    - żϰ!

   : Guido Gonzato  <Guido@ibogfs.cineca.it <mailto:
  Guido@ibogfs.cineca.it>> 1996 4 26
  1.1
           <geoman@nownuri.nowcom.co.kr <mailto: geo
  man@nownuri.nowcom.co.kr>>
  1996 11 30

  Ӹ ======  ̴ Ͽ 386 ̻ ǻͿ  н Ŭ
       ȯϷ   
  ڵ(     ڰ  )  ̴.  
  ó PC   ġ      غ ;.
  ׸ ̴  ϴ ̶ . Ƹ  
  н  ̶̰   ִٴ  ˰  ̴.
      μ  ̹  ü 
    ణ ˰ ִ.  : ȭϽý, 丮, ȯ ,
  α׷ , .BAT ȭ   .     
   ִ    ȯ濡 ִ Ȱ  ֵ 
  ̴.  ڰ  ų ƴϸ     
    о  ְ PC   Ƶε ϶.   
    Թ ƴ϶  ϰ ʹ. ʺڵ鿡Դ
  Matt Welsh  "Linux Installation and Getting Started"  
  ؼ  Ѵ.  sunsite.unc.edu Ǵ ̷ Ʈ
  /pub/Linux/docs/LDP  ã  ִ.    ϱ
   Ǿ ִ.   Ͽ , FAQ     ִ. 
     ߺ  ٸ ̱ ٴ  ó 200
   ̻ д ͺٴ ׳ 20    о ϴ
    ̴.

  ______________________________________________________________________

  

  1.  
     1.1  п ´°?
     1.2 .   شٿ.

  2. ȭ óϱ
     2.1 ȭ: 
     2.2 ȭ : κ   
     2.3 α׷ : Ƽ½ŷ 

  3. 丮 ϱ
     3.1 丮 :  
     3.2    ȯ

  4. ÷, ϵũ, 
     4.1 ÷ ũ 

  5. ý ٷ
     5.1 ý ʱȭ ȭϵ
     5.2 α׷ ʱȭ ȭϵ

  6. ణ α׷
     6.1 ũƮ ¥ : .BAT ȭ 
     6.2  ȥ C  

  7.  1 ۼƮ
     7.1 Ʈκ 
     7.2  ޸ 
     7.3 tar gzip ϱ
     7.4 ø̼ ġ
     7.5 ʼҰ 
     7.6  α׷
     7.7 Ϲ Ȯڿ  α׷
     7.8 ϴ ....
     7.9 

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.   

  1.1.   п ´°?

    ǻ Ǵ   ü . : װ 
    ϴ° ޷ִ.      ʴ´(
  żΰ?)  и ϱ   뵵δ ܿ PC 
  ȣѴ. ( ƿ dir/s/w >lst    Ѵٰ غ ) 
   鿡 ־  ׾߸   ǻ̴. 
    ְ OS   ġ ʴ´.  ڸ 95
  ٴ εϰ پ   95  ȣϰ ִٰ 
   ִ.

  н 迭 α׷/ڿ ϴ ݸ ư 
   Ϲݻڿ  ߰ ִ.  
  Ϲ κ Ϸ, Ʈũ,  Ʈ ʿ
  ϰų    ҵ ҵ ų ġ (ڸ
  ŷ) Ⱦ ʴ´ٸ κ û    ִ.
   ַ  Ʈ ʿ ϰų  Ÿϴ 
  ȾѴٸ   ̿ ̴.

  п ޷ȴ.  Ǿ  /  ǻͿ
    ִٴ ͸ ϶.

  1.2.  .   شٿ.

   PC   νϿ. ġ ÿ   ڽſ
   ־ ̴.( ׷ ʴٸ  6.1   ) ׸
     ̴.  ̴ п ϴ   ű
  ִٰ, ׸  α ؼ غ⸸ ϸ ȴٰ  ̴.
  ڸ н带 ְ  ũ  ϰ  ̴:
  "...   ?"  ,  .  DOS ϴ  ƴ
   ̻     ִ.     ٸ 
    ϵ  ̴.

  1. α׷  ȭ , ī, , , ̸

  2. CD, MD, RD ׸ DIR ϱ

  3. ÷ ϰ ȭ īϱ

  4.  AUTOEXEC.BAT  CONFIG.SYS ġ

  5. и .BAT ȭ̳ QBASIC α׷ ¥

  6.  1%

          ̷   
     ִٴ  ˰ Ǹ ⻵ ̴.   ڵ
     100  ̻      ʰ ִ. 
      ؼ ׷ٰ   ִ.  ࿡  
     Ͽ   ɾ 𸥴ٸ  ϶.   ⼭
     丮 ̸ PATH   ؼ  
     ´.

   ư       ִٸ:

  1) ʹ ޸  ü  Ŀ  ִ. 
  PC     Ű  ýۿ ˸ "α"
  ؾ Ѵ.  ֳϸ н   ü̱ ̴.
  Դٰ Ϲ ڴ ý    . αν
  αθ root  ڸ ׷ Ƿ Ѵ(  ༮ ٷ
  ý ̴.   PC  ۾Ѵٸ  root
  ̴ ) ȭϰ 丮 ڿ õ 㰡  ְ 
  Ϲ ڴ  ȵǴ 쵵 ִ.  ݸ  
   ϵũ    ϴ.

  2) ϴ ۾ ģ   PC  ġ ׳  
  ȵȴ.   ˸´ ˴ٿ   Ѵ.( CTRL-ATL-DEL 
   ý θ ϰ OK  ϰ  ġ  )
  ·  ߸ α׷   ǻ͸ ߰ ϴ 
  ص Ұ   ü ̴. -   Ű
  ʿġ ʴ.

  3) you are strongly encouraged to experiment, play, try by yourself:
  it

  3)   غ  ٶ. ذ  ʴ´. Ʈ
  󿡼 ( Ϲδ $, root   # )    ִ.  $ help
  ( ̴) Ǵ    ɿ   ´.
  $ man <> which, if you have installed the man pages, will invoke
  the manual ("man")    ġߴٸ <> õ
  Ŵ("man")    ִ.     ص ȴ.  $
  apropos <> Ǵ $ whatis <> 4) :

  a) <...> õǾ  , ݸ鿡 [...]  
  Ÿ.   :

  $ tar -tf <file.tar> [> redir_file] file.tar  õǾ 
  redir_file   ̷ ̴.  b) ݺ RMP  
      о  Ѵ.   
    ˾ƺ ̴.

  2.  ȭ óϱ

  2.1.  ȭ: 

  Linux has a file system - meaning by that "the structure of
  directories and  ȭ ý̶   ִ. ̴
   ϰ "  ȭ " ǹѴ. ȭ
  Ư Ģ  ȭϸ  ְ 丮 ȿ Ǹ 
   ȭ̸ κ  ġ(swtich, ɼ)  ִ.
    ϵ ī幮, ̷,     ִ.
  ū ̴ .

  o  ù°  :  ȭϸ  8.3  . 
      NOTENOUG.TXT.  ̺ .  ν 
     ext2 Ǵ umsdos  ȭϽý(   Ȯ ǹ̸ 
     Ѵ ) Ѵٸ, ϳ ̻ Ʈ(.) ϸ鼭  
     ̸   ִ.     This_is.a.VERY_long.filename
      ҹڸ  ߴٴ ǿ ָϱ ٶ. ...

  o  ι°  : 빮ڿ ҹڰ ȴ.   FILENAME.tar.gz
      filename.tar.gz  2  ٸ ȭ̴. ɵ  ̴.
     ls (  DIR   )  ġ  丮  ȭ
       LS  ġ  ޼  ̴.

  o  °  :  Ǹ (.) ȭϸ ϸ  ȭ
      ִٰ ֵȴ. :  .I.am.a.hidden.file  ls 
     Ÿ ʴ´.

  o  ׹°  : α׷ Ͽ .COM, .EXE ׸ ġȭϿ
     Ͽ .BAT   Ȯ  . ȭ ls -F 
       ȭϸ ڿ Ÿ (*) ǥõȴ.

     : $ ls -F letter_to_Joe  Cindy.jpg  cjpg*  I_am_a_dir/
     my_1st_script*

     cjpg*  my_1st_script*  డ "α׷"̴. 
     .BAK  ȭ   ƿ幮( ) .

  o  ټ°  :  α׷ ġ /ġ̸ 
     -ġ ̴.   dir /s  ls -R  . PKZIP Ǵ ARJ 
         α׷ н Ÿ ġ Ѵ.

  2.2.  ȭ : κ   

  ʿ  ɾ ʿ ش   ִ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  COPY:   cp
  DEL:    rm
  REN:    mv
  TYPE:   more, less, cat
  ̷ǰ  : < > >> |
  ϵī: * ?
  nul:    /dev/null
  prn, lst:       /dev/lp0; lpr
  -  -
  DOS                                     Linux
  C:\GUIDO>copy joe.txt joe.doc           $ cp joe.txt joe.doc
  C:\GUIDO>copy *.* total                 $ cat * > total
  C:\GUIDO>copy fractals.doc prn          $ cat fractals.doc | lpr
  C:\GUIDO>del temp                       $ rm temp
  C:\GUIDO>del *.bak                      $ rm *~
  C:\GUIDO>ren paper.txt paper.asc        $ mv paper.txt paper.asc
  C:\GUIDO>type letter.txt                $ more letter.txt
  C:\GUIDO>type letter.txt                $ less letter.txt
  C:\GUIDO>type letter.txt > nul          $ cat letter.txt >/dev/null
          n/a                             $ more *.txt *.asc
          n/a                             $ cat section*.txt
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ָ:

  o  *    ȶϰ ൿѴ: - *   ȭ 
      ȭϰ ġȴ. .*    ȭϰ ġȴ.  *.*  .
      ׸ ڿ ٸ ڵ ִ  ġȴ.

     - p*r  peter, piper ġȴ. *c*  picked, peck  ġȴ.

  o  more    <̽>   ϰ q Ǵ CTRL-C
        . less  ̰ ȭǥŰ Ѵ.

  o  UNDELETE ̶ .      ؾ Ѵ.

  o   < > >>  ٿ  ޼(stderr)
     ̷Ʈϱ  2> ̶   ִ.

  o    ٸ ϵ ī ڰ ִµ ] ̴.  -
     [abc]*  a,b,c ϴ ȭϰ ġȴ.  - [I-N]* 
     I,J,K,L,M,N ϴ ڿ ġȴ.

  o    RENAME .  ren *.xxx *.yyy   
     ʴ´.

  2.3.  α׷ : Ƽ½ŷ 

  α׷ Ű ؼ ó ̸ Էϸ ȴ. 
  α  PATH( 4) Ե 丮( 2) Ǿ ִٸ
   ̴.  : ʹ ޸   丮
  PATH ԵǾ  ʴ   丮 ִ α׷ 
  ʴ´.

   α׷  <α׷>̶ ./<α׷> ̷ 
  ؾ  丮 ִ  ȴ.   ɾ 
   .

  $ command -s1 -s2 ... -sn par1 par2 ... parn <input >output

  where -s1, ..., -sn are the program switches, par1, ..., parn are the
  ⼭ -s1, ..., -sn  α׷ ġ̰ par1, ..., parn 
  α׷  μ̴.     ٿ   ִ.
  $ command1 ; command2 ; ... ; commandn

  α׷ Ű    ¦  ư 
  .   ϴ ߿   ϳ Ƽ½ŷ ü
  ̴.    α׷( ʹ μ θڴ )
  ÿ ų   ٴ ̴. μ ׶忡 
  ٸ ۾  س  ִ.  Դٰ    
   ִ. ġ ÿ   ǻ͸  ִ Ͱ .

  o   1  8  ȯ Ϸ

     $ <ALT-F1> ... <ALT-F8>.

  o     ʰ ٸ  Ϸ

     $ su - <αθ> : $ su - root  ũ Ʈ(
     3)  ſ ϴ.  Ʈ Ʈ   ֱ
     ̴.

  o   ġ ؼ:

     $ exit

  o  ׶忡 μ Ϸ:

     $ progname -switches] [parameters] [<input] [>output]

  o  ׶忡 μ Ϸ  ۼ(&) ڸ δ.
     $ progname [-switches] [parameters] [<input] [>output] &

  o  󸶳  μ ִ ˾ƺ: $ ps   
     μ  ش.  PID  ڸ  
     ȴ.

  o  μ ̱: $ kill <PID> μ     
      μ  ʿ䰡 ִ ;-)  μ  
     ؾ߸   ִ.  $ kill -15 <PID> $ kill -9 <PID> ̿
     ٿ ( COMMAND.COM  ش;   bash  ϰ ִ
     )   μ ߰ ϰų  Ű ,
     μ ׶   , ׸ ٽ ׶忡
     ׶ ű   ش. ̷ ƶ μ
     "۾(jobs)"̶ Ҹ.

  o  󸶳  ۾ ִ : $ jobs ⼭ ۾  PID 
     ƴ϶  μ ο ۾ ȣ Ѵ.

  o  ׶ μ ϱ: $ <CTRL-C> ( ׻ ׷ Ǵ 
     ƴϴ )

  o  ׶忡   μ Ͻ Ű: $ <CTRL-Z>
     (̴)

  o  Ͻ μ ׶ : $ bg <job>

  o  μ ׶ ǵ: $ fg <job>

  o  ٽ μ ̱ $ kill %<job>

     where <job> may be 1, 2, 3, ...  Using these commands you can
     format a ⼭ <job> 1, 2, 3 ̷ ̴. ̷ ɾ
     Ͽ    ϰ ȭ zip ϰ α׷
     ϰ ÿ ٸ ȭ  Ǯ  մ. ׸ 
       ٸ Ʈ ´.   غ!
     ׸ 󸶳 ս ̳  غ ٶ.

  3.  丮 ϱ

  3.1.  丮 :  

  We have seen the differences between files under DOS and Linux. As for
      ȭ  ˾ƺҴ. 丮
   ,  Ʈ 丮 \   / ̴.
    丮 ڰ \   / ̴.

  ȭ н  μ:

          DOS:    \PROGRAMS\C++\SOURCES\HELLO.CPP
          Linux:  /home/guido/papers/geology/mid_eocene.tex

  As usual, .. is the parent directory, . is the current directory.
  Remember  ..  θ 丮̰ .   丮̴.
    Ѵٰ ؼ  ε cd ϰų Ǵ rd,
  md   .  ڴ ý ڿ  ο ڱ ڽ
  丮 Ѵ.    ִ PC   Ȩ
  丮 /home/guido̴.

  3.2.     ȯ

  ______________________________________________________________________
  DIR:    ls, find, du
  CD:     cd, pwd
  MD:     mkdir
  RD:     rmdir
  -  -
  DOS                                     Linux
  C:\GUIDO>dir                            $ ls
  C:\GUIDO>dir file.txt                   $ ls file.txt
  C:\GUIDO>dir *.h *.c                    $ ls *.h *.c
  C:\GUIDO>dir/p                          $ ls | more
  C:\GUIDO>dir \*.tmp /s                  $ find / -name "*.tmp"
  C:\GUIDO>cd                             $ pwd
          n/a - see note                  $ cd
          n/a - see note                  $ cd ~
          n/a - see note                  $ cd ~/temp
  C:\GUIDO>cd \other                      $ cd /other
  C:\GUIDO>cd ..\temp\trash               $ cd ../temp/trash
  C:\GUIDO>md newprogs                    $ mkdir newprogs
  C:\GUIDO>md \progs\turbo                $ mkdir /progs/turbo
  C:\GUIDO>rd newprogs                    $ rmdir newprogs
  C:\GUIDO>rd \progs\turbo                $ rmdir /progs/turbo
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ָ: ƿ幮     Ȩ 丮  ̴.  cd Ǵ
  cd    ϸ    ֵ Ȩ 丮 ̵Ѵ.  cd
   /tmp  ϸ  /home/ Ȩ丮/tmp  ش.
  ϰڴ°?

  4.  ÷, ϵũ, 

  4.1.  ÷ ũ 

  You have never thought about it, but the DOS command FORMAT A: does a
  lot  ɾ FORMAT A:   ⺸    Ѵٴ Ϳ
  ؼ  ġ .  FORMAT  ϸ   
  .

  1.  ũ 

  2. A:\ 丮 Ѵ. (  ȭ ý  )

  3. ڿ   ֵ ش ( ũ Ʈϱ )

      ܰ谡  еǾ ִ. ٸ ĵ  MS-DOS
      ÷Ǹ ų   ִ.   ̴ 
     ext2 ̴. ũ غϴ   ˾ƺ.( root  
      Ѵ )

  o  ǥ 1.44 ް ÷ ũ(A:) ϱ: # fdformat /dev/fd0h1440

  o  ȭ ý : # mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0h1440

     Ǵ MS-DOS ȭ ý  ؼ # mformat a: ũ
     ϱ   װ Ʈؾ Ѵ.

  o  ũ Ʈϱ ؼ # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt Ǵ #
     mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt Now you can address the files in the
     floppy. When you've finished, before ߸ ÷ǿ ȭ
       ִ. ۾  Ŀ    ռ
     𸶿Ʈ ؾ Ѵ( * ſ ߿ * )

  o  ũ 𸶿Ʈϱ ؼ: # umount /mnt  ũ 
     .    ƴ ˵  Ͽ  ؼ
     fdformat mkfs ϶. ̺ B:  ϰ  
     fd0h1440 fd0  fd1h1440 fd1  Ѵ.

    A:, B:  ٷµ ϴ  /mnt ̴.  :

  ______________________________________________________________________
  DOS                             Linux
  C:\GUIDO>dir a:                 $ ls /mnt
  C:\GUIDO>copy a:*.* \docs\temp  $ cp /mnt/* /docs/temp
  C:\GUIDO>copy *.zip a:\zip      $ cp *.zip /mnt/zip
  C:\GUIDO>a:                     $ cd /mnt
  A:\>                            /mnt$
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ͵  ÷Ǵ  ġ ϴ   ϳ
  ̴.    ٸ ϵũ õ ̺긦 Ѵٰ ġ.
  ġ   ؼ /dev 丮  캸. õ
  Ʈ   .

  # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /cdrom

  5.  ý ٷ

  5.1.  ý ʱȭ ȭϵ

   ߿ ȭ 2  AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS   ý
  ʱȭ ϰ PATH FILES  ȯ  ϰ α׷̳ ġ
  ȭ  Ű⵵ Ѵ.     ʱȭ ȭϵ
  ִµ         ¿ 
    . ·    ߿  ְڴ.

  ȭ                            ǻ
  /etc/inittab                     ǵ帮 .
  /etc/rc.d/*                      ȭ

  PATH Ǵ ٸ ȯ溯 ϱ Ѵٸ Ǵ α ޼
  ٲٰų α  α׷ Ű ؼ  ȭ
  캸.
  ȭ                            ǻ
  /etc/issue                      α  ޼ 
  /etc/motd                       α  ޼ 
  /etc/profile                    PATH   
  /home/your_home/.profile         ϴ  ̵...

  If the latter file exists (note that it is a hidden file), it will be
  read  ȭ(  ȭӿ ָ ) ϸ α   ȿ
  ִ  ȴ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
   - ⿡ ҰѴ .profile  캸.
          #  ̴ּ.
          echo Environment:
          printenv | more   # DOS SET ɰ 
          alias d='ls -l'   # ̶      ̴
          alias up='cd ..'
          echo " н "$PATH
          echo "ſ Ϸ簡 ǽñ, "$LOGNAME
  ______________________________________________________________________

   ߴٽ PATH LOGNAME  ȯ ̴.

  5.2.  α׷ ʱȭ ȭϵ

  Under Linux, virtually everything can be tailored to your needs. Most
       䱸   ִ. κ
  α׷     ִ  .prognamerc   ̸
  ʱȭ ȭ  Ȩ 丮  ֱ ̴. 
    ù° ̴.

  o  xinitrc: X 츦 ʱȭϱ Ͽ startx   

  o  fvwmrc:   fvwm   ,  ȭ
     /usr/lib/X11/fvwm  丮 ִ system.fvwmrc ̴.

  o  xfm/*: X  ȭ  xfm  

  o  Xdefault: X  ͹̳ ķ rxvt  

       Ͱ ߿ ġ   Ϳ ؼ RMP.

  6.  ణ α׷

  6.1.  ũƮ ¥ : .BAT ȭ 

   ɾ   μ .BAT ȭ   ִٸ(
    ׷ߴ ) profile ̳ .profile ȿ(    )
   alias   ֱ⸸ ϸ ȴ.  .BAT   
  ٸ       ũƮ  ȣϰ 
  ̴.    ƴϴ QBASIC ŭ   ϴ. 
    while, for, case, if ... then ... else   ְ 
  ٸ  ɵ ִ.

  ٸ  α׷ֿ   ̶   ִ.
   .BAT  شϴ ũƮ ¥ ؼ  ù
  ϴ ǥ ƽŰ ȭ   , డϰ ָ
  ȴ.

  $ chgmod u+x <scriptfile>

  ϱ ؼ ׳ ̸ ŸѴ.    . ý
   vi  ִµ ణ   ̴.   ƴٰ
   ̶ Ȯϸ     ϹǷ ⼭
   ʰڴ. Matt Welsh "Linux installation..."  109
   . joe  X  ̸ƽ  ϴ ͵ .  ̸
  صθ   .

  - ؽƮ Էϱ Ͽ i  Ÿ  ؽƮ ԷѴ.  -
   ʰ  ؼ ESC Ű    :q! ϸ ȴ.  -
  ϰ  ؼ ESC Ű    :wq ϸ ȴ.

  Writing scripts under Linux is such a vast subject it would require a
  book  ũƮ ¥  װ͸ε   å  ŭ
   з ̴. ׸     ̴. 
  п     鿡  ⺻ Ģ ߰ 
  ֵ ϰ Ѵ.

  ______________________________________________________________________
   1 : first_script
          #!/bin/sh
          #  ̴ּ.
          # sh ű ־ ϹǷ ù°  ġ .
          echo " `date`"
          echo " ̸ "$0
          echo "    "$#" μ ϼ̽ϴ: "$*
          echo "ù° μ "$1
          echo "  ̽ϱ?"
   2: 2exe
          #!/bin/sh
          echo "$1"  డ  ֽϴ... "
          chmod u+x $1
   3: backup
          #!/bin/sh
          echo "~/bak ȭ ī Դϴ"
          for name in $*
          do
            cp ${name} ~/bak
          done
   4: fmta
          #!/bin/sh
          echo " Ʈ   ֽϴ"
          fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
          mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440
          echo "ũ ˵Ǿϴ."
   5: mnta
          #!/bin/sh
          echo " Ʈ Ʈ  ֽϴ"
          mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt
          echo "۾ ġ   umount Ͻʽÿ."
  ______________________________________________________________________

  6.2.   ȥ C  

   GW/BASIC     ̴. ׷ ?
  н 迭 ý  C ̸ C  ϱ⵵ ϰ C 
  ̿ϱ⵵ Ѵ.  ٸ  (Ʈ, ĽĮ, LISP, ̽...
   ͺ ĽĮ    )  밡ϴ.

   C  ȴٰ ϰ  ͺ C++ ̳ ٸ  C 
  鿩   п   ׿  ȳ ϰ Ѵ.
   C Ϸ gcc ̸  뿡   ִ ׷
  ȭ  . ȯ(IDE), ¶ ,   
  ãƺ  .      Ϸ ſ
  ϰ ȿ̴.   Ϲ hello.c  ϱ ؼ
    Ѵ.

          $ gcc hello.c

   a.out ̶ ȭ̴. ȭ ̸ ٸ ֱ
  ؼ

          $ gcc -o hola hello.c

  ̺귯 Բ α׷ ũϷ -l<arg> ġ δ. 
    ̺귯 ũϴ 쿡

          $ gcc -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm

  (The -l<arg> switch forces gcc to link the library
  /usr/lib/lib<arg>.a; so ( -l<arg> ġ gcc  Ͽ
  /usr/lib/lib<arg>.a  ũϵ Ѵ.   -lm 
  /usr/lib/libm.a  ũϰ ȴ )

  ڱ׸ α׷ .    ҽ 
  α׷   make ƿƼ   ̴.  н
  ļ(parser)   ġ. ҽ ȭ ̸ parser.c  ϰ
  parse.h xy.h 2   ȭ  Ѵٰ ġ.  calc.c
   α׷ parser.h  ٽ   parser.c  
  ̿Ϸ  ̴.  ϱ ϴ. calc.c   Ϸ 
   ؾ ϴ°?

   makefile ̶  ۼؾ Ѵ.  makefile  ҽ
  Ʈ ȭϰ  ش.  ,

  ______________________________________________________________________
          #  ̰ calc.c  ϱ  makefile ̴.
          #    <>Ű  ٶ.
          calc: calc.o parser.o
          <>gcc -o calc calc.o parser.o -lm
          # calc  calc.o, parser.so  2  Ʈ ȭϿ Ѵ.
          calc.o: calc.c parser.h
          <>gcc -c calc.c
          # calc.o  2  ȭϿ Ѵ.
          parser.o:  parser.c parser.h xy.h
          <>gcc -c parser.c
          # parser.o  3  ȭϿ Ѵ.
          # makefile  
  makefile  ϰ ϱ Ͽ   Ѵ.
          $ make
  Ǵ calc.mak   ,   Ѵ.
          $ make -f calc.mak
   õ   о ٶ. (RMP)
  ̰   C Լ       ִµ  
  ϸ ȴ.  ,
          $ man printf
  ______________________________________________________________________

  7.   1 ۼƮ

  7.1.  Ʈκ 

      Ʈ αϴ  ſ . ſ ϸ
   ý   ؾ Ѵ. п ο 
  ο  Ʈ α Ŀ   Ѵ.

  # adduser

    ϳ 亯Ѵ.  ϴ  ؼ ׳
  <>  ġ ⺻ ȴ.

  7.2.   ޸ 

  Although Linux can theoretically run with only 2 megs of RAM, the more
  you  ̷δ  2 ް ۵Ѵٰ  
         ִ. ּ 8 ް ߾ X 
  ý   ִ. ߰ ޷θ  Ѵٸ 
   Ѵ.

          # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=8192
          # mkswap /swapfile 8192
          # sync
          # swapon /swapfile

  /etc/rc.d/rc.local   ٿ Ź   ȭ
  ۵  ٶ.

  7.3.  tar gzip ϱ

  н ȭ ѵ  ϴµ Ǵ  α׷
  ִ.  tar  ȭ ѵ µ ȴ. PKZIP ϴٰ  
     ʴ´.     ̴. ο
  ȭ ,

  $ tar -cvf <archive_name.tar> <file> [file...]

  ȭϷκ ȭ : $ tar -xpvf <archive_name.tar>
  [file...]

  ȭ  : $ tar -tf <archive_name.tar> | less

   ̻  ʴ compress ׿ʹ  gzip  Ͽ
  ȭ    ִ.  $ compress <file> Ǵ $ gzip <file> Ȯڰ
  .Z(compress) Ǵ .gz(gzip) ȭ Ѵ.

   α׷   ϳ ȭϸ Ѵ. ( [  : ̴ Ʋ
  ̴.  gzip * ̶ ϸ  丮 ִ  ȭ Ѵ
  )  Ǯ   Ѵ.

  $ compress -d <file> Ǵ $ gzip -d <file>   Ŵ
   о ٶ.

  arj, zip, unzip( PK??ZIP ȣȯ ) ƿƼ  밡ϴ.  .tar.gz
  Ǵ .tgz Ȯڸ ( tar   gzip   ȭ ) 
   .ZIP ȭϸŭ̳ θ δ.

  .tar.gz ȭ  캸   Ѵ.  $ gzip -dc
  <file.tar.gz> | tar tf - | less

  7.4.  ø̼ ġ

  Most Linux applications are distributed as .tar.gz archives,
  specifically   ø̼ǵ .tar.gz  ̸ Ư
    Ͽ / 丮  Ǯ ġϰ Ѵ.

  # gzip -dc <file.tar.gz> | tar xvf - ̷ ϸ  ÿ Ȱ
    丮 ġ ̴.   ?  
  ( 𸣱  ٸ  ڵ ) pkgtool   
  α׷   ̴.  ٸ Ű ڱ ڽɸ ν
    ִ.  о ٶ . ̿ܿ  Ű
  C Ǵ C++ ҽ ȭϷ Ǹ  ̳ʸ ؾ Ѵ.
  κ    ϸ ȴ.

  # make пԴ κ ǿ ִ gcc Ϸ
  ʿϴ.  Ű νϴ  Ʈ(root)  
  ϱ ٶ.

  7.5.  ʼҰ 

   ϼ : <>    ڵ ȭϸ ϼش.
    gcc this_is_a_long_name.c  ľ     gcc
  thi<> ̷ ϸ ȴ. ( thi ̸ ϴ ٸ ȭϵ
  ִٸ    ŭ Ÿ  <>  ȴ. )
  齺ũ : <Ʈ>+<PGUP>( ȸ Ű )   ŭ ڷ
  ũ ȭ  ش.     ִ 
  ޸𸮷 ȴ.  ׸   ָ,

  $ script <script_file>

   Ŀ Ȱ     ȭ  script_file
    Ǿ ߿ ̿  ְ ȴ.  ȭ  :  ̳ʸ
  ȭ more  cat ϸ  ȭ  ̻ ڷ  
   ̴.   ذϱ ؼ  ʴ   
  ŸѴ.

  $ reset

  Ǵ echo CTRL-V ESC c RETRUN   ش.  Ŀηκ ޼
  :  ޼ Ͽ Ŀ п ϴ ٸ  ؼ
  /var/adm/messages  캸 ȴ.

  7.6.   α׷

  First of all, where to find them. Since you all know how to surf the
  Net ٵ α׷  ã ΰ? Ʈũ ϴ
   ׸ archie  ftp  ˰  ̹Ƿ 
  ߿  3   Ʈ ˷ְڴ.

  sunsite.unc.edu <http://sunsite.unc.edu>, TSX-11.mit.edu,
  nic.funet.fi.  װͺٴ  ̷Ʈ ̿ϱ ٶ.

     at  Ư ¥/ð α׷ ų  ֵ ش.
        delete-undelete   ̸ ǹϴ ٸ ش.

     df  ϵũ 뷮   ش.

     dosemu
         δ ƴϴ   α׷ ų  ֵ
        ش.  ׸   3.x   ȴ.

     file
        <filename>  п ȭ   ˷ش. (
        ƽŰ ȭ  ȭ ȭ  )

     fine
        (  2.2  )  ϰ    ϳ  
        ִ.    Ӽ ġǴ ȭ ãƼ ϴ ġ 
         ִ.  $ find <directory> <expression> <expression> ˻
         Ǵ  Ѵ.  :

        $ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;   ɺ ũ 
        ãƼ װ Īϴ ٸ ش.

        $ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;  ־
        (*.old) ´ ȭ ãƼ п   
         .

        $ find . -perm 755 ȭ㰡(755)  ȭ  ãش.
        $ find . -user root

     root
        ڰ  ȭ  ش.  ̰͸  پ
         Ƿ Ŵ о ٶ.  grep  ȭ 
        ؽƮ  ãش. δ,

        $ grep -l "geology" *.tex *.tex ȭϿ geology  ܾ
          ش. RMP.

     gzexe
          ȭ ش.   ڵ  Ǯ
        Ǵ ȭ ش.

     joe
         پ ̴. jstar  ϸ 彺Ÿ 
        Ϳ  Ű  Ἥ    ִ.

     lpr
        <file> ׶忡 ȭ Ѵ.  Ȳ 
        ؼ lpq  Ѵ.

     mc  ſ  ȭ ̴.

     pine
         پ ڿ α׷̴.

     sudo
        allows users to perform some of root's tasks ( e.g. formatting
        and sudo  Ϲ ڷ Ͽ  Ʈ ۾   ְ
        ش.(   ũ ̶簡 Ʈ ... 
        ؼ RMP )

     zcat
        and zless are useful for viewing gzipped text files without
        ungzipping zcat  zless   Ǯ ʿ gzip 
        ؽƮ ȭ µ  ȴ.     ִ.

        $ zless textfile.gz $ zcat textfile.gz | lpr

  7.7.  Ϲ Ȯڿ  α׷

     ȭ Ȯڸ ϰ  ̴. ణ Ư
  ͵ ϰ(   Ʈ ... )     
   ξ.

  o  1 ... .8: . man  ϸ ȴ.

  o  arj: arj  ȭ

  o  dvi: output file produced by TeX (see below). xdvi to visualize it;
     dvips

  o  dvi: TeX    ȭ(Ʒ ). xdvi  װ
     ش.  dvips װ ƮũƮ .ps ȭϷ ش.

  o  gif: ׷ ȭ. seejpeg̳ xpaint 

  o  gz: gzip  ȭ

  o  info: info ȭ (   ٸ  ) info  Ѵ.

  o  jpg,.jpeg: ׷ ȭ. seejpeg  Ѵ.

  o  ps: ƮũƮ ȭ. ̰  ؼ gs ׸ ghostview
      ϸ .
  o  tex: text file to submit to TeX, a powerful typesetting program.
     Get the

  o  tex:   α׷ TeX  ؽƮ ȭ. tex  Ű
     ϸ ȴ.   ǿ ̹ ִ.

  o  texi: texinfo ȭ(cp. .info). texinfo  ϶.

  o  xbm,.xpm,.xwd: ׷ ȭ. xpaint ϶.

  o  zip: zip   ȭ. zip unzip Ѵ.

  o  Z: compress  ȭ

  7.8.  ϴ ....

  Ѵ!  н Ͽ ݱ    ˾ƺҰ
  Ẽ غ Ǿִ.    ѵ ̶ 
  ϰ ϰ   ֵ    ʿϴ.
   κ  ø ̼Ǹ ٷ ۾ϱ⸸ Ѵٸ 
  Ұ ͸ε ϸ.   ׷   ˰ 
   ϸ   ϰ ִ.  I'm sure you'll enjoy
  using Linux and will keep learning more about it -  
   ̰ ϰ      ̶ Ȯ Ѵ. -
  ε ׷ ...   δ  ǵư  
  Ѵ.   д 3, 4  ڵ鿡    Ǿ
  ٶ.

  7.9.  

  "From DOS to Linux - Quick!" Guido Gonzat   1996 4
   <Guido@ibogfs.cineca.it <mailto: Guido@ibogfs.cineca.it>>.
  "Linux Installation and Getting Started"  Matt Welsh, "Linux
  frequently asked questios with answers"  Ian Jackson , "Linux
  - Il sistema operativo FREE SOFTWARE per persnoal computer 386/486"
   Giuseppe Zanetti, ׸  ڿ   
    鿡 Ѵ. ׸ Ư  츮 
   丣 GNU Ѵ.

    "ִ ״ ·" ȴ.  ִ Ȯϰ
     Ͽ  õ  ϴ° 
  å Ͽ̴.  ⼭      ؿ
  ؼ  å  ʴ´.

      Ǹ  Ӱ ϴ.

  -  㰡ǿ  ø  ü ·   - 
     񰡵 ٶ   -  㰡̴ 
     

  , ,  ׸ ο    ο  
  ޾ƾ Ѵ.   û̳ ,  ...  ο
  ϱ ٶ. ڿ   ٸ ׳  
   .  Guido Gonzato - Via Monte Ortigara 19/a, 37127 Verona -
  Italy

   ñ...  Guido   =8-)

