.uk.linux.org
  <http://www.uk.linux.org/NetNews.html>.

     --    (Olaf Kirch) "Network
  Administrator Guide" ("  "). 
        ( Linux Documentation
  Project <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>)      (
   ) HTML-   Network Administrators Guide
  HTML version <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/LDP/nag/nag.html> 
        ftp   sunsite.unc.edu
  sunsite.unc.edu LDP ftp archive
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP/network-guide/>.  
  --        
  .

   news-   news-,  , 
    ,    --
  comp.os.linux.networking <news:comp.os.linux.networking>

      ,     
   ,     .  , 
  ,  :


       To: majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu
       Subject: <>

          :

       subscribe linux-net





    IRC-    #linux    
      .

      ,     
  ,    .  , 
      , ,  
     _p_p_p_d  _d_i_p,    . 
           
      .




  44..33..     ,,    
  

        tcp/ip   
     :



     ttccpp//iipp iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn
               
        <ftp://athos.rutgers.edu/runet/tcp-ip-intro.doc>,    
        pstscript <ftp://athos.rutgers.edu/runet/tcp-ip-intro.ps>.


     ttccpp//iipp aaddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn
               
        <ftp://athos.rutgers.edu/runet/tcp-ip-admin.doc>,    
        postscript <ftp://athos.rutgers.edu/runet/tcp-ip-admin.ps>.


          


       Douglas E. Comer _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _T_C_P_/_I_P_, _V_o_l_u_m_e _1_:
       _p_r_i_n_c_i_p_l_e_s_, _p_r_o_t_o_c_o_l_s _a_n_d _a_r_c_h_i_t_e_c_t_u_r_e, ISBN 0-13-227836-7
       Prentice Hall publications, Third Edition, 1995.



          Unix-
  ,     


       W. Richard Stevens _U_n_i_x _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g ISBN
       0-13-949876-1, Prentice Hall publications, 1990.



        ,    
     ,   Web-  Prentice-Hall
  <http://www.phptr.com/>.

   ,    news- comp.protocols.tcp-ip
  <news:comp.protocols.tcp-ip>.

        tcp-ip  
    RFC. RFC   "Request For Comment"
  (  ). RFC --    .
    RFC     ,   ftp
    WWW.      RFC  
     .       :
  Nextor RFC database
  <http://pubweb.nexor.co.uk/public/rfc/index/rfc.html>.

  55..      ..

        .
    ,      
    .

  55..11..    ??

          
  .    :


  55..11..11..     ..

   ,   ,    
          ,  
   ,     
    .


            ftp 
    ftp.kernel.org
  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel>.   , ,
     ,    
    ,  ,   
  "",   ftp.funet.fi
  <ftp://ftp.funet.fi//mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel>. 
  ,         ,
   .

         /usr/src/linux 
    ,        ,
    Kernel-HOWTO <Kernel-HOWTO.html>.   
      ``Modules-mini-HOWTO''.   
       README  
  Documentation,      .

        (c 
      ),      
  .      (    
   )       
      .     
    ( )   ,  
        ,   .

    ,       
    2.1,      --  
   2.0    2.2     
  ,    2.1    
  .       ( 1998)
     2.1.115    2.2  
   .

  55..11..22..   ..

          .
  , ,       
  .

        ,
  ,        ,  
   .

        ,  
       .    .

         (Bernd
  Eckenfels)      ftp   ftp.inka.de
  <ftp://ftp.inka.de/pub/comp/Linux/networking/NetTools/>  
  "" ftp.uk.linux.org
  <ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/Networking/base/>.

  ,        
  .         
  .

           
      :
               user% tar xvfz net-tools-1.33.tar.gz
               user% cd net-tools-1.33
               user% make config
               user% make
               root# make install







         
  IP-    _i_p_f_w_a_d_m.   
       ftp   ftp.xos.nl
  <ftp:/ftp.xos.nl/pub/linux/ipfwadm>.  ,   
     .       2.1
  ,       2.0.

        :



               user% tar xvfz ipfwadm-2.3.0.tar.gz
               user% cd ipfwadm-2.3.0
               user% make
               root# make install






      2.2    2.1, 
      _i_p_f_w_a_d_m.    
        .

  55..11..33..   ..

     ,    _t_e_l_n_e_t  _f_t_p  
  .       
   (David Holland).    netbug@ftp.uk.linux.org.
         ftp.uk.linux.org
  <ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/Networking/base>.

    1997        
   ,    1997     
   netkit-base-0.10.      , 
    .

          :



               user% tar xvfz netkit-base-0.10
               user% cd netkit-base-0.10
               user% more README
               user% vi MCONFIG
               user% make
               root# make install






  55..11..44..  ..

     IP    .    
    `dotted decimal notation' ( ).   
       (0-255),  
   '.'      
    IP-.   
       ,    
   .

  IP-    IP-, ,
          .
   ,     
    ' .   
  ` ' ,    
  `'.    ,    , 
   -- .       IP-:



               -----------------------  ---------------
                             192.168.110.23
                                   255.255.255.0
                            192.168.110.
                                      .23
               -----------------------  ---------------
                               192.168.110.0
                  192.168.110.255
               -----------------------  ---------------





        ` '   .
   ,      
       .

  `'  --  ,  "" 
    ,   .    
  ,     .   
         .  
   ,       
  .    -- 
       IP-.    
  192.168.110.255.       
   .     , 
   ,    ,  
        
   .

         
  IP,          
  .        .












    ----------------------------------------------------------
    |  |          |                 |
    |    |               |                              |
    ----------------------------------------------------------
    |    A    | 255.0.0.0     | 0.0.0.0    - 127.255.255.255 |
    |    B    | 255.255.0.0   | 128.0.0.0  - 191.255.255.255 |
    |    C    | 255.255.255.0 | 192.0.0.0  - 223.255.255.255 |
    |Multicast| 240.0.0.0     | 224.0.0.0  - 239.255.255.255 |
    ----------------------------------------------------------






       ,    
  .      :



           
                
         ,     
         :


       IP- 

       IP- 

        IP-

       

       IP- 

       IP-   (DNS-server)


               
              .


       ,,      ..
            ,     
           ,     .
        ,     , 
        IP-      .
            RFC1597  .



                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  |       ,         |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  |  |          |                  |
                  |    |               |                               |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------
                  |    A    | 255.0.0.0     | 10.0.0.0    - 10.255.255.255  |
                  |    B    | 255.255.0.0   | 172.16.0.0  - 172.31.255.255  |
                  |    C    | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 |
                  -----------------------------------------------------------




     ,     --  ,   
     ,    .


  55..22..      ??

         
  .        ,
   `_i_n_i_t'.      /etc/inittab 
     .    
  _i_n_i_t,     System V,  
    (Miguel van Smoorenburg.).

        -.
    /etc/inittab    



               si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/boot





      ,   . 
    ,     autoexec.bat  S-DOS.

       ,    
    .

       :


       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       . |           | 
       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Debian   |/etc/init.d/network                         |/etc/init.d/netbase
                |                                            |/etc/init.d/netstd_init
                |                                            |/etc/init.d/netstd_nfs
                |                                            |/etc/init.d/netstd_misc
       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Slackware|/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1                          |/etc/rc.d/rc.inet2
       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       RedHat   |/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-<ifname>|/etc/rc.d/init.d/network
       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------





   ,   Debian  Red Hat 
          (
        ,   Red Hat
      /etc/sysconfig).   
       _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_i_t_t_a_b  
    _i_n_i_t.      Linux Journal, 
       www,     
   .

        
     .     
  ,   ,    
  .



         ----------------------------------------------
            |   
         ----------------------------------------------
         RedHat       | /sbin/netcfg
         Slackware    | /sbin/netconfig
         ----------------------------------------------






  55..33..    ..

        Unix  
        _/_d_e_v     . 
      ,    
       _/_d_e_v

        , 
         . ,
   ethernet-     eth[0..n]  
        .   
     eth0,  -- eth1  ..

     ,      _s_l_i_p 
  _p_p_p,    .  
      , 
       .    
  ,    _s_l_i_p_-  _p_p_p_-  
     ,     ethernet-. 
        .

  55..44..    ..

  ,      ,    
  .       . 
         
         .
        _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g.

        :



               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up






       _e_t_h_0   IP-
  `192.168.0.1'   `255.255.255.0'.  `_u_p'   
    .    ,  
     .    
   ``ifconfig eth0 down''.

         
  .  ,      
     ,     
  ,    ,   "" 
        .     ,
          ,  
    .      , 
       C,      
  '192.168.0.0'    '192.168.0.255'.

   _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g   ,   
  :


     uupp   (   ).

     ddoowwnn
         

     [[--]]aarrpp
             
         (arp)   .

     [[--]]aallllmmuullttii
               
         (multicast-).    
          ,    . 
            
        ,     

     mmttuu NN
          MTU  

     nneettmmaasskk <<aaddddrr>>
             ,   
         

     iirrqq <<aaddddrr>>
               
            IRQ    

     [[--]]bbrrooaaddccaasstt [[aaddddrr]]
              
              .

     [[--]]ppooiinnttooppooiinntt [[aaddddrr]]
              
           - ( _s_l_i_p 
        _p_p_p)

     hhww <<ttyyppee>> <<aaddddrr>>
               
         .      
        ethernet,        ,  
        AX.25


      _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g   
  .  ,   _p_p_p_d  _d_i_p 
          
   .

  55..55..      ((NNaammee RReessoollvveerr))

     --    .
     --    
   `ftp.funet.fi'    IP-,  
  128.214.248.6.


  55..55..11..    """" ??

  , -,   ,      ,
     ,   .    
   ,    . _______
    . _____     _________.
  ,      , 
  ________ ________ ______.       
  RFC920.     :

     CCOOMM
         

     EEDDUU
         

     GGOOVV
         

     MMIILL
         

     OORRGG
         

     NNEETT
         

      
          ISO,   


       ,   
      ,      
  `.us'.   , ,  .com and .org 
    - .

        .   
     com, edu, gov, mil  org.   
        
   com.au  gov.au . , ,   
   ,      
  .

         
  .     , 
        ,  
     ,   .

      --  (  ) `___ ______'.
     `______ ______',     
  `_________ ____________ ________ ___'.

     'perf.no.itg.telstra.com.au'   
  `perf'    -- `no.itg.telstra.com.au'.  
      ,  
   .   `telstra', 
       
    --     
   `Network Operations' (no)   `Information
  Technology Group' (itg).

      , , -
  ``systemy.it''   ``linux.it''   com  org.
     ``morgana.systemy.it'',  e-mail  --
  rubini@linux.it.        
      , ,  
     pluto.linux.it,   
   linux.it.

  55..55..22..      ??

    ,     . 
       `______ ______________ ____'
  (Domain Name Server, DNS),      
  .

         :

  55..55..33..  //eettcc//rreessoollvv..ccoonnff

        --
  /etc/resolv.conf.     .   ,
         
   .   ,   
  -:


     ddoommaaiinn
           .

     sseeaarrcchh
           ,     
        ,          

     nnaammeesseerrvveerr
         ,      , 
        IP-   ,    
          .   ,   
         .


  , /etc/resolv.conf   :



               domain maths.wu.edu.au
               search maths.wu.edu.au wu.edu.au
               nameserver 192.168.10.1
               nameserver 192.168.12.1






         maths.wu.edu.au.  
    ,   ,  `boulder', 
        
  `boulder.maths.wu.edu.au',     -- `boulder.wu.edu.au'.
           
   `192.168.10.1'  `192.168.12.1'.

  55..55..44..  //eettcc//hhoosstt..ccoonnff

    /etc/host.conf  ,   
    .      
  man- `resolv+',      
   :



               order hosts,bind
               multi on


       ,  
    /etc/hosts  ,     ,
         /etc/hosts   
  ,    .

  55..55..55..  //eettcc//hhoossttss

          IP-   
  .          
     .     , 
           
         /etc/hosts,  IP-
  -   .      
   2 :



               # /etc/hosts
               127.0.0.1      localhost loopback
               192.168.0.1    this.host.name






      .  ,   
       IP-.  `127.0.0.1' 
      ` '.

  55..55..66..     

          . 
  .      DNS-HOWTO <DNS-HOWTO.html>
        _B_I_N_D (Berkeley Internet Name
  Domain).

  55..66..    ..

  `'  --  ,  
     .      .
  ,     - 
   ,        .
        `127.0.0.1'.
  ,  telnet   127.0.0.1   , 
      .     
   (       
  ).



               root# ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1
               root# route add -host 127.0.0.1 lo






   _r_o_u_t_e      .

  55..77..  ..

   --  ,       
  .   , ,    
  ,       ,
    .     , 
     ,     .

    . ,    IP-?


       IP-  ,   
            , 
            IP-.



      .   
   ,   PPP-  ,
      ethernet- 
  PPP-   .      
    IP-,   , 
        .   
     ,     
      --  ,  , 
  ,       , 
  ethernet-,     
   PPP  SLIP.

     ?     
    ,   . 
            .
    --  ,  --  , 
     ,   -- IP- , 
     .  ,   
       :



               user% cat /proc/net/route






     :



               user% /sbin/route -n
               user% netstat -r






     :   
  IP-,    ( ,   
   )      .
           
   .     `-' , 
      ,  ,   
    ,     .

        `_r_o_u_t_e'.
          , 
   ,       .


   .  ,     ethernet-. 
      C   '192.168.1.0'.  
     '192.168.1.10'   ,  ,
           

        .  
   :



               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up






            
  ,        `192.168.1.*'
       eth0.    
   :



               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0






       `-net'.   ,
          .  
    `-host'       IP-.

       IP-  
      ethernet-.     
   ?

           IP-
  ,     --   .
         , 
     .      
    -- "    ".   
      :



               root# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 eth0






   `gw'   route    --
  IP-   ,     
  ,     .

       :






          root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
          root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
          root# route add default gw 192.168.1.1 eth0







       `rc' ,  ,
   ,         
  -,     .   --  
   .

         
  .  ,      
   .      PPP- 
    ethernet-.   
   :



               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               root# route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth1
               root# route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth2
               root# route add default ppp0






           
        .  
          
      .     
  ,         . 
   ,       
    `gw'.  .   
   ,   PPP  SLIP    
     -- ( -)   
   --       . 
  ,       
  ,     .   
  ,   ethernet, arcnet  token ring  
   ,       
       .

  55..77..11..     rroouutteedd  ??

         
    ,       
    .       , 
    .  ,    
      .

     ,     
    ,    ,    
    ,      
     .  ,  
   .    , 
          .
       ,   - 
      .    
   "  ".
        
   .     -- RIP
  (Routing Information Protocol) (   ) 
  OSPF (Open Shortest Path First Protocol) ( 
   ).  RIP     
  ,       . 
    OSPF    
          
    .     
   --  `routed' -- RIP  `gated' -- RIP, OSPF 
  .  `routed'      
     `NetKit',  .

       
   :



             192.168.1.0 /                         192.168.2.0 /
                255.255.255.0                         255.255.255.0
              -                                     -
              |                                     |
              |   /-----\                 /-----\   |
              |   |     |ppp0   //    ppp0|     |   |
         eth0 |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |---| eth0
              |   |     |     //          |     |   |
              |   \-----/                 \-----/   |
              |      \ ppp1             ppp1 /      |
              -       \                     /       -
                       \                   /
                        \                 /
                         \               /
                          \             /
                           \           /
                            \         /
                             \       /
                              \     /
                           ppp0\   /ppp1
                              /-----\
                              |     |
                              |  C  |
                              |     |
                              \-----/
                                 |eth0
                                 |
                            |---------|
                            192.168.3.0 /
                               255.255.255.0





       -- A, B  C.    
    ethernet-  IP-  C ( 255.255.255.0).
   ,     PPP-   . 
    .

      A  
  :






          root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
          root# route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ppp0
          root# route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ppp1






    ,       
   A  B.       A  
        ,   
  A       ppp0.    
         C,     C
        .

     A ""  B,  ,    ""
   C,     A    
     B   C ?     
    .    
       ,  
      ,  
   ,        
  .        
          
  . ,   A:



               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               root# /usr/sbin/routed






   `routed'       
         , 
          
   ,       
  .

         , 
      .    
     ,     .

   :


  1.       ,   
         ,     
     .

  2.      
             
      .

  3.  RIP      .


  55..88..      ..

      --  ,  
       .   ""
   .   --     
   .       telnet-
    ftp-.    
     ,     , ""
       . 
        :



     
          ()     ,  
              .


         _i_n_e_t_d
         _i_n_e_t_d --   ,  
          .    
        ,        
         .       
             tcp   udp,
           .     ,
           .


        -- /etc/services,  
        
  /etc/inetd.conf --     _i_n_e_t_d.

  55..88..11..  //eettcc//sseerrvviicceess

   /etc/services --  ,   
        . 
     .        
  :


               /         # 






     
        ,   .


     //
             .



        
           ,   ,    
           .     
            .     RFC1340.


        
           ,  tcp  udp


          ,  ,   10/tcp 
        10/udp      ,  ,
          10/tcp       10/udp.
         ,        
        ,      
        .


     
         ,      
        .


      `#'    .


  55..88..11..11..    //eettcc//sseerrvviicceess ..

         
  `/etc/services'.  ,      
  ,   /etc/services,   
  Debian <http://www.debian.org/>.

















































  # /etc/services:
  # $Id: services,v 1.3 1996/05/06 21:42:37 tobias Exp $
  #
  # Network services, Internet style
  #
  # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known
  # port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries
  # even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations.
  # Updated from RFC 1340, ``Assigned Numbers'' (July 1992).  Not all ports
  # are included, only the more common ones.

  tcpmux          1/tcp                           # TCP port service multiplexer
  echo            7/tcp
  echo            7/udp
  discard         9/tcp           sink null
  discard         9/udp           sink null
  systat          11/tcp          users
  daytime         13/tcp
  daytime         13/udp
  netstat         15/tcp
  qotd            17/tcp          quote
  msp             18/tcp                          # message send protocol
  msp             18/udp                          # message send protocol
  chargen         19/tcp          ttytst source
  chargen         19/udp          ttytst source
  ftp-data        20/tcp
  ftp             21/tcp
  ssh             22/tcp                          # SSH Remote Login Protocol
  ssh             22/udp                          # SSH Remote Login Protocol
  telnet          23/tcp
  # 24 - private
  smtp            25/tcp          mail
  # 26 - unassigned
  time            37/tcp          timserver
  time            37/udp          timserver
  rlp             39/udp          resource        # resource location
  nameserver      42/tcp          name            # IEN 116
  whois           43/tcp          nicname
  re-mail-ck      50/tcp                          # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
  re-mail-ck      50/udp                          # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
  domain          53/tcp          nameserver      # name-domain server
  domain          53/udp          nameserver
  mtp             57/tcp                          # deprecated
  bootps          67/tcp                          # BOOTP server
  bootps          67/udp
  bootpc          68/tcp                          # BOOTP client
  bootpc          68/udp
  tftp            69/udp
  gopher          70/tcp                          # Internet Gopher
  gopher          70/udp
  rje             77/tcp          netrjs
  finger          79/tcp
  www             80/tcp          http            # WorldWideWeb HTTP
  www             80/udp                          # HyperText Transfer Protocol
  link            87/tcp          ttylink
  kerberos        88/tcp          kerberos5 krb5  # Kerberos v5
  kerberos        88/udp          kerberos5 krb5  # Kerberos v5
  supdup          95/tcp
  # 100 - reserved
  hostnames       101/tcp         hostname        # usually from sri-nic
  iso-tsap        102/tcp         tsap            # part of ISODE.
  csnet-ns        105/tcp         cso-ns          # also used by CSO name server
  csnet-ns        105/udp         cso-ns
  rtelnet         107/tcp                         # Remote Telnet
  rtelnet         107/udp
  pop-2           109/tcp         postoffice      # POP version 2
  pop-2           109/udp
  pop-3           110/tcp                         # POP version 3
  pop-3           110/udp
  sunrpc          111/tcp         portmapper      # RPC 4.0 portmapper TCP
  sunrpc          111/udp         portmapper      # RPC 4.0 portmapper UDP
  auth            113/tcp         authentication tap ident
  sftp            115/tcp
  uucp-path       117/tcp
  nntp            119/tcp         readnews untp   # USENET News Transfer Protocol
  ntp             123/tcp
  ntp             123/udp                         # Network Time Protocol
  netbios-ns      137/tcp                         # NETBIOS Name Service
  netbios-ns      137/udp
  netbios-dgm     138/tcp                         # NETBIOS Datagram Service
  netbios-dgm     138/udp
  netbios-ssn     139/tcp                         # NETBIOS session service
  netbios-ssn     139/udp
  imap2           143/tcp                         # Interim Mail Access Proto v2
  imap2           143/udp
  snmp            161/udp                         # Simple Net Mgmt Proto
  snmp-trap       162/udp         snmptrap        # Traps for SNMP
  cmip-man        163/tcp                         # ISO mgmt over IP (CMOT)
  cmip-man        163/udp
  cmip-agent      164/tcp
  cmip-agent      164/udp
  xdmcp           177/tcp                         # X Display Mgr. Control Proto
  xdmcp           177/udp
  nextstep        178/tcp         NeXTStep NextStep       # NeXTStep window
  nextstep        178/udp         NeXTStep NextStep       # server
  bgp             179/tcp                         # Border Gateway Proto.
  bgp             179/udp
  prospero        191/tcp                         # Cliff Neuman's Prospero
  prospero        191/udp
  irc             194/tcp                         # Internet Relay Chat
  irc             194/udp
  smux            199/tcp                         # SNMP Unix Multiplexer
  smux            199/udp
  at-rtmp         201/tcp                         # AppleTalk routing
  at-rtmp         201/udp
  at-nbp          202/tcp                         # AppleTalk name binding
  at-nbp          202/udp
  at-echo         204/tcp                         # AppleTalk echo
  at-echo         204/udp
  at-zis          206/tcp                         # AppleTalk zone information
  at-zis          206/udp
  z3950           210/tcp         wais            # NISO Z39.50 database
  z3950           210/udp         wais
  ipx             213/tcp                         # IPX
  ipx             213/udp
  imap3           220/tcp                         # Interactive Mail Access
  imap3           220/udp                         # Protocol v3
  ulistserv       372/tcp                         # UNIX Listserv
  ulistserv       372/udp
  #
  # UNIX specific services
  #
  exec            512/tcp
  biff            512/udp         comsat
  login           513/tcp
  who             513/udp         whod
  shell           514/tcp         cmd             # no passwords used
  syslog          514/udp
  printer         515/tcp         spooler         # line printer spooler
  talk            517/udp
  ntalk           518/udp
  route           520/udp         router routed   # RIP
  timed           525/udp         timeserver
  tempo           526/tcp         newdate
  courier         530/tcp         rpc
  conference      531/tcp         chat
  netnews         532/tcp         readnews
  netwall         533/udp                         # -for emergency broadcasts
  uucp            540/tcp         uucpd           # uucp daemon
  remotefs        556/tcp         rfs_server rfs  # Brunhoff remote filesystem
  klogin          543/tcp                         # Kerberized `rlogin' (v5)
  kshell          544/tcp         krcmd           # Kerberized `rsh' (v5)
  kerberos-adm    749/tcp                         # Kerberos `kadmin' (v5)
  #
  webster         765/tcp                         # Network dictionary
  webster         765/udp
  #
  # From ``Assigned Numbers'':
  #
  #> The Registered Ports are not controlled by the IANA and on most systems
  #> can be used by ordinary user processes or programs executed by ordinary
  #> users.
  #
  #> Ports are used in the TCP [45,106] to name the ends of logical
  #> connections which carry long term conversations.  For the purpose of
  #> providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is
  #> defined.  This list specifies the port used by the server process as its
  #> contact port.  While the IANA can not control uses of these ports it
  #> does register or list uses of these ports as a convienence to the
  #> community.
  #
  ingreslock      1524/tcp
  ingreslock      1524/udp
  prospero-np     1525/tcp                # Prospero non-privileged
  prospero-np     1525/udp
  rfe             5002/tcp                # Radio Free Ethernet
  rfe             5002/udp                # Actually uses UDP only
  bbs             7000/tcp                # BBS service
  #
  #
  # Kerberos (Project Athena/MIT) services
  # Note that these are for Kerberos v4 and are unofficial.  Sites running
  # v4 should uncomment these and comment out the v5 entries above.
  #
  kerberos4       750/udp         kdc     # Kerberos (server) udp
  kerberos4       750/tcp         kdc     # Kerberos (server) tcp
  kerberos_master 751/udp                 # Kerberos authentication
  kerberos_master 751/tcp                 # Kerberos authentication
  passwd_server   752/udp                 # Kerberos passwd server
  krb_prop        754/tcp                 # Kerberos slave propagation
  krbupdate       760/tcp         kreg    # Kerberos registration
  kpasswd         761/tcp         kpwd    # Kerberos "passwd"
  kpop            1109/tcp                # Pop with Kerberos
  knetd           2053/tcp                # Kerberos de-multiplexor
  zephyr-srv      2102/udp                # Zephyr server
  zephyr-clt      2103/udp                # Zephyr serv-hm connection
  zephyr-hm       2104/udp                # Zephyr hostmanager
  eklogin         2105/tcp                # Kerberos encrypted rlogin
  #
  # Unofficial but necessary (for NetBSD) services
  #
  supfilesrv      871/tcp                 # SUP server
  supfiledbg      1127/tcp                # SUP debugging
  #
  # Datagram Delivery Protocol services
  #
  rtmp            1/ddp                   # Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
  nbp             2/ddp                   # Name Binding Protocol
  echo            4/ddp                   # AppleTalk Echo Protocol
  zip             6/ddp                   # Zone Information Protocol
  #
  # Debian GNU/Linux services
  rmtcfg          1236/tcp                # Gracilis Packeten remote config server
  xtel            1313/tcp                # french minitel
  cfinger         2003/tcp                # GNU Finger
  postgres        4321/tcp                # POSTGRES
  mandelspawn     9359/udp        mandelbrot      # network mandelbrot

  # Local services





           
  .    ,     
   ,       .

  55..88..22..  //eettcc//iinneettdd..ccoonnff

   /etc/inetd.conf --     _i_n_e_t_d.  
    ,  ,     _i_n_e_t_d
     .    ,
    _i_n_e_t_d   ,   
          .

       .   ,  
       .   
   `#'       .
      ,  
      .   :



          _   _ __ _









     
            /etc/services


     __
               
        .    stream, dgram, raw,
        rdm, seqpacket.       
           --    
         tcp   stream,    
        udp --  dgram.     
             .


     
        ,     .  
           ,    /etc/services 
         ,      tcp  udp.
            "  " (RPC,
        Remote Procedure Call)  Sun     
        rpc/tcp  rpc/udp.


     
                -- wait  nowait. 
            ,  _i_n_e_t_d  
          ,   ,
             , , 
               
         .  ,  tcp-   
         nowait,   udp- -- wait.   
            ,   
             ,  
        .


     __
        ,       .
            /etc/passwd   
        .    nobody    
           ""  . ,  
             "root"  ,
          .


     ____
           -


     __
            .     , 
                
        .


  55..88..22..11..    //eettcc//iinneettdd..ccoonnff

        /etc/services,  
       /etc/inetd.conf 
      /etc/inetd.conf   Debian
  <http://www.debian.org/>.

























  # /etc/inetd.conf:  see inetd(8) for further informations.
  #
  # Internet server configuration database
  #
  #
  # Modified for Debian by Peter Tobias <tobias@et-inf.fho-emden.de>
  #
  # <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>
  #
  # Internal services
  #
  #echo           stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  #echo           dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  discard         stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  discard         dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  daytime         stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  daytime         dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  #chargen        stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  #chargen        dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  time            stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal
  time            dgram   udp     wait    root    internal
  #
  # These are standard services.
  #
  telnet  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
  ftp     stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.ftpd
  #fsp    dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.fspd
  #
  # Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
  #
  shell   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rshd
  login   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind
  #exec   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rexecd
  talk    dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.talkd
  ntalk   dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.ntalkd
  #
  # Mail, news and uucp services.
  #
  smtp    stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.smtpd
  #nntp   stream  tcp     nowait  news    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.nntpd
  #uucp   stream  tcp     nowait  uucp    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico
  #comsat dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.comsat
  #
  # Pop et al
  #
  #pop-2  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.pop2d
  #pop-3  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.pop3d
  #
  # `cfinger' is for the GNU finger server available for Debian.  (NOTE: The
  # current implementation of the `finger' daemon allows it to be run as `root'.)
  #
  #cfinger stream tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.cfingerd
  #finger stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.fingerd
  #netstat        stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/netstat
  #systat stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /bin/ps -auwwx
  #
  # Tftp service is provided primarily for booting.  Most sites
  # run this only on machines acting as "boot servers."
  #
  #tftp   dgram   udp     wait    nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
  #tftp   dgram   udp     wait    nobody  /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /boot
  #bootps dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/bootpd        bootpd -i -t 120
  #
  # Kerberos authenticated services (these probably need to be corrected)
  #
  #klogin         stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind -k
  #eklogin        stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rlogind -k -x
  #kshell         stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/in.rshd -k
  #
  # Services run ONLY on the Kerberos server (these probably need to be corrected)
  #
  #krbupdate      stream tcp      nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/registerd
  #kpasswd        stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/kpasswdd
  #
  # RPC based services
  #
  #mountd/1       dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
  #rstatd/1-3     dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rstatd
  #rusersd/2-3    dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rusersd
  #walld/1        dgram   rpc/udp wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/rpc.rwalld
  #
  # End of inetd.conf.
  ident           stream  tcp     nowait  nobody  /usr/sbin/identd        identd -i





  55..99..   ,,    ..

          
  .  -    ,    
    ,       .

  55..99..11..  //eettcc//pprroottooccoollss


   /etc/protocols       .
         ,
      ,  
   ,   _t_c_p_d_u_m_p,  
    .    :



         _    






   /etc/protocols   Debian <http://www.debian.org/>



















  # /etc/protocols:
  # $Id: protocols,v 1.1 1995/02/24 01:09:41 imurdock Exp $
  #
  # Internet (IP) protocols
  #
  #       from: @(#)protocols     5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/89
  #
  # Updated for NetBSD based on RFC 1340, Assigned Numbers (July 1992).

  ip      0       IP              # internet protocol, pseudo protocol number
  icmp    1       ICMP            # internet control message protocol
  igmp    2       IGMP            # Internet Group Management
  ggp     3       GGP             # gateway-gateway protocol
  ipencap 4       IP-ENCAP        # IP encapsulated in IP (officially ``IP'')
  st      5       ST              # ST datagram mode
  tcp     6       TCP             # transmission control protocol
  egp     8       EGP             # exterior gateway protocol
  pup     12      PUP             # PARC universal packet protocol
  udp     17      UDP             # user datagram protocol
  hmp     20      HMP             # host monitoring protocol
  xns-idp 22      XNS-IDP         # Xerox NS IDP
  rdp     27      RDP             # "reliable datagram" protocol
  iso-tp4 29      ISO-TP4         # ISO Transport Protocol class 4
  xtp     36      XTP             # Xpress Tranfer Protocol
  ddp     37      DDP             # Datagram Delivery Protocol
  idpr-cmtp       39      IDPR-CMTP       # IDPR Control Message Transport
  rspf    73      RSPF            # Radio Shortest Path First.
  vmtp    81      VMTP            # Versatile Message Transport
  ospf    89      OSPFIGP         # Open Shortest Path First IGP
  ipip    94      IPIP            # Yet Another IP encapsulation
  encap   98      ENCAP           # Yet Another IP encapsulation





  55..99..22..  //eettcc//nneettwwoorrkkss

   /etc/networks      ,   
  /etc/hosts.       IP-.  
    /etc/hosts,        :



         _  _






  :



            loopnet    127.0.0.0
            localnet   192.168.0.0
            amprnet    44.0.0.0






     _r_o_u_t_e,     ,
        /etc/networks  IP-.
  55..1100..     ..

        ,  
     --  .   
          
  .        , 
         ,
    ,    Security-HOWTO <Security-
  HOWTO.html>

        -- ` 
   .."     , 
       .  
       /etc/inetd.conf 
   (  `#'   )   
   ,     . 
         shell, login, exec,
  uucp, ftp    -- finger, netstat, systat.

         
    .

  55..1100..11..  //eettcc//ffttppuusseerrss

   /etc/ftpusers --  ,   
          ftp.  
    - ftp (_f_t_p_d)  
   .      ,
           ftp.  
    :



               # /etc/ftpusers - ,     ftp
               root
               uucp
               bin
               mail






  55..1100..22..  //eettcc//sseeccuurreettttyy

   /etc/securetty    tty,    
     `root'.     
     ( /bin/login).   
  ,         
  root,      root   
   .



            # /etc/securetty - tty,      root
            tty1
            tty2
            tty3
            tty4






  55..1100..33..        ttccppdd

        _t_c_p_d   /etc/inetd.conf.
         
   ,   .     _i_n_e_t_d 
    ,     
  ,       .  
     /etc/hosts.allow  /etc/hosts.deny.   
   ,       .
       ,     
   _t_c_p_d    man- (
      hosts_access(5)).

  55..1100..33..11..  //eettcc//hhoossttss..aallllooww

   /etc/hosts.allow --     
  _/_u_s_r_/_s_b_i_n_/_t_c_p_d.    ,  , 
         .

    /etc/hosts.allow  :



               # /etc/hosts.allow
               #
               # <_>: <_> [: ]








     __
          ,  ,   
         . : ftpd, telnetd, fingerd.


     __
          ,  .   
         IP-.     .
        : gw.vk2ktj.ampr.org --   ,
        .uts.edu.au --   ,    
        .uts.edu.au, 44. --   ,  IP-
          44.       
         --  ALL   , LOCAL -- 
           `.'   (   ),
        PARANOID -- ,       (
           ).     --
        EXCEPT --      .  
            .


     
           .      ,
          ,     
         .    ,  
         ,    ,  
             
          ,  -   . 
            --   %h
          ( ,     ) ,
           , %d   
        .

    /etc/hosts.allow



         # /etc/hosts.allow
         #
         #      
         in.smtpd: ALL
         #   telnet  ftp -        
         telnetd, ftpd: LOCAL, myhost.athome.org.au
         #    finger,    .
         fingerd: ALL: (finger @%h | mail -s "finger from %h" root)






  55..1100..33..22..  //eettcc//hhoossttss..ddeennyy

   /etc/hosts.deny   /etc/hosts.allow  
  ,      _t_c_p_d  
    .

    /etc/hosts.deny




            # /etc/hosts.deny
            #
            #       
            ALL: PARANOID
            #
            #   
            ALL: ALL






   ALL: PARANOID    ,   
   ALL: ALL.        
     .

     --   ALL: ALL  
  /etc/hosts.deny         
  /etc/hosts.allow.

  55..1100..44..  //eettcc//hhoossttss..eeqquuiivv

   /etc/hosts.equiv   ,   
           .
         ,   
    ,    --   
      .      
  ,       ,
     /etc/hosts.equiv.    
    ,   ,    
         .rhosts

  55..1100..55..     ffttpp ..

          ftp-,
           
  .        
   ,       _f_t_p 
   . man-  _f_t_p_d   .
  ,       . 
  , ,   ,     
  /etc/passwd   /etc,   ,
            , 
  ,         .

  55..1100..66..    (())..

        
       ,     
   .      Firewall-HOWTO
  <Firewall-HOWTO.html>,  (  )    .

  55..1100..77..   ..

      (  ) 
   :


      sseennddmmaaiill
            _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l, 
               .


        NNFFSS   ,,  
        
        RPC:"       .
           ,      ,  
           .



  66..    IIPP-- EEtthheerrnneett--..

        ethernet  IP .
          
    ,      , 
      .

  66..11..  EEtthheerrnneett

    ethernet- `eth0', `eth1', `eth2' 
  ..      `eth0',   
     .

         ethernet-,
        ethernet-,   
          
   .

    ethernet-     Ethernet-HOWTO
  <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>.

          
  ethernet-,      
    :



               root# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0


    ethernet-    
  (Donald Becker, becker@CESDIS.gsfc.nasa.gov).

  66..22..  EEQQLL ----   ..

      `eql' (    )  
      -,   PPP, slip
   plip   ,    IP-. 
       ,
    .

    :


               Network device support  --->
                   [*] Network device support
                   <*> EQL (serial line load balancing) support






      ,    
     eql.      ,
  Livingstone Portmasters    dial-in .

    EQL     eql,  
     sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/system/Serial/eql-1.2.tar.gz>.

    .    
  eql-.    ,     
  . IP-  mtu   _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g:



               root# ifconfig eql 192.168.10.1 mtu 1006






          
  -.       -- 
        .

           eql.  
   `'      _e_q_l___e_n_s_l_a_v_e:



               root# eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
               root# eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400






   `_________ ________ __________' (  
  )      eql.   
  ,    ,   
     eql,   .

       eql  
  _e_q_l___e_m_a_n_c_i_p_a_t_e:



               root# eql_emancipate eql sl0






        _r_o_u_t_e 
  `'   eql.    :



               root# route add default eql






   EQL     (Simon Janes,
  simon@ncm.com).

  66..33..  IIPP-- ((   22..00))..

   IP-       
   .       
   ,        
  .       , 
    .    2.1.102  
    ,      
  ipfwadm,      IP-,  
   ``ipfwchains''.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] IP: accounting






   ,        
  IP-,   _i_p_f_w_a_d_m   .  
        . 
   ,    ,   
     man-  _i_p_f_w_a_d_m.

  :    ethernet-,    
  PPP-.         
            
  telnet, rlogin, ftp  http.

      :





          #!/bin/sh
          #
          #   
          ipfwadm -A -f
          #
          #    
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29 20
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 44.136.8.96/29 20
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29 23
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 44.136.8.96/29 23
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29 80
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 44.136.8.96/29 80
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29 513
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 44.136.8.96/29 513
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -D 44.136.8.96/29
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P udp -D 44.136.8.96/29
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P udp  -D 44.136.8.96/29
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P icmp -D 44.136.8.96/29
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P icmp -D 44.136.8.96/29
          #
          #   
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 0/0 20
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 0/0 20
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 0/0 23
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 0/0 23
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 0/0 80
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 0/0 80
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 0/0 513
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -S 0/0 513
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P tcp -D 0/0
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P tcp -D 0/0
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P udp -D 0/0
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P udp  -D 0/0
          ipfwadm -A in -a -P icmp -D 0/0
          ipfwadm -A out -a -P icmp -D 0/0
          #
          #   
          ipfwadm -A -l -n
          #






   ``ftp-data''  ``www'' --     /etc/services.
         .

      ,     
         ,
         ,
      . ,  , 
        "" telnet, rlogin,
  ftp  http,        ,
     .










  root# ipfwadm -A -l -n
  IP accounting rules
   pkts bytes dir prot source               destination          ports
      0     0 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> 20
      0     0 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            20 -> *
     10  1166 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> 80
     10   572 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            80 -> *
    252 10943 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> *
    231 18831 out tcp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0             * -> *
      0     0 in  udp  0.0.0.0/0            44.136.8.96/29       * -> *
      0     0 out udp  44.136.8.96/29       0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> 20
      0     0 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            20 -> *
     10  1166 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> 80
     10   572 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            80 -> *
    253 10983 in  tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
    231 18831 out tcp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 in  udp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *
      0     0 out udp  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            * -> *





  66..44..  IIPP-- ((   22..22))

       ``IP Firewall Chains''.
      IP-
  <http://www.adelaide.net.au/~rustcorp/ipfwchains/ipfwchains.html> 
    .   ,   
    _i_p_c_h_a_i_n_s   ipfwadm  
  IP-.  (    Documentation/Changes 
     ).

  66..55..  IIPP--..

    ,    
    IP-. ,  
   -   www  ftp-
   .     IP-
    ``IP-Alias mini-HOWTO''.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   ....
                   [*] Network aliasing
                   ....
                   <*> IP: aliasing support






   ,        
  IP-,    . IP-
    ,   
  .       
  <_>:<__>,  eth0:0 
  ppp0:10.     _____ 
   .

  ,     ethernet-   
   IP-,   ,      
    .     :



               root# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0:0

               root# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0:0






        `-'   :



               root# ifconfig eth0:0- 0






          
  .

  66..66..  IIPP  ((   22..00))..

       Firewall-HOWTO
  <Firewall-HOWTO.html>. IP-   
        
  IP-   .     -- 
  ,     .  
    ,   .  
    ,     . 
      ,   
        .

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Network firewalls
                   ....
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   [*] IP: firewalling
                   [ ] IP: firewall packet logging






        _i_p_f_w_a_d_m. 
          
  , ,       , 
       .

  -    
  IP- --      , 
       ,   
        
       .

         (Arnt
  Gulbrandsen, <agulbra@troll.no>).

        ,
     :



            -                                   -
             \                                  | 172.16.37.0
              \                                 |   /255.255.255.0
               \                 ---------      |
                |  172.16.174.30 | Linux |      |
            NET =================|  f/w  |------|    ..37.19
                |    PPP         | router|      |  --------
               /                 ---------      |--| Mail |
              /                                 |  | /DNS |
             /                                  |  --------
            -                                   -





          
   rc-,       
  .      
      ,    ,
        
   .


































          #!/bin/sh

          #    
          #      ''
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -f
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -p accept
          #
          #      
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -f
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept

          #   PPP
          #      '-a deny'  '-a reject -y'
          #         
          # .  '-o' ,    
          # .    ,   
          #      .
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a reject -y -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.174.30

          #    :
          #         
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 224.0/3 -D 172.16.37.0/24
          #
          #         
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 127.0/8 -D 172.16.37.0/24

          #   SMTP  DNS ,     
          #  
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.19 25 53
          #
          # DNS   UDP   TCP,    
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.19 53
          #
          #  ""   ,   NFS   
          # (Larry McVoy's NFS extension).     squid,  
          #  
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 53 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 2049 2050

          #     
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 53 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 53 1024:65535

          #      identd
          #   'reject'  ,  
          #    
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a reject -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 113

          #      "" 
          # 192.168.64  192.168.65.
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 192.168.64.0/23 \
                  -D 172.16.37.0/24 20:23

          #       .
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 172.16.37.0/24 -D 0/0

          #   tcp-   
          # ( 1:1023      ftp)
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -y -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24

          #     udp-
          #
          /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24






     --  .  
      .   
   ,  man-  _i_p_f_w_a_d_m.
         
    -    "".

  66..77..  IIPP-- ((   22..22))

      ``IP Firewall Chains''.  
     IP-
  <http://www.adelaide.net.au/~rustcorp/ipfwchains/ipfwchains.html> 
    .   ,   
    _i_p_c_h_a_i_n_s   ipfwadm  
  IP-.  (    Documentation/Changes
      ).


  66..88..  IIPPIIPP--

      IP-  IP-? 
        ,  
    .      
  --  IP  IP-.    -- Amateur Radio.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] TCP/IP networking
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   <*> IP: tunneling






   "IP-"   `tunl0', 'tunl1'  ..

   -,   ?   IP-
  ,  IP-    .  ,
         
      .  ,  
          
  IP-.      ,   
     . ,   
      ,      
      ,    
         .
  66..88..11..   IIPP-- --..

     :




             192.168.1/24                          192.168.2/24

                 -                                     -
                 |      ppp0 =            ppp0 =       |
                 |  aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd  fff.ggg.hhh.iii   |
                 |                                     |
                 |   /-----\                 /-----\   |
                 |   |     |       //        |     |   |
                 |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |---|
                 |   |     |     //          |     |   |
                 |   \-----/                 \-----/   |
                 |                                     |
                 -                                     -






         IPIP-
  --   .    ,   
      PPP-  .    
  IP-.      ,  
    . ,  ,  
           
  ,     .    
   IPIP-.  , ,    
          
   --       
   IP-. IPIP-    A  B --
  .

    `A'  :



               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=fff.ggg.hhh.iii
               #
               #  Ethernet
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               #  ppp0 ( ppp,    )
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               #  -
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.1 up
               route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0







     `B' -- :



               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd
               #
               #  Ethernet
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               #  ppp0 ( ppp,    )
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               #  -
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.2.1 up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0







  



               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegw tunl0






    `     192.168.1.0/24
   ,      aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd'

   ,       .
  -   `gw'  _r_o_u_t_e 
   ,     IP-, 
  ""   ,    192.168.1.0.

  66..88..22..   IIPP-- --..

          
  .  ,      
   .      `tunl'   
    "" ,    A 
    ,     (   
     (Proxy ARP)).    .
   --  ,   B    ,
    ,        `A.










        192.168.1/24

            -
            |      ppp0 =                ppp0 =
            |  aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd      fff.ggg.hhh.iii
            |
            |   /-----\                 /-----\
            |   |     |       //        |     |
            |---|  A  |------//---------|  B  |
            |   |     |     //          |     |
            |   \-----/                 \-----/
            |                      also: 192.168.1.12
            -




    `A'  :



               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=fff.ggg.hhh.iii
               #
               #  Ethernet
               ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask $mask up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask eth0
               #
               #  ppp0 ( ppp,    )
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               #  
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.1 up
               route add -host 192.168.1.12 gw $remotegw tunl0
               #
               #     
               arp -s 192.168.1.12 xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx pub





    `B'  :



               #!/bin/sh
               PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin
               mask=255.255.255.0
               remotegw=aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd
               #
               #  ppp0 ( ppp,    )
               pppd
               route add default ppp0
               #
               #  
               ifconfig tunl0 192.168.1.12 up
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask $mask gw $remotegwtunl0





        " IP".
         , 
   IP-.      ,  
    ,   ,  
  IP.


  66..99..  IIPP-- ((   22..00))

         , 
   -    IP-.   
        . IP- -- ,
       
  IP-,          
  .      "  " --
          , 
         . 
  ,         
  ( _t_a_l_k),   ( _f_t_p)  
    "" (PASV)  .  , 
   ,   _t_e_l_n_e_t, _w_w_w  _i_r_c 
  .

    :


               Code maturity level options  --->
                   [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Network firewalls
                   ....
                   [*] TCP/IP networking
                   [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying
                   ....
                   [*] IP: masquerading (EXPERIMENTAL)






   ,  PPP-  slip-  
  ( ) .  ,      
     (  ethernet),   
     .     
       .    
        .

   ,    :



       -                                   -
        \                                  | 192.168.1.0
         \                                 |   /255.255.255.0
          \                 ---------      |
           |                | Linux | .1.1 |
       NET =================| masq  |------|
           |    PPP/slip    | router|      |  --------
          /                 ---------      |--| host |
         /                                 |  |      |
        /                                  |  --------
       -                                   -



     :



               #    
               route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
               #
               #   
               route add default ppp0
               #
               #      192.168.1/24
               ipfwadm -F -a m -S 192.168.1.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0






   ,  ,      
   ,       
   (    ).



               root# /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -m






      IP-    
   IP- <http://www.hwy401.com/achau/ipmasq/>. _____
     IP-,   , 
         IP-
  ,  ``IP-Masquerade mini-HOWTO''.


  66..1100..  """" IIPP--..

   IP- --   
           
   .    ,    
  ,    .  
         
     -.

    :


               Code maturity level options  --->
                       [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
               Networking options  --->
                       [*] Network firewalls
                       ....
                       [*] TCP/IP networking
                       ....
                       [*] IP: firewalling
                       ....
                       [*] IP: transparent proxy support (EXPERIMENTAL)






        
  _i_p_f_w_a_d_m. ,     :



               root# ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 0/0 telnet -r 2323






          telnet (23)  
         2323.   
     ,  telnet-,
     ..

        
   http    .  ,
  ,  http-    http: 
      www.server.com:80   
  /path/page,      http-   
   proxy.local.domain:8080   
  www.server.com/path/page.

        , 
  transproxy,      WWW.    
     8081,   :



               root# ipfwadm -I -a accept -D 0/0 80 -r 8081






   transproxy      
  http-        -.


  66..1111..  IIPPvv66

           IP,  
  ! IPv6 --      IP.
  IPv6         
  IP-.   IPv6   16  (128 ).  , 
  IPv6    ,   ,  
    IP-  .

        ,   
   IPv6    2.1.*.

         
  ,       , 
  IPv6-FAQ,   www.terra.net <http://www.terra.net/ipv6/>.

  66..1122..   IIPP

   " IP"     
         .  , 
         IP-   
    .  IP   
     IP-    
   ,    ,  
       IP-,  
   .

         IP 
  .          
    IP  
  <http://anchor.cs.binghamton.edu/~mobileip/>.   
     .

  66..1133..  IIPP-- ((IIPP mmuullttiiccaasstt))

  IP- -- ,   IP-  
   .    "" ,
     -  -.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                       [*] TCP/IP networking
                       ....
                       [*] IP: multicasting






    IP-      
   .     IP-  
  Multicast-HOWTO <Multicast-HOWTO.html>.

  66..1144..     ((NNAATT,, NNeettwwoorrkk AAddddrreessss TTrraannssllaattiioonn))

      --  
   " " IP-.    
  RFC1631.    ,  
  IP-          
          .

  - NAT    2.0.29  
   (Michael Hasenstein, Michael.Hasenstein@informatik.tu-
  chemnitz.de).   (  )   
   IP- <http://www.csn.tu-
  chemnitz.de/HyperNews/get/linux-ip-nat.html>

     2.1.*    
      .

  66..1155..    .. ((TTrraaffffiicc SShhaappeerr))

       , 
     .    
          
  .     IP-  
  -.

         2.1.15   
      2.0.36 (    2.0.36-pre-
  patch-2,    (Alan Cox), 
        2.0)

          
        _s_h_a_p_e_c_f_g  
  :

               shapecfg attach shaper0 eth1
               shapecfg speed shaper0 64000






      IP-,   
           
  ,        ,
      ``  
  ''.

     2.1    ,    
       2.0.*,    
  (Mike McLagan),   ftp.invlogic.com.  
          
  Documentation/networking/shaper.txt,    
   .

          ,
    rshaper-1.01 (   )  ftp.systemy.it
  <ftp://ftp.systemy.it/pub/develop>.

  66..1166..      22..22..**

      2.1.*    
   .  ,   
          
  .


  77..     ..

  77..11..  IISSDDNN

  "   " (Integrated Services Digital
  Network (ISDN)) --  ,  
     . "" ISDN  
   -. ISDN    
  ,     "".  2
    --   'B',   
       'D',   
   .  , , ISDN , 
  ,      2/, 
   30 B-    64/   
  64/ D-.       
   . ,    30 
  64-      ,
   15 128-  (     )
       .  
     ,     .
   ISDN     
  ,      
     ,    
  .

         ISDN.  --
   ,  " " (Terminal
  Adaptor).     ,  
   ISDN     .
         
     ,   --  
    ,    .   
        ( 
  )     .  
  --   ISDN   --   ISDN-
    ,      
       ISDN-.

    :


               ISDN subsystem  --->
                       <*> ISDN support
                       [ ] Support synchronous PPP
                       [ ] Support audio via ISDN
                       < > ICN 2B and 4B support
                       < > PCBIT-D support
                       < > Teles/NICCY1016PC/Creatix support






   ISDN       
  ISDN-.     :


    ICN 2B  4B

    Octal PCBIT-D

    ISDN- Teles    .


            
    .

      ISDN     
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/isdn/  _i_s_d_n_4_l_i_n_u_x_-_F_A_Q,  c
  www.lrz-muenchen.de <http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~ui161ab/www/isdn/>.
  (  "english"      
   ,  .)

    PPPPPP.   PPP   
  ,     .    _p_p_p_d,
      ,  
    .   PPP  ISDN 
     pppd.  ,    , 
       .

  77..22..   PPLLIIPP    22..00..**

  ,    PLIP   `plip0',
  `plip1  ..

    :


               Network device support  --->
                   <*> PLIP (parallel port) support






   _p_l_i_p (Parallel line IP) --   SLIP, 
        (
        ).     SLIP,
      ______-_____,    
   .  ,     
         
  16550AFN.  PLIP     
     ,   
      ethernet-,   
    ,    .  
    PLIP-    20  
  .

  PLIP-     ,   
   ,      
  ,        .
        ,   
     .    ,  
     ,   ``Mudules mini-HOWTO''.

   ,     PLIP  
  ,         
  plip-   (   
  ).

    PLIP      _C_r_y_n_w_y_r
  _P_a_c_k_e_t _D_r_i_v_e_r _P_L_I_P,      plip-
       DOS-     
    ,   tcp/ip.

     2.0.*     
  plip-   (,irq):



                    IRQ
               ----------  -----  ---
               plip0       0x3bc  5
               plip1       0x378  7
               plip2       0x278  2






            
  ,      `irq' 
  _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g.  ,      IRQ  ROM-
  BIOS.   --   _i_n_s_m_o_d   ``io=''
   ``irq=''.  :



               root# insmod plip.o io=0x288 irq=5






   PLIP       .
          
   ,      
    .       
  ,   .     
    _p_l_i_p_c_o_n_f_i_g,   
   .      .
    plip-     (
      ):



               root# /sbin/ifconfig plip1 localplip pointopoint remoteplip
               root# /sbin/route add remoteplip plip1






          0x378;
  _l_o_c_a_l_p_l_i_p  _r_e_m_o_t_e_p_l_i_p --   IP- , 
  plip-.      /etc/hosts:



               #   plip
               192.168.3.1   localplip
               192.168.3.2   remoteplip






   _p_o_i_n_t_o_p_o_i_n_t    ,     SLIP --
    IP-      `-'.

     plip- ,     
   SLIP,   ,     (
      )   _d_i_p 
  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h    .

      ``PLIP mini-HOWTO''.

  77..33..   PPLLIIPP    22..22..**

       2.1.*   PLIP 
   .

    :


               General setup  --->
                   [*] Parallel port support
               Network device support  --->
                   <*> PLIP (parallel port) support






    plip   ,    (  
    _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _r_o_u_t_e),    
    

  ``'' plip-    ``plip0'', 
  ,     ethernet-.   
          
    (     
  /proc/parport. ,        
  ,      
  /proc/parport/0).

         irq, 
  ,  ``insmod plip''  .   
     irq   /proc/parport/0/irq  
  _i_n_s_m_o_d  .

           
  Documentation/parport.txt,     .

  77..44..  PPPPPP

   PPP    `ppp0', `ppp1  ..
     ,    
   ppp0.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   <*> PPP (point-to-point) support






     PPP   PPP-HOWTO <PPP-HOWTO.html>.

  77..44..11..    pppppp--   ppppppdd ..

     (-)    ,   ,
         
  --   _p_p_p_d.

   ppp ,   root    


       root# pppd




    /etc/ppp/options    
  `-detach'.    


       pd:23:respawn:/usr/sbin/pppd




    /etc/inittab (    _g_e_t_t_y).  
   init   _p_p_p_d,   ``''.

  77..55..  SSLLIIPP--

   SLIP    `sl0', `sl1  ..  
    ,      sl0.

    :





          Network device support  --->
              [*] Network device support
              <*> SLIP (serial line) support
              [ ]  CSLIP compressed headers
              [ ]  Keepalive and linefill
              [ ]  Six bit SLIP encapsulation






  SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol,  - 
   )     tcp/ip
   ,      
    -  .   
  SLIP     SLIP-.    
      .  p>  SLIP
     IP-  .   
        .
   ,     slip- 
       _i_o_c_t_l_-_______ (i/o
  control).      _d_i_p  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h.

  77..55..11..  ddiipp

  _d_i_p (Dialup IP) --   , 
      , 
  ,      
  ,    SLIP-    
     IP-    ioctl-
       SLIP-.  _d_i_p
        
    .

        sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Network/serial/dip/dip337o-
  uri.tgz>.

      :



               user% tar xvzf dip337o-uri.tgz
               user% cd dip-3.3.7o
               user% vi Makefile
               root# make install






    Makefile ,       
  _u_u_c_p,         _d_i_p  _S_L_I_P.

  77..55..22..  ssllaattttaacchh

    _d_i_p,  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h    
   ,      _d_i_p.    
   ,     --  
   . ,     
         
         _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h.  
          
   .
  77..55..33..       ??

      _d_i_p    
             
   .     
    (     , 
    )  
  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h.        `
  SLIP-'.

   slip-      ethernet (.
   `Ethernet'),     .

  -,  slip-   2 .   
  ethernet-,    , slip- 
        .

     _d_i_p, slip-    
  ,   ,    
     (   ).
     _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h,     
     _r_c_._i_n_e_t_1.    .

  SLIP-   2  --    
   ( )     
   ( ).   SLIP-  
         . 
  _d_i_p   .

  77..55..44..   ,,  SSLLIIPP--  DDIIPP..

   SLIP-       IP-  
  .  ,   ,  
  slip-    .  SLIP-
      ,     
  ,     IP-,   
     slip-.      
      /etc/hosts, rc.inet2, host.conf,
  resolv.conf, /etc/HOSTNAME  rc.local.  , 
    rc.inet1   --   
     _d_i_p.       
       .

      `  Dip'  , 
   _d_i_p.

  77..55..55..   ,,  SSLLIIPP--  DDIIPP..

   SLIP-      
  IP-   .  ,    ,
          
  IP-,   ,     
  -       . 
  SLIP-   ,     
     ,  ,
        ,   .

           , 
       IP-   slip- 
    .

      ,  _d_i_p   
  ,     IP- 
   slip-.


      `  Dip'  , 
   _d_i_p.

  77..55..66..    DDIIPP..

       _d_i_p --  ,  
        SLIP-,
       slip-   
  _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _r_o_u_t_e.

    _d_i_p  `dip-' --  , 
  _d_i_p.         
   .  ,    , 
     sample.dip,      _d_i_p. _d_i_p
    ,      man-,
   README  -   _d_i_p.

  p>  ,    sample.dip ,  
     SLIP-,    IP-
   .   SLIP-   
   _d_i_p     
     IP-.   
  --   sample.dip   _d_i_p_3_3_7_j_-_u_r_i_._t_g_z. 
      .    
  /etc/dipscript       .









































  #
  # sample.dip    Dialup IP connection support program.
  #
  #                    DIP.
  #              Annex,  
  #         ,   sample.dip 
  #        dip337-uri.tgz .
  #
  #
  # Version:      @(#)sample.dip  1.40    07/20/93
  #
  # Author:       Fred N. van Kempen, <waltje@uWalt.NL.Mugnet.ORG>
  #

  main:
  #     -.
  #     'xs4all.hacktic.nl' (== 193.78.33.42)
  get $remote xs4all.hacktic.nl
  #     sl0  255.255.255.0
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  #      .
  port cua02
  speed 38400

  #  .
  #    !
  reset

  # ""    "errlevel":
  #  0 - OK
  #  1 - CONNECT
  #  2 - ERROR
  #
  #      "addchat()"

  #   .
  send ATQ0V1E1X4\r
  wait OK 2
  if $errlvl != 0 goto modem_trouble
  dial 555-1234567
  if $errlvl != 1 goto modem_trouble

  #  .  .
  login:
  sleep 2
  wait ogin: 20
  if $errlvl != 0 goto login_trouble
  send MYLOGIN\n
  wait ord: 20
  if $errlvl != 0 goto password_error
  send MYPASSWD\n
  loggedin:

  #  .
  wait SOMEPROMPT 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  #     SLIP
  send SLIP\n
  wait SLIP 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  #  IP-  .
  #    ,      SLIP  
  #    IP-
  get $locip remote 30
  if $errlvl != 0 goto prompt_error

  #    SLIP.
  get $mtu 296
  #  "route add -net default xs4all.hacktic.nl"
  default

  # 
  done:
  print CONNECTED $locip ---> $rmtip
  mode CSLIP
  goto exit

  prompt_error:
  print TIME-OUT waiting for sliplogin to fire up...
  goto error

  login_trouble:
  print Trouble waiting for the Login: prompt...
  goto error

  password:error:
  print Trouble waiting for the Password: prompt...
  goto error

  modem_trouble:
  print Trouble occurred with the modem...
  error:
  print CONNECT FAILED to $remote
  quit

  exit:
  exit





     ,    
   SLIP-.     ,
    sample.dip   _d_i_p_3_3_7_-_u_r_i_._t_g_z.

   _d_i_p   _g_e_t _$_l_o_c_a_l,     
  ,    IP-,   , 
   `.'.        
   SLIP-.    
       .

         
  slip-,       , 
   default  .     _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g 
    ,    _s_l_0.  
  slip-.       
    _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _r_o_u_t_e     _d_i_p
  .

   _d_i_p       
    mode,    -- 
    _c_S_L_I_P.  ,   slip- 
     .

        
      .  
     man-  _d_i_p.  , 
         
            
   SLIP-,   .

  77..55..77..   SSLLIIPP--     
  ssllaattttaacchh..

            
  ,  -    
  ,        
    _d_i_p.      
  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h    slip-.

       ,   
      rc.inet1. ,    
   --      
       SLIP.     
   _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h.       rc.inet1:



               #
               #   slip-   
               #
               #  /dev/cua0   19.2kbps   cslip
               /sbin/slattach -p cslip -s 19200 /dev/cua0 &
               /sbin/ifconfig sl0 IPA.IPA.IPA.IPA pointopoint IPR.IPR.IPR.IPR up
               #






  :



     IIPPAA..IIPPAA..IIPPAA..IIPPAA
         IP-.


     IIPPRR..IIPPRR..IIPPRR..IIPPRR
        IP-     .


   _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h    slip- 
      ,   _s_l_0.
   ,   _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h    
   _s_l_0,   --   _s_l_0,  ..

  _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h       
   -p.     _S_L_I_P  _c_S_L_I_P,   
  ,       . ! 
          .

  77..66..  SSLLIIPP--..

         ,    
        ,  
      .      
  SLIP       .  
    --  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n,     
  ,     ,     
   .



  77..66..11..  SSLLIIPP--    sslliippllooggiinn ..

  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n -- ,     
     ,   
      SLIP.      
   (    IP-),
     (    
   IP-   ) SLIP-. _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n
     slip-.

          ,
      ,    
    _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.     /etc/slip.hosts
  ,    .  
   , _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    
   8   -      SLIP.  
   ,   slip- 
    IP-,    .
      /etc/slip.login,      
  _g_e_t_t_y,       
      /etc/slip.login.loginname, 
      .

      _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n  
   4 ( 5) .  :


    /etc/passwd,   .

    /etc/slip.hosts,  ,    
     slip-.

    /etc/slip.login,     
     .

    /etc/slip.tty,       
     SLIP-.     IP-

    /etc/slip.logout --  ,   
       .


  77..66..11..11..    sslliippllooggiinn

   _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    ,    
      .    ,   
    sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/system/Network/serial/sliplogin-2.1.1.tar.gz>.
       ,   
  man-.

   ,    _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    ,
     /etc/group  :



        ..
       slip::13:radio,fred
        ..





      _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n, - 
  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n   slip,     
     _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.    
  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    radio  fred.

       :



       user% cd /usr/src
       user% gzip -dc .../sliplogin-2.1.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
       user% cd sliplogin-2.1.1
       user% <..  Makefile        ..>
       root# make install





        , 
   make clean  make install.    
  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    /sbin,   - , 
   _i_n_s_t_a_l_l   Makefile.

       README,   
  .

  77..66..11..22..    //eettcc//ppaasssswwdd     SSLLIIPP..

   ,      /etc/passwd 
  ,  ,      
  SLIP-.     
  :      'S'   .
  ,       radio,   
  /etc/passwd    :



       Sradio:FvKurok73:1427:1:radio SLIP login:/tmp:/sbin/sliplogin





      ,    , 
      .

  :       ``
  '',       /tmp. 
  ,      
  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.

  77..66..11..33..   //eettcc//sslliipp..hhoossttss

  _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n     ,   
   .     IP-
   ,      .
  ,    radio,   
  IP-   albert,    IP- 
   :



       #
       Sradio   44.136.8.99   44.136.8.100  255.255.255.0  normal      -1
       Salbert  44.136.8.99   DYNAMIC       255.255.255.0  compressed  60
       #

     /etc/slip.hosts    :


  1.   .

  2. IP- , ..  .

  3. IP-,    .    
      DYNAMIC  IP-      
      /etc/slip.tty (. ). !!    
      sliplogin   1.3     
     .

  4. ,     . 
     255.255.255.0     C.

  5.   SLIP     . 
      "normal", "compressed"   .

  6.  ,      
     .          
        IP-   
     .    ,   , 
        .

  7.  .


  :   2  3    IP-,  
  .     ,     
    IP-,    . 
     telnet     , 
      `_T_r_y_i_n_g _n_n_n_._n_n_n_._n_n_n_._._.'  
    --     IP-  
  .     `_U_n_k_n_o_w_n _h_o_s_t' --   
   IP-      
   (.    ).

      SLIP



     nnoorrmmaall
        SLIP   .


     ccoommpprreesssseedd
           (cSLIP)


      --     
  .      man-.

  77..66..11..44..   //eettcc//sslliipp..llooggiinn ..

   _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n    /etc/slip.hosts  , 
     /etc/slip.login.   
  slip-  .

    /etc/slip.login,    _s_l_i_p_l_o_g_i_n 
  :





  #!/bin/sh -
  #
  #       @(#)slip.login  5.1 (Berkeley) 7/1/90
  #
  #    SLIP-. :
  #     $1               $2       $3    $4, $5, $6 ...
  #   _      pid      slip.host
  #
  /sbin/ifconfig $1 $5 pointopoint $6 mtu 1500 -trailers up
  /sbin/route add $6
  arp -s $6 <hw_addr> pub
  exit 0
  #





      _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _r_o_u_t_e  
  slip-,   ,     _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h.

        ARP-,  ,
           
  .    <hw_addr>     
  ethernet-  .       ,
     .

  77..66..11..55..   //eettcc//sslliipp..llooggoouutt ..

     ,  
  slip-   ,   
  slip-   .  
    /etc/slip.logout.   ,   
   ,   /etc/slip.login.



               #!/bin/sh -
               #
               #               slip.logout
               #
               /sbin/ifconfig $1 down
               arp -d $6
               exit 0
               #






          arp-. 
       ,  _a_r_p  .

  77..66..11..66..   //eettcc//sslliipp..ttttyy ..

         
       /etc/slip.hosts   DYNAMIC 
   IP-,      /etc/slip.tty, 
       .

   /etc/slip.tty    _t_t_y,  
     SLIP  IP-,   
       .

    :
       # slip.tty      tty -> IP-
       # : /dev/tty?? xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
       #
       /dev/ttyS0      192.168.0.100
       /dev/ttyS1      192.168.0.101
       #





          /dev/ttyS0 
     DYNAMIC   /etc/slip.hosts  
   192.168.0.100.

            
   ,      
  .

  77..66..22..  SSLLIIPP--    ddiipp ..

          man-
   _d_i_p,        
  slip-.        _d_i_p_3_3_7_o_-
  _u_r_i_._t_g_z  _d_i_p,     .

   _d_i_p  ``''  ,   
      /etc/diphosts  , 
   _d_i_p,        
      SLIP.   _d_i_p  
  ,    _d_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.   _d_i_p 
   SLIP-,   ,   
      _d_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.

      :



       # ln -sf /usr/sbin/dip /usr/sbin/diplogin





        /etc/passwd  /etc/diphosts. 
   _d_i_p   SLIP-   
    _d_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.    
      `S',  `Sfredm'.  
   /etc/passwd      :



       Sfredm:ij/SMxiTlGVCo:1004:10:Fred:/tmp:/usr/sbin/diplogin
       ^^         ^^        ^^  ^^   ^^   ^^   ^^
       |          |         |   |    |    |    \__   diplogin
       |          |         |   |    |    \_______  
       |          |         |   |    \____________  
       |          |         |   \_________________ ID 
       |          |         \_____________________ ID 
       |          \_______________________________  
       \__________________________________________  





   ,   _l_o_g_i_n   
      _d_i_p_l_o_g_i_n.  _d_i_p  
     ``'' ,    _g_e_t_u_i_d_(_),
     .    
  /etc/diphosts       
    _t_t_y   _d_i_p    .
        diphosts    
        
    .      
       .

  _d_i_p   arp-    ``'' ,
            
  .

  77..66..22..11..   //eettcc//ddiipphhoossttss ..

   /etc/diphosts   _d_i_p.    
     .    , 
         ,  
     .    :



        ..
       Suwalt::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006
       ttyS1::145.71.34.3:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:Dynamic ttyS1:CSLIP,296
        ..





       :


  1.  : ,  getpwuid(getuid())   tty.

  2.  :    passwd

  3.  : IP-     

  4. Local Address: IP-     

  5. : IP-   

  6. :     .

  7. : Slip, CSlip  .

  8. MTU:  


       :



       Sfredm::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:SLIP,296





          145.71.34.1 
   SLIP  mtu 296.

  :



       Sfredm::145.71.34.1:145.71.34.2:255.255.255.0:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006





          145.71.34.2 
   cSLIP  mtu 1006.

   ,    ,  
      /etc/diphosts.   ,  
    --    tty-  
      .   
      tty-,   
     SLIP,    
      ,    
  .

     ,    
        .  
   slip-  .    ,
       slip-.  
          
     diphosts.

  77..66..33..  SSLLIIPP--    ddSSLLIIPP ..

    (Matt Dillon <dillon@apollo.west.oic.com>)  ,
       slip-  slip-.
          ,
   slip-.      
    _t_c_s_h.   _d_S_L_I_P   _e_x_p_e_c_t,  
           ,
       .  ,   
  .

   README       , 
       .

   _d_S_L_I_P      apollo.west.oic.com
  <ftp://apollo.west.oic.com/pub/linux/dillon_src/dSLIP203.tgz>  
  sunsite.unc.edu
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Network/serial/dSLIP203.tgz>.

    README,      /etc/passwd 
  etc/group    make install.

  88..    ..

      (  ) 
  .       . 
     .

  88..11..  AARRCCNNeett


    ARCNet   `arc0e', `arc1e', `arc2e'
   ..  `arc0s', `arc1s', `arc2s'  ..    
      `arc0e'     
  ,    ethernet-  ,  
  RFC1051.

    :


               Network device support  --->
                   [*] Network device support
                   <*> ARCnet support
                   [ ]   Enable arc0e (ARCnet "Ether-Encap" packet format)
                   [ ]   Enable arc0s (ARCnet RFC1051 packet format)






           
  ,       
  :



               root# ifconfig arc0e 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
               root# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 arc0e






        
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt 
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt

   ARCNet     (Avery Pennarun,
  apenwarr@foxnet.net).

  88..22..  AApppplleettaallkk (( AAFF__AAPPPPLLEETTAALLKK ))

   AppleTalk       
    .

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   <*> Appletalk DDP






    AppleTalk      
   Apple.        
   Apple    .    
    _n_e_t_a_t_a_l_k.   (Wesley Craig
  netatalk@umich.edu)    `Research Systems Unix Group' 
    ,    .  ,
   _n_e_t_a_t_a_l_k      ,   
     ftp-  
  <ftp://terminator.rs.itd.umich.edu/unix/netatalk/>

         :




          user% tar xvfz .../netatalk-1.4b2.tar.Z
          user% make
          root# make install






        'Makefile'  
  _m_a_k_e --     DESTDIR, 
  ,       .  
       /usr/local/atalk.

  88..22..11..   AApppplleeTTaallkk..

    ,    /etc/services   



         rtmp  1/ddp   # Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
         nbp   2/ddp   # Name Binding Protocol
         echo  4/ddp   # AppleTalk Echo Protocol
         zip   6/ddp   # Zone Information Protocol






        /usr/local/atalk/etc
  (   etc ,     ).

     /usr/local/atalk/etc/atalkd.conf.  
        ,  
    AppleTalk:



         eth0






   AppleTalk        .

  88..22..22..      ..

        AppleTalk- 
       (  
  ).    
  /usr/local/atalk/etc/AppleVolumes.system .    ,
  /usr/local/atalk/etc/AppleVolumes.default,    , 
   ,     ""
   (guest).

        man-  afpd.
      :






    /tmp Scratch
    /home/ftp/pub "Public Area"






       /tmp    
  'Scratch',   /home/ftp/pub --   'Public Area'. 
   ,         .

  88..22..33..     ..

   ,        
        papd.   
          
  .    _p_a_p_d  
  /usr/local/atalk/etc/papd.conf.     
    /etc/printcap. ,      
      . :



         TricWriter:\
            :pr=lp:op=cg:






           'TricWriter'.
          
   lp (    /etc/printcap)   
    _l_p_d.  `op=cg'    (cg),
      .

  88..22..44..   AApppplleeTTaallkk..

      .    _n_e_t_a_t_a_l_k
    rc.atalk,  ,   .



               root# /usr/local/atalk/etc/rc.atalk





            
        .

  88..22..55..   AAppppllttTTaallkk..

   ,     , 
     Apple   Chooser   ,  
     AppleShare.     .

  88..22..66..    AApppplleeTTaallkk..


        AppleTalk  
     IP-.        
     AppleTalk,    IP-c,   AppleTalk
       /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 (,  IP-).

     _a_f_p_d      .   
           .AppleDesktop 
     Network Trash Folder.  ,    
         .AppleDouble 
       .    ,  
        /.

     _a_f_p_d    Apple    , 
          .   
      ,   ,    .

     ,   _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _n_e_t_s_t_a_t 
       AppleTalk.    
            /proc/net/.


  88..22..77..   ..

           AppleTalk 
     web- _N_e_t_a_t_a_l_k_-_H_O_W_T_O  
  (Anders Brownworth)   thehamptons.com
  <http://thehamptons.com/anders/netatalk/>.


  88..33..  AATTMM

      ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode,
    )    (Werner
  Almesberger <werner.almesberger@lrc.di.epfl.ch>)   
       lrcwww.epfl.ch
  <http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/linux-atm/>.

  88..44..  AAXX2255 (( AAFF__AAXX2255 ))

    AX.25   `sl0', `sl1'  ..   
  2.0.*   `ax0', `ax1'  ..    2.1.*.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2





   AX25, Netrom  Rose    AX25-HOWTO
  <AX25-HOWTO.html>.     'Amateur
  Radio'.

           
     (Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk).

  88..55..  DDEECCNNeett

   DECNet        
     2.1.*.

  88..66..  FFDDDDII

   FDDI   `fddi0', `fddi1', `fddi2'  ..
      FDDI   `fddi0', 
     .
   .  (Lawrence V. Stefani,
  larry_stefani@us.newbridge.com)    FDDI-  
  EISA  PCI   Digital Equipment Corporation.

    :


               Network device support  --->
                   [*] FDDI driver support
                   [*] Digital DEFEA and DEFPA adapter support





          FDDI,  
   fddi-.   
  ethernet-.     ethernet- 
   fddi-   _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g  _r_o_u_t_e.

  88..77..      ((FFrraammee RReellaayy))..

  ,       
  `dlci00', `dlci01'  ..    DLCI  `sdla0', `sdla1'
   ..    FRAD.

    --  ,  
       .   
         FRAD (Frame Relay
  Access Device,       ).
     IP-    
      RFC1490.

    :


               Network device support  --->
                   <*> Frame relay DLCI support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                   (24)   Max open DLCI
                   (8)   Max DLCI per device
                   <*>   SDLA (Sangoma S502/S508) support





    (Mike McLagan, mike.mclagan@linux.org), 
         .

        FRAD
   S502A, S502E  S508  Sangoma Technologies
  <http://www.sangoma.com/>.

     FRAD  DLCI    ,
       ftp c ftp.invlogic.com
  <ftp://ftp.invlogic.com/pub/linux/fr/frad-0.15.tgz>.   
       -  ""
  Makefile :








          user% tar xvfz .../frad-0.15.tgz
          user% cd frad-0.15
          user% for i in common dlci frad; make -C $i clean; make -C $i; done
          root# mkdir /etc/frad
          root# install -m 644 -o root -g root bin/*.sfm /etc/frad
          root# install -m 700 -o root -g root frad/fradcfg /sbin
          root# install -m 700 -o root -g root dlci/dlcicfg /sbin






       _s_h.  
     _c_s_h ( _t_c_s_h)   
  _f_o_r   .

         /etc/frad/router.conf 
        :















































  # /etc/frad/router.conf
  #        .
  #      .    
  #  DOS-  Sangoma S502A.
  #
  #  '#'      
  #     .
  #     
  #

  [Devices]
  Count=1                 #  
  Dev_1=sdla0             #  
  #Dev_2=sdla1            #  

  #       .
  #
  Access=CPE
  Clock=Internal
  KBaud=64
  Flags=TX
  #
  # MTU=1500              #   IFrame,   4096
  # T391=10               #   T391  5 - 30,   10
  # T392=15               #   T392 5 - 30,   15
  # N391=6                #   N391 1 - 255,   6
  # N392=3                #   N392 1 - 10,   3
  # N393=4                #   N393 1 - 10,   4

  # CIRfwd=16             # CIR forward   1 - 64
  # Bc_fwd=16             # Bc forward    1 - 512
  # Be_fwd=0              # Be forward    0 - 511
  # CIRbak=16             # CIR backward  1 - 64
  # Bc_bak=16             # Bc backward   1 - 512
  # Be_bak=0              # Be backward   0 - 511

  #
  #
  #   
  #
  #

  #
  #   -- Sangoma S502E
  #
  [sdla0]
  Type=Sangoma            #  .    
                          #    SANGOMA
  #
  #      'Sangoma'
  #
  #   Sangoma - S502A, S502E, S508
  Board=S502E
  #
  #     
  # Testware=/usr/src/frad-0.10/bin/sdla_tst.502
  #
  #     FR
  # Firmware=/usr/src/frad-0.10/bin/frm_rel.502
  #
  Port=360                #  
  Mem=C8                  #    , A0-EE,    
  IRQ=5                   #  IRQ,    S502A
  DLCIs=1                 #   DLCI,  
                          #  
  DLCI_1=16               #   DLCI, 16 - 991
  # DLCI_2=17
  # DLCI_3=18
  # DLCI_4=19
  # DLCI_5=20
  #
  #    
  #
  # Access=CPE            # CPE  NODE,   CPE
  # Flags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames,DropAborted,Stats,MCI,AutoDLCI
  # Clock=Internal        # External  Internal,   Internal
  # Baud=128              #   CSU/DSU (baud)
  # MTU=2048              #   IFrame,   4096
  # T391=10               #   T391 5 - 30,   10
  # T392=15               #   T392 5 - 30,   15
  # N391=6                #   N391 1 - 255,   6
  # N392=3                #   N392 1 - 10,   3
  # N393=4                #   N393 1 - 10,   4

  #
  #   
  #
  # [sdla1]
  # Type=FancyCard        #  
  # Board=                #  
  # Key=Value             # ,     

  #
  #  DLCI  
  #
  CIRfwd=64               # CIR forward   1 - 64
  # Bc_fwd=16             # Bc forward    1 - 512
  # Be_fwd=0              # Be forward    0 - 511
  # CIRbak=16             # CIR backward  1 - 64
  # Bc_bak=16             # Bc backward   1 - 512
  # Be_bak=0              # Be backward   0 - 511

  #
  #   DLCI.
  #    .  
  # [DLCI_D< >_<_DLCI>]
  #

  [DLCI_D1_16]
  # IP=
  # Net=
  # Mask=
  # Flags defined by Sangoma: TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # DLCIFlags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # CIRfwd=64
  # Bc_fwd=512
  # Be_fwd=0
  # CIRbak=64
  # Bc_bak=512
  # Be_bak=0

  [DLCI_D2_16]
  # IP=
  # Net=
  # Mask=
  # Flags defined by Sangoma: TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # DLCIFlags=TXIgnore,RXIgnore,BufferFrames
  # CIRfwd=16
  # Bc_fwd=16
  # Be_fwd=0
  # CIRbak=16
  # Bc_bak=16
  # Be_bak=0





   ,     /etc/frad/router.conf  
    .    - 
     ,    , 
   FRAD     DLCI.



               #!/bin/sh
               #  frad-   DLCI
               /sbin/fradcfg /etc/frad/router.conf || exit 1
               /sbin/dlcicfg file /etc/frad/router.conf
               #
               #   FRAD
               ifconfig sdla0 up
               #
               #   DLCI  
               ifconfig dlci00 192.168.10.1 pointopoint 192.168.10.2 up
               route add -net 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dlci00
               #
               ifconfig dlci01 192.168.11.1 pointopoint 192.168.11.2 up
               route add -net 192.168.11.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dlci00
               #
               route add default dev dlci00
               #






  88..88..  IIPPXX (( AAFF__IIPPXX ))

   IPX       
   Novell Netware(tm).     
  ,  -    
     IPX-.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] The IPX protocol
                   [ ] Full internal IPX network






   IPX    NCPFS    IPX-HOWTO
  <IPX-HOWTO.html>.

  88..99..  NNeettRRoomm (( AAFF__NNEETTRROOMM ))

   NetRom    `nr0', `nr1',  ..

    :



          Networking options  --->
              [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2
              [*] Amateur Radio NET/ROM






   AX25, Netrom  Rose    AX25-HOWTO
  <AX25-HOWTO.html>.     'Amateur
  Radio'.

           
     (Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk).

  88..1100..   RRoossee (( AAFF__RROOSSEE ))

   Rose    `rs0', `rs1'  ..  
   Rose     2.1.*.

    :


               Networking options  --->
                   [*] Amateur Radio AX.25 Level 2
                   <*> Amateur Radio X.25 PLP (Rose)






   AX25, Netrom  Rose    AX25-HOWTO
  <AX25-HOWTO.html>.     'Amateur
  Radio'.

           
     (Jonathon Naylor, jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk).

  88..1111..  SSAAMMBBAA --   ``NNeettBBEEUUII''  ``NNeettBBiiooss''..

  SAMBA --   SMB (Session Management Block). Samba
        Microsoft  
      .    Samba
     SMB-HOWTO <SMB-HOWTO.html>.

  88..1122..   SSTTRRIIPP ((SSttaarrmmooddee RRaaddiioo IIPP))

   STRIP    `st0', `st1'  ..

    :


               Network device support  --->
                       [*] Network device support
                       ....
                       [*] Radio network interfaces
                       < > STRIP (Metricom starmode radio IP)







  STRIP -- ,     Metricom
     MosquitoNet Project
  <http://mosquitonet.Stanford.EDU/mosquitonet.html> 
  . Web-    
  ,    ,     
    .

   Metricom    ,
          
    100 Kb/.        
   Web- Metricom <http://www.metricom.com/>.

          
  STRIP,      
     MosquitoNet
  <http://mosquitonet.Stanford.EDU/strip.html>.

      _s_l_a_t_t_a_c_h,  
   tty-   STRIP.   
    `st[0-9]' ,     
  ethernet-   . STRIP- 
    ARP      arp-
       STRIP-.

  88..1133..   TTookkeenn RRiinngg

   Token ring    `tr0', `tr1'  ..
  Token Ring --    IBM,   , 
   .     Token Ring   
      --   `' 
   .      
      --  .

    :


               Network device support  --->
                       [*] Network device support
                       ....
                       [*] Token Ring driver support
                       < > IBM Tropic chipset based adaptor support






    token ring    ethernet 
     .

  88..1144..  XX..2255

  X.25 --    ,   C.C.I.T.T.
  ( ,  
    ).   X.25  LAPB
       2.1.*.

    (Jonathon Naylor jsn@cs.nott.ac.uk) 
      ,   X.25 
  .   ,      :
  majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu   "subscribe linux-x25"  
  .

         ftp.cs.nott.ac.uk
  <ftp://ftp.cs.nott.ac.uk/jsn/>.

  88..1155..    WWaavveeLLaann

   Wavelan    `eth0', `eth1'  ..

    :


       Network device support  --->
               [*] Network device support
               ....
               [*] Radio network interfaces
               ....
               <*> WaveLAN support





  WaveLAN --  .        ether
  net-     

     Wavelan      Wavelan.com
  <http://www.wavelan.com/>.

  99..   ..

    ,       ,  
       - . 
    ,   .

  99..11..   -- ..

  -    -.    
        ,    
   `' .    , 
       XON/XOFF- flow control, 
    ,   flow control. 
   --  - ,  
   (RTS/CTS) flow control.



                                         
       Tx Data    2    -----------------------------  3
       Rx Data    3    -----------------------------  2
       RTS        4    -----------------------------  5
       CTS        5    -----------------------------  4
       Ground     7    -----------------------------  7
       DTR        20   -\---------------------------  8
       DSR        6    -/
       RLSD/DCD   8    ---------------------------/-  20
                                                  \-  6





  99..22..        ((PPLLIIPP))

       PLIP,  
         ,
     .




                
  STROBE      1*
  D0->ERROR   2  ----------- 15
  D1->SLCT    3  ----------- 13
  D2->PAPOUT  4  ----------- 12
  D3->ACK     5  ----------- 10
  D4->BUSY    6  ----------- 11
  D5          7*
  D6          8*
  D7          9*
  ACK->D3     10 ----------- 5
  BUSY->D4    11 ----------- 6
  PAPOUT->D2  12 ----------- 4
  SLCT->D1    13 ----------- 3
  FEED        14*
  ERROR->D0   15 ----------- 2
  INIT        16*
  SLCTIN      17*
  GROUND      25 ----------- 25





  :

      ,   `*'.

     18,19,20,21,22,23  24 .

         ,   
           DB-25.

     !!      ..
             
        .

     PLIP-  ,   
      1 .    
          --
    ,   ..   
          ,  
     ethernet-    .

  99..33..  1100bbaassee22 ((  EEtthheerrnneett--))

  10base2 --  ethernet,  52- 
     5 .    
   ethernet-    .
         . 
  -- 52- ,      
   .        
    .     T-
   (-).    :



        |==========T=============T=============T==========T==========|
                   |             |             |          |
                   |             |             |          |
                 -----         -----         -----      -----
                 |   |         |   |         |   |      |   |
                 -----         -----         -----      -----



   `|'     , `======' 
   ,  `T'  `T-'.  
  `T-'  ethernet-     ,
    `T-'     ether
  net-.

  99..44..  EEtthheerrnneett-- `` ''

         ethernet-   ,  
     .     .
       Ethernet-HOWTO <Ethernet-HOWTO.html>

  1100..  ..

       ,   
  .



     AARRPP
         _A_d_d_r_e_s_s _R_e_s_o_l_u_t_i_o_n _P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l _(________ ______________
        ________).       IP-
         .


     AATTMM
          _A_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s _T_r_a_n_s_f_e_r _M_o_d_e _(___________ _____
        _________).  ATM --    ,
             
        .


     
               
         ,     
         .   X11 -- ,   
           ,    
         .    - ( _s_l_i_p
         _p_p_p)   ,  
        ,     .


     (())
         --   ,   -- 
            IP-.


     DDLLCCII
          Data Link Connection Identifier (
          ).   , 
           -   
         .    
            .


      
        ,      
         .      
          ,       
           ,       
        .


      
        ,        
        .    _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t_-______  _A_X_._2_5_-______.
     IISSDDNN
         _I_n_t_e_g_r_a_t_e_d _S_e_r_v_i_c_e_s _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _(________ ____
        _______________ ______). ISDN  
            .  ISDN
             .


     IISSPP
          Internet Service Provider (
        -).    , 
           .


     IIPP--
        ,     TCP/IP-. 
          4-        --
            ,  
        .


     MMSSSS
          Maximum Segment Size ( 
        ) --   ,   
          .      
        , MSS    MTU- IP-.


     MMTTUU
          Maximum Transmission Unit ( 
        ).  ,    
        IP-,     IP- 
           .    
        IP- MTU   ,       
           ,    
           .   MTU -- 1500  
        ethernet-  576   SLIP-.


     
        _______ -- ,  IP-    
          


     
               
           ,   
            ( )
         .   _f_t_p, _______ ________
        _______ _N_F_S  ______ ______________ ____.   
        -    ,  
            .   
         .


     
        ____ --   ,   
             .


  1111..    -- ??

       
  -,    web- Linux ISP
  homepage <http://www.anime.net/linuxisp/>.    
    .

  1122..  

           
     (  ): Terry Dawson, Axel
  Boldt, Arnt Gulbrandsen, Gary Allpike, Cees de Groot, Alan Cox,
  Jonathon Naylor, Claes Ensson, Ron Nessim, John Minack, Jean-Pierre
  Cocatrix, Erez Strauss.

  1133..   ..

  NET-3-HOWTO,        
  .  Copyright (c) 1997 Terry Dawson, 1998 Alessandro Rubini.
   (c) 1998  .





















































