  Ellhniko From DOS/Windows to Linux HOWTO
  Ypo Guido Gonzato,  <guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it> Metafrash:
  Nikos 8eodwroy,  <ntheo@math.auth.gr>
  v1.3.2, 22 Febroyarioy 1999

  Ayto to HOWTO einai afierwmeno se oloys toys (syntomws prwhn;) xrhstes
  toy DOS kai twn Windows poy apofasisan na strafoun sto Linux, ton
  eleu8ero klwno toy UNIX. O skopos toy keimenoy aytou einai na boh8hsei
  ton anagnwsth na metaferei tis gnwseis toy apo to DOS kai ta Windows
  sto periballon toy Linux, ka8ws epishs kai na prosferei idees gia thn
  antallagh arxeiwn kai phgwn metaju twn duo Leitoyrgikwn Systhmatwn.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents




















































  1. Eisagwgh

     1.1 Einai to Linux katallhlo gia esas;
     1.2 Einai. Peite moy perissotera.
        1.2.1 Eisagwgika 8emata
        1.2.2 Pou 8a breite boh8eia
     1.3 Symbaseis

  2. Gia toys anypomonoys

  3. Gnwriste to bash

  4. Arxeia kai Programmata

     4.1 Arxeia: Eisagwgika 8emata
     4.2 Symbolikoi desmoi
     4.3 Dikaiwmata kai Idiokthsies
     4.4 Arxeia: Metafrazontas entoles
        4.4.1 Paradeigmata
     4.5 Ektelesh Programmatwn: Polydiergasia kai Synedries (Sessions)
     4.6 Ektelesh Programmatwn se Apomakrysmenoys Ypologistes.

  5. Xrhsh Katalogwn

     5.1 Katalogoi: Arxika Sxolia
     5.2 Dikaiwmata Katalogwn
     5.3 Katalogoi: Metafrash Entolwn
        5.3.1 Paradeigmata

  6. Disketes, sklhroi diskoi klp

     6.1 Diaxeirish syskeywn me ton tropo toy DOS.
     6.2 Diaxeirish syskeywn me ton tropo toy UNIX.
     6.3 Antigrafa asfaleias (back up)

  7. Kai ta Windows;

  8. Ry8mizontas to susthma

     8.1 Arxeia arxikopoihshs systhmatos
     8.2 Arxeia arxikopoihshs programmatwn

  9. 8emata Diktuwshs

  10. Stoixeia Programmatismou

     10.1 Senaria floiou: kata polu anwtera twn arxeiwn .bat
     10.2 H pio C-mantikh glwssa

  11. To ypoloipo 1%

     11.1 H xrhsh twn tar kai gzip
     11.2 Egkatastash efarmogwn
     11.3 Xrhsimes symboyles
     11.4 Pou 8a breite efarmoges
     11.5 Kapoia pragmata poy de mporousate na kanete
     11.6 Ejaskhsh toy UNIX ypo DOS/Windows
     11.7 Synh8eis epektaseis kai sxetizomena programmata
     11.8 Metatroph Arxeiwn
     11.9 Eleu8eres Soyites grafeioy

  12. Ayta, gia thn wra!

     12.1 Copyright (koph toy right;)
     12.2 Arnhsh ey8ynwn

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Eisagwgh



  1.1.  Einai to Linux katallhlo gia esas;


  Skefteste na allajete apo ton kosmo toy DOS (aytos o orismos kaluptei
  kai ta Windows) sto Linux; Kalh idea: to Linux einai texnikws anwtero
  toy DOS, twn Windows 9x kai akomh kai twn Windows NT. Prosoxh omws:
  isws na mhn einai xrhsimo gia esas. Aytes einai oi basikes diafores
  metaju twn DOS/Windows kai toy Linux:


    Ta Windows trexoyn to Microsoft Office kai polla paixnidia.
     8ewrountai eukola sthn egkatastash kai tis ry8miseis. Einai
     ejairetika asta8h. Leitoyrgoun ftwxa. Kollane syxna.

    To Linux trexei to StarOffice, exei polu texniko logismiko kai
     ligotera paixnidia. Mporei na fanei duskolo sthn egkatastash kai
     tis ry8miseis. Einai sta8ero san braxos. Leitoyrgei ejairetika.
     Kollaei polu spania.

  Ejartatai apo esas na apofasisete ti xreiazeste. Epipleon, to Linux
  sas dinei dunamh, alla sas pairnei arketo xrono mexri na ma8ete pws na
  th xrhsimopoieite. Epishs, an xrhsimopoieite kyriws emporiko
  logismiko, h den exete orejh na ma8ete nees entoles kai diadikasies,
  kalutera cajte se alla leitoyrgika. Exete yp' och oti polla atoma poy
  apofasizoyn na asxolh8oun me to Linux ta paratoun, logw twn dyskoliwn
  sthn arxh.

  To Linux ginetai oloena aploustero sth xrhsh, omws mhn perimenete na
  ma8ete na to xrhsimopoieite teleia protou diabasete polu kai to exete
  xrhsimopoihsei gia toylaxiston merikous mhnes. To Linux de dinei amesa
  apotelesmata. Par' oles aytes tis proeidopoihseis omws eimai 100%
  sigoyro; oti me to Linux 8a breite ton Paradeiso gia ton ypologisth
  sas. Ep' eykairias, ypen8ymizw oti Linux + DOS/Win mporoun na
  synyparxoyn aneta ston idio ypologisth.

  Proupo8eseis gi' ayto to howto: Ypo8etw oti


    gnwrizete tis basikes entoles kai diergasies toy DOS,

    exete egkatesthmeno ston ypologisth sas to Linux,

    pi8anws me to X Window System (gia syntomia X11),

    to kelyfos (to antistoixo toy COMMAND.COM) einai to bash.

  Ektos an anafer8ei diaforetika, oles oi plhrofories poy parati8entai
  anaferontai sto palio kako DOS. Se kapoia shmeia yparxoyn plhrofories
  kai gia ta Windows here and there, exete omws yp' och oti ta Windows
  kai to Linux einai entelws diaforetika, se anti8esh me to DOS poy
  einai kati san enas ftwxos syggenhs toy UNIX.

  Epishs exete yp' och oti ayth h doyleia den einai enas plhrhs odhgos,
  oute kan odhgos gia arxarioys!

  H teleytaia ekdosh aytou toy keimenoy brisketai se diafores morfes sto
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/howto>.



  1.2.  Einai. Peite moy perissotera.


  Egkatasthsate to Linux kai tis efarmoges poy xreiazosastan ston
  ypologisth sas. Ftiajate enan logariasmo gia ton eayto sas  (an oxi
  gracte adduser toonomasas twra! kai to Linux leitoyrgei. Dwsate to
  onoma xrhsth kai ton kwdiko sas, kai twra koitate thn o8onh
  skeptomenos twra;.

  Mhn apogohteueste..... eiste sxedon etoimos na kanete o,ti kanate kai
  sta DOS/Win, kai polla akomh. An xrhsimopoiousate ta DOS/Win 8a kanate
  kati apo ta parakatw:


    8a trexate programmata kai 8a dhmioyrgousate, antigrafate, blepate,
     diagrafate, typwnate, metonomazate arxeia

    kataskeyazate, diagrafate katalogoys, 8a allazate metaju katalogwn
     kai 8a blepate ta periexomena toys

    8a diamorfwnate disketes kai 8a antigrafate arxeia apo kai pros
     aytes

    8a ry8mizate to susthma

    8a serfarate sto Diadiktyo

    8a grafate arxeia .BAT kai programmata sthn agaphmenh sas glwssa

    to ypoloipo 1%

  8a sas endiaferei na ma8ete oti aytes oi leitoyrgies mporoun kai
  ginoyn kai sto Linux me tropo paromoio me ayton toy DOS. Sto DOS o
  mesos xrhsths xrhsimopoiei elaxistes apo tis 100 kai pleon dia8esimes
  entoles to idio, mexri enos shmeioy, symbainei kai sto Linux.


  1.2.1.  Eisagwgika 8emata


  O kaluteros tropos na ma8ete kati neo einai na lerwsete ta xeria sas.
  Ston kosmo toy Linux en8arrunes8e na peiramatisteite kai na paijete
  me to leitoyrgiko, giati ektos ki an mpeite sto susthma (login) ws
  root, den mporeite na kanete kanena kako. Kapoia shmeia:


    kat' arxas, pws na kleisete to Linux me asfaleia: An deite mia
     o8onh keimenoy, pathste <CTRL-ALT-DEL>, perimenete na epanekkinhsei
     to susthma (reboot) kai meta kleiste ton ypologisth. An doyleuete
     ypo to X Window System, pathste <CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE> prwta, kai
     meta <CTRL-ALT-DEL>. Pote mh sbhnete h epanekkineite ton ypologisth
     ap' ey8eias: ayto mporei na blacei to susthma arxeiwn (file
     system)

    anti8eta me to DOS kai Windows, to Linux exei ejarxhs mhxanismous
     asfaleias. Ta arxeia kai oi katalogoi exoyn dikaiwmata
     (permissions) sxetismena me ayta. Kata synepeia, kapoia arxeia -
     katalogoi De mporoun na prospelastoun apo ton aplo xrhsth (blepe
     ``Dikaiwmata kai Idiokthsies''). To DOS kai ta Windows, anti8etws,
     8a sas afhsoyn na sbhsete ola ta periexomena toy sklhrou sas
     diskoy`

    yparxei enas eidikos xrhsths poy legetai root: einai o
     diaxeirisths toy systhmatos, me dikaiwmata zwhs kai 8anatoy epi toy
     ypologisth. An ergazeste sto diko sas ypologisth, 8a eiste kai
     root. Einai genika epikindyno: ka8ws to paramikro la8os mporei na
     blacei sobara h kai na katastrecei to susthma, opws akribws kai sta
     DOS/Win. Mh doyleuete ws root ektos ki an einai apolutws
     aparaithto

    pollh apo thn polyplokothta toy Linux ofeiletai sthn ychlh
     parametropoihsh toy. Sxedon ka8e idiothta kai ka8e programma poy
     trexei se Linux mporei na ry8mistei mesw enos h perissoterwn
     arxeiwn ry8misewn. H polyplokothta einai to timhma ths isxuos

    h anakateu8ynsh (redirection) kai to piping einai mia leitoyrgia
     toy DOS, polu shmantikh kai polu pio dynath sto Linux. Aples
     entoles mporoun na enw8oun, wste na epituxoyn pio poluploka erga.
     Proteinw na ma8ete polu kala pws na ta xrhsimopoieite.



  1.2.2.  Pou 8a breite boh8eia


  Yparxoyn para polloi tropoi na breite boh8eia gia to Linux. Oi
  shmantikoteroi einai:


    na diabasete thn yparxoysa tekmhriwsh---kai to ennow! Par' oti ayto
     to HOWTO poy diabasete mporei na xrhsimeusei ws mia eisagwgh sto
     Linux, yparxoyn arketa biblia poy kalon einai na diabasete: to
     Linux Installation and Getting Started toy Matt Welsh (
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/LDP/gs/gs.html>), to Linux User Guide
     toy Larry Greenfield ( <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-
     doc-project/users-guide>), kai to FAQ toy Linux (
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html>).  Na niw8ete
     ligaki enoxos ews otoy diabasete toylaxiston ena apo ayta!

    h tekmhriwsh twn hdh egkatesthmenwn paketwn syxna brisketai se
     ypokatalogoys toy /usr/doc/

    gia na parete boh8eia sxetikws me tis eswterikes entoles toy
     kelufoys, gracte help h, kalutera, man bash h info bash

    gia boh8eia se kapoia entolh, gracte man entolh poy epikaleitai th
     selida egxeiridioy (man page) ths entolh. Enallaktika, gracte info
     entolh poy epikaleitai, ean yparxei, th selida plhroforiwn (info
     page) ths entolh prokeitai gia ena susthma tekmhriwshs se
     yperkeimeno (hypertext) isws oxi filiko gia xrhsh sthn arxh. Telos,
     mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete ta apropos entolh h whatis entolh. Se
     ka8e periptwsh, pathste `q' gia ejodo

    telos, sto Diadiktyo (Internet): to kalutero meros gia boh8eia
     einai oi Omades Syzhthsewn (Usenet), opws h
     <news:comp.os.linux.setup>. Parakalw mh moy steilete hl. epistolh
     gia boh8eia, ka8ws einai arketa apasxolhmenos.

    (S.t.M. kante mia boltoula ki apo to diko mas www.linux.gr ...)




  1.3.  Symbaseis


  Sto paron eggrafo polla paradeigmata 8a einai sthn ejhs morfh: h <...>
  einai mia aparaithth parametros, enw h [...] proairetikh.  Paradeigma:




  $ tar -tf <file.tar> [> redir_file]




  To file.tar prepei na anaferetai, omws h anakateu8ynsh (redirection)
  sto redir_file einai proairetikh.

  RMP shmainei please Read the Man Pages for further information (=
  parakalw diabaste tis selides egxeiridioy gia peraiterw plhrofories).
  Epanalambanw oti einai ejairetika shmantiko na diabazei kaneis thn
  tekmhriwsh. To DOSWin shmainei  DOS/Windows.

  Otan to prompt mias entolhs einai to #, h entolh ayth mporei na klh8ei
  monon apo ton root.



  2.  Gia toys anypomonoys


  Gia ena grhgoro jekinhma, rijte mia matia ston parakatw pinaka:




       DOS                     Linux                   Shmeiwseis
       ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

       ATTRIB (+-)attr file    chmod <mode> file       entelws diaforetiko
       BACKUP                  tar -Mcvf device dir/   to idio
       CD dirname\             cd dirname/             sxedon h idia syntaksh
       COPY file1 file2        cp file1 file2          to idio
       DEL file                rm file                 prosoxh - den yparxei undelete
       DELTREE dirname         rm -R dirname/          to idio
       DIR                     ls                      oxi akribws h idia syntaksh
       DIR file /S             find . -name file       entelws diaforetiko
       EDIT file               vi file                 ypopsiazomai oti de 8a sas aresei
                               jstar file              moiazei me to edit toy dos
       EDLIN file              ed file                 ksexaste to
       FORMAT                  fdformat,
                               mount, umount           arketa diaforetikh syntaksh
       HELP command            man command,            idia logikh
                               info command
       MD dirname              mkdir dirname/          sxedon h idia syntaksh
       MORE < file             less file               safws anwtero
       MOVE file1 file2        mv file1 file2          to idio
       NUL                     /dev/null               to idio
       PRINT file              lpr file                to idio
       PRN                     /dev/lp0,
                               /dev/lp1                to idio
       RD dirname              rmdir dirname/          sxedon h idia syntaksh
       REN file1 file2         mv file1 file2          oxi gia pollapla arxeia
       RESTORE                 tar -Mxpvf device       diaforetikh syntaksh
       TYPE file               less file               poly kalytero
       WIN                     startx                  apexei parassagkes!




  An 8elete kati parapanw apo enan pinaka me entoles, deite thn parakatw
  enothta.




  3.  Gnwriste to bash


  Exw kala nea: sto Linux plhktrologeite polu ligotera sth grammh
  entolwn, afou to kelyfos bash plhktrologei gia sas opote einai
  dynaton, kai exei arketes omorfes leitoyrgies dior8wsewn. Kat' arxas,
  to epanw belos anakalei tis prohgoumenes grammes entolwn kai oxi
  mono. Patwntas <TAB> symplhrwnontai ta onomata arxeiwn kai katalogwn.
  Gia paradeigma, to na gracei kaneis



       $ ls /uTABloTABbTAB




  einai san na grafei



       $ ls /usr/local/bin




  An yphrje mplejimo kata th grafh toy



       $ ls /uTABloTABiTAB




  tote to bash stamata, dioti den jerei an ennoeite /usr/local/info h
  /usr/local/include. Dwste perissoteroys xarakthres kai janapathste
  <TAB>

  Alloi xrhsimoi syndyasmoi einai o <ESC-BACKSPACE> poy sbhnei mia lejh
  sta aristera , enw o <ESC-D> sbhnei mia lejh sta dejia o <ESC-F>
  metakinei to dromea kata mia lejh sta dejia kai o <ESC-B> sta
  aristera o <CTRL-A> metakinei sthn arxh ths grammhs kai o <CTRL-E>
  sto telos ths. O syndyasmos <ALT> einai isodunamos me ton <ESC>.

  Arketa gia twra. Molis synh8isete aytes tis syntomeuseis, 8a briskete
  th grammh entolwn toy DOS polu enoxlhtikh...



  4.  Arxeia kai Programmata




  4.1.  Arxeia: Eisagwgika 8emata


  H domh twn arxeiwn kai katalogwn toy Linux einai arketa paromoia me
  aythn toy DOSWin. Ta arxeia exoyn onomata poy ypokeintai se orismenoys
  kanones, fylassontai se katalogoys, kapoia einai ektelesima kai metaju
  twn ektelesimwn kapoia exoyn diakoptes (switches) ws entoles.
  Epipleon, mporeite na xrhsimopoieite xarakthres mpalantes (wildcard),
  anakateu8ynshs (redirection) kai piping. Yparxoyn mono kapoies mikres
  diafores:

    sto DOS, ta onomata twn arxeiwn einai sth legomenh morfh 8.3
     p.x. NOTENOUG.TXT. Sto Linux kanoyme kalutera pragmata. An
     egkatasthsate to Linux xrhsimopoiwntas ena susthma arxeiwn (file
     system) opws to ext2 h to umsdos, mporeite na xrhsimopoieite
     makrutera onomata (ews 255 xarakthres), kai me perissoteres ths
     mias teleies: paradeigmatos xarin,
     Ayto_einai.ena.POLY_makry.onomaarxeioy. Shmeiwste oti xrhsimopoihsa
     toso kefalaioys oso kai mikrous xarakthres: Allwste...

    oi pezoi kai oi kefalaioi xarakthres sta onomata arxeiwn einai
     diaforetikoi. Etsi, ta FILENAME.tar.gz kai filename.tar.gz einai
     duo diaforetika arxeia. To ls einai mia entolh, to LS einai ena
     la8os

    oi xrhstes twn Windows as prosexoyn otan xrhsimopoioun megala
     onomata arxeiwn sto Linux. An to onoma enos arxeioy periexei kena
     (den proteinetai, alla mporei na ginei) tote prepei na perikleisete
     to onoma toy arxeioy se dipla latinika eisagwgika ka8e fora poy
     anafereste s' ayto. Paradeigma:



       $ # h parakatw entolh ftiaxnei enan katalogo poy legetai "My old files"
       $ mkdir "My old files"
       $ ls
       My old files    bin     tmp





  Epishs, kapoioi xarakthres kalo einai na mh xrhsimopoiountai. P.x.:
  !*$&#

    den yparxoyn desmeytikes epektaseis opws .COM kai .EXE gia ta
     programmata h .BAT gia ta arxeia batch. Ta ektelesima arxeia
     shmeiwnontai me enan asterisko *' sto telos toy onomatos toys, otan
     ekteleite thn entolh ls -F . Gia paradeigma:



       $ ls -F
       I_am_a_dir/   cindy.jpg    cjpg*   letter_to_Joe    my_1st_script*  old~





  Ta arxeia cjpg* kai my_1st_script* einai ektelesima, dhladh program
  mata . Sto DOS, ta arxeia backup lhgoyn se .BAK, enw sto Linux lhgoyn
  me mia perispwmenh `~'. Epishs, ena arxeio to onoma toy opoioy jekina
  me teleia 8ewreitai kryfo. Paradeigma: to arxeio .I.am.a.hidden.file
  de 8a fanei meta thn entolh ls

    Oi diakoptes (switches) sta programmata toy DOS dinontai sth morfh
     /switch, enw sto Linux dinontai me -switch h --switch. Paradeigma:
     to dir /s 8a ginei ls -R. Shmeiwste oti polla programmata toy DOS,
     opws to PKZIP h to ARJ, xrhsimopoioun diakoptes tupoy UNIX.

  Mporeite twra na metafer8eite sthn enothta ``Metafrash entolwn apo to
  DOS sto Linux'', sth 8esh sas omws 8a diabaza ki allo.





  4.2.  Symbolikoi desmoi


  Sto UNIX yparxei ena eidos arxeiwn poy den yparxei sto DOS: o
  symbolikos desmos (symbolic link). Ayto mporei na 8ewrh8ei ws deikths
  pros ena arxeio h enan katalogo, kai mporei na xrhsimopoieitai anti
  gia to deiknyomeno einai paromoio me tis syntomeuseis twn Windows.
  Paradeigmata symbolikwn desmwn einai to /usr/X11, poy deixnei sto
  /usr/X11R6 to  /dev/modem, poy deixnei eite sto /dev/ttyS0 h sto
  /dev/ttyS1.

  Gia na ftiajete enan symboliko desmo:



       $ ln -s <arxeio_h_katalogos> <onoma_desmou>




  Paradeigma:



       $ ln -s /usr/doc/g77/DOC g77manual.txt




  Twra mporeite na anafereste sto g77manual.txt anti gia to
  /usr/doc/g77/DOC.  Oi desmoi fainontai etsi sthn ejodo toy ls :



       $ ls -F
       g77manual.txt@
       $ ls -l
       (diafora_pragmata...)           g77manual.txt -> /usr/doc/g77/DOC






  4.3.  Dikaiwmata kai Idiokthsies


  Ta arxeia kai oi katalogoi sto DOS exoyn ta akoloy8a xarakthristika
  (attributes): A (archive, arxeia), H (hidden, kryfa), R (read-only,
  mono gia anagnwsh), and S (system, systhmatos). Monon ta H kai ta R
  exoyn nohma sto Linux: ta kryfa arxeia jekinoun me mia teleia, oso gia
  to attribute R, diabaste ki allo.

  Sto UNIX ena arxeio exei dikaiwmata (permissions) kai enan idiokthth
  (owner), o opoios me th seira toy anhkei se mia omada (group). Deite
  to paradeigma:



       $ ls -l /bin/ls
       -rwxr-xr-x  1  root  bin  27281 Aug 15 1995 /bin/ls*





  To prwto pedio periexei ta dikaiwmata toy arxeioy /bin/ls, poy anhkei
  ston root, omada bin. Afhnontas tis ypoloipes plhrofories poy dinei h
  entolh, stekomaste sth shmasia toy -rwxr-xr-x apo aristera pros ta
  dejia:

  - einai to eidos toy arxeioy (- = kanoniko arxeio, d = katalogos, l =
  desmos, klp)` rwx einai ta dikaiwmata toy idiokthth toy arxeioy
  (owner) kai einai(read=anagnwsh, write=eggrafh, execute=ektelesh) r-x
  einai ta dikaiwmata ths omadas (group) toy idiokthth (owner) toy
  arxeioy kai einai  (read=anagnwsh, execute=ektelesh) (De 8a kalucw
  thn ennoia ths omadas, 8ewrw oti mporeite na kanete kai xwris aythn,
  ef' oson eiste arxarioi ;-) kai r-x einai ta dikaiwmata gia oloys toys
  alloys xrhstes (read=anagnwsh, execute=ektelesh).

  O katalogos /bin exei epishs dikaiwmata: deite sthn enothta
  ``Directories Permissions'' gia peraiterw plhrofories. Gi' ayto den
  mporeite na diagracete to arxeio /bin/ls para mono an eiste root: den
  exete to dikaiwma (permission) na to kanete. Gia na allajete ta
  dikaiwmata enos arxeioy, h entolh einai:



       $ chmod <whoXperm> <file>




  opoy who einai u (user=xrhsths, einai o idiokthths), g (group=omada),
  o (other=alloi), X einai eite + h -, perm einai r (read=anagnwsh), w
  (write=eggrafh), or x (execute=ektelesh). Kapoia paradeigmata ths
  xrhshs ths chmod einai ta akoloy8a:



       $ chmod +x file




  ayto 8etei to dikaiwma ekteleshs gia to arxeio.



       $ chmod go-rw file




  ayto afairei ta dikaiwmata anagnwshs kai eggrafhs gia oloys, plhn toy
  idiokthth.



       $ chmod ugo+rwx file




  ayto dinei se oloys (xrhsth, omada, alloys) dikaiwmata anagnwshs,
  eggrafhs kai ekteleshs.



       # chmod +s file


  ayto ftiaxnei ena arxeio setuid h suid --- ena arxeio poy mporoun
  oloi na ektelesoyn, me ta dikaiwmata toy idiokthth toy. 8a synanthsete
  arketa suid arxeia toy root ayta einai synh8ws shmantika arxeia toy
  systhmatos, opws o X server.

  Enas pio suntomos tropos gia na anafer8ei kaneis sta dikaiwmata einai
  me ari8mhtika chfia: To rwxr-xr-x mporei na ekfrastei ws 755 (ka8e
  gramma antistoixei se enan ari8mo: to --- einai 0, to --x einai 1, to
  -w- einai 2, to -wx einai 3...).  Deixnei duskolo, alla me ligh
  ejaskhsh 8a katalabete thn ennoia. O root, ontas o yperxrhsths
  mporei na allajei ta dikaiwmata twn arxeiwn olwn twn xrhstwn. RMP.



  4.4.  Arxeia: Metafrazontas entoles


  Aristera briskontai oi entoles toy DOS dejia oi antistoixes gia to
  Linux.


       ATTRIB:         chmod
       COPY:           cp
       DEL:            rm
       MOVE:           mv
       REN:            mv
       TYPE:           more, less, cat




  Telestes anakateu8ynshs (redirection) kai plumbing:  < > >> |

  Xarakthres Mpalanter: * ?

  nul:        /dev/null

  prn, lpt1:  /dev/lp0 h /dev/lp1; lpr


  4.4.1.  Paradeigmata





       DOS                                     Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\NIKOS>ATTRIB +R FILE.TXT             $ chmod 400 file.txt
       C:\NIKOS>COPY JOE.TXT JOE.DOC           $ cp joe.txt joe.doc
       C:\NIKOS>COPY *.* TOTAL                 $ cat * > total
       C:\NIKOS>COPY FRACTALS.DOC PRN          $ lpr fractals.doc
       C:\NIKOS>DEL TEMP                       $ rm temp
       C:\NIKOS>DEL *.BAK                      $ rm *~
       C:\NIKOS>MOVE PAPER.TXT TMP\            $ mv paper.txt tmp/
       C:\NIKOS>REN PAPER.TXT PAPER.ASC        $ mv paper.txt paper.asc
       C:\NIKOS>PRINT LETTER.TXT               $ lpr letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT                $ more letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT                $ less letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT > NUL          $ cat letter.txt > /dev/null
               n/a                             $ more *.txt *.asc
               n/a                             $ cat section*.txt | less



  Shmeiwseis:


    To * einai ejypnotero sto Linux: to * shmainei ola ta arxeia ektos
     apo ta kryfa to .* shmainei ola ta kryfa arxeia (kai epishs ton
     trexonta katalogo `.' kai ton prohgoumeno `..': prosoxh!) to *.*
     shmainei mono ta arxeia poy exoyn ena `.' sth mesh me mia teleia
     to p*r shmainei peter kai piper to *c* shmainei picked kai
     peck

    otan xrhsimopoieite more, piezete <SPACE> gia na diabasete to
     arxeio kai q gia ejodo. To less exei perissoteres leitoyrgies kai
     epitrepei th xrhsh twn belwn

    den yparxei UNDELETE, gi' ayto skefteite to kala protou sbhsete
     otidhpote

    en anti8esei pros to < > >>toy DOS, to Linux exei 2> gia na
     anakatey8unei mhnumata la8oys (stderr) epipleon, to 2>&1
     anakatey8unei apo to stderr sto stdout, enw to 1>&2 anakatey8unei
     apo to stdout sto stderr

    To Linux exei ena akomh wildcard: to []. Xrhsh: to [abc]* shmainei
     ola ta arxeia poy jekinoun me a, b, c to *[I-N1-3] shmainei ta
     arxeia poy teleiwnoyn se I, J, K, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3

    to lpr <file> typwnei mia selida sto paraskhnio. Gia na elegjete
     thn katastash ths allhloyxias ektupwshs (print queue)
     xrhsimopoieiste to lpq gia na afairesete ena arxeio apo thn
     allhloyxia ektupwshs xrhsimopoieiste lprm

    den yparxei entolh paromoia me thn RENAME toy DOS dhladh, to mv
     *.xxx *.yyy de 8a doylecei.  Mia entolh paromoia me thn REN einai
     dia8esimh sto  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file>

    xrhsimopoieiste cp -i kai mv -i gia na eidopoih8eite otan ena
     arxeio prokeitai na epikalyf8ei.



  4.5.  Ektelesh Programmatwn: Polydiergasia kai Synedries (Sessions)


  Gia na trejete ena programma plhktrologeiste to onoma toy opws 8a
  kanate kai sto DOS. An o katalogos (Enothta ``Xrhsh Katalogwn'') poy
  einai egkatesthmeno to programma periexetai sto the PATH (Section
  ``Arxeia Arxikopoihshs (Initialisation) Systhmatos''), to programma 8a
  jekinhsei.  Ejairesh: En anti8esei pros to DOS, sto Linux ena
  programma poy periexetai ston trexonta katalogo de 8a trejei, ektos an
  o katalogos periexetai sto PATH. Lush: an to programma einai prog
  plhktrologeiste ./prog.

  H synh8hs grammh ergaleiwn einai kapws etsi:



       $ command [-s1 [-s2] ... [-sn]] [par1 [par2] ... [parn]] [< input] [> output]




  opoy -s1, ..., -sn einai oi diakoptes ths entolhs, par1, ..., parn
  einai oi parametroi toy programmatos. Mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete
  perissoteres ths mias entoles sthn grammh entolwn:


       $ command1 ; command2 ; ... ; commandn




  Ayta exw na pw gia to trejimo programmatwn, einai omws polu aplo na
  poume kati perissotero. Enas apo toys basikous logoys gia th xrhsh toy
  Linux einai to gegonos oti prokeitai gia ena polydiergasiako L.S.,
  dhladh oti mporei na trexei perissotera toy enos programmata (ef' ejhs
  diadikasies (processes) taytoxronws). Mporeite na jekinate diadikasies
  sto peri8wrio (background) synexizontas na ergazeste opws prin.
  Epipleon, sto Linux mporeite na exete polles synedries: einai san na
  exete pollous ypologistes na leitoyrgoun taytoxronws!


    Gia na allajete stis synedries 1..6 twn eikonikwn konsolwn (virtual
     consoles), pieste <ALT-F1> ... <ALT-F6>

    Gia na jekinhsete mia nea synedria sthn idia eikonikh konsola xwris
     na afhsete thn trexoysa, pathste su - <loginname>. Paradeigma: su -
     root. Ayto einai xrhsimo, gia paradeigma, an 8elete na ektelesete
     mia ergasia poy mporei na kanei mono o root.

    Gia na termatisete mia synedria, plhktrologeiste exit. An yparxoyn
     stamathmenes ergasies (stopped jobs) (blepe parakatw), 8a
     eidopoih8eite.

    Gia na jekinhsete mia diadikasia sto peri8wrio, pros8este to
     sumbolo '&' sto telos ths grammhs entolwn:



       $ programma [-diakoptes] [parametroi] [< eisodos] [> eksodos] &
       [1] 123





  to kelyfos anagnwrizei th diadikasia me enan ari8mo ergasias (p.x.
  [1] bl.  parakatw), kai me enan PID (Process Identification Number,
  Ari8mo Anagnwrisews Diadikasias  sto paradeigma mas 123).

    Gia na deite poses diadikasies yparxoyn, plhktrologeiste ps ax.
     Ayto 8a dwsei ws apotelesma enan katalogo twn trexontwn diadikasiwn
     th stigmh ayth.

    Gia na skotwsete (termatisete) mia diadikasia, plhktrologeiste kill
     <PID>. Kapoies fores isws 8elhsete na skotwsete mia diadikasia otan
     den jerete pws na thn termatisete me ton fysiologiko tropo...
     Mporeite na skotwsete tis diadikasies allwn xrhstwn monon an eiste
     o root. Kapoies fores, mia diadikasia skotwnetai monon me kill
     -SIGKILL <PID>.

     Epipros8etws, to kelyfos sas epitrepei na stamatate h na diakoptete
     proswrina mia diadikasia, na th steilete sto paraskhnio kai na
     ferete mia diadikasia apo to paraskhnio.  Otan anaferomaste se ayta
     ta 8emata 8a kaloume tis diadikasies ergasies (jobs).

    Gia na deite poses ergasies yparxoyn plhktrologeiste jobs. Edw, oi
     ergasies anagnwrizontai apo ton ari8mo ergasias toys kai oxi to
     PID.

    Gia na stamathsete mia ergasia poy trexei sto foreground,
     plhktrologeiste <CTRL-C> (de 8a doylecei panta).

    Gia na diakocete mia ergasia poy trexei sto foreground,
     plhktrologeiste <CTRL-Z> (omoiws).

    Gia na steilete mia diakekommenh ergasia sto paraskhnio,
     plhktrologeiste bg <%job> (metatrepetai se ergasia).

    Gia na ferete mia ergasia sto foreground, plhktrologeiste fg
     <%job>. Gia na ferete sto foreground thn teleytaia ergasia poy
     steilate sto paraskhnio, dwste apla  fg.

    Gia na skotwsete mia ergasia, plhktrologeiste kill <%job> opoy
     <job> mporei na einai 1, 2, 3,...

  Xrhsei aytwn twn entolwn mporeite na diamorfwsete ena disko, na
  sympiesete ena plh8os arxeiwn, na metaglwttisete ena programma kai na
  aposympiesete ena sympiesmeno arxeio taytoxronws, exontas akomh to
  prompt sth dia8esh sas! Dokimaste na to kanete ayto kai sta Windows
  kai deite thn diafora apodosews (ef' oson den kollhsoyn....).



  4.6.  Ektelesh Programmatwn se Apomakrysmenoys Ypologistes.


  Gia na trejete ena programma se enan apomakrysmeno ypologisth onomati
  remote.machine.edu:



       $ telnet remote.machine.edu




  Afou kanete log in, jekinhste to agaphmeno sas programma. Ennoeite pws
  8a prepei na exete logariasmo kelufoys (shell account) ston
  apomakrysmeno ypologisth.

  An exete X11, mporeite na trejete kai efarmoges X apo apomakrysmenoys
  ypologistes, kanontas tis na fainontai sthn o8onh toy proswpikou sas
  ypologisth. Estw remote.machine.edu to apomakrysmeno susthma kai
  local.linux.box to Linuxokoyto sas. Gia na trejete apo to
  local.linux.box mia efarmogh X eyriskomenh sto remote.machine.edu,
  kante ta parakatw:


    anoijte to X11, jekinhste ena xterm h kapoion allon symbato
     ejomoiwth termatikou (terminal emulator) kai plhktrologeiste:



       $ xhost +remote.machine.edu
       $ telnet remote.machine.edu





    afou kanete log in, plhktrologeiste:



       remote:$ DISPLAY=local.linux.box:0.0
       remote:$ progname &


  (anti gia DISPLAY..., isws xreiastei na gracete: setenv DISPLAY
  local.linux.box:0.0. Ejartatai apo to apomakrysmeno kelyfos.)

  Et voila! To progname 8a jekinhsei ston remote.machine.edu kai 8a
  fainetai ston ypologisth sas. Kalutera na mhn to xrhsimopoihsete omws
  me sundesh mesw modem, giati 8a einai ejairetika argo kai ara oxi
  idiaitera xrhsimo.. Epipleon, einai mia ajesth kai anasfalhs me8odos:
  kalutera diabaste to Remote X Apps mini-HOWTO sth dieu8ynsh
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps>.



  5.  Xrhsh Katalogwn



  5.1.  Katalogoi: Arxika Sxolia


  Eidame tis diafores metaju twn arxeiwn sto DOSWin kai sto Linux. Oson
  afora toys katalogoys, sto DOSWin o rizikos katalogos einai \ kai sto
  Linux einai /. Omoiws, oi fwliasmenoi katalogoi xwrizontai me \ sto
  DOSWin, enw me / sto Linux. Paradeigmata diadromwn arxeiwn:



       DOS:    C:\PAPERS\GEOLOGY\MID_EOC.TEX
       Linux:  /home/nikos/papers/geology/middle_eocene.tex




  Ws synh8ws, .. einai o patrikos katalogos (parent directory) kai .
  einai o trexwn katalogos (current) directory. Na 8ymaste oti to
  susthma den epitrepei na trejete tis cd, rd, kai md opoy 8elete. Ka8e
  xrhsths diathrei ta pragmata toy se enan katalogo poy onomazetai
  oikeios (home), poy didetai apo to diaxeiristh toy systhmatos
  paradeigmatos xarin, ston ypologisth moy o oikeios katalogos moy einai
  o /home/nikos.



  5.2.  Dikaiwmata Katalogwn


  Kai oi katalogoi exoyn dikaiwmata. Isxuoyn osa eidame sthn enothta
  ``Dikaiwmata kai idiokthsies'' , dhladh ta xrhsths (user), omada
  (group) kai alloi (other). Sthn periptwsh twn katalogwn, to rx
  shmainei oti mporeite na allajete ston katalogo kai w oti mporeite na
  diagracete ena arxeio toy katalogoy (sumfwna me ta dikaiwmata toy
  arxeioy fysika) h kai ton idio ton katalogo.


  Gia paradeigma, gia na krathsw toys alloys xrhstes makria apo to
  arxeio /home/nikos/text:



       $ chmod o-rwx /home/nikos/text







  5.3.  Katalogoi: Metafrash Entolwn




       DIR:            ls, find, du
       CD:             cd, pwd
       MD:             mkdir
       RD:             rmdir
       DELTREE:        rm -rf
       MOVE:           mv





  5.3.1.  Paradeigmata




       DOS                                     Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\NIKOS>DIR                            $ ls
       C:\NIKOS>DIR FILE.TXT                   $ ls file.txt
       C:\NIKOS>DIR *.H *.C                    $ ls *.h *.c
       C:\NIKOS>DIR/P                          $ ls | more
       C:\NIKOS>DIR/A                          $ ls -l
       C:\NIKOS>DIR *.TMP /S                   $ find / -name "*.tmp"
       C:\NIKOS>CD                             $ pwd
               n/a - vlepe simeiwsi            $ cd
               omoiws                          $ cd ~
               omoiws                          $ cd ~/temp
       C:\NIKOS>CD \OTHER                      $ cd /other
       C:\NIKOS>CD ..\TEMP\TRASH               $ cd ../temp/trash
       C:\NIKOS>MD NEWPROGS                    $ mkdir newprogs
       C:\NIKOS>MOVE PROG ..                   $ mv prog ..
       C:\NIKOS>MD \PROGS\TURBO                $ mkdir /progs/turbo
       C:\NIKOS>DELTREE TEMP\TRASH             $ rm -rf temp/trash
       C:\NIKOS>RD NEWPROGS                    $ rmdir newprogs
       C:\NIKOS>RD \PROGS\TURBO                $ rmdir /progs/turbo




  Shmeiwseis:


    gia th xrhsh ths rmdir, o pros diagrafh katalogos prepei na einai
     kenos. Gia na diagracete enan katalogo mazi me ola toy ta
     periexomena xrhsimopoieiste thn rm -rf me dikh sas ey8unh

    o xarakthras ~ einai syntomeysh gia to onoma toy oikeioy
     katalogoy sas. Oi entoles cd h cd ~ 8a sas metaferoyn ston oikeio
     katalogo apo opoy ki an eiste h entolh cd ~/tmp 8a sas metaferei
     sto /home/your_home/tmp

    h cd - anairei thn teleytaia cd.



  6.  Disketes, sklhroi diskoi klp



  Yparxoyn duo me8odoi na diaxeiristei kaneis tis syskeyes: o tropos toy
  DOS kai o tropos toy UNIX Eeeeeseis apofasizete!



  6.1.  Diaxeirish syskeywn me ton tropo toy DOS.


  Oi perissoteres dianomes toy Linux periexoyn thn soyita Mtools suite,
  ena sunolo entelws antistoixwn entolwn pros aytes toy DOS, me th
  diafora oti jekinoun me ena m: p.x., mformat, mdir, mdel, mmd, klp.
  Mporoun epishs na diaxeiristoun megala onomata arxeiwn, alla oxi
  dikaiwmata. An ry8misete ta Mtools tropopoiwntas to arxeio
  /etc/mtools.conf (ena deigma perilambanetai sth dianomh) 8a mporeite
  na exete prosbash sth diamerish DOS/Win, sto CD--ROM, kai to Zip
  drive. Omws h entolh mformat de 8a leitoyrghsei gia na diamorfwsete
  mia freskoagorasmenh disketa. Ws root, 8a prepei na trejete
  prokatabolika thn entolh: fdformat /dev/fd0H1440.

  Den mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete arxeia se mia disketa me mia entolh
  toy tupoy less a:file.txt! Ayto einai to meionekthma toy xeirismou
  diskwn me ton tropo toy DOS.



  6.2.  Diaxeirish syskeywn me ton tropo toy UNIX.


  To UNIX exei diaforetiko tropo na xeirizetai tis syskeyes. Den
  yparxoyn jexwristoi tomoi opws A: kai C:  enas diskos eite einai
  disketa h otidhpote ginetai tmhma enos topikou systhmatos arxeiwn mesw
  mias diadikasias poy legetai prosarthsh (mounting). Otan teleiwsete
  me th syskeyh, prepei na thn apoprosarthsete protou thn ejagete.

  H fysikh diamorfwsh enos diskoy kai h dhmioyrgia enos systhmatos
  arxeiwn ep' aytou einai duo diaforetikes diadikasies. H entolh FORMAT
  A: sto DOS kanei kai ta duo, sto Linux omws yparxoyn diaforetikes
  entoles. Gia na diamorfwsete mia disketa deite anwterw gia na
  dhmioyrghsete ena susthma arxeiwn:



       # mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440




  Mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete dos, vfat (proteinomeno) h alla eidh anti
  gia to ext2. Molis h disketa etoimastei, prosarthste thn me thn
  entolh:



       # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt




  ka8orizontas to swsto susthma arxeiwn, an den xrhsimopoieite ext2.
  Twra mporeite na anafereste sta arxeia ths disketas xrhsimopoiwntas
  /mnt anti gia A: kai B:.  Paradeigmata:





  DOS                                     Linux
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------

  C:\NIKOS>DIR A:                         $ ls /mnt
  C:\NIKOS>COPY A:*.*                     $ cp /mnt/* .
  C:\NIKOS>COPY *.ZIP A:                  $ cp *.zip /mnt
  C:\NIKOS>EDIT A:FILE.TXT                $ jstar /mnt/file.txt
  C:\NIKOS>A:                             $ cd /mnt
  A:> _                                   /mnt/$ _




  Otan teleiwsete prin ejagete th disketa prepei na thn apoprosarthsete
  me thn entolh



       # umount /mnt




  Profanws, xreiazetai na efarmosete tis fdformat kai mkfs mono se
  adiamorfwtes disketes kai oxi se hdh xrhsimopoioumenes. An 8elete na
  xrhsimopoihsete ton odhgo (drive) B:, antikatasthste ta fd0H1440 kai
  fd0 me fd1H1440 kai fd1 antistoixws sta prohgoumena paradeigmata.

  Epishs einai profanes pws osa eipame gia tis disketes isxuoyn kai gia
  alles syskeyes paradeigmatos xarin, mporeite na prosarthsete enan
  sklhro disko h enan odhgo CD--ROM. Gia na prosarthsete ena CD--ROM:



       # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt




  Aytos einai o epishmos tropos gia na prosarthsete toys diskoys sas.
  Ka8ws omws einai arketa ekneyristiko na prepei na einai kaneis root
  gia na prosarthsei mia disketa h ena CD--ROM, yparxei kai h plagia
  odos:


    Ws root, kante ta ejhs:



       # mkdir /mnt/floppy ; mkdir /mnt/cdrom
       # chmod 777 /mnt/floppy /mnt/cd*
       # # sigoureuteite oti h syskeyh CD-ROM einai swsth
       # chmod 666 /dev/hdb ; chmod 666 /dev/fd*





    kai pros8este sto /etc/fstab tis ejhs grammes:



       /dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom  iso9660 ro,user,noauto          0       0
       /dev/fd0        /mnt/floppy vfat    user,noauto             0       0


  Twra, gia na prosarthsete mia disketa DOS kai ena CD--ROM:



       $ mount /mnt/floppy
       $ mount /mnt/cdrom




  Ta /mnt/floppy kai /mnt/cdrom einai pleon prosbasima apo oloys toys
  xrhstes. Exete yp' och oti epitrepontas se oloys toys xrhstes na
  prosarmozoyn disketes kat' ayton ton tropo afhnete mia xasmatwdh trupa
  asfaleias, ef' oson sas endiaferei.


  Duo xrhsimes entoles einai h df, poy dinei plhrofories gia to
  prosarthmeno susthma arxeiwn, kai h du dirname poy anaferei to xwro
  sto disko poy katalambanei o katalogos dirname.



  6.3.  Antigrafa asfaleias (back up)


  Yparxoyn diafora paketa poy mporoun na sas boh8hsoyn, to elaxisto omws
  poy mporeite na kanete gia na dhmioyrghsete antigrafa asfaleias
  (backup) se polles disketes einai (ws root):



       # tar -M -cvf /dev/fd0H1440 dir_to_backup/




  Sigoyreyteite oti exete mia diamorfwmenh disketa ston tomo kai arketes
  akomh etoimes. Gia na epanaferete (restore) ta pragmata sas, eisagete
  thn prwth disketa ston tomo kai plhktrologeiste:



       # tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0H1440






  7.  Kai ta Windows;


  To antistoixo twn Windows einai to grafiko susthma X Window System.
  Anti8eta me ta Windows kai to Mac, to X11 den kataskeyasthke gia
  eykolia sthn xrhsh h gia omorfia, alla gia na prosferei grafikes
  dynatothtes se sta8mous ergasias UNIX. Aytes einai oi basikes
  diafores:


    enw ta Windows deixnoyn to idio pantou, to X11 den einai etsi
     einai polu pio parametropoihsimo. H genikh och dinetai apo ena
     systatiko poy legetai diaxeirisths para8urwn (window manager,
     w.m.), gia thn epilogh toy opoioy exete ena eyru pedio: fvwm,
     basikos alla kalos kai oikonomikos sth mnhmh, fvwm2-95, Afterstep,
     WindowMaker, Enlightenment, kai polloi akomh. O w.m. energopoieitai
     synh8ws apo to .xinitrc
    o w.m. sas mporei na ry8mistei wste ka8e para8yro na leitoyrgei
     opws sta -xmm- Windows: patate epanw toy kai erxetai sto prokeimeno
     (foreground). Mia allh dynatothta einai na erxetai sto prokeimeno
     ka8e fora poy to pontiki kineitai panw toy (focus). Akomh, h
     topo8ethsh twn para8urwn sthn o8onh mporei na einai aytomath h na
     yparxei allhlepidrash (interactive): an ena periergo plaisio
     emfanistei anti gia to programma sas, pathste me to aristero
     plhktro toy pontikou sto shmeio poy to 8elete na emfanistei

    oi perissoteres epiloges mporoun na ry8mistoun dior8wnontas ena h
     perissotera arxeia ry8misewn. Diabaste thn tekmhriwsh toy w.m. sas:
     to arxeio ry8misewn einai .fvwmrc, .fvwm2rc95, .steprc, ktl. Ena
     deigma arxeioy ry8misewn brisketai synh8ws sto /etc/X11/window-
     manager-name/system.window-manager-name

    oi efarmoges toy X11 einai grammenes me th xrhsh eidikwn
     biblio8hkwn (widget sets) ka8ws yparxoyn diafores, oi efarmoges
     deixnoyn diaforetikes. Oi pio basikes einai aytes poy xrhsimopoioun
     ta Athena widgets (och duo diastasewn, 2--D look xdvi, xman,
     xcalc) alles xrhsimopoioun to Motif (netscape), alles ta Tcl/Tk,
     XForms, Qt, Gtk, kai alla. Sxedon oles aytes oi biblio8hkes
     prosferoyn peripoy thn idia och kai ais8hsh me ta Windows

    h ais8hsh, dystyxws, mporei na einai asynarthth. Paradeigmatos
     xarin, an epilejete mia grammh keimenoy xrhsimopoiwntas to pontiki
     kai pathsete <BACKSPACE>, 8a perimenate na ejafanistei, swsta; Ayto
     de symbainei me tis efarmoges poy einai basismenes sto Athena,
     leitoyrgei omws me alla widget sets

    o tropos me ton opoio leitoyrgoun oi mpares kylisews kai
     ayjomeiwsews ejartatai apo ton w.m. kai to widget set. Symboylh: an
     deite oti oi mpares kylisews den symperiferontai opws perimenate,
     dokimaste na tis kinhsete xrhsimopoiwntas ta duo plhktra toy
     pontikiou mazi h to mesaio

    oi efarmoges den exoyn ena eikonidio ej orismou, alla mporoun na
     exoyn polla. Oi perissoteroi w.m. exoyn ena menou poy kaleite
     patwntas me to pontiki sthn epifaneia ergasias (riziko para8yro)
     profanws, to menou ayto mporei na ry8mistei. Gia na allajete thn
     emfanish toy rizikou para8uroy, xrhsimopoieiste to xsetroot h to
     xloadimage

    to proxeiro mporei na periexei mono keimeno, kai symperiferetai
     parajena. Apaj epilejate kapoio keimeno, ayto antigrafetai sto
     proxeiro metakinh8eite kapoy allou kai pathste to mesaio plhktro
     gia na to epikollhsete (paste). Mia efarmogh poy xrhsimeuei gia
     pollapla buffers (pedia mnhmhs) einai to xclipboard

    yparxei epishs h dynatothta toy drag and drop, monon ef' oson h
     efarmogh kai o w.m. to yposthrizoyn.

  Gia oikonomia mnhmhs, synistatai na xrhsimopoieite efarmoges poy
  xrhsimopoioun tis idies biblio8hkes. Sthn prajh, bebaia, ayto einai
  duskolo na efarmostei.

  Yparxoyn kapoia egxeirhmata me skopo na kanoyn to X11 na deixnei kai
  na symperiferetai toso symbata oso kai ta Windows. Ta Gnome,
  <http://www.gnome.org> kai KDE,  <http://www.kde.org>, einai yperoxa!
  Dokimaste ta kai de 8a nostalghsete ta Windows pote jana...



  8.  Ry8mizontas to susthma



  8.1.  Arxeia arxikopoihshs systhmatos


  Duo shmantika arxeia toy DOS einai ta AUTOEXEC.BAT kai CONFIG.SYS, poy
  xrhsimopoiountai kata thn ekkinhsh gia na arxikopoihsoyn (initialise)
  to susthma, na 8esoyn kapoies metablhtes periballontos, opws PATH kai
  FILES, kai pi8anws na ekkinhsoyn ena programma h arxeio batch file.
  Sto Linux yparxoyn polla eidh arxeiwn arxikopoihshs, me merika ek twn
  opoiwn kalutera na mhn asxolh8eite, ews otoy eiste sigoyroi gia to ti
  kanete. Ta shmantikotera einai:



       ARXEIA                                   SHMEIWSEIS

       /etc/inittab                            mhn to peirazete gia thn wra!
       /etc/rc.d/*                             omoiws




  An ayto poy 8elete einai aplws na 8esete thn PATH kai alles metablhtes
  periballontos, na allajete ta mhnumata login h na jekinate aytomata
  ena programma meta to login, deite ta akoloy8a arxeia:



       ARXEIO                                   SHMEIWSEIS

       /etc/issue                              8etei to mhnyma prin to login
       /etc/motd                              8etei to mhnyma meta to login
       /etc/profile                            8etei thn $PATH kai alles metablhtes, klp.
       /etc/bashrc                             8etei ta aliases, tis leitourgies (functions), klp.
       /home/your_home/.bashrc                 8etei ta proswpika sas aliases kai leitoyrgies
       /home/your_home/.bash_profile   `h
       /home/your_home/.profile                8etei to periballon kai ksekina ta programmata sas




  An to teleytaio arxeio yparxei hdh (prokeitai gia kryfo arxeio), 8a
  diabastei meta to login, kai oi entoles toy 8a ektelestoun.

  Gia paradeigma, koitajte ayto to .bash_profile:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  echo Environment:
  printenv | less   # equivalent of command SET under DOS
  alias d='ls -l'   # easy to understand what an alias is
  alias up='cd ..'
  echo "I remind you that the path is "$PATH
  echo "Today is `date`"  # use the output of the command 'date'
  echo "Have a good day, "$LOGNAME
  # The following is a "shell function"
  ctgz() # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive.
  {
    for file in $*
    do
      gzip -dc ${file} | tar tf -
    done
  }
  # end of .profile
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Oi $PATH kai $LOGNAME, opws 8a katalabate, einai metablhtes
  periballontos. Yparxoyn polles akomh gia paradeigmata, RMP sxetika me
  tis efarmoges less kai bash.

  Bazontas thn parakatw grammh sto /etc/profile 8a exete to akribes
  antistoixo toy PROMPT $P$G:



       export PS1="\w\\$ "






  8.2.  Arxeia arxikopoihshs programmatwn


  Sto Linux ta panta sxedon mporei na ry8mistei stis anagkes sas. Ta
  perissotera programmata exoyn ena h perissotera arxeia arxikopoihshs
  ta opoia mporeite na mastorecete. Synh8ws onomazontai
  .onoma_programmatosrc ston oikeio katalogo sas. Ta prwta poy 8a
  8elhsete na metatrecete einai:


     .inputrc: xrhsimopoieitai apo to bash gia na ka8orisei ta key
     bindings (=desmeuseis plhktrwn;)

     .xinitrc: xrhsimopoieitai apo to startx gia na arxikopoihsei to X
     Window System

     .fvwmrc: xrhsimopoieitai apo ton diaxeiristh para8urwn fvwm.

     .joerc, .jstarrc: xrhsimopoieitai apo ton syntakth keimenoy joe;

     .jedrc: xrhsimopoieitai apo ton syntakth keimenoy jed;

     .pinerc: xrhsimopoieitai apo to programma hl. allhlografias pine;

     .Xdefault: xrhsimopoieitai apo polla programmata gia X.

  Gia ola ayta kai gia osa synanthsete argotera, RMP.  8a sas endiefere
  isws na deite to Configuration HOWTO,
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO.html>.




  9.  8emata Diktuwshs


  H sundesh mesw thlefwnoy (Dialup Networking) oxi apla yparxei sto
  Linux, alla einai sta8eroterh kai grhgoroterh. To prwtokollo poy
  xrhsimopoioume einai to PPP, poy xrhsimopoieitai gia th sundesh
  ypologistwn sto Diadiktyo mesw modems. Xreiazeste enan pyrhna me
  yposthrijh PPP kai ena ergaleio poy na thlefwnei kai kanei th sundesh.

  Gia na parete thn allhlografia sas apo ton diakomisth toy Paroxea
  (ISP) sas xreiazeste ena katallhlo ergaleio (email fetcher) poy
  xrhsimopoiei prwtokollo POP protocol otan h allhlografia sas
  katebei 8a fainetai san na estalh kat' ey8eian ston ypologisth sas.
  Sth synexeia, 8a xrhsimopoihsete ena programma diaxeirishs
  hlektronikhs allhlografias (MUA = Mail User Agent) opws to pine, to
  mutt, to elm kai diafora alla.

  Enw sta Windows to programma poy thlefwnei, o dialer jekina aytomatws
  ka8e fora poy jekinate mia diadiktyakh efarmogh, sto Linux ta pragmata
  leitoyrgoun anapoda: prwta thlefwneite kai meta jekinate thn efarmogh.
  An protimate omws thn proanafer8eisa me8odo mporeite na
  xrhsimopoihsete to diald. H egkatastash kai xrhsh ths thlefwnikhs
  sundeshs htan mia ek twn dyskoloterwn diadikasiwn sto Linux twra ta
  pragmata exoyn aplopoih8ei. Gia perissoteres plhrofories
  symboyley8eite to Configuration HOWTO.

  Telos, kapoia logia gia thn Perioxh Diktuoy (Network neighborhood):
  mporeite na kanete ton sta8mo ergasias sas poy trexei Linux na
  emfanizetai opws san na trexate Windows NT/9x se ena topiko diktyo
  ypologistwn Windows! 8a xrhsimopoihsete to Samba: oxi ton omwnymo
  Brazilianiko xoro, alla mia efarmogh toy prwtokolloy SMB gia Linux.
  Sxetika deite sto  <http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba>.



  10.  Stoixeia Programmatismou




  10.1.  Senaria floiou: kata polu anwtera twn arxeiwn .bat


  An xrhsimopoiousate arxeia .BAT gia na kataskeyasete syntomeuseis polu
  megalwn entolwn sto DOS(egw to ekana syxna), twra sto Linux mporeite
  na eisagete katallhla alias (deite to parapanw paradeigma) sto profile
  h to .bash_profile. An omws ta arxeia .BAT sas htan pio poluploka,
  tote 8a trela8eite me thn glwssa senariwn (scripting language) poy sas
  parexei to kelyfos: einai to idio dynath oso kai h palia kalh QBasic,
  an oxi dynatoterh. Exei metablhtes, domes opws while, for, case, if...
  then... else, kai polles alles dynatothtes: einai mia kalh enallaktikh
  se mia pragmatikh glwssa programmatismou.

  Gia na gracete ena senario - to antistoixo toy arxeioy .BAT sto DOS -
  arkei na gracete ena aplo arxeio ASCII poy na periexei tis entoles
  sas, na to swsete kai na to kanete ektelesimo me thn entolh chmod +x
  <scriptfile>. Gia na to ektelesete, gracte to onoma toy.

  Mia proeidopoihsh: o basikos syntakths keimenoy toy systhmatos einai o
  vi, kai apo thn empeiria moy synagw oti oi perissoteroi xrhstes
  dyskoleuontai polu kata th xrhsh toy.  Den 8a ejhghsw th xrhsh toy:
  diabaste to biblio toy Matt Welsh h cajte gia enan odhgo sto
  Diadiktyo. 8a pw omws oti:


    gia na eisagete keimeno, pathste i kai meta to keimeno sas

    gia na diagracete xarakthres, pathste <ESC> kai meta x

    gia na bgeite apo ton vi xwris na swsete to keimeno,
     plhktrologeiste  <ESC> kai meta :q!

    gia na swsete to keimeno sas kai na bgeite, plhktrologeiste <ESC>
     kai meta :wq.

  Enas kalos syntakths keimenoy gia arxarioys einai o joe poy jekina
  plhktrologwntas jstar. Exete tis idies syntomeuseis plhktrwn opws
  stoys syntaktes toy DOSWin editor. O jed sto WordStar h se morfh IDE
  einai akomh kaluteros. An 8elete symboyleyteite thn enothta ``Pou 8a
  breite efarmoges'' gia na deite pou 8a breite aytous toys syntaktes.

  H syggrafh senariwn sto bash einai ena ejairetika axanes 8ema kai
  xreiazetai ena biblio apo mono toy! Gi' ayto kai de 8a ypeisel8w
  perissotero. 8a sas dwsw omws ena  paradeigma senarioy kelufoys (shell
  script), ek toy opoioy mporeite na ejagete merikous basikous kanones:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  # sample.sh
  # I am a comment
  # don't change the first line, it must be there
  echo "This system is: `uname -a`" # use the output of the command
  echo "My name is $0" # built-in variables
  echo "You gave me the following $# parameters: "$*
  echo "The first parameter is: "$1
  echo -n "What's your name? " ; read your_name
  echo notice the difference: "hi $your_name" # quoting with "
  echo notice the difference: 'hi $your_name' # quoting with '
  DIRS=0 ; FILES=0
  for file in `ls .` ; do
    if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # if file is a directory
      DIRS=`expr $DIRS + 1`  # DIRS = DIRS + 1
    elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then
      FILES=`expr $FILES + 1`
    fi
    case ${file} in
      *.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;;
      *.txt|*.tex) echo "${file}: text file" ;;
      *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}: source file" ;;
      *) echo "${file}: generic file" ;;
    esac
  done
  echo "there are ${DIRS} directories and ${FILES} files"
  ls | grep "ZxY--!!!WKW"
  if [ $? != 0 ] ; then # exit code of last command
    echo "ZxY--!!!WKW not found"
  fi
  echo "enough... type 'man bash' if you want more info."
  ______________________________________________________________________





  10.2.  H pio C-mantikh glwssa


  Sto UNIX, glwssa toy systhmatos einai h C, eite mas aresei eite oxi.
  Par' ol' ayta einai dia8esimes kai alles glwsses, opws oi Java,
  FORTRAN, Pascal, Lisp, Basic, Perl, klp.

  8ewrwntas ws dedomeno oti gnwrizete C, idou kapoies katey8ynthries
  grammes gia esas poy exete xalasei apo thn Turbo C++ h opoia allh
  ylopoihsh ths C sto DOS. Sto Linux, o metaglwttisths C legetai gcc kai
  den exei kamia apo tis fanfares poy kata kanona synodeuoyn tis DOS-
  adikes ylopoihseis: den yparxei IDE, boh8eia on-line, enswmatwmenh
  yphresia aposfalmatwshs (integrated debugger) klp. Einai aplws kai
  monon enas metaglwttisths gia th grammh entolwn, polu dynatos kai
  apotelesmatikos. Gia na metaglwttisete ton kwdika hello.c 8a
  plhktrologhsete:


       $ gcc hello.c





  to opoion 8a dhmioyrghsei ena ektelesimo arxeio onomati a.out. Gia na
  dwsete sto ektelesimo allo onoma, plhktrologeiste:



       $ gcc -o hola hello.c




  Gia na syndesete mia biblio8hkh me ena programma, pros8este to
  diakopth -l<onoma_biblio8hkhs>. Paradeigmatos xarin, gia na syndesete
  th ma8hmatikh biblio8hkh:



       $ gcc -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm




  (O diakopths -l<libname> anagkazei ton gcc na syndesei th biblio8hkh
  /usr/lib/lib<onoma_biblio8hkhs>.so opote, o -lm syndeei to
  /usr/lib/libm.so).

  Wraia mexri stigmhs. Otan, omws, to programma sas apoteleitai apo
  diafora phgaia arxeia, tote xreiazeste to programma make. As
  ypo8esoyme oti exete gracei enan expression parser. To phgaio arxeio
  toy einai to parser.c kai ayto periexei (#includes) duo arxeia header,
  ta parser.h kai xy.h. 8elete twra na xrhsimopoihsete tis roytines toy
  parser.c se ena allo programma, estw to calc.c, to opoio sth synexeia
  periexei (#includes) to parser.h. Mplejimo! Ti prepei na kanete gia na
  metaglwttisete to calc.c;

  8a prepei na gracete to legomeno Makefile, to opoio deixnei ston
  metaglwttisth tis ejarthseis metaju twn phgaiwn arxeiwn kai twn
  arxeiwn object. Sto paradeigma mas:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  # This is Makefile, used to compile calc.c
  # Press the <TAB> key where indicated!

  calc: calc.o parser.o
  <TAB>gcc -o calc calc.o parser.o -lm
  # calc depends on two object files: calc.o and parser.o

  calc.o: calc.c parser.h
  <TAB>gcc -c calc.c
  # calc.o depends on two source files

  parser.o:  parser.c parser.h xy.h
  <TAB>gcc -c parser.c
  # parser.o depends on three source files

  # end of Makefile.
  ______________________________________________________________________



  Swste ayto to arxeio ws Makefile kai plhktrologeiste make gia na
  metaglwttisete to programma sas enallaktika, swste to ws calc.mak,
  plhktrologeiste make -f calc.mak, kai bebaiws RMP! Mporeite na breite
  kapoia boh8eia sxetika me tis synarthseis ths C poy kaluptontai apo
  tis selides egxeiridioy (man pages), tomeas 3 gia paradeigma,

       $ man 3 printf




  Gia na aposfalmatwsete ta programmata sas (debug) xrhsimopoieiste to
  gdb. Gia na ma8ete pws na to  xrhsimopoieite: info gdb.

  Yparxoyn polles dia8esimes biblio8hkes anamesa stis prwtes poy 8a
  8elhsete na xrhsimopoihsete einai oi ncurses (efe se textmode), kai
  svgalib (grafika konsolas). An eiste arketa gennaioi na asxolh8eite me
  ton programmatismo sto X11 (den einai toso duskolo), idou kapoies
  biblio8hkes poy dieykolunoyn th syggrafh programmatwn se X11. Deite
  sto <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapp6.html>, exontes yp' och oti
  to Gtk arxise na ginetai to protypo sto Linux.

  Polloi syntaktes keimenoy droyn ws IDE, gia paradeigma oi emacs kai
  jed, exoyn th dynatothta gia fwtismo suntajhs (syntax highlighting),
  aytomath paragrafopoihsh (indent), kai alla. Enallaktika, katebaste to
  paketo rhide apo ton topo
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/>.  Einai enas
  klwnos toy Borland IDE kai pisteuw 8a sas aresei.



  11.  To ypoloipo 1%


  Mallon perissotero apo 1%...



  11.1.  H xrhsh twn tar kai gzip


  Sto UNIX yparxoyn kapoies eyrews xrhsimopoioumenes efarmoges gia thn
  dhmioyrgia paketwn (archives) kai th sympiesh arxeiwn. To tar
  xrhsimopoieitai gia thn kataskeyh paketwn - opws to PKZIP h to
  Winzipme th diafora oti den sympiezei, apla paketarei. Gia na
  ftiajete ena neo paketo:



       $ tar -cvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> <file> [file...]




  Gia na ejagete (extract) arxeia apo ena paketo:



       $ tar -xpvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> [file...]




  Gia na deite ta periexomena enos paketoy:



       $ tar -tf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> | less




  Mporeite na sympiesete me to compress, to opoion einai pleon
  aphrxaiwmeno kai kalon einai na mh xrhsimopoieitai pleon, kai me to
  gzip:



       $ compress <arxeio>
       $ gzip <arxeio>




  Etsi dhmioyrgeitai ena sympiesmeno arxeio me katalhjh .Z (apo to
  compress) h .gz (apo to gzip). Ayta ta programmata mporoun na
  sympiesoyn mono ena arxeio ka8e fora. Gia thn aposympiesh:



       $ compress -d <arxeio.Z>
       $ gzip -d <arxeio.gz>




  RMP.

  Yparxoyn epishs ta programmata unarj, zip kai unzip (symbata me to
  PK??ZIP) . Arxeia me katalhjh .tar.gz h .tgz (paketarismena me tar, en
  synexeia sympiesmena me gzip) einai toso syxna sto UNIX oso kai ta
  arxeia .ZIP sto DOS. Gia na deite ta periexomena enos arxeioy
  .tar.gz:



       $ tar -ztf <arxeio.tar.gz> | less






  11.2.  Egkatastash efarmogwn


  Kat' arxas na dieykrinisoyme kati: h egkatastash efarmogwn einai
  ypo8esh toy root. Oi perissoteres efarmoges toy Linux dianemontai ws
  paketa .tar.gz, poy kata kanona periexoyn enan katalogo me katallhlo
  onoma periexonta arxeia kai/h ypokatalogoys. Enas kalos kanonas einai
  na egka8istate ayta ta paketa apo to /usr/local me thn entolh



       # tar -zxf <archive.tar.gz>




  kai en synexeia diabazontas to arxeio README h INSTALL. Stis
  perissoteres periptwseis, h efarmogh dianemetai ws phgaios kwdikas,
  ton opoio 8a prepei na metaglwttisete synh8ws, arkei na
  plhktrologhsete make kai meta make install. An to paketo (archive)
  periexei to senario configure, trejte to prohgoymenws. Profanws, 8a
  xreiasteite to metaglwttisth gcc h g++.

  Alla paketa prepei na anoix8oun (unpack) ston katalogo / etsi
  symbainei me ta paketa .tgz toy Slackware. Alla paketa periexoyn ta
  arxeia, alla oxi mesa se ypokatalogo, opote prepei na prosexete gia na
  mhn mplexteite. Pantote na blepete ta periexomena enos paketoy prin to
  egkatasthsete.

  To Debian kai to Red Hat exoyn tis dikes toys morfes paketwn, ta .deb
  kai .rpm antistoixws. To teleytaio malista xairei eyreias apodoxhs.
  Gia na egkatasthsete ena paketo rpm plhktrologeiste



       # rpm -i package.rpm






  11.3.  Xrhsimes symboyles


  Kulish pros ta pisw: patwntas <SHIFT + PAG UP> (to gkrizo plhktro)
  mporeite na kylate pros ta pisw (backscroll) merikes selides, analogws
  posh mnhmh video exete dia8esimh.

  Ka8arismos ths o8onhs: an xrhsimopoihsete tis more h cat se ena
  dyadiko arxeio (binary file), h o8onh sas pi8anws na gemisei me
  skoypidia. Gia na to dior8wsete plhktrologeiste (xwris na blepete)
  (blind type) reset h thn parakatw seira xarakthrwn: echo CTRL-V ESC c
  RETURN.

  Epikollhsh keimenoy: gia thn konsola, deite katw8i otan eiste sto X,
  pathste me to pontiki (click) kai meta surte gia na epilejete keimeno
  se ena para8yro xterm kai sth synexeia pathste to mesaio plhktro toy
  pontikiou (h kai ta duo taytoxronws an exete pontiki duo plhktrwn) gia
  na epikollhsete. Yparxei akomh kai to xclipboard (dystyxws mono gia
  keimeno), omws mh mperdeyteite apo thn argh toy apodosh.

  Xrhsh toy pontikiou: an exete egkatasthsei ton gpm, enan odhgo
  pontikiou gia thn konsola, mporeite na pathsete kai na surete (click
  and drag) gia na epilejete keimeno kai meta deji klik gia na
  epikollhsete to epilegen keimeno. Leitoyrgei anamesa stis phgaies
  konsoles (VC).

  Mhnumata toy pyrhna: rijte mia matia sto /var/adm/messages h
  /var/log/messages ws root gia na deite ti exei na sas pei o pyrhnas,
  symperilambanomenwn twn mhnymatwn ekkinhsews. Isws breite praktikh thn
  entolh dmesg.



  11.4.  Pou 8a breite efarmoges


  An anarwtieste pou 8a breite efarmoges gia to Linux sas gia na
  antikatasthsete aytes poy xrhsimopoiousate sto DOS/Win sas proteinw
  toys basikous topoys logismikou gia Linux:
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux>, <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux>,
  kai <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux>.  Alloi kaloi topoi gia arxh einai
  o `Linux Applications and Utilities Page
  <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>, kai h epishmh
  istoselida toy Linux  <http://www.linux.org>.





  11.5.  Kapoia pragmata poy de mporousate na kanete


  To Linux mporei na kanei polla pragmata poy gia ta DOS/Windows htan
  fortika, duskola h akomh adunata. Idou kapoies eykolies poy mporeite
  na geyteite:


    h entolh at sas epitrepei na trexete programmata se mia
     sygkekrimenh xronikh stigmh

    h awk einai mia aplh, alla dynath glwssa poy sas epitrepei na
     metaxeirizeste arxeia dedomenwn kai oxi mono. Paradeigmatos xarin,
     an data.dat einai ena arxeio dedomenwn me polla pedia, tote h
     entolh



       $ awk '$2 ~ "abc" {print $1, "\t", $4}' data.dat





  typwnei ta pedia 1 kai 4 ka8emias grammhs toy data.dat ths opoias to
  deutero pedio periexei ta abc

    to cron einai polu xrhsimo gia na ektelei diafores ergasies
     periodikws, se sygkekrimenh hmeromhnia kai wra. Plhktrologeiste man
     5 crontab

    to file <onoma_arxeioy> sas leei ti eidoys arxeio einai to
     onoma_arxeioy  (keimeno ASCII, ektelesimo, paketo klp)

    h find (deite epishs ton Tomea ``Katalogoi: Metafrash Entolwn'')
     einai mia apo tis pio dynates kai xrhsimes entoles. Xrhsimopoieitai
     gia na briskei arxeia poy apantoun se orismena xarakthristika kai
     na ektelei ergasies se ayta. H genikh xrhsh ths find einai:



       $ find <directory> <ekfrash>





  opoy h <ekfrash> periexei krithria ereynas kai ergasies. Paradeigmata:



       $ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;





  briskei osa arxeia einai symbolikoi desmoi kai typwnei to arxeio sto
  opoio deixnoyn.



       $ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;



  briskei ola ta arxeia toy zhtoumenoy eidoys kai ta diagrafei, zhtwntas
  prwta thn adeia sas.



       $ find . -perm +111





  briskei ola ta arxeia me dikaiwma (permission) 111 (ektelesima).



       $ find . -user root





  briskei ola ta arxeia poy anhkoyn ston root. Ayth exei polles dyna
  tothtes - RMP

    h grep briskei protypa keimenoy (text patterns) sta arxeia. Gia
     paradeigma, h


       $ grep -l "geology" *.tex





  briskei ta arxeia *.tex poy periexoyn thn lejh geology. H parallagh
  ths, zgrep, leitoyrgei sta sympiesmena arxeia gzip. RMP

    Oi synh8eis ekfraseis einai enas poluplokos, alla polu dynatos
     tropos ereynas se keimeno. Gia paradeigma, h entolh ^a[^a-
     m]X{4,}txt$ briskei mia grammh poy jekina me `a', akoloy8ei
     opoiosdhpote xarakthras ektos aytwn toy diasthmatos a-m, akoloy8oun
     tessera h perissotera `X', kai teleiwnei se `txt'. Mporeite na
     xrhsimopoihsete synh8eis ekfraseis me aneptygmenoys syntaktes, opws
     o less, kai se polles efarmoges. Gia mia eisagwgh plhktrologeiste
     man grep

    h script <onoma_senarioy> stelnei ta periexomena ths o8onhs sto
     onoma_senarioy ews otoy dwsete thn entolh exit. Xrhsimh gia
     aposfalmatwsh

    h sudo epitrepei stoys xrhstes na ekteloun kapoies apo tis
     leitoyrgies toy root (p.x. diamorfwsh kai prosarmogh diskwn RMP)

    h uname -a sas dinei plhrofories gia to susthma

    oi zcat kai zless epitrepoyn thn perihghsh kai piping se gzip-
     arismena arxeia, xwris thn prohgoumenh aposympiesh toys. Gia
     paradeigma:



       $ zless textfile.gz
       $ zcat textfile.gz | lpr



    oi parakatw entoles einai epishs xrhsimes: bc, cal, chsh, cmp, cut,
     fmt, head, hexdump, nl, passwd, printf, sort, split, strings, tac,
     tail, tee, touch, uniq, w, wall, wc, whereis, write, xargs, znew.
     RMP.



  11.6.  Ejaskhsh toy UNIX ypo DOS/Windows


  Einai apisteyto, alla yparxoyn ejaireta ergaleia poy prosferoyn ena
  UNIX-oeides periballon sto DOS/Windows! Ena apo ayta einai h soyita
  Djgpp ( <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp>) gia DOS, enw to to Cygnus (
  <http://www.cygnus.com>) einai mia polyplokoterh metafora sto Win32.
  Amfotera periexoyn ta idia ergaleia anaptyjhs GNU me to Linux par'
  ola ayta de 8a exete thn idia sta8erothta kai apodosh...

  An 8elete na parete mia geush apo to Linux, dokimaste to Djgpp.
  Katebaste kai egkatast eiste ta parakatw arxeia (th stigmh poy grafw
  ayto, h teleytaia ekdosh einai h 2.02): djdev202.zip, bnu281b.zip,
  bsh1147b.zip, fil316b.zip, find41b.zip, grep22b.zip, gwk303b.zip,
  lss332b.zip, shl112b.zip.. Parexontai odhgies egkatastashs kai
  peraiterw boh8eia mporeite na breite ston topo
  <news:comp.os.msdos.djgpp>.

  Eidikotera, h xrhsh toy bash sto DOSWin einai megalh anakoufish. Gia
  na to ry8misete katallhlws, dior8wste to parexomeno arxeio BOOT.BAT
  wste na apeikonizei thn egkatastash sas, kai sth synexeia topo8eteiste
  ayta ta arxeia ston oikeio katalogo sas (sth diamerish twn Windows )
  anti aytwn poy parexontai:



       # this is _bashrc

       LS_OPTIONS="-F -s --color=yes"
       alias cp='cp -i'
       alias d='ls -l'
       alias l=less
       alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
       alias mv='mv -i'
       alias rm='rm -i'
       alias u='cd ..'






       # this is _bprof
       if [ -f ~/_bashrc ]; then
         . ~/_bashrc
       fi
       PS1='\w\$ '
       PS2='> '
       CDPATH="$CDPATH:~"
       # stuff for less(1)
       LESS="-M-Q"                     # makrys dromeas, siwphlos
       LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"       # dior8wsh prwths grammhs
       VISUAL="jed"                    # syntakths
       LESSCHARSET=latin1              # kalyterh orash tonismenwn grammatwn
       export PS1 PS2 CDPATH LS_OPTIONS LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARSET




  11.7.  Synh8eis epektaseis kai sxetizomena programmata


  8a synanthsete diafores epektaseis arxeiwn. Ejairwntas tis pio spanies
  (p.x. grammatoseires klp), aytes einai:


    1 ... 8: selides egxeiridioy (man pages). Diabaste tis me groff
     -Tascii -man <arxeio.1>

    arj: paketa kataskeyasmena me arj

    dvi: arxeio paragomeno apo to TeX (bl. parakatw). Xrhsimopoieiste
     xdvi gia na to deite, dvips gia na to trecete se arxeio PostScript
     .ps

    gz: paketa kataskeyasmena me gzip

    info: arxeia info (kati san enallaktika twn man pages). Deite tis
     me info

    lsm: Linux Software Map file. Einai apla arxeia ASCII poy periexoyn
     thn perigrafh enos paketoy

    ps: arxeio PostScript. Gia na to deite h na to typwsete
     xrhsimopoieiste to gs kai enallaktika ghostview h gv

    rpm: paketa Red Hat. Mporeite na ta egkatasthsete se ka8e susthma
     me ton diaxeiristh paketwn rpm

    taz, tar.Z: paketa, kataskeyasmena me tar kai sympiesmena me
     compress

    tgz, tar.gz: paketa kataskeyasmena me tar kai sympiesmena me gzip

    tex: arxeio keimenoy pros eisagwgh sto TeX, ena pantodunamo susthma
     stoixeio8esias. Tsimphste to paketo tex, dia8esimo se polles
     dianomes

    texi: arxeio texinfo, mporei na dhmioyrghsei toso TeX oso kai info
     arxeia (info). Parte to texinfo

    xbm, xpm, xwd: arxeio grafikwn

    Z: paketo kataskeyasmeno me compress



  11.8.  Metatroph Arxeiwn


  An xreiazeste na metaferete arxeia anamesa sto DOS/Win kai to Linux,
  exete yp' och to problhma teloys grammhs (end of line problem).
  Sto DOS, ka8e grammh keimenoy teleiwnei me CR/LF (dhladh ASCII 13 +
  ASCII 10), enw sto Linux me LF. An dior8wsete ena arxeio toy DOS mesa
  apo to Linux, pi8anotata ka8e grammh 8a teleiwnei me ena periergo M
  ena arxeio keimenoy toy Linux sto DOS 8a fainetai san ws mia aplh
  xiliometrikh grammh xwris paragrafoys. Gia th swsth metatroph twn
  arxeiwn yparxoyn kapoia ergaleia, ta  dos2unix kai unix2dos.

  An exete arxeia mono keimenoy poy periexoyn tonismenoys xarakthres,
  sigoyreyteite oti exoyn ginei mesa apo ta Windows (me Notepad) kai oxi
  se aplo DOS diaforetika, oloi oi tonismenoi xarakthres 8a
  mperdeytoun.


  H metatroph arxeiwn Word h WordPerfect se aplo keimeno einai dynath,
  an kai kapws epikindynh. 8a xreiasteite kapoio apo ta ergaleia poy
  yparxoyn stoys topoys toy CTAN  enas einai o  <ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk>.
  Katebaste to programma word2x apo ton katalogo /pub/tex/tools/, h
  dokimaste kapoio apo ta programmata toy katalogoy /pub/tex/support/.
  Eidikotera, to word2x metatrepei arxeia Word 6, enw gia arxeia toy
  Word 97 8a xreias8eite to mswordview (
  <http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html>) poy ta trepei se
  HTML.



  11.9.  Eleu8eres Soyites grafeioy


  An h metatroph arxeiwn den einai arketh, exete th dynatothta na
  by8istei-te se ena (eleu8ero! paketo, paromoio toy Microsoft Office.

  H soyita StarOffice einai eleu8erh gia idiwtikh xrhsh. Einai megalh,
  kapws argh, alla par' ol' ayta polu kalh: prosferei dynatothtes poy
  den yparxoyn sto Microsoft Office. Akomh, mporei na diabasei kai na
  gracei arxeia twn Word kai Excel files, an kai h metatroph den einai
  pantote teleia. Istoselida:  <http://www.stardivision.com>.  (S.t.M.:
  h selida exei pleon allajei, meta thn ejagora ths StarDivision  apo
  thn Sun, kai pleon einai  <http://www.sun.com/staroffice>)

  Allo kalo paketo einai to Corel WordPerfect, mia eleu8erh ekdosh toy
  opoioy parexetai sto Diadiktyo. Na pw ki alla; Tsimphste to!
  <http://www.corel.com>.



  12.  Ayta, gia thn wra!


  Sygxarhthria! Exete pleon arpajei kapoia pragmata sxetika me to UNIX
  kai eiste etoimoi na jekinhsete na doyleuete. Exete yp' och oti einai
  polla ayta poy den jerete gia to susthma sas, opote prepei na
  ejaskeiste perissotero gia na xrhsimopoieiste to Linux aneta. An ayto
  poy 8elate pantws htan na breite merikes efarmoges kai na arxisete na
  tis xrhsimopoieite, ayta poy eipa prepei na htan arketa.

  Exw thn pepoi8hsh oti 8a xaireste na doyleuete me to Linux kai pws
  ka8ws 8a pernaei o kairos 8a ma8ainete olo kai perissotera - etsi
  ginetai me oloys mas! Eimai epishs bebaios oti de 8a epistrecete pote
  sto DOSWin! Elpizw na hmoyn safhs kai na boh8hsa ikanopoihtika toys 3
  h 4 anagnwstes moy.



  12.1.  Copyright (koph toy right;)


  Ektos ki an anaferetai diaforetika, ta dikaiwmata twn HOWTO toy Linux
  anhkoyn stoys antistoixoys syggrafeis toys. Ta  HOWTO toy Linux
  mporoun na anaparax8oun kai na dianemh8oun ej oloklhroy h tmhmatikws,
  ef' oson to paron shmeiwma peri copyright paramenei se ka8e antigrafo.
  H emporikh anadianomh epitrepetai kai en8arrunetai par' ol' ayta, o
  syggrafeas 8a h8ele na enhmerwnetai gia ka8e tetoia dianomh.

  Ka8e metafrash, paragwgh h synolikh ergasia, poy emporeymatopoiei
  opoiodhpote HOWTO toy Linux prepei na kaluptetai apo ayth th diakhryjh
  toy copyright.  Ayto shmainei, oti den einai dynaton na parax8ei
  paragwgh ergasia apo ena HOWTO kai na epiblh8oun peraiterw periorismoi
  sthn dianomh toy. Ejaireseis aytwn twn kanonwn einai dynaton na
  egkri8oun ypo sygkekrimenwn proupo8esewn apey8yn8eite ston
  diaxeiristh twn HOWTO toy Linux, sth dieu8ynsh poy didetai katw8i.

  En oligois, 8a 8elame na prow8hsoyme th diadosh aytwn twn plhroforiwn
  diamesoy oswn perissoterwn odwn ginetai.  Par' ol' ayta, epi8ymoume na
  diathroume ta dikaiwmata copyright twn HOWTO toy Linux kai 8a 8elame
  na enhmerwnomaste gia opoia sxedia anadianomhs twn HOWTO.

  Gia opoies erwthseis, parakalw epikoinwnhste me ton Tim Bynum,
  diaxeiristh twn HOWTO toy Linux mesw hlektronikhs epistolhs sth
  dieu8ynsh  <linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu>.



  12.2.  Arnhsh ey8ynwn


  To From DOS to Linux HOWTO grafthke apo ton Guido Gonzato,
  <REMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it>. (Afaireste to REMOVE_ME.)
  Eyxaristw polu ton Matt Welsh, syggrafea toy Linux Installation and
  Getting Started, ton Ian Jackson, syggrafea toy Linux frequently
  asked questions with answers, ton Giuseppe Zanetti, syggrafea toy
  Linux, se oloys osoys moy esteilan hlektronikes epistoles me
  protaseis kai idiaitera ston Linus Torvalds kai to GNU poy mas edwse
  to Linux.

  (S.t.M.: H metafrash egine apo ton Niko 8eodwroy
  <ntheo@math.auth.gr>. Par' oti h metafrash enos HOWTO den einai
  idiaiterws prosferoysa pros to sunolo twn Ellhnwn Xrhstwn toy Linux, h
  gnwsh oti synebala estw kai ligo sthn diadosh toy leitoyrgikou, einai
  gia mena arketa ikanopoihtikh! Eimai bebaios oti h parousa metafrash
  einai gemath la8h, elpizw omws sth boh8eia olwn sas gia th dior8wsh
  toys. )

  Ayto to eggrafo parexetai ws exei. Katebala megalh prospa8eia na to
  gracw oso akribestera mporousa, alla xrhsimopoieiste tis periexomenes
  se ayto plhrofories me dikh sas ey8unh. Se kammia periptwsh de 8a
  8ewrh8w ypeu8ynos gia opoia apwleia ofeilete se xrhsh ayths ths
  ergasias.

  Ka8e anadrash einai kalodexoumenh. Gia opoia paraklhsh, protash,
  brisia klp eiste eleu8eroi na epikoinwnhsete mazi moy.

  Na xaireste to Linux kai th zwh,

  Guido   =8-)





















