  Ext2fs  ̴-Ͽ

  By Aaron Crane  <aaronc@pobox.com <mailto:aaronc@pobox.com>>

  1997 1 18 ,  v1.0
   :  <pey1@nownuri.net <mailto:pey1@nownuri.net> >

   : 1997 5 8 

   : 켱    ϴ ʺ װ͵ ª 
  Ƿ Ͽ  ϴ  β ϸ, ext2 
   ȭ     ̴ Ͽ  κ 
  øϴ.(1: ó 8  / 2: 9  ̷ ѷ )  
  Ǿ  κ ִٸ ġ ð    ּҷ 
  ֽø  ġڽϴ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. 鼭
  2.  ϸ ȭ  
  3.  ŭ    ?
  4. ׷ ȭ   Ű?
  5. Unmounting the Filesystem
  6.  inodes  ٲ غ Ѵ.
  7. ٸ ڷḦ (write) غ Ѵ.
  8.  inodes  ã´.
  9. inodes    ´.
  10.   Ѵ.
  11. inodes   Ѵ.
  12. ̷ ߿     ?
  13.   ڵ Ǵ  ִ ?
  14. 

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  鼭

   ̴ Ͽ  ext2 ȭ ýۿ  ȭ ϴ
   ˷ ϰ ϱ  ۼ Ǿ.    켱
   ϸ ȭ  ϴ  ǵ鿡 Ǿ ִ.

     'rm'    ִ 鿡 Ȯ 
  ַ ǵ ۼ -   ִ ణ   
    𸣴 ̴ - ƹư   о ⸦ ٶ.

    Ϲ н ȭ ýۿ  ణ  
  ۼǾ κ  ڵ鿡  صǱ ٶ. 
   ʺڶ  ü Ͽ ȭ ϴ  а 
  İ    ʿϴ.

   ȭ  raw device read access  ext2 ȭ
  ýۿ  ȭ ϴ  Ұ ̴.  Ϲ
  ̰ Ʈ߸ Ѵٴ  ǹѴ.  'e2fsprogs' Ű
  'debugfs' ʿѵ ̴ ؼ ġ ̴.     
    ڽ ַ Ʈ  ϰ ϴ JPEG ȭ
  µ ٸ ҽκ͵   Ұ ߾. ణ
  Ǵ   γ ջ  91 ȭ  ߾,
   ټ κе ƹư ãҴ.  ϳ  Ұ ߾µ
  ̸ 1024 Ʈ  ʴ κи Ҿ ȴ.

  ̿    ȭ      
  ϰ Ѵ.

  2.   ϸ ȭ  

  ̰ MS-DOG  Linux  ġ̴. Win95  MS-DOG
  Ϲ  ȭ  Ϻϰ ȴ --   
  ü  κ ڵȭ ƿ ִ. Linux  ̷
     . ׷Ƿ  ؾ  ְ Ģ̸
   Ģ :   ־

   ***   ϴ ̴  *** ̰ ϱ    ȴ. 
     ڵ    ġ ϰ 
   ȹ   ϶  Ѵ. ̿  ڼ
   Frisch(1995) ض.   ʵǸ   ΰ?

  ߿ ȭ permissions 440̳ ׺  ֶ:  ڽ
  accessϱ źѴٸ 'rm'   Ȯ Ȯ ʿϴ.
  (׷  'rm -r' 丮  켱 α׷ ߴϰ Ȯ
   'rm -rf'     ߰ߴ)

  õ ȭ     丮 ȿ ϵ ũ 
  ̴.   /etc/passwd    ݺ  װ
   ý   sysadmin   ̾߱⸦   ִ.
  ̸ ġ  Ʈ   ϸ ȴ.

      # mkdir /.backup
      # ln /etc/passwd /.backup

  Ϻ ؼ ȭ   ǻ   ʿϴ.  
    ϰ

      # rm /etc/passwd

  ׸ 

      # ln /.backup/passwd /etc

  ̷ ϸ     ̴.  ̰ ȭϿ
  ⸦  ҿ .׷Ƿ ƹư  ؾ Ѵ.
    ϸ ̳ Լ 'rm' 'rm -i' 
  Ѵ.('rm -i'   ȭ Ȯ  ̴) 
   Ʈ  ϰ   ̴  忡 
  ʾƼ ׷  ʴ´.

    ʾƼ ̳,  ѻ 带 ϰ, ٸ
   ϰ Ȥ ٸ 踦 ϰ 𼭳  'rm' Լ
   ʴ´ٴ  ̴.  ȭ   Ȯ
  ֱ⸦ ٶٸ  ȭ ʹ Ƽ    
  ִ ر .

     Ű ϱ ϴ ̴. ̿  ڼ
   Peek, et al(1993) ϶.

  3.   ŭ    ?

  װ ̴. Linux  High-quality, Multi-tasking, Mult-user
   ȭ     ũ ϱ⸦ ϴ 𸣴
  ̶µ ִ. ׷ ü ȭ  ɽ, ̴ ȭ
  ȭ  Ҵ Ҷ  ϰԲ   ȴٰ Ѵ.
  Ϲ ǻ ڰ   ȭ   ִ
  ɼ .

   ũ ļ ȭ  ϰ ϴ ȿ   ִ.
   Ƽ  ȭ  Ŷ ʹ ļյ ̿ 
  ȭ д   Ұϴ.

   ǻͰ ڽ Ͱ   sing-user workstation ̶
  ġ  ƴҽ     Ѵ.  
  ջ  ̳ʸ ȭ  94% ȸ Ų.   80% 
  ̻  ִٸ ڽſ    ̴.

  4.  ׷ ȭ   Ű?

  ü ȭ   raw partition device  Ÿ ߰
  װ ٽ  ְ ؼ ü   ǹѴ.  ̰
  ϴµ ⺻ ΰ  ִ :

  ϳ  inodes  ִ 'deleted' flag  ϴ ȭ
  ý   ڷ  װ  ٶ ̴.
  ӵ   ٸ  Ƽǿ ִ ڷ ȹ 
  ο ȭϿ Ű  ̴.

  4 6忡  ڷ  ϱ  ؾ  ܰ 
   7 10忡 ļ ȭ  Ͽ.

  5.  Unmounting the Filesystem

    ϴ    ù° ܰ  ȭ
   ȭ ý unmount ϴ ̴.

  mount ȭ ýۿ Ƹ Ǽ  Ʋ ٴ  嵵
  ϰ Ѵ.  ܰ ȭ Ȱ  Ŀ  
  Ǿ Ѵ.

       ϴ ̴:  ȭ /usr
  partition  ִ ϰ

       # umount /usr

  ׷  /usr  ̿  ִ  α Ҽ Ƿ ̰
  read-only remount Ѵ:

       # mount -o ro,remount /usr

   root  ȭ ٸ /etc/mtab   κ
  mount  '-n' option  ߰ؾ Ѵ.

      # mount -n -o ro,remount /

     ġ  filesystem  ٸ  ϴ.
  (̴ 'Resource busy'   ޼ unmount и ʷѴ)
  ̰ ֿ ȭ̳ mount point   Զ ȣ
   α׷̴: 'fuser'.

  /usr partition    غ.

      # fuser -v -m /usr

  ̰   õ  Ѵ. װ͵  ߿ ʴٰ
  ϰ    SIGKILL   .

      # fuser -k -v -m /usr
   Ȥ  
      # fuser -k -TERM -v -m /usr
    SIGTERM  ش.

  6.   inodes  ٲ غ Ѵ.

        ̴..     ϱ⿡
    ȭ ýۿ ۵ϴ  ϴٰ  ʴ´.
   ̴ ̴Ե   ȭ ù° 12 blocks   ִ
   ִ. ׷Ƿ  ȭ  ҷ ƹư ٸ 
  ãƾ  ̴. (11  ΰ ̴.)

      ؾ߸ Ѵٰ ٸ raw Ƽ ڷḦ ٸ
  Ƽǿ   ̰ loopback   mount ض.

      # cp /dev/hda5 /root/working
      # mount -t ext2 -o loop /root/working /mnt

  ׷ ̰ 'mount' ֽ  ʿϴ.  ȭ ý 
  ı loopback  Ѵٴ ǹ̴  raw Ƽ ؼ
  ٽ ؾ߸ Ѵٴ ̴.

  7.  ٸ ڷḦ (write) غ Ѵ.

   򰡿 ִ  Ƽ Ȯϰ  ʿ䰡 ִ.
  ߸Ǹ  ý Ƹ root, /usr, /home   Ƽ
   ִ. ̵  ƹ   ̴:   ϳ
  ο 丮 Ѵ.

   root   ְ rootٰ   ߴٸ  ٷ
   ̴.  MS-DOG  Windows Ƽ  ְ װ
  ϴ°? Ȥ Ŀο ó ramdisk ̹  ִ°?
  Ŀ 1.3.48 ̸̻ ramdisk  ؼ   ض.

      # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0 bs=1k count=2048
      # mke2fs -v -m 0 /dev/ram0 2048
      # mount -t ext2 /dev/ram0 /mnt

  ̰ 2MB  ramdisk volume   ̸ /mnt mount ϴ ̴.
  :  'kerneld' automatically load and unload kernel modules
  Ѵٸ ̰κ  ȭϵ ϱ  ֹ߼
  ġ  ramdisk  unmount  ƶ. ѹ ̰ unmount ϸ
  'knrneld' ̰  unload Ҽ ִٰ ϸ,  Ͼ
  ޸𸮴 Ŀ ٸ κп ٽ ǰ, ڷḦ  ϴ ɸ
   ܿ ð Ҿ Ǵ ̴.

    ο superfioopy removable device   ִٸ 
   Ƽ ϴµ  ̴. ׷  
  ÷ǿ  ؾ Ѵ.

   ʿ ٸ Ѱ Ƽ device ߾  ʿ
  ڷḦ   ִ α׷̴. 濡 ó 'dd'   
  , 600MB Ƽ 800MB Ƽ о鿩  ϰ, 'dd'
  б⸦  ó 600MB Ѵ.̴ ð  ɸ.
   Ƽ ߾ ã α׷ ϴ ̴.  ̸ 'fsgrab'
  θµ uuencoded, gizpped tar file  , ġ, ۱
  ޼ Բ   ִ.    ̸ ˻  :

      $ uuencoded < Ext2fs-Undeldtion-mini-HOWTO
      $ gzip -dc fsgrab.tar.gz | tar xf -
  begin 644 fsgrab.tar.gz
  ,
  end

   α׷ Ϻϰ ۵Ǵ  ̸ ϴ å 
  ٴ  Ѵ. warranty   κ   GNU Gen
  eral Public Licence  'COPYING' ȭ

  8.   inodes  ã´.

   ܰ ֱ inodes Ӱ  ȭ ý  ̴.  
   'debugfs'  ؾ ϴ ̴. ȭ ý  device
  ̸ ְ 'debugfs' :

      # debugfs /dev/hda5

  inodes  Ϸ   ȭ ýۿ '-w' ɼ
  ߰Ѵ:

      # debugfs -w /dev/hda5

   inodes  ã 'debugfs'  'lsdel' ̴.  ,  
  Ʈ Ẹ.

       debugfs:  lsdel

  ũ ư Ҹ   ٶ  ϴ  ݵȴ.
  ׷ ̰ 򰡿  ϱ⸦  ̴. 'less' ɼ
   ִٸ '-o' ɼ  ȭ ̸   ִ.  ׷
       ؾ Ѵ.

      debugfs:  quit
      # echo lsdel | debugfs /dev/hda5 > lsdel.out

  ,  ð, ũ, , ۹̼ ,   ٰŸ ΰ
  ϴ  inodes   ߸ Ѵ.   inode 
  Ŀٶ ̰ 5  ̹Ƿ ߰   ̴.  ׷
      trawl Ѵ.  ϴٸ  ϱ⸦
  ϴ inodes  Ʈ ϱ Ѵ.  ̴     
  ̴.

  9.  inodes    ´.

  Debugfs  inode λ ϴ 'stat' ִ.  ̴ 
  Ͽ ִ  inode  Ѵ.   ϴ inode ȣ
  148003 ̶   غ.

  ______________________________________________________________________

    debugfs:  stat <148003>
      Inode: 148003   Type: regular  Mode:  0644  Flags: 0x0  Version: 1
      User:   503   Group:   100   Size: 6065
      File ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0
      Links: 0   Blockcount: 12
      Fragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0
      ctime: 0x31a9a574 -- Mon May 27 13:52:04 1996
      atime: 0x31a21dd1 -- Tue May 21 20:47:29 1996
      mtime: 0x313bf4d7 -- Tue Mar  5 08:01:27 1996
      dtime: 0x31a9a574 -- Mon May 27 13:52:04 1996
      BLOCKS:
      594810 594811 594814 594815 594816 594817
      TOTAL: 6
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ȭ ٸ   ڵ Ǳ ٶ ̴.  
  inodes 'lsdel'  'list' ִ ϰ   غ.

  # cut -c1-6 list | grep "[0-9]" | tr -d " " > inodes  ȭ
  'inodes' ߿ ϰ ϱ  inodes ȣ ٸ
  ϳ  ߾. ׸    غ.

  # sed 's/^.*$/stat <\0>/' inodes | debugfs /dev/hda5 > stats ⼭
  'stats'  'stat'   Ѵ.

  10.    Ѵ.

   ȭ 12   ʴٸ   ڷ  ȣ inode
   Ǿ ִ. ̴ 'stat'   inode    
  , 'fsgrab' ϸ   Ҽ ִ.  8忡 ô  ٽ
  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
    debugfs:  stat <148003>
      Inode: 148003   Type: regular  Mode:  0644  Flags: 0x0  Version: 1
      User:   503   Group:   100   Size: 6065
      File ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0
      Links: 0   Blockcount: 12
      Fragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0
      ctime: 0x31a9a574 -- Mon May 27 13:52:04 1996
      atime: 0x31a21dd1 -- Tue May 21 20:47:29 1996
      mtime: 0x313bf4d7 -- Tue Mar  5 08:01:27 1996
      dtime: 0x31a9a574 -- Mon May 27 13:52:04 1996
      BLOCKS:
      594810 594811 594814 594815 594816 594817
      TOTAL: 6
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ȭ 6   ִ. 'recoverde.001' ̶ ȭϿ
  Ȯ ϱ    غ.

  # fsgrab -c 2 -s 594810 /dev/hda5 > recovered.001 # fsgrab -c 4 -s
  594817 /dev/hda5 >> recovered.001

  κ 'recovered.001' ʿ     ߿ġ ʴ.
   ϳ Ǵ  ̻ õ    ɼ ִ.
   ׷ٸ   ̴   ؼ ؾ .

   ȭ 12  涧 Ÿ. ̶ н ȭϽýۿ
   ణ ˰ ־ Ѵ. ȭ ڷ 'block' ̶ Ҹ
  ü ȴ. ׸    ȣ Ű ִ.
   ȭϿ , ۹̼,   Ǿ ִ 'inode'
    ִ. ̷  inode  ȣ Ű ְ
  ٸ  ´. ׸ 丮 ȭ ̸ inode ȣ 
  ȴ.

  ۹̼    inode  ȭ  ġ
  Ѵ. ó 12   inode  ü Ǵµ ̸ direct
  blocks Ѵ. ׷  inode  'indirect blocks'  ϴµ
  ⼭  ΰ direct blocks ȣ Ѵ.  inode
  indirect blocks ȣ   ι indirect blocks ȣ
  ,  ̸     indirect blocks .

  ٽ о : ̴  ߿ϴ.  , ϰԵ ֱ Ŀ
   ȭ deletion  indirect blocks  0̴.׷ 12
    ȭ̶ ʿ   ȣ ߰  ִٴ° 
    .  ׷  ˾Ƴ    ȭϵ 
  ʾҴٰ  ϴ ̴.    ٸ  ִ. ȭϿ
  indirect block  ʿϴٸ   ͵  
  Ÿ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
      #Blocks   Contents
      12        Data (direct blocks)
      1         Indirect block
      256       Data (blocks in the indirect block)
      1         Doubly indirect block
     [1         Indirect block of the doubly indirect block
      256       Data
     ] (256 times -- one for each indirect block in the doubly indirect)
      1         Triply indirect block
    [[1         Doubly indirect block
      256       Data
     ] (256 times -- one for each indirect block in the doubly indirect
        block of the triply indirect block)
    ] (256 times -- one for each doubly indirect block in the triply
       indirect block)
  ______________________________________________________________________

    Ȯϱ⸦ ٶ. ȭ  268  ̶ ̴
   ϴ. ̵ 12 ̰ ( ȣ inode ü
  Ÿ) indirect block   ٸ 256   .
   ȭ  ͺ ٸ ι indirect block  ߰Ѵ.  
    ΰ 256   ϳ indirect block  256
    ߰ϴµ ִ밡 256 ̴. ̺ ȭ  ٸ
     ɼ     ȭϿ   ̾
  Ÿ  ִ.

    ũ  1024 bytes ̰ ̴ ǥذ̴.  
  ̺ ũٸ ణ ȣ ٲ Ÿ. Ư:   ȣ
  4 bytes ٸ blocksize/4   indirect block  Ǵ 
  ȣ̴.  ׷ Ź  Ÿ 256 ̶ ȣ blocksize/4
   ٲٴ ̴.

  11.  inodes   Ѵ.

    Ѻ⿡    12   涧 ¸ 
  .   ϴ  inode  ݵ  ϳ ؾϰ
  deletion ð 0 ؾѴ.  ۾ ' degugfs'  'mi' 
   ̷. inode 14800 3κ ణ   .

  ______________________________________________________________________
      debugfs:  mi <148003>
                                Mode    [0100644]
                             User ID    [503]
                            Group ID    [100]
                                Size    [6065]
                       Creation time    [833201524]
                   Modification time    [832708049]
                         Access time    [826012887]
                       Deletion time    [833201524] 0
                          Link count    [0] 1
                         Block count    [12]
                          File flags    [0x0]
                           Reserved1    [0]
                            File acl    [0]
                       Directory acl    [0]
                    Fragment address    [0]
                     Fragment number    [0]
                       Fragment size    [0]
                     Direct Block #0    [594810]
                     Direct Block #1    [594811]
                     Direct Block #2    [594814]
                     Direct Block #3    [594815]
                     Direct Block #4    [594816]
                     Direct Block #5    [594817]
                     Direct Block #6    [0]
                     Direct Block #7    [0]
                     Direct Block #8    [0]
                     Direct Block #9    [0]
                    Direct Block #10    [0]
                    Direct Block #11    [0]
                      Indirect Block    [0]
               Double Indirect Block    [0]
               Triple Indirect Block    [0]
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ǰ deletion ð 0 ϰ ũ 1   ٸ 
   ǵ ̴.  ̰     ȭ
  ؾ Ѵٸ   ó  ִ.

  [ ׷ : 'mi'  inode ִ 'Creation time' õǾ ִٴ
   ̴.  ȭ   н ȭ ýۿ 
  ĥ  . 'st_ctime' 'struct stat' ٲ 
  ̴. ]  inodes ִٸ 'debugfs'    
  ִ.

  # e2fsck -f /dev/hda5  Ǵ ° ణ  
  ̴.  ض.   'Yes' ϴ   ̴.
  'e2fsck'  ȭ ý remount   ִ.

   ȭ ȭ ý /lost+found 丮 ڸϰ ִ.
  (Ƽ /usr  mount ƴٸ  /usr/lost+found  ) װ͵
  inode ȣ  ̸ ҷ.   ؾ   
  ȭϵ 뿡 ˸° ̸   ̸, װ͵ ȭ ý
   ˸´  ǵ ̴.

   ͵ 'e2fsck' ȭ /lost+found    ϳ̴.
   inode  ȭ ýۿ ũ µ 'debugfs' 
    ִ. 'debugfs' 'link'  inode    ض.

  debugfs:  link <148003> foo.txt

    'debugfs'  ֱ 丮  ϴ ٰ ̴.
  'e2fsck'  'summary information'  ĥ  
  ʿ伺 ִ.
  12.  ̷ ߿     ?

  ׷.   ̰  ִٰ ϴ´. 2.1.X ø ִ ֱ
  Ŀ indirect blocks  0  ʴ´ٰ . indirect blocks
    ظ  ʰ  ִ  ٸ 2.0.X Ŀ ǰ 
  Ѵٴ Ⱑ    1996 12̴.  ٸ Ŀ
  Ŀ  Ѱ踦 غ߰,  inode  ϴ  
    Ÿ ̴.

  13.    ڵ Ǵ  ִ ?

    Ͼٸ ٷ װ ִ.  װ inode  
  ޴    Ѵ : indirect blocks  
  Ұϴ. ׷ ̴ ʾ ̻    ̸, 
  ̷ α׷  ɼ ִٰ .

   net  Scott D. Heavner  'lde'  ߾.  
   ̰ ڵ ȭ Ǵ   ʴ´.  ̴
  'debugfs'  ȭ  ä , Ȯ ȭ  
  ˻ϴ ɷ°  Ư¡  ִ.  ̰ xia minix ȭ
  ý۰ Բ ۾ ϴµ ̷  ÿ ̰  ȸ
  Ѱ .  URL :
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems/lde-2.2.tar.gz
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems/lde-2.2.tar.gz>
   ۾ GNU Midnight Commander,`mc' ó 鸰. ̴ full-
  screen ȭ  ̸, 'NC' ˷ ִ MS-DOG full-screen ȭ
    AFAIK ٰŸ  ̴. 'mc'  ְܼ xterm 
  콺 ϸ tarfile  'cd'ing ϴ Ͱ  
  ȭ ý Ѵ. ̵  ȭ ý ext2 undeletion
  ̴.  ̰ ſ ŷӰ 鸮  ڽ α׷   
        Ѵ. и ϳ `--with-
  ext2undel' ɼ α׷ 迭Ѵ.  ̺귯 'e2fsprogs'
  Ű  ȭ   ʿ ̴.  ϴ  `cd
  undel:/dev/hda5'  θ ִ  α׷ ϰ, 
  ȭ `directory listing'  ߴ.

     Ƹ 3.2.11 ̴. Ŀ ü  ߹
  Ŀ ƴ   ʴ´. ̰ URLs  ̿  ִ.
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file/managers/
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file/managers/> (may be an
  older version) ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local/
  <ftp://ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local/>
  ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local/devel/
  <ftp://ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx/linux/local/devel/> (unsupported,
  developmental, alpha versions) ftp.cvut.cz/pub/mc/
  <ftp://ftp.cvut.cz/pub/mc/> (European mirror of public and alpha
  releases)  Ʈ   stekt.oulu.fi/~jtklehto/mc/
  <http://stekt.oulu.fi/~jtklehto/mc/>

  14.  

  ______________________________________________________________________
   A.  Colophon
  ============
  I intend to produce regular updates to this document as long as I have both
  time and something interesting to say.  This means that I am eager to hear
  comments from readers.  Could my writing be clearer?.  Can you think of
  something that would make matters easier?  Is there some new tool that does
  it all automatically?  Who *did* kill JFK?
  Whatever.  If you have something to say, about this document or any other
  subject, drop me a line on <<url url="mailto:aaronc@pobox.com" name="aaronc@pobox.com">>.

  B.  Credits
  ===========
      "If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing
      on the shoulders of giants."
                      -- Isaac Newton
  Much of this mini-Howto was derived from a posting in comp.os.linux.misc by
  Robin Glover <<url url="swrglovr@met.rdg.ac.uk" name="swrglovr@met.rdg.ac.uk">>.  I would like to thank Robin for
  graciously allowing me to rework his ideas into this mini-Howto.

  C.  Bibliography
  ================
  Frisch, ?een (1995), `Essential System Administration', second edition,
      O'Reilly and Associates, Inc., ISBN: 1-56592-127-5.
  Glover, Robin (31 Jan 1996), `HOW-TO : undelete linux files
      (ext2fs/debugfs)', comp.os.linux.misc Usenet posting.
  Peek, Jerry, Tim O'Reilly, Mike Loukides et al (1993), `Unix Power Tools',
      O'Reilly and Associates, Inc./Random House, Inc., ISBN: 0-679-79073-X.

  D.  Legalities
  ==============
  MS-DOG and Windoze are not trademarks.  Any resemblance these names may
  bear to those of any commercial software products is entirely coincidental.
  Unix is not a trademark, and has not been for quite some time now.  Wake up
  and smell the flowers!
  The trademark status of the name `Linux' is currently being contested by
  lawyers, as a certain Walter R. Della Croce has made an apparently false
  trademark registration for the term.  I however refuse to acknowledge the
  name as anything other than public property of all net.citizens.  If Linus
  had wanted a trademark on the name, he'd have taken one out himself.
  This document is Copyright ?1997 Aaron Crane <<url url="aaronc@pobox.com" name="aaronc@pobox.com">>.  It may
  be freely redistributed in its entirety, including the whole of this
  copyright notice, but may not changed without permission from the author or
  from the Linux Documentation Project Co-ordinator.  Dispensation is granted
  for copying small verbatim portions for the purposes of reviews or for
  quoting: in these circumstances, sections may be reproduced in the presence
  of an appropriate citation but without this copyright notice.
  The author requests but does not require that parties intending to sell
  copies of this document, whether on computer-readable media or on paper,
  inform him or the Linux HOWTO Co-ordinator of their intentions.
  The Linux HOWTO Co-ordinator is Greg Hankins <<url url="gregh@sunsite.unc.edu" name="gregh@sunsite.unc.edu">>.
                             й(pey1)
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