  Beowulf Installation and Administration HOWTO

  Jacek Radajewski and Douglas Eadline
  Version 0.1.2 1999 6 2
  :   , yooseong@kldp.org
  : 2000 3 17

    Beowulf ǻ͸    ʿ 
  Ѵ.       ַ ü
  ġ   ߰ ִ.  HOWTO diskless Ŭ̾Ʈκа
  Ŭ͸   Ű ϴ  ִ.  HOWTO
    5.2 Ŀ 2.0.x  ϰ ִ.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1. 
     1.1 Disclaimer
     1.2 ۱
     1.3  HOWTO  
     1.4 ڵ鿡 
     1.5  

  2. 
  3. Quick Start (disk-less clients)
     3.1 ϵ ġ 
     3.2 ü ġ
     3.3 Diskless-Clients 
     3.4 Diskless client  ÷ 
     3.5 Client  Ͻý 

  4. Cluster 
     4.1 ũ
        4.1.1 Diskl-less Clients
        4.1.2 Fully local install
        4.1.3 ǥ NFS 
        4.1.4 л  ý
     4.2 ޸
        4.2.1 Amount
        4.2.2 ӵ
     4.3 CPU
        4.3.1 Type
        4.3.2 SMP (: Symmetric MultiProcessing)
     4.4 Network
        4.4.1 Hypercube
        4.4.2 10/100 Mbps Switched Ethernet
     4.5     ΰ?
     4.6 ϵ 

  5. ֳ ġ
     5.1 ũ
     5.2   ġ
     5.3 Ʈũ 
     5.4 DNS 
     5.5 (TT/etc/hosts
     5.6 (TT/etc/resolv.conf    DNS  ϰ ִٸ resolve.conf  Ӽ ־Ѵ. ̴ Topcat ִ /etc/resolv.conf ִ ̴.
     5.7 (TT/etc/hosts.equiv rsh Ŭ  ,  ڿԵ ֱ   ȹ ؾմϴ. ׸  ȣƮ Ʈ /etc/hosts.equiv ԷϿ մϴ. ȹ 11 Ͻñ ٶϴ.
     5.8 Sample .cshrc
     5.9 ðȭ

  6. Ŭ̾Ʈ 
     6.1 Ŭ̾Ʈ 
     6.2 disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ 
        6.2.1 ذ 
     6.3 Ŭ̾Ʈ ܼ 
     6.4  Ŭ̾Ʈ OS ġ

  7. Compilers
  8.  Ʈ
     8.1 PVM VS MPI

  9. ȯ Ʈ:
  10. ý  Ʈ
     10.1 bWatch
     10.2 httpd CGI ũƮ ̿ϱ
     10.3 Netpipe
     10.4 Ʈũ ս: netperf
     10.5  ս: NASA  ġũ

  11. : CMS
  12. 
     12.1 
        12.1.1 TCP wrapper
        12.1.2  ʴ  ߱ - /etc/inetd.conf
        12.1.3 rc ũƮ ̿Ͽ ߱
        12.1.4 (TTipfwadm
     12.2 Ŭ̾Ʈ
        12.2.1 .rhosts versus hosts.equiv
        12.2.2 root rlogin :
        12.2.3 root telnet 
        12.2.4 root ftp 

  13. ̴ äκ:
  14. ġ Configuration:
  15.  ٸ ó
  16. sdct ũƮ
  17. adcn ũƮ
  18. firewallũƮ
  19. ȭ( 0.1.0 ۵)

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  

  1.1.  Disclaimer

  츮    ߸  ؼ   ߻ų սǿ
   å  ʴ´

  1.2.  ۱

  Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Jacek Radajewski. Copyright(C) 1999 Paralogic,
  Inc., 115 Bethlehem PA, 18015 ( <http://www.plogic.com>)

    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENCE Version 2( 1991 Copies of
  licence)  Ǹ  ̼
  <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html>   ִ.

  1.3.   HOWTO  

  Jacek Radajewski 1997 11 Beowulf HOWTO  ߰ Douglas
  Eadline  ߴ. ޵ Beowulf HOWTO   
  Ǿ 1998 8 κ : Beowulf HOWTO, Beowulf
  Architecture Design HOWTO, Beowulf Installation and Administration
  HOWTO. Beowulf Installation and Administration HOWTO Version 1.0.0
   Linux Documentation Project  ǥ ̴.

  1.4.  ڵ鿡 

  o  Jacek Radajewski Ʈũ ڷ  ϰ , ȣ
     Southern Queensland п   ޱ ϰ ִ.
     Jacek  ó   1995 ̾  ķ 
     컶 . Jacek 1997 5 ó  Beowulf Ŭ͸
       ķ   Ŭ   ϸ鼭
     Ŭ͸     ã ִ.

  o  Douglas Eadline ڻ ̱ PA Bethlehem ִ Paralogic̶
     ȸ   ̴. /м ȭ ״ ȭ
     м  1978 single board ǻ͸  ķ ǻͿ
     õ  ϰ ִ. Eadline ڻ   Beowulf
     Ŭ,  ˰̴. Eadline ڻ deadline@plogic.com
       ְ   ִ.

  1.5.   

  켱   HOWTO   ֽ  е鲲 縦 帳ϴ:
  Rebecca Cox, Thomas Sterling, Donald Becker, Daniel Ridge, Thanh Tran-
  Cong, Christopher Vance, Ron Addie, Russell Waldron, David Smith
     Ƴ ʾҴ Beowulf mailing list ٸ 
  е鿡Ե  帳ϴ.

  2.  

    ٸ  е ۾   Beowulf 
  , , Ȯο  ٷ.     Ȯ
   ٷ   Beowulf Ŭ͸ ó Ͽ ϴ
  õ   ڿԴ     ִ.

  3.  Quick Start (disk-less clients)

    ŭ̳  ٸ,  ٷ ϱ
   ̰    ̴.  ǿ ٷ   
   ϰ   ʿ  ϰ ִ.  ڼ  
   ǿ ߰   ̴.

  3.1.  ϵ ġ 

  켱  ǻ() ġ,   ٸ ϵ ڽ
  .    BIOS Ȯ ʿ䰡 ִ.  
   ϳ  ī Ѱ Ű带  ִٸ,  带
  иϿ  ī Ű带 ϰ  带 ۵ BIOS
  ȮѴ. Ȯ ʿ䰡 ִ Ϲ ġ IDE ϵ ũ̸
  Ű  ī尡  ų  ߴ ȮѴ. 
    Ű  ī带   ʴٸ, BIOS
  ̸     ƾѴ.  鿡 
  ϰ  ġ  ̴ ̺ ȮѴ.

  3.2.  ü ġ

   忡 RedHat 5.2 ġѴ.(: ڰ Beowulf 
  ô RedHat 5.2  Ϲ Ǿ.) RedHat  5.2
  ġ 5.2 ϸ ȴ.  Ŭ̾Ʈ  NFS-root 
  ý  root Ƽǿ   ȮѴ.  
  Ŭ̾Ʈ   syslogd  ׵ log  ̸
   /var/log  ڽ logӸ ƴ϶ Ŭ̾Ʈ log 
    ʿ ϰ ˴ϴ. /var,/lib,/bin, /sbin /etc
  丮 disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ   иǾ ȵǰ 
  Ƽǿ ġǾ Ѵ.    ͵ ϳ ٸ
  Ƽǿ ġϸ NFS-root Ͻý ø ϴµ Ǵ
  sdct ũƮ  ϵ帵ũ    ȴ.  Ʈ
  ̽ Ͻý ȴ.  RARP û RARP
  (CONFIG_INET_RARP)  ʿ ̴. RARP RedHat  5.2
   Ŀο ȴ. (: NFS-root Ͻýۿ ؼ
  <http://kldp.org>   ãƺ  .)

  3.3.  Diskless-Clients 

  ø 丮(밳 /tftpboot/Template)  
  sdct(15 sdct) ũƮ Ѵ.  ø Ŭ̾Ʈ /
  Ͻý  ̴.  ʿ信 ؼ ø ణ
      ̴. ũƮ ϰ  ȭ 
   Ȯ   ̴.

  3.4.  Diskless client  ÷ 

  Ŭ̾Ʈ ؼ NFS-root Ʈ ÷Ǹ Ѵ.  ս
   Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ŀ(monolithic kernel)  ̴.
  ׸  NFS-root  ý Ѵ.(̴ HOWTO
  net-booting   Ŀ    ̴.) 
  û׿ 'y' ԷѴ:CONFIG_ROOT_NFS, CONFIG_RNFS_BOOTP,
  CONFIG_RNFS_RARP

  Ŀ ϰ  , Ʈ ̽ NFS-root ȭŰ  dd
  ̿ ÷ ũ Ѵ.

  mknod /dev/nfsroot b 0 255
  cd /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot
  rdev zImage /dev/nfsroot

  3.5.  Client  Ͻý 

  adcnũƮ Ŭ ο   ֱ  Ų.
   :

  adcn -i 10.0.0.2 -c node2 -d my.beowulf.domain -l -D eth1

  eth1 ŬͿ  ̽ ǹѴ.  NFS-root Ŀ
  ÷Ǹ Ŭ̾Ʈ  ְ ý ٽ Ѵ.

  4.  Cluster 

     Beowulf Ŭ ġ  ٷ ,
  ġϱ   Ŭ     캸 
  迡   ϴ  ߿ϴ.  CPU ð ӵ
   Ŭ̾Ʈ   ޸ ũ, ũ ũ 
  캸ƾ  ̴.  ڴ ڰ ϰ ִ  ̶ֻ
      ̰  迡 ؼ  캼
  ̴.

  4.1.  ũ

  Beowulf ŬͿ ũ    װ ִ.
  ̷  ݰ , 鿡 ̸ ̰ ִ.  
  ڰ ȣϴ disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ  ٷ̴.

  4.1.1.  Diskl-less Clients

  ̷ disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ    ϵ disk-less
  Ŭ̾Ʈ鿡 Ѵ. disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ ý  ū
   ο 带 ߰ϰ Ŭ͸ ϴµ ϴٴ ̴.
  Ŭ̾Ʈ   鵵   ʱ  ο
  带 ߰ ,    ϵ Ű ̷
  ͵ ۵ǰ ϸ  ̴.  Ŭ̾Ʈ 鿡
  ü ׹ ٸ Ʈ ġ ʿ䰡 . disk-less
  ý ̶   ִ   NFS traffic ڵ
  óϰ ϴ ũƮ  ϴ ʱ ¾  ϰ
  ٴ ̴.   disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ ý
  Ѵٸ  ÷ ũ Ʈ(boot-ROM) ̴ī尡
  ʿ ̴. ̹  Ǵ ٸ κ  disk-less
  Ŭ̾Ʈ  Beowulf HOWTO ǵ Beowulf   
  ̴.     ְ  Ŭ̾Ʈ 带 
  ũ ϱ ϴٸ,   disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ
  ũ     , Ŭ̾Ʈ  ũ
  ü ϴµ ʿ ũ ؾѴ. ̴ disk-less
  Ŭ̾Ʈ   ܰ ÿ NFS traffic  ҿ
    ִ.

   disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ 尡 õǴ°?

  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ŭ̾Ʈ  ڱڽſ ؼ
   ͵  Ѵ. ׷ Ŭ̾Ʈ 尡 ۵ ϰ 
  ؾϴ  ν ϴ°? ׷ ⼭ Beowulf ŬͿ
  ۵Ǵ ο 带   .    ,
  Ŭ̾Ʈ  ÷ ũ ̴ ī EPROM ȴ.
  ׸ ڽ  ϴ IPּҸ û  ʿ RARP
  (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) . ׷  IP
  ּҸ ˷ְų " ̸ node64̰ ּҴ
  10.0.0.64Դϴ." ˷ش.  ο  ؼ ð
  ϰ ڽ ̴ ̽  ϸ  Ǵ θ
   NFS Ͻý ƮѴ. Ʈ Ͻý RAM ũ
  Ʈ  , κ  NFS Ͻý Ʈȴ.
  Ŭ̾Ʈ 尡 ð ؾ  ۾߿ ϳ
  忡 ڽ ۵   ִٴ  ˷ִ ̴.
   ̷  ϰ ο Ŭ̾Ʈ 꿡  
  ְԵȴ. ̶ʹ Ŭ̾Ʈ 尡   Ǹ ؾ
   Ѵ.

  4.1.2.  Fully local install

  Ǵٸ ش   Ŭ̾Ʈ   ϴ ̴.
  ̷ ġ   NFS traffic Ͼ ʴ´ٴ ̰,
   ſ  ġ  ʿϴ. ̷   
   ũƮ   ý ų  ִ rsync 
  ƿƼ ϸ     ִ.

  4.1.3.  ǥ NFS 

  °  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ fully local install 
  ̶߰   ִµ Ŭ̾Ʈ ڱڽ ü 
  ϵũ   Ҷ  Ǿְ  忡
  /home /usr/local/ Ʈ Ű ȴ. Ŭ̾Ʈ 忡 ü
  ġϴ   ִ. ̰Ϳ ؼ ߿  
  ̴.

  4.1.4.  л  ý

  л  ý  忡 ϴ  ý̴. 
  л  ý    õǾִ. ̷ 
  ýۿ ۾ ſ ̾  ⼭ ̰Ϳ  
  ٷ ʰڴ.    Beowulf ýۿ л 
  ý ϰ Ѵٸ Implementation and Performance of a
  Parallel File System for High Performance Distributed Applications
  <http://ece.clemson.edu/parl/pvfs/pvfshpdc.ps> ڷḦ о
  غ  ̴. (: Parallel Virtual File System  
  <http://www.beowulf-underground.org> Ȯ  ִ.)

  4.2.  ޸

  4.2.1.  Amount

   ޸ 뷮  Beowulf ý 迡 ־  ߿
  ۾ ϳ̴.     ۾ 
    ٸ,  Ȯ    ý
   Ͻų ̴.   ϴ  ƴϴ.
  ϵũ    п  ð
  䱸 ̴. ϵũ о̴  RAM  о帮
  Ϳ   . Sparc  ư  Ŀٶ ۾ 
   ִµ wall clock time 99.5% ϵũ а ϴµ
  ǰ  0.5%  꿡 Ǿ. ̻δ 
    ,  ȹ ū ۾  츦
  Ͽ     Ͽ δ   ̴.

  4.2.2.  ӵ

   ޸ ӵ ſ ߿ϴ.    ۵ϴ 
  CPU ߴٸ, 尣 ޸  ɼ  .
  ⼭ 16ns SDRAM ⸦ Ѵ.

  4.3.  CPU

  4.3.1.  Type

  CPU  ΰ η߿ ̷Ѵ: Intel x86 ȣȯ DEC
  Alpha ý. ٸ CPU鵵    ڰ  ý
   ٸ ý ̿, Beowulf ý   μ 
  Ѵ. Ϲ, Intel ý۵ Ȯý µ
  ̴ پ ҽ(Intel, AMD, Cyrix) ְ    ֱ ̴.
  ̿ʹ ޸ DEC Alpha ɸ鿡 Ź  ҽ(DEC)
    ϱⰡ  .

  Intel "slot " ý۵ ѵ ҽ   ,
   忡  ýۿ      .

  Intel  ý۵߿, Pentium Pro PII ֻ εҼ
  ɷ ̰ ְ SMP motherboard ϴ  ̴. 
  CPU    (1998 濡 )-PII ֻ Ŭ
  ǵ  ۵ ϰ Pentium Pro ֻ Ŭ  ǵ
  ۵- ִ. 밳 SDRAM  PII Pentium Pro  Ŭ
  ǵ Ѵٰ ˷.  򰡴 ޶  , PII
  Ŭ ǵ尡 333MHz ٰ  κ PII Ͽ. ⿡
     Ʈ Ȯ  ִ:
    <http://www.tomshardware.com/iroadmap.html>
    <http://www.compaq.com/support/techpubs/whitepapaers/436a0597.html>

  4.3.2.  SMP (: Symmetric MultiProcessing)

  Ī μ  Beowulf ŬͿ Ϲ  δ.
  ֵ δ   ɸ鿡 ռ  忡 
  μ   ̷.    ū Ŭ͸
  ϰ ʹٸ ̴ ſ ߿ ̴. ü ŬͿ  CPU
  ν  Ʈ ī ̽, °ޱ,  
     ִ. ϰ Ѱ SMP ε ٸ  
  ̸ غѴ.

     Ѱ CPU Ѱ Ѵ ϴ, SMP
   ϴ  ġִ  ̴. 츮 Topcat ý
   Ѵµ ֳ(master node) ڵ ׵ 
  ڵ带 ϰ ϰ غ. ֳ ΰ CPU ̿Ͽ
  ε 2̻󿡼 ۵ϴ  Ϲ̴. (: top
  ̿ϸ ε ´.) ֳ Ŭ̾Ʈ 鿡 
  ý ؾϱ , NFS   CPU ֱ⸦  
  ۾ ϴ  ߿ϴ.    尡
  ڵ鿡 ϰ ɸٸ,   SMP 
  ؾѴ.

  4.4.  Network

  4.4.1.  Hypercube

  Hypercube   踦  Ʈũ (topology)̴.
  100Mbps Ʈũ ġ ϶  hypercube ̻
   Ʈũ  ƴ϶   ִ.

  4.4.2.  10/100 Mbps Switched Ethernet

  100 Mbps   2 ̴ Beowulf ý Ʈũ 
  Ϲ ǰ,   Ʈũ   
  Ѵ. Ʈũ   ǻ͵ ܺο  
  ϰ  Ŷ 浹 Ű Ͱ ޸, ġ ̴
  ġ   ΰ  ̿  뿪
  Ѵ.  Ŭ͸   ̴ Ʈũ ī带
  ϱ ,    Ʈũ ̹ 
  Ʈ Ȯ غ   ̴.
    <http://www.alternic.net/nic/rfcs/1900/rfc1918.txt.html>

   , ټ  ̷ Beowulf Ŭʹ  
  Ÿ  ִ.

            Your LAN     |
                         |
                         |    eth0 123.45.67.89
                         |
                      [node1]
                         |
                         |
                         |    eth1 10.0.0.1
           Cluster       |
                         |
                         |
                   -------------
    10.0.0.2     /               \    10.0.0.5
  [node2]------ |      SWITCH     | ------[node5]
                 \               /
                   -------------
                     |        |
                     |        |
                     |        |
          10.0.0.3   |        |  10.0.0.4
                [node3]      [node4]

  4.5.      ΰ?

  Beowulf ýۿ  ̴   ̴. ġ
  ϰ  FTP    <ftp://ftp.redhat.com>  ̳ ٸ
  ̷Ʈ    ִ.     5.2 ǿ
  ϰ ִ.   ̳  Ǵ ٸ 
  ϰ ִٸ  ڿ ٸ    ִ.

    ߿  ϳ RPM (RedHat Package Manager)
  ̿Ͽ  ٷ̸ ġϰ ׷̵ϰ ϴµ ־
  ϰ   ִٴ ̴. PVM (:Parallel Virtual
  Machine)  MPI ( : Message Passing Interface) 
  Ʈ Beowulf Ŀΰ  ͵ RPM ·   ִ.

  NOTE: Extreme  CD  ſ Ǿ.  CD ִ
    RPM ؼ ȵȴ.

  4.6.  ϵ 

     ϵ Կ ȴ. Beowulf 
   ϵ  ߺ ʰ Ͽ Ѵ.

   ϵ :

   ϴ   - 166MHz CPU ؼ 233MHz ǥø ٲ
  ,  ޷  ް Ⱦƶ. Ǵ  ǰ DRAM  ǰ
  DRAM Ⱦƶ.    , ڵ "plug and play"
   Ѵ. ϰԵ, 233MHz  ؼ   ִ 
   ϵ ǸžڿԴ Ŀٶ ȸ ̴.    ִ
  Ѱ  ǰ  ⸦ ϴ κ带 ϴ
  ̴. ̸    ̷ ǰ ϰ ִ.
      20-30 ޷ Ƴ   1, 2 ĸ 
    ȴ.

  CPU Ŭ   ְ  RAM   ְ  尡
  õ ۵  ,  ǰ ۵    
  ų  ִ. ̷  ǰ   ǰ ٽ
  ϵ Ǹžڿ ǵ ־  Ǹžڰ ؾϴ ü
   15% п Ҵ   ϵ ߺǴ ϵ
   ߱ų  ִ.

  ذå:

  켱 Ÿ ϵ  캻. ұԸ ϵ Ǹžڵ
  ⵿   ʾҰ ٸ  䱸׵ Ű ʴ
  ٸ ׷ ǰ  ʴ  . °, ϵ
  Ǹžڿ     ϶.

  1. CPU DRAM ؼ 3-4 ǰ Ȯι. 
  ǰ   δ 3-4 Ŀ, ǰ  𸣰ų
   Ű   𸣱  3-4 ϴ. 
  ǰ ǰ Ǹϴ ڶ ǰ  ̴.

  2. ϵ  ߻Ͽ   15% 
  δؾϴ ǰ  ϵ Ǹϴ ǸŻ ŷ .

  3.ϵ   ߻Ͽ    ذ  ִ
  ڰ ִ Ǹžڿ . (ִ Intel ڴ 
  ιȣ  ִ.)  ׷ ʴٸ ǸŻ ǰ Ȯ
  ó 𸣴  Ǹϰ  ̴.

  , ̸ κ峪 ī Ʈũ 
  ǰ  . Ǭ  Ƴ ߿   
  ̴. , Beowulf Ŭ     ֱ 
   ŷ  ִ.(, ̸ NIC ī带 55޷ 
  ΰ? ƴϸ ̸ִ NICī带 75޷  ΰ?)

  ϵ ϴ  ؾ  ͵ ִ. PC 
  ǥȭ ǰ ϰ  , ̴   ǰ ߸
  ˷ ȸ   ִ. ڿ 

  5.  ֳ ġ

    δ  ֳ ΰ ϴ ̴.
  κ Beowulf ý۵  ϳ  Ŭ ܺη
  ϴ Ʈ ϳ    ɰ ŷڵ
      ִ. ū disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ Ŭ
  , Ŭ̾Ʈ 鿡 ý  ϱ   NFS
  ϰ  ̴.  л ȯ濡  尡
  Ŭ̾Ʈ  ۵ϴ  ϴ.    ϳ
   ϰ Ѵٸ,  '(master)'   
  ְ ּ ׳    ִ.

  ּ  Beowulf ýۿ  ߿  ̴.
  Ŭ̾Ʈ 鿡 NFS Ͻý ϰ ҽڵ带 ϸ
  ó ϰ ܺηκ  ϰ Ѵ.  
  ּ ġϰ ϴ ܰ踦 ϰ ִ.

  5.1.  ũ

   ߿ κ ũ⸦ ϴ ̴. 
  ŬͰ ۵ ϱ   Ҽ ϱⰡ ſ 
    󸶸ŭ  ʿ ϴ  ߿ϴ. 
  ڴ     Ʒ  ҿ Ͽ.
    غ Ʋ,  ũ 4GB HDD
   5.2, 16 , disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ ŬͿ  .
        ִ  /home  Ѵ.

  o  / - 500MB. /  /bin, boot, /dev, /etc, /lib, /root, /sbin,
     /var /tftpboot 丮   ϵ Ѵ. κ
      /tmp / ִ. disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ  ־
     /tftpboot /  ҿ ִ  ſ ߿ϴ.

      츮 и ҿ ΰ 丮 ƮŰ
     ʹٸ, 츮 ۾ NFS root  ʿ ϵ帵ũ  
     .

  o  /usr - 1.5GB. ̴     κ rpm
     /usr/local ƴ /usr ȴٴ  .  κ
     ٷ̸ ġϰ ʹٸ, /usr    ϶.
     α׷  ũ      .

  o  /usr/local - 500MB 2GB. Ȯ ũ  ִ
     α׷ ƴ ٸ  ÷ Ʈ 󸶳 ū
     ޷ִ.

  o  swap -   ý ɿ  ʴ. , 
      Ŀٶ ۾ ϰ ְ,  ޸ Ȯ  츸
     ϵ Ѵ.  Ƹ RAM ũ 2 ̻ ũ 
     ʾƾѴ.    ý , 1 384MB RAM
     4 128MB  ߴ.

  5.2.    ġ

  ⼭   5.2 ġ
  <http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl/>  ϰ 
   ̴.   5.2 ٷ̸  ġ  Ѵ. 
  ũ  ġ ʴٸ,  ٷ̸ ϴµ  ð
  Ҿ    Ͱ ٷ̴ ġ ʰ Ѿ.
  ġ Linux HOWTO  ó ̴.

  5.3.  Ʈũ 

  켱 ̴ ī  ʿϴ.  ̴ī ϳ ¥
  IP ּҸ п Ҵ־ ϸ, ٸ ϳ Ŭ 
  鿡Ը ̴ 缳 IP (  10.0.0.1)  ־ Ѵ.
     ִ GUI ̿ Ʈũ  
  ̿  ְ /etc/system/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth* ϵ
   Ͽ   ִ. (:   
  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/  ϵ ߰  ִ.)
  ܼ Beowulf ý  10/8 缳 IP ּ  ϴµ,
  10.0.0.1  Ҵǰ  10.0.0.2 10.0.0.254
  Ŭ̾Ʈ 忡 Ҵȴ. ̷ IP ּҸ ϱ  ,
  netmask 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.255 broadcast ּҷ Ѵ.
  ڰ ϴ Topcat ýۿ eth0 ܺο  ̽
  ϰ eth1 Ŭ  Ʈũ ϴ ̽
  ߴ.  ̺  .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  [jacek@topcat jacek]$ /sbin/route
  Kernel IP routing table
  Desitination    Gateway         Genmask         Flags   Metric  Ref     Use     Iface
  10.0.0.0        *               255.255.255.0   U       0       0       9       eth1
  139.x.x.0       *               255.255.248.0   U       0       0       7       eth0
  127.0.0.0       *               255.0.0.0       U       0       0       2       lo
  default         139.x.x.1       0.0.0.0         UG      0       0       18      eth0
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.4.  DNS 

    Beowulf ý Topcat DNS ۵Ű ʴ´.
  ܼȭ Beowulf Ŭ   DNS    ٰ
  , DNS Topcat ϰ  ۵  ߵǴ  Ҵ.
    п ޷ִ. ڴ DNS  ̺κ
  θ ܳ ̰ ̻    ̴. ڴ
   DNS  ϵ named ֽ   ۵ ʴ´.

  DNS  ſ ̴.  (node1) DNS 
  ɰ̴.  ̸  ̰ ü Beowulf Ŭ͸ 
  IPּҸ  ̴. DNS  ϵ
  <ftp://ftp.sci.usq.edu.au/pub/jacek/beowulf-utils>   ִ.
  ϵ Topcatýۿ ߴ ̰  
  ýۿ  ̸ ϰ ʹٸ װ͵ Խų  ִ.
    ˴ٽ   缳IP ּ  10.0.0.0/8
   ְ ݸũ 255.255.255.0  Ҵ. 
  node1 Ӽ  ʴ´ٸ   ܺο  
   ̰ 츮 ϴ ̴.     ̸
  beowulf.usq.edu.au Ͽ  DNS   ؾ
  ϵ   ̴. ռ 
  <ftp://ftp.sci.usq.edu.au/pub/jacek/beowulf-utils>   ִ.
  ϵ ġϰ /etc/rc.d/init.d/named restart ν
  named    ִ.

   DNS :

  ______________________________________________________________________
  [root@node1 /root]# nslookup node2
  Server: node1.beowulf.usq.edu.au
  Address:        10.0.0.1
  <p>
  Name:   node2.beowulf.usq.edu.au
  Address:        10.0.0.2
  <p>
  [root@node1 /root]# nslookup 10.0.0.5
  Server: node1.beowulf.usq.edu.au
  Address:        10.0.0.1
  <p>
  Name:   node5.beowulf.usq.edu.au
  Address:        10.0.0.5
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.5.  /etc/hosts

    DNS  ϰ  ʴٸ    
   IP ּҸ /etc/hosts ԷϿ Ѵ.  disk-less
  Ŭ̾Ʈ  , sdct ũƮ adcn ũƮ ̿  Ͽ
  ϵ帵ũ   ְ ̸  尡   ִ. 
  adcnũƮ root  ý   Ŭ̾Ʈ 
  /etc/hosts Է½ش.   Topcat Ÿ
  /etc/hosts ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  127.0.0.1               localhost       localhost.localdomain
  139.x.x.x               topcat.x.x.x    topcat
  10.0.0.1                node1.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node1
  10.0.0.2                node2.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node2
  10.0.0.3                node3.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node3
  10.0.0.4                node4.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node4
  10.0.0.5                node5.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node5
  10.0.0.6                node6.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node6
  10.0.0.7                node7.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node7
  10.0.0.8                node8.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node8
  10.0.0.9                node9.beowulf.usq.edu.au        node9
  10.0.0.10               node10.beowulf.usq.edu.au       node10
  10.0.0.11               node11.beowulf.usq.edu.au       node11
  10.0.0.12               node12.beowulf.usq.edu.au       node12
  10.0.0.13               node13.beowulf.usq.edu.au       node13
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.6.  /etc/resolv.conf     DNS  ϰ
  ִٸ resolve.conf   Ӽ ־Ѵ. ̴ Topcat
   ִ /etc/resolv.conf  ִ ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  search beowulf.usq.edu.au eng.usq.edu.au sci.usq.edu.au usq.edu.au
  nameserver      127.0.0.1
  nameserver      139.x.x.2
  nameserver      139.x.x.3
  ______________________________________________________________________

   DNS    ʴٸ  ٸ Ӽ
  ־Ѵ. ̴   /etc/resolv.conf̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  search eng.usq.edu.au sci.usq.edu.au usq.edu.au
  nameserver      139.x.x.2
  nameserver      139.x.x.3
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.7.  /etc/hosts.equiv  rsh Ŭ  , 
  ڿԵ ֱ   ȹ ؾմϴ.
  ׸  ȣƮ Ʈ /etc/hosts.equiv  ԷϿ մϴ.
  ȹ 11 Ͻñ ٶϴ.

  5.8.  Sample .cshrc

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #Assume LAM-MPI, PVM and MPICH are installed
  setenv  LAMHOME /usr/local/lam61
  setenv  PVM_ROOT /usr/local/pvm3
  setenv  PVM_ARCH LINUX
  setenv  MPIR_HOME /usr/local/mpich

  set path = (. $path)
  # use egcs compilers first
  set path = (/usr/local/bin $path)
  set path = ($path /usr/local/pvm3/lib/LINUX)
  set path = ($path /usr/local/lam61/bin)
  set path = ($path /usr/local/mpich/lib/LINUX/ch_p4)
  ______________________________________________________________________

  5.9.  ðȭ

  2.0.x SMP ðȯ   ִ. ̴  ͷƮ
    ߻Ѵ.   ذ xntp ؼ ܺο
  ð ġŰѴ.  ,  Ŭ ð
  ȭ϶. xntp   .

  1.  ý ð ð ϶.

  2. clock -w ̿Ͽ CMOS RTC (Real Time Clock) ð
     ϶.

  3.  ýۿ cdrom Ʈ϶. (mount /mnt/cdrom,  
      5 ϶.)

  4. /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS ̵϶

  5. root rpm -i xntp3-5.93-2.i386.rpm ϶.

  6. /etc/ntp.conf

      ýۿ  κп ּ ޾ƶ.

     #multicastclient                # listen on default 224.0.1.1
     #broadcastdelay 0.008

  ȣƮ   ýۿ    Ѵ.

  server  HOSTNODE # local clock
  #fudge  127.127.1.0 stratum 0

  ⼭ HOSTNODE  ȣƮ ̸̴.

   忡 /etc/ntp.conf ݰ ´.

  7. "/sbin/xntp" ؼ xntpd Ѵ.(:  
     /usr/sbin xntpd ִ.

     /etc/rc.d/rc.local ν ý 
  , ų  ִ.
  ðȭ ð  ɸ , /var/log/messages
  xntpdκ  ޼  ִ.

    ۾ ȣƮ 忡 xntp Ű  ð
  ý ǥ  ̴. Ŭ ٸ  ȣƮ 
  ð   ִ.

  xntp ý ð Ű RTC ȭ Ų. Ϸ翡 ѹ
  ð ȭ Ű  ߿ϴ. ̷ ۾  
  /etc/cron.daily       
  "sync_clocks"   ´.

  #Assume ntp is running, so sync the CMOS RTC to OS system clock
  /sbin/clock -w

   Ŭ  ð ȭ Ѿϸ ȣƮ ׻
  ǥ ƾ Ѵ.   ˰ ʹٸ xntpd 
  ϶.

  6.  Ŭ̾Ʈ 

  Ŭ̾Ʈ 带 ϴµ ũ   ִ. 켱 dd
  ̿Ͽ  Ѵ. ι° δ  topcat ýۿ
  óܰ迡 ߴ ,  Ŭ̾Ʈ ü 
  ġϰ  ġ   ִ ũƮ  Ų.
  ° δ   ġ  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ
  ̴.   topcat ýۿ  ΰ  ߱
    ΰ  ؼ ڼ  ̴.

  6.1.  Ŭ̾Ʈ 

   ⺻  Ѱ ̺꿡 ִ ϳ Ƽ Ȯϰ
  ٸ ̺꿡 ϴ ̴. ϳ Ŭ̾Ʈ ġ,  
  ְ ũ Ȯ 縦   ִ.  ũ ̹ ٸ
  Ŭ̾Ʈ     IP ּҿ ȣƮ Ӱ 
   κи ȭŰ ȴ.   Ŭ̾Ʈ ü
   ִ ڽŸ ũ  ִٸ, ̷   ս 
   ִ.  Jan Lindheim  Building a Beowulf System
  <http://www.carc.caltech.edu/beowulf/tutorial/beosoft/> ڼ
  Ǿ ִ. ϳ ũ Ѱ Ƽ ٸ ũ
  ϴ ̴.

  6.2.  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ 

     Ŭ̾Ʈ   ؾϱ  ռ ΰ
   ٸ. ̴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ڽ  ũ  
  ʱ ,   忡 ؾѴ.   disk-
  less Ŭ̾Ʈ ÿ     Ѵٸ, NFS Root mini
  howto  <metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/NFS-Root.html> NFS Root
  Client HOWTO о ȴ.

  Ŭ̾Ʈ 󿡼  ý ϵ  ϱ 
  Ŭ̾Ʈ    ̷. ýۿ ణ ȭ
  ־ ý   NFS-root howto  ߴ.

  o   Ŭ̾Ʈ  켱 ϳ Ŀ  ִ ÷ǰ
     ʿϴ. ڴ ܼ Ŀ  õ Ŀ ۵
     ʴ    . Ѱ ؾ  
     Ʈũ ī忡   Ŀο ־ ؾ Ѵٴ
     ̴.  ý Ʈ ϱ Ʈũ ̹ ʿ
     ̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ŀ 켱 ϶.  
      ̿ϸ ȴ:

     make menuconfig

  NFS-root ϴ  ϶:  CONFIG_ROOT_NFS,
  CONFIG_RNFS_BOOTP, CONFIG_RNFS_RARP

  Ŀο ִ  û  Ŀ Ŀ   ִ.
     Ѵ.

  make dep && make clean && make zImage

   Ŀ root ġ NFS-root  ̴. NFS-root Mini-
  howto  ִ dummy ġ ϴ  äϿ.

  makenod /dev/nfsroot b 0 255
  cd /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot
  rdev zImage /dev/nfsroot

  ̹ Ŀ ̹ ÷ǿ 縦 ϴ ̴.

  dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0

    Ŭ̾Ʈ ϴٸ  ý ϴ 
  ̹  ִ.   ΰ ٸ ÷Ǹ غߴµ,
  ϳ CPU ϳ ̰ ٸ ϳ SMP  ̴.

  o  Ŭ̾Ʈ  Ʈ ũ    Ŭ̾Ʈ root
     丮 µ Ǵ ø ϴ ̴. 
     ġϰ ü ġ    ø ġϴ  .
     ׸ /var /etc ϵ ϱ  ϴ  .
     ܼ 15 (sdct) ũƮ ߶ Ͽ ̸ ǰ Ű
     ȴ.  ũƮ  ʿ 丮 ϰ  ʿ
      ϴµ ȴ.  ũƮ  Ŭ̾Ʈ
     ؼ root 丮    root 丮
     µ ʿ ٸ ũƮ ̿  ִ ø µ
     ̿ȴ.  16 (adcn) ũƮ Ͽ  Ŭ̾Ʈ
      NFS-root  ý .

  o  NFS-root 丮 ø  ,  Ŭ̾Ʈ  NFS-root
      ý  Ѵ. ̴ 16 (adcn) ũƮ Ͽ 
      ְ  ũƮ /tftpbootƷ Ͻý Ѵ. 
     ũƮ ϴ Ϲ :

     adcn -n node2 -i 10.0.0.2 -d beowulf.my.domain. -l -D eth1

   ɼ 캸:

  -n node2Ŭ̾Ʈ ̸ ǹѴ. ̸  ʴ´.

  -i 10.0.0.2 Ŭ̾Ʈ IPּҸ Ѵ.
  -d beowulf.my.domain Ŭ DNS ǹѴ.  û
     DNS  ȴ.   
  Ŭ ΰ ٸ쿡 .  , Ŭ̾Ʈ
   ̸ node2.beowulf.my.domain̴.

  -l RARP û ´ٴ ǹ̴.  û , adcn -D
  ûװ Բ  ̽ ִ RARP û  ǰ
  Ŭ̾Ʈ ϵ ּҷμ ù° "sniffed" RARP ûκ MAC
  ּҸ Ѵ.  û MAC ּҸ    tcpdump
  Ѵ. 켱 tcpdump ġǾִ Ȯ϶.

  -D ŬͿ  ̽ ϴµ ʿ û̴.
    ŬͿ  ̽ Ѱ ̸̻ 
  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ Ǿ ִ Ʈũ ̽
  ̿ؾѴ.  û /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
  ̽  а Ʈũ, ݸũ, Ʈ̸
  о帰.( IP Ʈ̷ ȴ.) ̽ 
  -lû׿  Ÿ   tcpdump  Ѵ.

   -D û   adcn ũƮ default  
  ̴. ٸ  û adcn -h ̿ϸ   ִ. κ
   ʿ   õǾ ִ.  ũƮ
  ߺ    ϳ  ̿Ͽ disk-less
  Ŭ̾Ʈ ü ġ  ִ.   ŬͿ  
  ̽ eth1 ̿ 16 node disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ ġϱ 
     ũƮ ϸ ȴ:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/bash
  adcn -n node2 -i 10.0.0.2 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node3 -i 10.0.0.3 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node4 -i 10.0.0.4 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node5 -i 10.0.0.5 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node6 -i 10.0.0.6 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node7 -i 10.0.0.7 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node8 -i 10.0.0.8 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node9 -i 10.0.0.9 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node10 -i 10.0.0.10 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node11 -i 10.0.0.11 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node12 -i 10.0.0.12 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node13 -i 10.0.0.13 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node14 -i 10.0.0.14 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node15 -i 10.0.0.15 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  adcn -n node16 -i 10.0.0.16 -d beowulf.my.domain -l -D eth1
  ______________________________________________________________________

  6.2.1.  ذ 

  o  Disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ   RARP   Ѵ

       ý ϰ  "Sending BOOTP and RARP
     requests..." ޼ ߴ    
     캸ƾѴ.

     Ʈũ ̺, ġ  Ȯϰ  ִ ̽
     Ȯ Ǿ ִ Ȯϴ.

     rarp  Ŀο  Ǵ ȮѴ.

      Ǵ Ŭ̾Ʈ  rarpԷ ִ ȮѴ. ̴
     'rarp -a'   ִ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ϵ ּҰ Ȯ
     ȮѴ.
  6.3.  Ŭ̾Ʈ ܼ 

   Ŭ̾Ʈ  ī峪 Ű   
    ׵鿡   ִ  . ȭ
  Ʈũ   Ŭ̾Ʈ telnet ̳ rlogin  
    ٸ  ؾѴ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ַܼ ϴ
    ִ. ù°  Jan Lindheim  Building a
  Beowulf System
  <http://www.cacr.caltech.edu/beowulf/tutorial/building.html> 
  Ϳ Ű ġ ̿ϸ ȴ. ٸ Ѱ  serial
  terminal ϴ ̴.

  6.4.   Ŭ̾Ʈ OS ġ

   CD-ROM ġϰ  ϳ ̺갡 ִ , 
  ġ   CD-ROM ̺긦 ŰܾѴ. ׷   NFS
  ġ ϸȴ.  ϳ ÷ ̺긦  ִٸ
   ؾѴ.    ftp  ̿Ͽ  忡
  ġϿ. ÷ ̺굵 Űܾߴ. ġð ̱ 
  ڴ  ġ Ѵ. ġ ٷ̸ ϴ 
  뽺(?) ̸ 16   . ֱٿ  
  ũ ϵ尡 2GB̹Ƿ ġ  ʾƵ ȴ.

  7.  Compilers

  ڴ egcs(g77 ϴ)  Ѵ. ҽ
  <http://egcs.cygnus.com> ְ :egcs-1.1.1 gzip ̴.

  ѹ ϰ ġϸ egcs Ϸ /usr/local ְԵȴ. ̷
   ڵ   θ   ִ.(, ǥ
  egcs /usr/bin ְ egcs gcc /usr/local/bin ִ.)

  Note: Ŀ   gcc ϶.(egcs gcc ƴϰ) gcc -v 
  which gcc  ش.

  g77 egcs FORTRAN Ϸ̴.

  8.   Ʈ

     ƴϴ.   Ǵ Ű̴. Ŭʹ
  ޸ ӽ ̴. node A node B ϴ  
  Ʈũ ؼ̴. ̷ ޼    Ʈ
  ڵ δ , ۵̳  ſ   ִ.

  ΰ  ̴ Ʈδ PVM MPI ִ.

  8.1.  PVM VS MPI

  PVM MPI  ޼  ִ   Ʈ̴.
     PVM   Ǿ ũ̼ Ʈ °
  Ǿ.(Parallel Virtual Machine) ̴ л  ϰų 
  ʰų    ǻͿ Ǿ Դ.  PVM
   ׿ ؼ װ ̵ ַ ϰ ִ.

  MPI ׿ʹ ޸  ϵ Ǹڿ  ǰ  PVM
     Ѵ. Ŭ͸   ִ. MPI 
   ǥȸ Ѵ.

    PVM MPI   ϳ Ѵٴ Ģ .  MPI
   ǥ  ֱ    MPI ȣѴ. 
  PVM ǰ ִ.    ҽ   ϰ ִ.

  MPI:

  Ӱ   ִ ΰ MPI  ִ.  (: 
  ̿ܿ    <http://kluster.kaist.ac.kr>  Ȯ
   ִ.)

  MPICH(: MPI Chameleon ):

  Source:  <http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/> Version:
  mpich.tar.gz (: ֱ 1.2  .)  Notes: 츮 
        ϰ .

  LAM-MPI:

  Source:  <http://www.mpi.nd.edu/lam/> Version: lam61.tar.gz (:
  ֱ 6.4 .)  Notes: ġ(lam61-patch.tar) ġѴ.
  LAM  -c2c 带     Ÿ.  (:
  -c2c ɼ)

  PVM:

  Version: pvm3/pvm3.4.beta7.tgz Source:  <http://www.epm.ornl.gov/pvm/>
  Notes:  PVM ڵ  .

  9.  ȯ Ʈ:

   Ʈ ó ˸° ȯѴٴ  ð
  ɸ ۾̴. ڵȯ ſ .  ڵȯ FORTRAN
  ȯ ǰ ִ. C ȯϴ    ſ .

  FORTRAN ڵ ȯ BERT Ҹ  ý 
  ۵Ѵ.  <http://www.plogic.com/bert.html> Ӱ  
  ִ.

  10.  ý  Ʈ

  10.1.  bWatch

  bWatch GUI Beowulf Ŭ ̴. ̴ load average ޸,
  , μ, â ִ 忡  ڵ. bWatch
  <http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/jacek/bWatch>   ִ.

  NOTE: bwatch.rpm SuSE    /usr/X11R6/bin
  ġǰ wish interpreter  丮 ִ. Red Hat 
   /usr/bin wish ֱ⿡ bWatch    ִ.
   /usr/X11R6/bin/bWatch ù°  #!//usr/X11R6/bin/wish
  /usr/bin/wish   ִ.

  10.2.  httpd CGI ũƮ ̿ϱ

   beowulf Ŭͷκ 踦   ϳ
  忡 httpd CGI ũƮ Ѽ̴. CGI ũƮ
   shell  ˰ ϴ 忡   httpd
  ̿Ͽ     HTML ·  ٲ۴.
  ̴  ְ ͳݿ Ḹ Ǿ ִٸ  Ŭ
   ˾ƺ  ִ ̴. ̹ 
  <ftp://ftp.sci.usq.edu.au/pub/jacek/beowulf-utils> ִ
  index.htmlϿ ִ.   getinfo.cgi̴.

  10.3.  Netpipe

  Netpipe TCP , ٸ ũ MPI, PVM Ŷ Ȯ  ִ
  Ʈũ ۵ ̴.  gnuplot̳ spreadsheet Netpipe
     ׷ Ÿ  ִ.  NetPIPE
  <http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/Projects/ClusterCookbook/nprun.html>
    ִ.

  10.4.  Ʈũ ս: netperf

  Source:  <http://www.netperf.org/netperf/NetperfPage.html>

  Run Script:
  ./netperf -t UDP_STREAM -p 12865 -n 2 -1 60 -H NODE -- -s
             65535 -m 1472
  ./netperf -t TCP_STREAM -p 12865 -n 2 -1 60 -H NODE

  NODE   ̸̴.

  10.5.   ս: NASA  ġũ

  Source:  <http://www.nas.nasa.gov/NAS/NPB>

  11.  : CMS

  CMS (Cluster Management System) Ҹ ٷ̰ ִ.  ̴
  <http://smile.cpe.ku.ac.th/software/scms/index.html>  
   ִ. ο  ؼ ׽Ʈ غ ð  .  
    ؼ ǽð  ͸  ϰ  ۵Ͽ.
  ̴ ý ۰    ϰ ִ.

  12.  

  Beowulf Ŭ Ϲ å Ŭͳ  尡 θ
  ŷ  ־Ѵٴ ̴. Ŭͳ ȿ  Ƚ 
  ִ  Ŭ̾Ʈ   ͵ ܺο  Ǿ 
  ʰ   ⺻ ϱ ̴.  
  Ʈ̸ ŷ(: ũŷ Ȯ Ī)Ϸ Ѵٸ ũĿ
  Ŭ̾Ʈ 忡       ̷ ؿ
  ȹ  ʿ䰡 .    ֿܼ 
  ʰ 带 ġ ʰ 忡  Ѵٴ  Ұ ̴.
  Ŭͳ  ȭŰ  ū  ̰ ϱ 
  ϱ ٴ ̴. ̿ʹ ޸  Ŭ̾Ʈ 带
  Ͼ ܺμ Ͼ ȵȴ. Ŭͳ 
  ȭŰ ܺηκ  ڽ Ű   ִ.

  12.1.  

  12.1.1.  TCP wrapper

  Ϲ TCP wrapper ˷ tcpd   1̰ 
  ӽſ  ϴ   ̾ ý ȼ
  δ. ̴ Red Hat  Ϻκ ְ  ϴ.
   ϵ ִ: /etc/hosts.allow  ϴ ȣƮ
  ȮѴ. /etc/hosts.deny /etc/hosts.allow Ÿ  
   о帰.  źϴ ȣƮ ȮѴ.
  /etc/inetd.conf tcpd    ʿ ͵ ִ.
  host_access(5) man  /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny
    뿡    ش.

  Allowing access with /etc/hosts.allow Ʒ  IP ּҰ 10.0.0.x,
  10.1.x, 10.0.2.x   Ʈ  Ѵٴ
  ǹ̴.   myworkstation.usq.edu.au ȣƮ Ϳ ͵
   Ѵٴ ǹ̴.  ٸ  /etc/hosts.denyϿ
  ؼ  񽺵 /etc/inetd.conf ȭǾ , tcpd
  ؼ  ۵ȴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #
  # hosts.allow   This file describes the names of the hosts which are
  #               allowed to use the local INET services, as decided
  #               by the '/usr/sbin/tcpd' server
  #

  # we fully trust ourself and all the other nodes within the cluster

  ALL : localhost, 10.0.0., 10.0.1., 10.0.2.
  in.telnetd : myworkstation.usq.edu.au
  ______________________________________________________________________

  /etc/hosts.deny ̿ ٰź /etc/hosts.deny
  /etc/hosts.allowϿ ġ ʴ ȣƮ ȮѴ. TCP
  wrapper ̿ϴ     /etc/hosts.allow 
  ʴ  ȣƮ źϴ ̴.   /etc/hosts.deny
  ġ ʴ   ̰ŴϿ    źν Ҵ.
   źε ῡ ؼ ڿ ڼ  ̸Ϸ .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ALL: ALL: spawn ( \
  echo -e "\n\
  TCP Wrappers\: Connection Refused\n\
  By\:                   $(uname -n)\n\
  Process\:              %d (pid %p)\n\
  User\:                 %u\n\
  Host\:                 %c\n\
  Date\:                 $(date)\n\
  " | /bin/mail -s "From tcpd@$(uname -n).  %u@%h -> %d." root)
  ______________________________________________________________________

    /etc/hosts.allow  ʴ ȣƮκ õȴٸ
  /etc/hosts.deny  ź ̸ ű⿡  ̸ ڴ
  ް  ̴. ׷ ̸   .

  ______________________________________________________________________
  From root       Fri Apr 16 23:33:50     1999
  Return-Path: <root>
               by topcat.beowulf.usq.edu.au (8.8.7/8.8.7) id XAA19278
               for root; Fri, 16 Apr 1999 23:33:50 +1000
  Date: Fri, 16 Apr 1999 23:33:50 +1000
  From: TOPCAT Admin <root@topcat.beowulf.edu.au>
  Message-Id: <199904161333.XAA19278@topcat.beowulf.usq.edu.au>
  To: root@topcat.beowulf.edu.au
  Subject: From tcp@topcat.beowulf.usq.edu.au.   jacek@lamport.comp.usq.edu.au -> in.telnetd.
  Status: 0

  TCP Wrappers: Connection Refused
  By:             topcat.beowulf.usq.edu.au
  Process:        in.telnetd (pid 19270)
  User:           jacek
  Host:           jacek@lamport.comp.usq.edu.au
  Date:           Fri 16 Apr 1999 23:33:50 EST 1999
  ______________________________________________________________________

  12.1.2.   ʴ  ߱ - /etc/inetd.conf

   ܼ  ȿ  Ѱ   ʴ
   ߴ ̴. Ϲ   ʴ  ߴ
   . κ  inetd  ۵ ǰ /etc/inetd.conf
  뿡  ʴ  ּó ָ ۵ ʴ´. 
   /etc/inetd.conf login, exec, talk ntalk  ִ
  ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  shell   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.rshd
  #login   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.rlogind
  #exec   stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.rexecd
  #comsat dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.comsat
  #talk   dgram   udp     wait    nobody.tty      /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.talkd
  #ntalk  dgram   udp     wait    nobody.tty      /usr/sbin/tcpd  in.ntalkd
  ______________________________________________________________________

    Ŀ ٽ inetd Ѵ.  
  ս   ٽ о 帮 󿡰 ȣ ִ ̴.

  [root@topcat root]# killall -HUP inetd

  ٸ н ýۿ kill  а ϶!

    Ʈ     ǰ ִ
  Ȯ  ִ.       ִ.

  [root@topcat root]# netstat -a | grep "LISTEN" | grep -v "^unix"

  12.1.3.  rc ũƮ ̿Ͽ ߱

  (http)   (smbd) rc ũƮμ ۵Ѵ. 
   /etc/rc.d/rc3.d ִ  شϴ ũ ν
  ۵ ߰Եȴ.   httpd, samba sendmail(Ǵٸ
  α׷)dms run level 3 5 ۵Ŵν    
  ִ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/3d/S*httpd
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/5d/S*httpd
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/3d/S*smb
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/5d/S*smb
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/3d/S*sendmail
  [root@topcat samba]# rm -f /etc/rc.d/rc/5d/S*sendmail
  ______________________________________________________________________

  12.1.4.  ipfwadm

  ipfwadmα׷ Ư IP ּҿ Ư Ʈ Ŷ ¿
  Ѵ. ̴  ϴ   ̴.   firewall
  (17 (firewall_script)) rc ũƮ ݵ ý   
  ۵Ǿ ϰ   ϸȴ.

  [root@topcat init.d]# cp /home/jacek/firewall /etc/rc.d/init.d
  [root@topcat init.d]# chmod u+rx firewall
  [root@topcat init.d]# ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/firewall /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S05firewall
  [root@topcat init.d]#ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/firewall /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S05firewall

  NOTE:   ȯ濡 °  ũƮ ٲپѴ.

  12.2.  Ŭ̾Ʈ

  12.2.1.  .rhosts versus hosts.equiv

  ڵ ϰ; ϴ  ϳ н 尣 
  ϰ ݸ  ̴. κ Beowulf Ʈ
  ƿƼ  rsh ۵ϰ  н  ۾ϰ
  .

  Ŭͳ н带 ִ ΰ  ִµ ϳ
  /etc/hosts.equiv Էϴ ̰, ٸ ϳ  
  丮 .rhosts ÷ϴ ̴.

  /etc/hosts.equiv  忡 .rhosts ִ  Ƽ ϳ
  Ϸ   ֱ⿡  ȣȴ.

   ´ .rhosts ִ ȣƮ ̴:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  # must be read/writable by user only!
  node1
  node2
  node3
  node4
  node5
  node6
  ______________________________________________________________________

  /etc/hosts.equiv ´:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #node name      optional user name
  node1
  node2
  node3
  node4
  node5
  node6
  ______________________________________________________________________

  12.2.2.  root rlogin :

  root Ŭͳ  忡 rloginϱ ؼ  root
  丮 .rhosts ÷ؾմϴ. .rhosts Ŭͳ 
   ϰ ־մϴ. ߿: .rhosts ݵ ڸ
  а   ־մϴ. ( chmod go-rwx .rhosts) ̴ Ʈ
  忡 ؼ ȵ˴ϴ.

  ߰ /etc/pam.d/rlogin: ó  ٲݴϴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #orginal /etc/pam.d/rlogin
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
  auth     sufficient     /lib/security/pam_rhosts_auth.so
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow nullock
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
  account  required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so
  password required       /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so
  password required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow nullock
                                                     use_authtok
  session  required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so

  #first two lines are swapped /etc/pam.d/rlogin
  auth     sufficient     /lib/security/pam_rhosts_auth.so
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow nullock
  auth     required       /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
  account  required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so
  password required       /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so
  password required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow nullock
                                                     use_authtok
  session  required       /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so
  ______________________________________________________________________

  NOTE:    ִ 𸣰 ۵ Ѵ.

  12.2.3.  root telnet 

  Ʈ 带   忡 /etc/securetty Ͽ  
   ÷Ѵ:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  ttyp0
  ttyp1
  ttyp2
  ttyp3
  ttyp4
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ̷ ȭ remote telnet ̿ Ŭͳ    
  ϴ ̴.

  12.2.4.  root ftp 

  root ftp  ʿ ý , /etc/ftpusers Ͽ 
   root κп ּ ܴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #Comment out root to allow other systems ftp access as root
  #root
  bin
  daemon
  adm
  lp
  sync
  shutdown
  halt
  mail
  news
  uucp
  operator
  games
  nobody
  ______________________________________________________________________

  13.  ̴ äκ:

  ä   
  <http://www.beowulf.org/software/software.html>

  䱸: ý۴ ΰ ̴ NIC  äδ ΰ  Ǵ 
  äδ ΰ ġ Ǵ ߾ LAN и  ִ ġ

  : ( Ŀ 2.0.36)

  1. ifenslave.c α׷  Ʈ ޴´.  (
  <http://beowulf.gsfc.nasa.gov/software/bonding/html>) 35ο
  ּó "#include     " ׸ "gcc -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O
  ifenslave.c -o ifenslave"  Ѵ.

  2.Ŀġ Ѵ.( <ftp://ftp.plogic.com> 
  linux-2.0.36-channel-bonding.path Ŀ ġѴ.)׸ xconfig
  Ű Beowulf Channel Bonding  Ѵ.

  3. Ŀ ϰ Ѵ.   ä  ٸ ġ Ǵ
  (Ǵ и ġ)   ϸ ι° Ʈ ̽ IP
  ּҸ ο ʿ䰡 .   ̽ и Ʈ
   ̴.  (ä ) ̴  뿡  ִ.

  ä    ý root αϿ   
  Ѵ.

  ./ifenslave -v eth0 eth1

  ̴ eth1 eth0  ش.  eth0 ̹ ýۿ
  ޾Ƶ鿩 ְ Ŭ Ʈ ϰ ִ. eth1  ý
  ۽ OS(Linux) ؼ ȴ.

   ݵ ȣƮ    ̺ȭ 
  ̷ ۵ ų  ִ.     Ѵ.

  a. â .  b. 2 α Ѵ.  c. root  
  Ѵ.  d. ٸ â  1 ؼ   Ѵ.

  ׷  Ŭʹ äκ  ̴. netperf 
  ġũ غν ̷     ִ.

  äκ    ƴϴ. 츮 ̸  캸ƾ ϸ
  äκ ڵ ǰ ߴ  ԷؾѴ.  ϳ
  ä ս ϱ      ý  ٽ
  ϴ ̰ų Ʈ ޴( Ϻ) ̿  ̽
  ϰ ߰   ִ.

   : ä    ׷  尣 
   ſ .  ü ŬƮ ä  ؾ
  Ѵ.

  14.  ġ Configuration:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  BayStack 350T Main Menu

        IP Configuration...
        SNMP Configuration....
        System Characteristics...
        Switch Configuration...
        Console/Service Port Configuration...
        Spanning Tree Configuration...
        TELNET Configuration...
        Software Download...
        Display Event Log...
        Reset
        Reset to Default Settings
        Logout
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ȭǥ ̿ ϴ ɼǿ ŷ ϰ ɼ Ѵ.

  15.   ٸ ó

  o  Jacek Radajwski and Douglas Eadline, Beowulf HOWTO, Linux
     Documentation Project  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Beowulf-
     HOWTO.html>

  o  Jan Lindheim Building a Beowulf System
     <http://www.cacr.caltech.edu/beowulf/tutorial/building.html>

  o  Cluster Cookbook
     <http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/Projects/ClusterCookbook/nprun.html>

  o  Beowulf Papers  <http://www.beowulf.org/papers/papers.html>

  o  Beoulf Homepage  <http://www.beowulf.org>

  o  Jacek's Beowulf Page
     <http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/jacek/beowulf>

  o  Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO
     <http://yara.ecn.purdue.edu/~pplinux/PPHOWTO/>

  o  NFS-Root mini howto  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/NFS-
     Root.html>

  o  NFS-Root-Client mini howto
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/NFS-Root-Client.html>

  o  Extreme Linux Homepage  <http://www.extremelinux.org>

  o  NFS-Root HOWTO, Linux Documentation Project
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO>

  o  NIS-Root HOWTO, Linux Documentation Project
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/NIS-HOWTO>

  o   DNS HOWTO, Linux Documentation Project
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/DNS-HOWTO>

  o  W.B. Ligion III and R. B. Ross Implementation and Performance of a
     Parallel File SYstem for High Performance Distributed Applications
     <http://ece.clemson.edu/parl/pvfs/pvfshpdc.ps>

  16.  sdct  ũƮ

  disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ ø ġ NOTE:  ũƮ
  "setup_template" Ҹ     ̸ ϰ
  ִ.   ũƮ  1.0.0 ̸   ̸
  п  ؾѴ.

   <ftp://ftp.sci.usq.edu.au/pub/jacek/beowulf-utils/disk-less/sdct>

  17.  adcn  ũƮ

  Disk-less 带 ÷϶.

  NOTE:  ũƮ "add_node" Ҹ   
   ̸ ϰ ִ.   ũƮ  1.0.0 ̸ 
   ̸ п  ؾѴ.

   <ftp://ftp.sci.usq.edu.au/pub/jacek/beowulf-utils/disk-less/adcn>

  18.  firewall ũƮ

  ______________________________________________________________________
  #/etc/rc.d/init.d/firewall
  #
  # This file sets up the firewall rule
  # for topcat.eng.usq.edu.au Beowulf class supercomputer
  # version 1.0.0
  # 18/08/1998
  #
  # author : Jacek Radajewski jacek@usq.edu.au
  #
  # this is our third line of defence
  # 1. most of the services are disabled in inetd
  # 2. secondly we use tcpd
  # 3. we filter packets at the kernel level (this rc script)
  #

  # the ipfwadm program
  IPFWADM="/sbin/ipfwadm"

   case "$1" in
    start)
    echo -n "Inserting firewall rules ... "
    export MODE="-i"
    # default policies
    export IN_POLICY="accept"
    export OUT_POLICY="accept"
    # if you have machines outside the cluster connected to
    # the main system via IP tunnel as described at
    # http://www.sci.usq.edu.ay/staff/jacek/topcat then you will
    # have to allow forwarding
    export FORWARD_POLICY="deny"
            ;;
    stop)
    echo -n "Deleting firewall rules ... "
    export MODE="-d"
    # default policies
    export IN_POLICY="accept"
    export OUT_POLICY="accept"
    export FORWARD_POLICY="accept"
            ;;
      *)
    echo "Usage: firewall {start|stop}"
    exit 1
    esac

    # source eth0 configuration
    # we assume that eth0 is our interface to the outside world
    # most firewall rules will be based on this

    . /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
   # this must be set to the host's IP address
    export MYIP=$IPADDR

    # we want to allow administrator to telnet in
    export ADMINIP=139.x.x.x

    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    # we first set default policies
    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------

    $IPFWADM -I -p $IN_POLICY
    $IPFWADM -O -p $OUT_POLICY
    $IPFWADM -F -p $FORWARD_POLICY

    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    # forwarding rules
    # deny all TCP and UDP
    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------

    $IPFWADM -F $MODE deny -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -F $MODE deny -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp

    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    # We go through the normal services and deny everything we don't need
    # from outside.
    #-----------------------------------------------------------------------

    # ftp
    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 ftp -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE accept -D $MYIP/32 ftp -S $ADMINIP/32 -P tcp

    # telnet
    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE deny  -D $MYIP/32 telnet -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE accept -D $MYIP/32 telnet -S $ADMINIP/32 -P tcp

    # we block other known services ... well most of them

    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 echo -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 echo -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 discard -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 discard -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 systat -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 daytime -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 daytime -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 netstat -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 finger -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 http -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 pop -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 pop-3 -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 imap -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 exec -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 login -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 syslog -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 shell -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 talk -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 ntalk -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 cfinger -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp
    $IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 nfs -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P udp

    # we stop all connections to our X server (if running)
    # comment out the line below if you require X access

    #$IPFWADM -I $MODE deny -D $MYIP/32 6000 -S 0.0.0.0/0 -P tcp

    echo "firewall"
  ______________________________________________________________________

  DNS HOWTO ֽŹ bind8 ϰ    bind
  version 4 ϰ ִ.

  19.  ȭ( 0.1.0 ۵)

  o  02/06/1999 v0.1.2 - ذκ .   disk-less Ŭ̾Ʈ
      Ͼ  ִ  ϰ ְ ű⿡ 
     ذ  ִ.

  o  25/04/1999 v0.1.1 - adcn sdct  5.2 ° 
     ̽ũƮ ̹  ̱  .
  o  12/04/1999 v0.1.0 - Douglas Eadline Cluster Quick Start
     .

