    -- (c) The University of Glasgow, 1997-2006

    {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, CPP, DeriveDataTypeable, MagicHash, UnboxedTuples #-}
    {-# OPTIONS_GHC -O -funbox-strict-fields #-}
    -- We always optimise this, otherwise performance of a non-optimised
    -- compiler is severely affected

    -- |
    -- There are two principal string types used internally by GHC:
    --
    -- ['FastString']
    --
    --   * A compact, hash-consed, representation of character strings.
    --   * Comparison is O(1), and you can get a 'Unique.Unique' from them.
    --   * Generated by 'fsLit'.
    --   * Turn into 'Outputable.SDoc' with 'Outputable.ftext'.
    --
    -- ['LitString']
    --
    --   * Just a wrapper for the @Addr#@ of a C string (@Ptr CChar@).
    --   * Practically no operations.
    --   * Outputing them is fast.
    --   * Generated by 'sLit'.
    --   * Turn into 'Outputable.SDoc' with 'Outputable.ptext'
    --
    -- Use 'LitString' unless you want the facilities of 'FastString'.
    module FastString
           (
            -- * ByteString
            fastStringToByteString,
            mkFastStringByteString,
            fastZStringToByteString,
            unsafeMkByteString,
            hashByteString,

            -- * FastZString
            FastZString,
            hPutFZS,
            zString,
            lengthFZS,

            -- * FastStrings
            FastString(..),     -- not abstract, for now.

            -- ** Construction
            fsLit,
            mkFastString,
            mkFastStringBytes,
            mkFastStringByteList,
            mkFastStringForeignPtr,
            mkFastString#,

            -- ** Deconstruction
            unpackFS,           -- :: FastString -> String
            bytesFS,            -- :: FastString -> [Word8]

            -- ** Encoding
            zEncodeFS,

            -- ** Operations
            uniqueOfFS,
            lengthFS,
            nullFS,
            appendFS,
            headFS,
            tailFS,
            concatFS,
            consFS,
            nilFS,

            -- ** Outputing
            hPutFS,

            -- ** Internal
            getFastStringTable,
            hasZEncoding,

            -- * LitStrings
            LitString,

            -- ** Construction
            sLit,
            mkLitString#,
            mkLitString,

            -- ** Deconstruction
            unpackLitString,

            -- ** Operations
            lengthLS
           ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import Encoding
    import FastTypes
    import FastFunctions
    import Panic
    import Util

    import Control.Monad
    import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
    import qualified Data.ByteString          as BS
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8    as BSC
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as BS
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe   as BS
    import Foreign.C
    import ExtsCompat46
    import System.IO
    import System.IO.Unsafe ( unsafePerformIO )
    import Data.Data
    import Data.IORef       ( IORef, newIORef, readIORef, atomicModifyIORef )
    import Data.Maybe       ( isJust )
    import Data.Char
    import Data.List        ( elemIndex )

    import GHC.IO           ( IO(..), unsafeDupablePerformIO )

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 709
    import Foreign
    #else
    import Foreign.Safe
    #endif

    #if STAGE >= 2
    import GHC.Conc.Sync    (sharedCAF)
    #endif

    import GHC.Base         ( unpackCString# )

    #define hASH_TBL_SIZE          4091
    #define hASH_TBL_SIZE_UNBOXED  4091#

    fastStringToByteString :: FastString -> ByteString
    fastStringToByteString f = fs_bs f

    fastZStringToByteString :: FastZString -> ByteString
    fastZStringToByteString (FastZString bs) = bs

    -- This will drop information if any character > '\xFF'
    unsafeMkByteString :: String -> ByteString
    unsafeMkByteString = BSC.pack

    hashByteString :: ByteString -> Int
    hashByteString bs
        = inlinePerformIO $ BS.unsafeUseAsCStringLen bs $ \(ptr, len) ->
          return $ hashStr (castPtr ptr) len

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    newtype FastZString = FastZString ByteString

    hPutFZS :: Handle -> FastZString -> IO ()
    hPutFZS handle (FastZString bs) = BS.hPut handle bs

    zString :: FastZString -> String
    zString (FastZString bs) =
        inlinePerformIO $ BS.unsafeUseAsCStringLen bs peekCAStringLen

    lengthFZS :: FastZString -> Int
    lengthFZS (FastZString bs) = BS.length bs

    mkFastZStringString :: String -> FastZString
    mkFastZStringString str = FastZString (BSC.pack str)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    {-|
    A 'FastString' is an array of bytes, hashed to support fast O(1)
    comparison.  It is also associated with a character encoding, so that
    we know how to convert a 'FastString' to the local encoding, or to the
    Z-encoding used by the compiler internally.

    'FastString's support a memoized conversion to the Z-encoding via zEncodeFS.
    -}

    data FastString = FastString {
          uniq    :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Int, -- unique id
          n_chars :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Int, -- number of chars
          fs_bs   :: {-# UNPACK #-} !ByteString,
          fs_ref  :: {-# UNPACK #-} !(IORef (Maybe FastZString))
      } deriving Typeable

    instance Eq FastString where
      f1 == f2  =  uniq f1 == uniq f2

    instance Ord FastString where
        -- Compares lexicographically, not by unique
        a <= b = case cmpFS a b of { LT -> True;  EQ -> True;  GT -> False }
        a <  b = case cmpFS a b of { LT -> True;  EQ -> False; GT -> False }
        a >= b = case cmpFS a b of { LT -> False; EQ -> True;  GT -> True  }
        a >  b = case cmpFS a b of { LT -> False; EQ -> False; GT -> True  }
        max x y | x >= y    =  x
                | otherwise =  y
        min x y | x <= y    =  x
                | otherwise =  y
        compare a b = cmpFS a b

    instance Show FastString where
       show fs = show (unpackFS fs)

    instance Data FastString where
      -- don't traverse?
      toConstr _   = abstractConstr "FastString"
      gunfold _ _  = error "gunfold"
      dataTypeOf _ = mkNoRepType "FastString"

    cmpFS :: FastString -> FastString -> Ordering
    cmpFS f1@(FastString u1 _ _ _) f2@(FastString u2 _ _ _) =
      if u1 == u2 then EQ else
      compare (fastStringToByteString f1) (fastStringToByteString f2)

    foreign import ccall unsafe "ghc_memcmp"
      memcmp :: Ptr a -> Ptr b -> Int -> IO Int

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Construction

    {-
    Internally, the compiler will maintain a fast string symbol table, providing
    sharing and fast comparison. Creation of new @FastString@s then covertly does a
    lookup, re-using the @FastString@ if there was a hit.

    The design of the FastString hash table allows for lockless concurrent reads
    and updates to multiple buckets with low synchronization overhead.

    See Note [Updating the FastString table] on how it's updated.
    -}
    data FastStringTable =
     FastStringTable
        {-# UNPACK #-} !(IORef Int)  -- the unique ID counter shared with all buckets
        (MutableArray# RealWorld (IORef [FastString])) -- the array of mutable buckets

    string_table :: FastStringTable
    {-# NOINLINE string_table #-}
    string_table = unsafePerformIO $ do
      uid <- newIORef 603979776 -- ord '$' * 0x01000000
      tab <- IO $ \s1# -> case newArray# hASH_TBL_SIZE_UNBOXED (panic "string_table") s1# of
                              (# s2#, arr# #) ->
                                  (# s2#, FastStringTable uid arr# #)
      forM_ [0.. hASH_TBL_SIZE-1] $ \i -> do
         bucket <- newIORef []
         updTbl tab i bucket

      -- use the support wired into the RTS to share this CAF among all images of
      -- libHSghc
    #if STAGE < 2
      return tab
    #else
      sharedCAF tab getOrSetLibHSghcFastStringTable

    -- from the RTS; thus we cannot use this mechanism when STAGE<2; the previous
    -- RTS might not have this symbol
    foreign import ccall unsafe "getOrSetLibHSghcFastStringTable"
      getOrSetLibHSghcFastStringTable :: Ptr a -> IO (Ptr a)
    #endif

    {-

    We include the FastString table in the `sharedCAF` mechanism because we'd like
    FastStrings created by a Core plugin to have the same uniques as corresponding
    strings created by the host compiler itself.  For example, this allows plugins
    to lookup known names (eg `mkTcOcc "MySpecialType"`) in the GlobalRdrEnv or
    even re-invoke the parser.

    In particular, the following little sanity test was failing in a plugin
    prototyping safe newtype-coercions: GHC.NT.Type.NT was imported, but could not
    be looked up /by the plugin/.

       let rdrName = mkModuleName "GHC.NT.Type" `mkRdrQual` mkTcOcc "NT"
       putMsgS $ showSDoc dflags $ ppr $ lookupGRE_RdrName rdrName $ mg_rdr_env guts

    `mkTcOcc` involves the lookup (or creation) of a FastString.  Since the
    plugin's FastString.string_table is empty, constructing the RdrName also
    allocates new uniques for the FastStrings "GHC.NT.Type" and "NT".  These
    uniques are almost certainly unequal to the ones that the host compiler
    originally assigned to those FastStrings.  Thus the lookup fails since the
    domain of the GlobalRdrEnv is affected by the RdrName's OccName's FastString's
    unique.

    The old `reinitializeGlobals` mechanism is enough to provide the plugin with
    read-access to the table, but it insufficient in the general case where the
    plugin may allocate FastStrings. This mutates the supply for the FastStrings'
    unique, and that needs to be propagated back to the compiler's instance of the
    global variable.  Such propagation is beyond the `reinitializeGlobals`
    mechanism.

    Maintaining synchronization of the two instances of this global is rather
    difficult because of the uses of `unsafePerformIO` in this module.  Not
    synchronizing them risks breaking the rather major invariant that two
    FastStrings with the same unique have the same string. Thus we use the
    lower-level `sharedCAF` mechanism that relies on Globals.c.

    -}

    lookupTbl :: FastStringTable -> Int -> IO (IORef [FastString])
    lookupTbl (FastStringTable _ arr#) (I# i#) =
      IO $ \ s# -> readArray# arr# i# s#

    updTbl :: FastStringTable -> Int -> IORef [FastString] -> IO ()
    updTbl (FastStringTable _uid arr#) (I# i#) ls = do
      (IO $ \ s# -> case writeArray# arr# i# ls s# of { s2# -> (# s2#, () #) })

    mkFastString# :: Addr# -> FastString
    mkFastString# a# = mkFastStringBytes ptr (ptrStrLength ptr)
      where ptr = Ptr a#

    {- Note [Updating the FastString table]

    The procedure goes like this:

    1. Read the relevant bucket and perform a look up of the string.
    2. If it exists, return it.
    3. Otherwise grab a unique ID, create a new FastString and atomically attempt
       to update the relevant bucket with this FastString:

       * Double check that the string is not in the bucket. Another thread may have
         inserted it while we were creating our string.
       * Return the existing FastString if it exists. The one we preemptively
         created will get GCed.
       * Otherwise, insert and return the string we created.
    -}

    {- Note [Double-checking the bucket]

    It is not necessary to check the entire bucket the second time. We only have to
    check the strings that are new to the bucket since the last time we read it.
    -}

    mkFastStringWith :: (Int -> IO FastString) -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> IO FastString
    mkFastStringWith mk_fs !ptr !len = do
        let hash = hashStr ptr len
        bucket <- lookupTbl string_table hash
        ls1 <- readIORef bucket
        res <- bucket_match ls1 len ptr
        case res of
            Just v  -> return v
            Nothing -> do
                n <- get_uid
                new_fs <- mk_fs n

                atomicModifyIORef bucket $ \ls2 ->
                    -- Note [Double-checking the bucket]
                    let delta_ls = case ls1 of
                            []  -> ls2
                            l:_ -> case l `elemIndex` ls2 of
                                Nothing  -> panic "mkFastStringWith"
                                Just idx -> take idx ls2

                    -- NB: Might as well use inlinePerformIO, since the call to
                    -- bucket_match doesn't perform any IO that could be floated
                    -- out of this closure or erroneously duplicated.
                    in case inlinePerformIO (bucket_match delta_ls len ptr) of
                        Nothing -> (new_fs:ls2, new_fs)
                        Just fs -> (ls2,fs)
      where
        !(FastStringTable uid _arr) = string_table

        get_uid = atomicModifyIORef uid $ \n -> (n+1,n)

    mkFastStringBytes :: Ptr Word8 -> Int -> FastString
    mkFastStringBytes !ptr !len =
        -- NB: Might as well use unsafeDupablePerformIO, since mkFastStringWith is
        -- idempotent.
        unsafeDupablePerformIO $
            mkFastStringWith (copyNewFastString ptr len) ptr len

    -- | Create a 'FastString' from an existing 'ForeignPtr'; the difference
    -- between this and 'mkFastStringBytes' is that we don't have to copy
    -- the bytes if the string is new to the table.
    mkFastStringForeignPtr :: Ptr Word8 -> ForeignPtr Word8 -> Int -> IO FastString
    mkFastStringForeignPtr ptr !fp len
        = mkFastStringWith (mkNewFastString fp ptr len) ptr len

    -- | Create a 'FastString' from an existing 'ForeignPtr'; the difference
    -- between this and 'mkFastStringBytes' is that we don't have to copy
    -- the bytes if the string is new to the table.
    mkFastStringByteString :: ByteString -> FastString
    mkFastStringByteString bs =
        inlinePerformIO $
          BS.unsafeUseAsCStringLen bs $ \(ptr, len) -> do
            let ptr' = castPtr ptr
            mkFastStringWith (mkNewFastStringByteString bs ptr' len) ptr' len

    -- | Creates a UTF-8 encoded 'FastString' from a 'String'
    mkFastString :: String -> FastString
    mkFastString str =
      inlinePerformIO $ do
        let l = utf8EncodedLength str
        buf <- mallocForeignPtrBytes l
        withForeignPtr buf $ \ptr -> do
          utf8EncodeString ptr str
          mkFastStringForeignPtr ptr buf l

    -- | Creates a 'FastString' from a UTF-8 encoded @[Word8]@
    mkFastStringByteList :: [Word8] -> FastString
    mkFastStringByteList str =
      inlinePerformIO $ do
        let l = Prelude.length str
        buf <- mallocForeignPtrBytes l
        withForeignPtr buf $ \ptr -> do
          pokeArray (castPtr ptr) str
          mkFastStringForeignPtr ptr buf l

    -- | Creates a Z-encoded 'FastString' from a 'String'
    mkZFastString :: String -> FastZString
    mkZFastString = mkFastZStringString

    bucket_match :: [FastString] -> Int -> Ptr Word8 -> IO (Maybe FastString)
    bucket_match [] _ _ = return Nothing
    bucket_match (v@(FastString _ _ bs _):ls) len ptr
          | len == BS.length bs = do
             b <- BS.unsafeUseAsCString bs $ \buf ->
                 cmpStringPrefix ptr (castPtr buf) len
             if b then return (Just v)
                  else bucket_match ls len ptr
          | otherwise =
             bucket_match ls len ptr

    mkNewFastString :: ForeignPtr Word8 -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int
                    -> IO FastString
    mkNewFastString fp ptr len uid = do
      ref <- newIORef Nothing
      n_chars <- countUTF8Chars ptr len
      return (FastString uid n_chars (BS.fromForeignPtr fp 0 len) ref)

    mkNewFastStringByteString :: ByteString -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int
                              -> IO FastString
    mkNewFastStringByteString bs ptr len uid = do
      ref <- newIORef Nothing
      n_chars <- countUTF8Chars ptr len
      return (FastString uid n_chars bs ref)

    copyNewFastString :: Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int -> IO FastString
    copyNewFastString ptr len uid = do
      fp <- copyBytesToForeignPtr ptr len
      ref <- newIORef Nothing
      n_chars <- countUTF8Chars ptr len
      return (FastString uid n_chars (BS.fromForeignPtr fp 0 len) ref)

    copyBytesToForeignPtr :: Ptr Word8 -> Int -> IO (ForeignPtr Word8)
    copyBytesToForeignPtr ptr len = do
      fp <- mallocForeignPtrBytes len
      withForeignPtr fp $ \ptr' -> copyBytes ptr' ptr len
      return fp

    cmpStringPrefix :: Ptr Word8 -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> IO Bool
    cmpStringPrefix ptr1 ptr2 len =
     do r <- memcmp ptr1 ptr2 len
        return (r == 0)

    hashStr  :: Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int
     -- use the Addr to produce a hash value between 0 & m (inclusive)
    hashStr (Ptr a#) (I# len#) = loop 0# 0#
       where
        loop h n | n ExtsCompat46.==# len# = I# h
                 | otherwise  = loop h2 (n ExtsCompat46.+# 1#)
              where !c = ord# (indexCharOffAddr# a# n)
                    !h2 = (c ExtsCompat46.+# (h ExtsCompat46.*# 128#)) `remInt#`
                          hASH_TBL_SIZE#

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Operations

    -- | Returns the length of the 'FastString' in characters
    lengthFS :: FastString -> Int
    lengthFS f = n_chars f

    -- | Returns @True@ if this 'FastString' is not Z-encoded but already has
    -- a Z-encoding cached (used in producing stats).
    hasZEncoding :: FastString -> Bool
    hasZEncoding (FastString _ _ _ ref) =
          inlinePerformIO $ do
            m <- readIORef ref
            return (isJust m)

    -- | Returns @True@ if the 'FastString' is empty
    nullFS :: FastString -> Bool
    nullFS f = BS.null (fs_bs f)

    -- | Unpacks and decodes the FastString
    unpackFS :: FastString -> String
    unpackFS (FastString _ _ bs _) =
      inlinePerformIO $ BS.unsafeUseAsCStringLen bs $ \(ptr, len) ->
            utf8DecodeString (castPtr ptr) len

    -- | Gives the UTF-8 encoded bytes corresponding to a 'FastString'
    bytesFS :: FastString -> [Word8]
    bytesFS fs = BS.unpack $ fastStringToByteString fs

    -- | Returns a Z-encoded version of a 'FastString'.  This might be the
    -- original, if it was already Z-encoded.  The first time this
    -- function is applied to a particular 'FastString', the results are
    -- memoized.
    --
    zEncodeFS :: FastString -> FastZString
    zEncodeFS fs@(FastString _ _ _ ref) =
          inlinePerformIO $ do
            m <- readIORef ref
            case m of
              Just zfs -> return zfs
              Nothing -> do
                atomicModifyIORef ref $ \m' -> case m' of
                  Nothing  -> let zfs = mkZFastString (zEncodeString (unpackFS fs))
                              in (Just zfs, zfs)
                  Just zfs -> (m', zfs)

    appendFS :: FastString -> FastString -> FastString
    appendFS fs1 fs2 = mkFastStringByteString
                     $ BS.append (fastStringToByteString fs1)
                                 (fastStringToByteString fs2)

    concatFS :: [FastString] -> FastString
    concatFS ls = mkFastString (Prelude.concat (map unpackFS ls)) -- ToDo: do better

    headFS :: FastString -> Char
    headFS (FastString _ 0 _ _) = panic "headFS: Empty FastString"
    headFS (FastString _ _ bs _) =
      inlinePerformIO $ BS.unsafeUseAsCString bs $ \ptr ->
             return (fst (utf8DecodeChar (castPtr ptr)))

    tailFS :: FastString -> FastString
    tailFS (FastString _ 0 _ _) = panic "tailFS: Empty FastString"
    tailFS (FastString _ _ bs _) =
        inlinePerformIO $ BS.unsafeUseAsCString bs $ \ptr ->
        do let (_, n) = utf8DecodeChar (castPtr ptr)
           return $! mkFastStringByteString (BS.drop n bs)

    consFS :: Char -> FastString -> FastString
    consFS c fs = mkFastString (c : unpackFS fs)

    uniqueOfFS :: FastString -> FastInt
    uniqueOfFS (FastString u _ _ _) = iUnbox u

    nilFS :: FastString
    nilFS = mkFastString ""

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Stats

    getFastStringTable :: IO [[FastString]]
    getFastStringTable = do
      buckets <- forM [0.. hASH_TBL_SIZE-1] $ \idx -> do
        bucket <- lookupTbl string_table idx
        readIORef bucket
      return buckets

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Outputting 'FastString's

    -- |Outputs a 'FastString' with /no decoding at all/, that is, you
    -- get the actual bytes in the 'FastString' written to the 'Handle'.
    hPutFS :: Handle -> FastString -> IO ()
    hPutFS handle fs = BS.hPut handle $ fastStringToByteString fs

    -- ToDo: we'll probably want an hPutFSLocal, or something, to output
    -- in the current locale's encoding (for error messages and suchlike).

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- LitStrings, here for convenience only.

    -- hmm, not unboxed (or rather FastPtr), interesting
    --a.k.a. Ptr CChar, Ptr Word8, Ptr (), hmph.  We don't
    --really care about C types in naming, where we can help it.
    type LitString = Ptr Word8
    --Why do we recalculate length every time it's requested?
    --If it's commonly needed, we should perhaps have
    --data LitString = LitString {-#UNPACK#-}!(FastPtr Word8) {-#UNPACK#-}!FastInt

    mkLitString# :: Addr# -> LitString
    mkLitString# a# = Ptr a#
    --can/should we use FastTypes here?
    --Is this likely to be memory-preserving if only used on constant strings?
    --should we inline it? If lucky, that would make a CAF that wouldn't
    --be computationally repeated... although admittedly we're not
    --really intending to use mkLitString when __GLASGOW_HASKELL__...
    --(I wonder, is unicode / multi-byte characters allowed in LitStrings
    -- at all?)
    {-# INLINE mkLitString #-}
    mkLitString :: String -> LitString
    mkLitString s =
     unsafePerformIO (do
       p <- mallocBytes (length s + 1)
       let
         loop :: Int -> String -> IO ()
         loop !n [] = pokeByteOff p n (0 :: Word8)
         loop n (c:cs) = do
            pokeByteOff p n (fromIntegral (ord c) :: Word8)
            loop (1+n) cs
       loop 0 s
       return p
     )

    unpackLitString :: LitString -> String
    unpackLitString p_ = case pUnbox p_ of
     p -> unpack (_ILIT(0))
      where
        unpack n = case indexWord8OffFastPtrAsFastChar p n of
          ch -> if ch `eqFastChar` _CLIT('\0')
                then [] else cBox ch : unpack (n +# _ILIT(1))

    lengthLS :: LitString -> Int
    lengthLS = ptrStrLength

    -- for now, use a simple String representation
    --no, let's not do that right now - it's work in other places
    #if 0
    type LitString = String

    mkLitString :: String -> LitString
    mkLitString = id

    unpackLitString :: LitString -> String
    unpackLitString = id

    lengthLS :: LitString -> Int
    lengthLS = length

    #endif

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- under the carpet

    foreign import ccall unsafe "ghc_strlen"
      ptrStrLength :: Ptr Word8 -> Int

    {-# NOINLINE sLit #-}
    sLit :: String -> LitString
    sLit x  = mkLitString x

    {-# NOINLINE fsLit #-}
    fsLit :: String -> FastString
    fsLit x = mkFastString x

    {-# RULES "slit"
        forall x . sLit  (unpackCString# x) = mkLitString#  x #-}
    {-# RULES "fslit"
        forall x . fsLit (unpackCString# x) = mkFastString# x #-}