  Greek NLS translations
  Simos Xenitellis, S.Xenitellis@rhbnc.ac.uk
  v0.4, 26 February 1999

  Ayto to keimeno perigrafei thn prospa8eia ejellhnismou twn GNU pro
  grammatwn.  Ta GNU programmata (dhladh ta perissotera programmata
  efarmogwn poy apantwntai synh8ws se Unix systhmata opws ls, find, cp
  kai chmod) exoyn th dynatothta na yposthrijoyn glwsses ektos twn agg
  likwn me ena aplo kai diafanes gia to xrhsth tropo. To paron asx
  oleitai me osa aforoun th metafrash sta ellhnika.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. Eisagwgh

     1.1 Istoria Ana8ewrhsewn
     1.2 Ti einai to "NLS";

  2. Ektash toy NLS

     2.1 Se poio epipedo briskontai oi alles glwsses opws gallika, germanika, ispanika...;
     2.2 Poia leitoyrgika systhmata yposthrizoyn to NLS;
     2.3 Poia programmata yposthrizoyn NLS;

  3. Xrhsh toy NLS

     3.1 Ena mikro paradeigma xrhshs toy NLS;
     3.2 To dokimasa alla den doyleuei!
     3.3 Xmmm, epeidh gnwrizw gallika kai italika, 8a h8ela ta mhnumata na emfanizontai sta italika kata proteraiothta kai an den yparxei dia8esimothta na ginetai metaptwsh sta gallika.

  4. Diadikasia ths metafrashs

     4.1 Einai epiponh h ergasia ths metafrashs twn mhnymatwn;
     4.2 Plhroforiaka, ena programma poy yposthrizei NLS pws moiazei;
     4.3 Entelws plhroforiaka, poia einai ta programmata poy boh8oun th metafrash kai pws leitoyrgoun;
        4.3.1 Paketo gettext
        4.3.2 Programma
        4.3.3 Programma
        4.3.4 Loipa programmata

  5. Epilogh ellhnikwn lejewn kai ekfrasewn

     5.1 Ma pws mporei na metafrastei to p.x. "Broken pipe"; "Spasmenh swlhna";

  6. Organwsh metafrasewn

     6.1 Wraia, me endiaferei h metafrash, exw polu kalh eyxereia sthn ellhnikh glwssa kai kalh gnwsh orwn plhroforikhs. Pws mporw na boh8hsw;
     6.2 Nomikes leptomereies
     6.3 Omoiogeneia sto apotelesma twn metafrasewn diaforetikwn metafrastwn
     6.4 Poioi einai oi basikoi logoi metafrashs twn mhnymatwn sta ellhnika;

  7. Epikoinwnia

     7.1 Poios einai o trexon ypeu8ynos twn ellhnikwn metafrasewn;


  ______________________________________________________________________

  11..  EEiissaaggwwgghh





  11..11..  IIssttoorriiaa AAnnaa88eewwrrhhsseewwnn


    v0.1 - 09 Ianoyarioy 1999 - Simos 3enitellhs - Arxikh Ekdosh

    v0.2 - 24 Ianoyarioy 1999 - Simos 3enitellhs - Mikres allages

    v0.3 - 14 Febroyarioy 1999 - Simos 3enitellhs - Mikres allages

    v0.4 - 26 Ianoyarioy 1999 - Simos 3enitellhs - Prwth dhmosieysh sto
     Hellug (http://www.hellug.gr)


  11..22..  TTii eeiinnaaii ttoo ""NNLLSS"";;

  To NNLLSS ((NNaattiioonnaall LLaanngguuaaggee SSuuppppoorrtt)) einai mia dynatothta poy mporei na
  prosferei ena programma outws wste na kanei dynath thn emfanish olwn
  twn mhnymatwn poy blepei o telikos xrhsths sthn topikh toy glwssa.
  Dhladh, prosferei (metaju allwn) poluglwssh yposthrijh sta programmata
  me ena arketa boliko kai diafanes tropo.  Sthn agglikh bibliografia
  apantatai me ton oro internationalisation.  Ektos apo ta mhnumata,
  mporei na xrhsimopoih8ei gia thn apeikonish ths topikhs nomismatikhs
  monadas, ths topikhs wras, toy topikou symboloy diaxwrismou toy
  akeraioy meros apo to dekadiko kai alla.


  22..  EEkkttaasshh ttooyy NNLLSS



  22..11..  SSee ppooiioo eeppiippeeddoo bbrriisskkoonnttaaii ooii aalllleess ggllwwsssseess ooppwwss ggaalllliikkaa,, ggeerr
  mmaanniikkaa,, iissppaanniikkaa......;;

  Oi dhmofileis glwsses exoyn jekinhsei thn prospa8eia prin apo arketa
  xronia kai briskontai se polu kalo epipedo. Akoma, yparxei yposthrijh
  apo glwsses poy den einai arketa synh8ismenes opws ta slobenika.
  Enhmerwtika, polu kalh doyleia yparxei gia ta gallika, ta germanika,
  ta ollandika, ta finlandika, ta ispanika kai ta polwnezika.  H tash
  ayth th stigmh einai oi diafores glwsses mikrhs embeleias na
  prosti8entai sth lista, kyriws logw ths anagnwrishs poy exei dex8ei to
  Linux poy einai kurios xrhsths twn programmatwn poy yposthrizoyn NLS.



  22..22..  PPooiiaa lleeiittooyyrrggiikkaa ssyysstthhmmaattaa yyppoosstthhrriizzooyynn ttoo NNLLSS;;

  To lleeiittooyyrrggiikkoo ssuusstthhmmaa Linux einai kurios xrhsths twn programmatwn poy
  yposthrizoyn NLS.  To Linux <http://www.linux.gr> apartizetai apo
  programmata efarmogwn poy diati8entai me thn adeia dia8eshs GNU
  <http://www.gnu.org>. To logismiko ayto, ypostirizei kata bash to NLS.
  Ektos apo to Linux, ta perissotera leitoyrgika systhmata Unix mporoun
  na dex8oun ta programmata GNU. Telos, einai dynato na xrhsimopoihsei
  kapoios ta programmata GNU kai mesa apo thn platforma twn Windows.


  22..33..  PPooiiaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa yyppoosstthhrriizzooyynn NNLLSS;;

  Ta perissotera programmata GNU ka8ws kai diafora mh-gnu yposthrizoyn
  NLS.  Mia mikrh kai mh plhrhs lista: fileutils (ls, mkdir..),
  findutils (find...), grep, glibc, make, sh-utils, kde, wget kai alla.
  Analoga me thn ekdosh toy leitoyrgikou sas systhmatos, ta programmata
  poy yposthrizoyn ellhnika kai einai amesa dia8esima, emfanizontai sto
  katalogo /usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES



  33..  XXrrhhsshh ttooyy NNLLSS



  33..11..  EEnnaa mmiikkrroo ppaarraaddeeiiggmmaa xxrrhhsshhss ttooyy NNLLSS;;


  Koitajte sto katalogo /usr/share/locale (h /usr/local/share/locale)
  sto susthma sas gia digrammata poy aforoun tis yposthrizomenes xwres.
  8a breite sigoyra gallika, ispanika, germanika, ollandika klp.

  Proxwrhste sto ypokatalogo es kai meta LC_MESSAGES, dhladh
  /usr/share/es/LC_MESSAGES/ kai estw oti briskete to "fileutils.mo".
  Tote, exete yposthrijh gia ispanika sto ls, mkdir ktl.

  Trejte


    setenv LANGUAGE es     (gia osoys exoyn floio tcsh h symbato me
     csh) h

    export LANGUAGE es     (gia osoys exoyn floio bash h symbato me sh)

  Twra trejte "ls --help" kai 8a deite ispanika mhnumata!


  33..22..  TToo ddookkiimmaassaa aallllaa ddeenn ddooyylleeuueeii!!


  Se ayth th kathgoria mporei na briskontai oi xrhstes me palia ekdosh
  toy Linux.

  Sto susthma sas mporei na yparxoyn perissoteroi katalogoi me
  plhrofories gia metafraseis programmatwn (katalogoi locale). To sunolo
  twn katalogwn poy elegxontai, orizetai me th metablhth periballontos
  NLSPATH.  Panta yparxoyn kapoioi katalogoi poy to susthma caxnei ej
  orismou, oi opoioi exoyn proka8oristei sth basikh biblio8hkh toy
  systhmatos sas, th libc. Dokimaste "strace -o output.log ls --help"
  kai meta "grep open output.log" gia na deite poy caxnei to susthma.
  Meta ka8oriste analoga to NLSPATH.


  33..33..  iittaalliikkaa kkaattaa pprrootteerraaiiootthhttaa kkaaii aann ddeenn yyppaarrxxeeii ddiiaa88eessiimmootthhttaa nnaa
  ggiinneettaaii mmeettaappttwwsshh ssttaa ggaalllliikkaa..  XXmmmmmm,, eeppeeiiddhh ggnnwwrriizzww ggaalllliikkaa kkaaii iittaa
  lliikkaa,, 88aa hh88eellaa ttaa mmhhnnuummaattaa nnaa eemmffaanniizzoonnttaaii ssttaa

  Trejte

    setenv LANGUAGE 'it:fr'     (gia osoys exoyn floio tcsh h symbato
     me csh) h

    export LANGUAGE 'it:fr'     (gia osoys exoyn floio bash h symbato
     me sh)

  Se oles tis periptwseis, yparxei h telikh metaptwsh sthn agglikh.


  44..  DDiiaaddiikkaassiiaa tthhss mmeettaaffrraasshhss



  44..11..  EEiinnaaii eeppiippoonnhh hh eerrggaassiiaa tthhss mmeettaaffrraasshhss ttwwnn mmhhnnyymmaattwwnn;;

  Den einai arketa epiponh. To mono epipono meros einai h arxikh
  metafrash oloy toy ogkoy twn mhnymatwn. Epeita, me thn kykloforia newn
  ekdosewn toy idioy programmatos, arkei h metafrash twn newn mhnymatwn,
  poy einai polu liga.  Yparxoyn eidika ergaleia poy briskoyn ta
  mhnumata poy exoyn allajei metaju twn ekdosewn kai ta emfanizoyn gia
  metafrash.


  44..22..  PPllhhrrooffoorriiaakkaa,, eennaa pprrooggrraammmmaa ppooyy yyppoosstthhrriizzeeii NNLLSS ppwwss mmooiiaazzeeii;;

  O programmatisths grafei ta mhnumata ws ejhs:

  ...  /* Merikes grammes kwdika gia arxikopoihsh toy systhmatos NLS */
  ...  /* Second: Login with proper USER/PASS sequence.  */ printf(
  _("connected!\n") ); ...

  Dhladh perikleiei ta mhnumata poy apaitoun metafrash me _( ).  Se olo
  to diasthma ths anaptyjhs toy programmatos, o programmatisths den
  apasxoleitai me to susthma NLS para mono na perikleiei me _() to
  mhnumata poy blepei o xrhsths. To programma doyleuei ws exei.

  To atomo poy asxoleitai me th metafrash, trexei ena boh8htiko
  programma poy sygkentrwnei ta mhnumata poy perikleiwntai se _() se ena
  arxeio. Sto arxeio ayto einai poy epembainei gia na pros8esei th
  metafrash twn mhnymatwn.  Epeita, me allo boh8htiko programma, to
  prwto arxeio metatrepetai se mia dyadikh morfh poy mporei na
  xrhsimopoih8ei apo to ektelesimo. Sthn ektelesh toy, to programma
  anazhta mia metablhth periballontos gia thn epilogh ths glwssas
  emfanishs twn mhnymatwn. Bash ths glwssas, xrhsimopoiei kai ta analoga
  mhnumata.  An ta mhnumata den einai paronta, tote xrhsimopoiei ta
  agglika, ta opoia periexontai sto idio to ektelesimo programma.


  44..33..  EEnntteellwwss ppllhhrrooffoorriiaakkaa,, ppooiiaa eeiinnaaii ttaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa ppooyy bboohh88oouunn tthh
  mmeettaaffrraasshh kkaaii ppwwss lleeiittooyyrrggoouunn;;



  44..33..11..  PPaakkeettoo ggeetttteexxtt

  Ta programmata poy boh8oun thn organwsh ths metafrashs einai apo to
  paketo ""ggeetttteexxtt"", kai 8a to breite se ola ta kala GNU mirror sites.
  Trexoysa ekdosh: 00..1100..XXXX kai th stigmh poy grafetai ayto isxuei XX=35.



  Ta perissotera programmata ylopoioun to NLS me to paketo "gettext".
  Yparxoyn kapoia alla poy yposthrizoyn mia palioterh texnikh, thn
  "catgets". 8a milhsoyme mono gia "gettext".


  44..33..22..  PPrrooggrraammmmaa xxggeetttteexxtt


  EEiissooddooss:: arxeia *.c h *.h me alfari8mhtika ths morfhs _("blah blah").
  EEjjooddooss::  arxeio keimenoy *.pot me ta alfari8mhtika pros metafrash.

  To arxeio *.pot einai to arxeio ypodeigma, poy 8a epairne kapoios
  metafrasths ellhnikwn kai 8a to antegrafe se el.po. Sto arxeio el.po
  ginetai h metafrash.

  Se ola ta paketa me yposthrijh "gettext", yparxei enas ypokatalogos
  po/ poy periexei to arxeio ypodeigma "programma.pot", to opoio einai
  keno apo metafrasmena mhnumata. Taytoxrona, gia tis yposthrizomenes
  glwsses yparxoyn antistoixa arxeia *.po, opws de.po, fr.po, nl.po poy
  einai antigrafa toy arxikou arxeioy ypodeigmatos .pot me symplhrwmenes
  tis metafraseis.


  44..33..33..  PPrrooggrraammmmaa mmssggffmmtt


  EEiissooddooss:: arxeia *.po (portable object) EEjjooddooss::  arxeia *.mo (machine
  object)


  To arxeio .mo einai ekeino poy 8a topo8eth8ei sto katalogo
  /usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES gia na oloklhrw8ei h egkatastash.


  44..33..44..  LLooiippaa pprrooggrraammmmaattaa


  Alla programmata toy paketoy ggeetttteexxtt einai


    msgmerge, ejypnh synenwsh duo .po arxeiwn

    msgcomm, euresh koinwn mhnymatwn duo .po arxeiwn

    msgcmp, sugkrish duo .po arxeiwn

    msgunfmt, metatroph toy .mo se .po


  55..  EEppiilloogghh eellllhhnniikkwwnn lleejjeewwnn kkaaii eekkffrraasseewwnn



  55..11..  MMaa ppwwss mmppoorreeii nnaa mmeettaaffrraasstteeii ttoo pp..xx.. ""BBrrookkeenn ppiippee"";; ""SSppaassmmeennhh
  sswwllhhnnaa"";;

  Me ejypnh epilogh twn orwn, mporoume na lusoyme tetoia problhmata.  H
  Ellhnikh glwssa einai gnwsto oti einai arketa plousia.  Enas kaluteros
  oros gia to parapanw paradeigma 8a htan "Diakopeisa swlhnwsh".


  66..  OOrrggaannwwsshh mmeettaaffrraasseewwnn



  66..11..  ppllhhrrooffoorriikkhhss.. PPwwss mmppoorrww nnaa bboohh88hhssww;; WWrraaiiaa,, mmee eennddiiaaffeerreeii hh
  mmeettaaffrraasshh,, eexxww ppoolluu kkaallhh eeyyxxeerreeiiaa sstthhnn eellllhhnniikkhh ggllwwssssaa kkaaii kkaallhh ggnnwwsshh
  oorrwwnn


  Ginetai analhch ths basikhs metafrashs toy programmatos kai ena
  deutero atomo asxoleitai me th diadikasia toy elegxoy(reviewing).

  Molis epilejete to paketo, epikoinwneite me ton trexonta ypeu8yno twn
  metafrasewn kai analambanete na to metafrasete. Einai shmantiko na
  eidopoihsete prwta gia na mhn ginontai epanalambanomenes metafraseis
  kai na apofeugontai oi parejhghseis. 8a 8ewrhsoyme ena paradeigma me
  to paketo tar.  Katebazete thn teleytaia ekdosh (elegxoyme to
  ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu kai katebazoyme apo kapoio mirror site).
  Sto paketo yparxei enas ypokatalogos "po/" kai periexei to arxeio
  tar.pot, to legomeno arxeio .POT. To antigrafete se "el.po",
  doyleuetai panw sto antigrafo gia th metafrash toy. Sto arxeio ayto
  exei toys agglikous oroys kai xwro gia to metafrasmeno mhnyma. Gia
  paradeigma (den einai apo to paketo tar):





          msgid "Connecting to %s:%hu... "
          msgstr ""




  Opote pros8etoyme sto msgstr thn ellhnikh metafrash, dhladh:


    msgid "Connecting to %s:%hu... "

    "Sundesh me %s:%hu... "

  Otan oloklhrwsete th metafrash, mporeite na th steilete gia na
  symperilhf8ei stis nees ekdoseis twn programmatwn. Gia perissoteres
  plhrofories, epikoinwnhste me ton trexonta ypey8yno twn metafrasewn,
  ta stoixeia toy opoioy 8a breite sto keimeno ayto.


  66..22..  NNoommiikkeess lleeppttoommeerreeiieess

  Gia na symperif8ei h metafrash sas sto GNU paketo, prepei na
  apokyrrujete ola ta dikaiwmata ekmettaleyshs. Ayto ginetai me thn
  apostolh toy legomenoy DISCLAIMER. Epikoinwnhste me twn ypeu8yno twn
  metafrasewn gia perissoteres plhrofories. Deite ``Ypeu8ynos
  metafrasewn''


  66..33..  OOmmooiiooggeenneeiiaa ssttoo aappootteelleessmmaa ttwwnn mmeettaaffrraasseewwnn ddiiaaffoorreettiikkwwnn
  mmeettaaffrraassttwwnn

  Xrhsh orwn poy proteinoyn egkyres phges, opws ELOT, EPY, metafrasmena
  biblia plhroforikhs sta ellhnika (p.x. Leitoyrgika systhmata toy
  A.S.Tanenbaum) kai prohgoumenes metafraseis.


  66..44..  PPooiiooii eeiinnaaii ooii bbaassiikkooii llooggooii mmeettaaffrraasshhss ttwwnn mmhhnnyymmaattwwnn ssttaa eellllhh
  nniikkaa;;


  1. Gia logoys kalhs eikonas toy Linux sta ellhnika mesa enhmerwshs.
     Einai 8etiko, se ka8e ellhniko ar8ro, na fainetai oti to Linux
     einai ejellhnismeno.

  2. O ejellhnismos enisxuei ta epixeirhmata gia xrhsh toy Linux sth
     deyteroba8mia kai tritoba8mia ekpaideysh.

  3. Oi newteres dianomes toy Linux 8a periexoyn ej orismou ta ellhnika
     mhnumata kai 8a yposthrizoyn en genei ta ellhnika.

  4. Ka8ierwnontai ellhnikoi oroi sth plhroforikh.

  5. Enisxuontai oi diaforoi klwnoi toy Unix poy exoyn basikh yposthrijh
     Ellhnikwn opws Solaris.

  6. O ejellhnismos einai kati poy prepei na ginei gia na einai plhres
     to Linux. Gia osoys einai arnhtika diakeimenoi, skefteitai oti
     einai san na doyleuete se ena oiko logismikou (software house) kai
     prospa8eite na peisete to afentiko oti den xreiazetai na balete
     arxeia boh8eias sto programma dioti kaneis den ta diabazei.


  77..  EEppiikkooiinnwwnniiaa



  77..11..  PPooiiooss eeiinnaaii oo ttrreexxoonn yyppeeuu88yynnooss ttwwnn eellllhhnniikkwwnn mmeettaaffrraasseewwnn;;


  Ayth th stigmh, ypeu8ynos gia NLS metafraseis sthn Ellhnikh glwssa
  einai o Simos 3enitellhs <mailto:S.Xenitellis@rhbnc.ac.uk>
  (S.Xenitellis@rhbnc.ac.uk). Gia otidhpote plhroforia, steilte e-mail.




























































