    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

    \section[TcMonoType]{Typechecking user-specified @MonoTypes@}
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}

    module TcHsType (
            tcHsSigType, tcHsSigTypeNC, tcHsDeriv, tcHsVectInst,
            tcHsInstHead,
            UserTypeCtxt(..),

                    -- Type checking type and class decls
            kcLookupKind, kcTyClTyVars, tcTyClTyVars,
            tcHsConArgType, tcDataKindSig,
            tcClassSigType,

                    -- Kind-checking types
                    -- No kind generalisation, no checkValidType
            kcHsTyVarBndrs, tcHsTyVarBndrs,
            tcHsLiftedType, tcHsOpenType,
            tcLHsType, tcCheckLHsType,
            tcHsContext, tcInferApps, tcHsArgTys,

            kindGeneralize, checkKind,

                    -- Sort-checking kinds
            tcLHsKind,

                    -- Pattern type signatures
            tcHsPatSigType, tcPatSig
       ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import HsSyn
    import TcRnMonad
    import TcEvidence( HsWrapper )
    import TcEnv
    import TcMType
    import TcValidity
    import TcUnify
    import TcIface
    import TcType
    import Type
    import TypeRep( Type(..) )  -- For the mkNakedXXX stuff
    import Kind
    import RdrName( lookupLocalRdrOcc )
    import Var
    import VarSet
    import TyCon
    import ConLike
    import DataCon
    import TysPrim ( liftedTypeKindTyConName, constraintKindTyConName )
    import Class
    import Name
    import NameEnv
    import TysWiredIn
    import BasicTypes
    import SrcLoc
    import DynFlags ( ExtensionFlag( Opt_DataKinds ), getDynFlags )
    import Unique
    import UniqSupply
    import Outputable
    import FastString
    import Util

    import Data.Maybe( isNothing )
    import Control.Monad ( unless, when, zipWithM )
    import PrelNames( ipClassName, funTyConKey, allNameStrings )

    {-
            ----------------------------
                    General notes
            ----------------------------

    Generally speaking we now type-check types in three phases

      1.  kcHsType: kind check the HsType
            *includes* performing any TH type splices;
            so it returns a translated, and kind-annotated, type

      2.  dsHsType: convert from HsType to Type:
            perform zonking
            expand type synonyms [mkGenTyApps]
            hoist the foralls [tcHsType]

      3.  checkValidType: check the validity of the resulting type

    Often these steps are done one after the other (tcHsSigType).
    But in mutually recursive groups of type and class decls we do
            1 kind-check the whole group
            2 build TyCons/Classes in a knot-tied way
            3 check the validity of types in the now-unknotted TyCons/Classes

    For example, when we find
            (forall a m. m a -> m a)
    we bind a,m to kind varibles and kind-check (m a -> m a).  This makes
    a get kind *, and m get kind *->*.  Now we typecheck (m a -> m a) in
    an environment that binds a and m suitably.

    The kind checker passed to tcHsTyVars needs to look at enough to
    establish the kind of the tyvar:
      * For a group of type and class decls, it's just the group, not
            the rest of the program
      * For a tyvar bound in a pattern type signature, its the types
            mentioned in the other type signatures in that bunch of patterns
      * For a tyvar bound in a RULE, it's the type signatures on other
            universally quantified variables in the rule

    Note that this may occasionally give surprising results.  For example:

            data T a b = MkT (a b)

    Here we deduce                  a::*->*,       b::*
    But equally valid would be      a::(*->*)-> *, b::*->*

    Validity checking
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Some of the validity check could in principle be done by the kind checker,
    but not all:

    - During desugaring, we normalise by expanding type synonyms.  Only
      after this step can we check things like type-synonym saturation
      e.g.  type T k = k Int
            type S a = a
      Then (T S) is ok, because T is saturated; (T S) expands to (S Int);
      and then S is saturated.  This is a GHC extension.

    - Similarly, also a GHC extension, we look through synonyms before complaining
      about the form of a class or instance declaration

    - Ambiguity checks involve functional dependencies, and it's easier to wait
      until knots have been resolved before poking into them

    Also, in a mutually recursive group of types, we can't look at the TyCon until we've
    finished building the loop.  So to keep things simple, we postpone most validity
    checking until step (3).

    Knot tying
    ~~~~~~~~~~
    During step (1) we might fault in a TyCon defined in another module, and it might
    (via a loop) refer back to a TyCon defined in this module. So when we tie a big
    knot around type declarations with ARecThing, so that the fault-in code can get
    the TyCon being defined.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                  Check types AND do validity checking
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    tcHsSigType, tcHsSigTypeNC :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsType Name -> TcM Type
      -- NB: it's important that the foralls that come from the top-level
      --     HsForAllTy in hs_ty occur *first* in the returned type.
      --     See Note [Scoped] with TcSigInfo
    tcHsSigType ctxt hs_ty
      = addErrCtxt (pprSigCtxt ctxt empty (ppr hs_ty)) $
        tcHsSigTypeNC ctxt hs_ty

    tcHsSigTypeNC ctxt (L loc hs_ty)
      = setSrcSpan loc $    -- The "In the type..." context
                            -- comes from the caller; hence "NC"
        do  { kind <- case expectedKindInCtxt ctxt of
                        Nothing -> newMetaKindVar
                        Just k  -> return k
              -- The kind is checked by checkValidType, and isn't necessarily
              -- of kind * in a Template Haskell quote eg [t| Maybe |]

              -- Generalise here: see Note [Kind generalisation]
            ; ty <- tcCheckHsTypeAndGen hs_ty kind

              -- Zonk to expose kind information to checkValidType
            ; ty <- zonkSigType ty
            ; checkValidType ctxt ty
            ; return ty }

    -----------------
    tcHsInstHead :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsType Name -> TcM ([TyVar], ThetaType, Class, [Type])
    -- Like tcHsSigTypeNC, but for an instance head.
    tcHsInstHead user_ctxt lhs_ty@(L loc hs_ty)
      = setSrcSpan loc $    -- The "In the type..." context comes from the caller
        do { inst_ty <- tc_inst_head hs_ty
           ; kvs     <- zonkTcTypeAndFV inst_ty
           ; kvs     <- kindGeneralize kvs
           ; inst_ty <- zonkSigType (mkForAllTys kvs inst_ty)
           ; checkValidInstance user_ctxt lhs_ty inst_ty }

    tc_inst_head :: HsType Name -> TcM TcType
    tc_inst_head (HsForAllTy _ _ hs_tvs hs_ctxt hs_ty)
      = tcHsTyVarBndrs hs_tvs $ \ tvs ->
        do { ctxt <- tcHsContext hs_ctxt
           ; ty   <- tc_lhs_type hs_ty ekConstraint    -- Body for forall has kind Constraint
           ; return (mkSigmaTy tvs ctxt ty) }

    tc_inst_head hs_ty
      = tc_hs_type hs_ty ekConstraint

    -----------------
    tcHsDeriv :: HsType Name -> TcM ([TyVar], Class, [Type], Kind)
    -- Like tcHsSigTypeNC, but for the ...deriving( C t1 ty2 ) clause
    -- Returns the C, [ty1, ty2, and the kind of C's *next* argument
    -- E.g.    class C (a::*) (b::k->k)
    --         data T a b = ... deriving( C Int )
    --    returns ([k], C, [k, Int],  k->k)
    -- Also checks that (C ty1 ty2 arg) :: Constraint
    -- if arg has a suitable kind
    tcHsDeriv hs_ty
      = do { arg_kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; ty <- tcCheckHsTypeAndGen hs_ty (mkArrowKind arg_kind constraintKind)
           ; ty       <- zonkSigType ty
           ; arg_kind <- zonkSigType arg_kind
           ; let (tvs, pred) = splitForAllTys ty
           ; case getClassPredTys_maybe pred of
               Just (cls, tys) -> return (tvs, cls, tys, arg_kind)
               Nothing -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Illegal deriving item") <+> quotes (ppr hs_ty)) }

    -- Used for 'VECTORISE [SCALAR] instance' declarations
    --
    tcHsVectInst :: LHsType Name -> TcM (Class, [Type])
    tcHsVectInst ty
      | Just (L _ cls_name, tys) <- splitLHsClassTy_maybe ty
      = do { (cls, cls_kind) <- tcClass cls_name
           ; (arg_tys, _res_kind) <- tcInferApps cls_name cls_kind tys
           ; return (cls, arg_tys) }
      | otherwise
      = failWithTc $ ptext (sLit "Malformed instance type")

    {-
            These functions are used during knot-tying in
            type and class declarations, when we have to
            separate kind-checking, desugaring, and validity checking

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                The main kind checker: no validity checks here
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

            First a couple of simple wrappers for kcHsType
    -}

    tcClassSigType :: LHsType Name -> TcM Type
    tcClassSigType lhs_ty@(L _ hs_ty)
      = addTypeCtxt lhs_ty $
        do { ty <- tcCheckHsTypeAndGen hs_ty liftedTypeKind
           ; zonkSigType ty }

    tcHsConArgType :: NewOrData ->  LHsType Name -> TcM Type
    -- Permit a bang, but discard it
    tcHsConArgType NewType  bty = tcHsLiftedType (getBangType bty)
      -- Newtypes can't have bangs, but we don't check that
      -- until checkValidDataCon, so do not want to crash here

    tcHsConArgType DataType bty = tcHsOpenType (getBangType bty)
      -- Can't allow an unlifted type for newtypes, because we're effectively
      -- going to remove the constructor while coercing it to a lifted type.
      -- And newtypes can't be bang'd

    ---------------------------
    tcHsArgTys :: SDoc -> [LHsType Name] -> [Kind] -> TcM [TcType]
    tcHsArgTys what tys kinds
      = sequence [ addTypeCtxt ty $
                   tc_lhs_type ty (expArgKind what kind n)
                 | (ty,kind,n) <- zip3 tys kinds [1..] ]

    tc_hs_arg_tys :: SDoc -> [LHsType Name] -> [Kind] -> TcM [TcType]
    -- Just like tcHsArgTys but without the addTypeCtxt
    tc_hs_arg_tys what tys kinds
      = sequence [ tc_lhs_type ty (expArgKind what kind n)
                 | (ty,kind,n) <- zip3 tys kinds [1..] ]

    ---------------------------
    tcHsOpenType, tcHsLiftedType :: LHsType Name -> TcM TcType
    -- Used for type signatures
    -- Do not do validity checking
    tcHsOpenType ty   = addTypeCtxt ty $ tc_lhs_type ty ekOpen
    tcHsLiftedType ty = addTypeCtxt ty $ tc_lhs_type ty ekLifted

    -- Like tcHsType, but takes an expected kind
    tcCheckLHsType :: LHsType Name -> Kind -> TcM Type
    tcCheckLHsType hs_ty exp_kind
      = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $
        tc_lhs_type hs_ty (EK exp_kind expectedKindMsg)

    tcLHsType :: LHsType Name -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    -- Called from outside: set the context
    tcLHsType ty = addTypeCtxt ty (tc_infer_lhs_type ty)

    ---------------------------
    tcCheckHsTypeAndGen :: HsType Name -> Kind -> TcM Type
    -- Input type is HsType, not LhsType; the caller adds the context
    -- Typecheck a type signature, and kind-generalise it
    -- The result is not necessarily zonked, and has not been checked for validity
    tcCheckHsTypeAndGen hs_ty kind
      = do { ty  <- tc_hs_type hs_ty (EK kind expectedKindMsg)
           ; traceTc "tcCheckHsTypeAndGen" (ppr hs_ty)
           ; kvs <- zonkTcTypeAndFV ty
           ; kvs <- kindGeneralize kvs
           ; return (mkForAllTys kvs ty) }

    {-
    Like tcExpr, tc_hs_type takes an expected kind which it unifies with
    the kind it figures out. When we don't know what kind to expect, we use
    tc_lhs_type_fresh, to first create a new meta kind variable and use that as
    the expected kind.
    -}

    tc_infer_lhs_type :: LHsType Name -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    tc_infer_lhs_type ty =
      do { kv <- newMetaKindVar
         ; r <- tc_lhs_type ty (EK kv expectedKindMsg)
         ; return (r, kv) }

    tc_lhs_type :: LHsType Name -> ExpKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_lhs_type (L span ty) exp_kind
      = setSrcSpan span $
        do { traceTc "tc_lhs_type:" (ppr ty $$ ppr exp_kind)
           ; tc_hs_type ty exp_kind }

    tc_lhs_types :: [(LHsType Name, ExpKind)] -> TcM [TcType]
    tc_lhs_types tys_w_kinds = mapM (uncurry tc_lhs_type) tys_w_kinds

    ------------------------------------------
    tc_fun_type :: HsType Name -> LHsType Name -> LHsType Name -> ExpKind -> TcM TcType
    -- We need to recognise (->) so that we can construct a FunTy,
    -- *and* we need to do by looking at the Name, not the TyCon
    -- (see Note [Zonking inside the knot]).  For example,
    -- consider  f :: (->) Int Int  (Trac #7312)
    tc_fun_type ty ty1 ty2 exp_kind@(EK _ ctxt)
      = do { ty1' <- tc_lhs_type ty1 (EK openTypeKind ctxt)
           ; ty2' <- tc_lhs_type ty2 (EK openTypeKind ctxt)
           ; checkExpectedKind ty liftedTypeKind exp_kind
           ; return (mkFunTy ty1' ty2') }

    ------------------------------------------
    tc_hs_type :: HsType Name -> ExpKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_hs_type (HsParTy ty)        exp_kind = tc_lhs_type ty exp_kind
    tc_hs_type (HsDocTy ty _)      exp_kind = tc_lhs_type ty exp_kind
    tc_hs_type (HsQuasiQuoteTy {}) _ = panic "tc_hs_type: qq"       -- Eliminated by renamer
    tc_hs_type ty@(HsBangTy {})    _
        -- While top-level bangs at this point are eliminated (eg !(Maybe Int)),
        -- other kinds of bangs are not (eg ((!Maybe) Int)). These kinds of
        -- bangs are invalid, so fail. (#7210)
        = failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Unexpected strictness annotation:") <+> ppr ty)
    tc_hs_type (HsRecTy _)         _ = panic "tc_hs_type: record" -- Unwrapped by con decls
          -- Record types (which only show up temporarily in constructor
          -- signatures) should have been removed by now

    ---------- Functions and applications
    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsTyVar name) exp_kind
      = do { (ty, k) <- tcTyVar name
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty k exp_kind
           ; return ty }

    tc_hs_type ty@(HsFunTy ty1 ty2) exp_kind
      = tc_fun_type ty ty1 ty2 exp_kind

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsOpTy ty1 (_, l_op@(L _ op)) ty2) exp_kind
      | op `hasKey` funTyConKey
      = tc_fun_type hs_ty ty1 ty2 exp_kind
      | otherwise
      = do { (op', op_kind) <- tcTyVar op
           ; tys' <- tcCheckApps hs_ty l_op op_kind [ty1,ty2] exp_kind
           ; return (mkNakedAppTys op' tys') }
             -- mkNakedAppTys: see Note [Zonking inside the knot]

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsAppTy ty1 ty2) exp_kind
    --  | L _ (HsTyVar fun) <- fun_ty
    --  , fun `hasKey` funTyConKey
    --  , [fty1,fty2] <- arg_tys
    --  = tc_fun_type hs_ty fty1 fty2 exp_kind
    --  | otherwise
      = do { (fun_ty', fun_kind) <- tc_infer_lhs_type fun_ty
           ; arg_tys' <- tcCheckApps hs_ty fun_ty fun_kind arg_tys exp_kind
           ; return (mkNakedAppTys fun_ty' arg_tys') }
             -- mkNakedAppTys: see Note [Zonking inside the knot]
             -- This looks fragile; how do we *know* that fun_ty isn't
             -- a TyConApp, say (which is never supposed to appear in the
             -- function position of an AppTy)?
      where
        (fun_ty, arg_tys) = splitHsAppTys ty1 [ty2]

    --------- Foralls
    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsForAllTy _ _ hs_tvs context ty) exp_kind@(EK exp_k _)
      | isConstraintKind exp_k
      = failWithTc (hang (ptext (sLit "Illegal constraint:")) 2 (ppr hs_ty))

      | otherwise
      = tcHsTyVarBndrs hs_tvs $ \ tvs' ->
        -- Do not kind-generalise here!  See Note [Kind generalisation]
        do { ctxt' <- tcHsContext context
           ; ty' <- if null (unLoc context) then  -- Plain forall, no context
                       tc_lhs_type ty exp_kind    -- Why exp_kind?  See Note [Body kind of forall]
                    else
                       -- If there is a context, then this forall is really a
                       -- _function_, so the kind of the result really is *
                       -- The body kind (result of the function can be * or #, hence ekOpen
                       do { checkExpectedKind hs_ty liftedTypeKind exp_kind
                          ; tc_lhs_type ty ekOpen }
           ; return (mkSigmaTy tvs' ctxt' ty') }

    --------- Lists, arrays, and tuples
    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsListTy elt_ty) exp_kind
      = do { tau_ty <- tc_lhs_type elt_ty ekLifted
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty liftedTypeKind exp_kind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon listTyCon
           ; return (mkListTy tau_ty) }

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsPArrTy elt_ty) exp_kind
      = do { tau_ty <- tc_lhs_type elt_ty ekLifted
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty liftedTypeKind exp_kind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon parrTyCon
           ; return (mkPArrTy tau_ty) }

    -- See Note [Distinguishing tuple kinds] in HsTypes
    -- See Note [Inferring tuple kinds]
    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsTupleTy HsBoxedOrConstraintTuple hs_tys) exp_kind@(EK exp_k _ctxt)
         -- (NB: not zonking before looking at exp_k, to avoid left-right bias)
      | Just tup_sort <- tupKindSort_maybe exp_k
      = traceTc "tc_hs_type tuple" (ppr hs_tys) >>
        tc_tuple hs_ty tup_sort hs_tys exp_kind
      | otherwise
      = do { traceTc "tc_hs_type tuple 2" (ppr hs_tys)
           ; (tys, kinds) <- mapAndUnzipM tc_infer_lhs_type hs_tys
           ; kinds <- mapM zonkTcKind kinds
               -- Infer each arg type separately, because errors can be
               -- confusing if we give them a shared kind.  Eg Trac #7410
               -- (Either Int, Int), we do not want to get an error saying
               -- "the second argument of a tuple should have kind *->*"

           ; let (arg_kind, tup_sort)
                   = case [ (k,s) | k <- kinds
                                  , Just s <- [tupKindSort_maybe k] ] of
                        ((k,s) : _) -> (k,s)
                        [] -> (liftedTypeKind, BoxedTuple)
             -- In the [] case, it's not clear what the kind is, so guess *

           ; sequence_ [ setSrcSpan loc $
                         checkExpectedKind ty kind
                            (expArgKind (ptext (sLit "a tuple")) arg_kind n)
                       | (ty@(L loc _),kind,n) <- zip3 hs_tys kinds [1..] ]

           ; finish_tuple hs_ty tup_sort tys exp_kind }

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsTupleTy hs_tup_sort tys) exp_kind
      = tc_tuple hs_ty tup_sort tys exp_kind
      where
        tup_sort = case hs_tup_sort of  -- Fourth case dealt with above
                      HsUnboxedTuple    -> UnboxedTuple
                      HsBoxedTuple      -> BoxedTuple
                      HsConstraintTuple -> ConstraintTuple
                      _                 -> panic "tc_hs_type HsTupleTy"

    --------- Promoted lists and tuples
    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsExplicitListTy _k tys) exp_kind
      = do { tks <- mapM tc_infer_lhs_type tys
           ; let taus = map fst tks
           ; kind <- unifyKinds (ptext (sLit "In a promoted list")) tks
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty (mkPromotedListTy kind) exp_kind
           ; return (foldr (mk_cons kind) (mk_nil kind) taus) }
      where
        mk_cons k a b = mkTyConApp (promoteDataCon consDataCon) [k, a, b]
        mk_nil  k     = mkTyConApp (promoteDataCon nilDataCon) [k]

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsExplicitTupleTy _ tys) exp_kind
      = do { tks <- mapM tc_infer_lhs_type tys
           ; let n          = length tys
                 kind_con   = promotedTupleTyCon   BoxedTuple n
                 ty_con     = promotedTupleDataCon BoxedTuple n
                 (taus, ks) = unzip tks
                 tup_k      = mkTyConApp kind_con ks
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty tup_k exp_kind
           ; return (mkTyConApp ty_con (ks ++ taus)) }

    --------- Constraint types
    tc_hs_type ipTy@(HsIParamTy n ty) exp_kind
      = do { ty' <- tc_lhs_type ty ekLifted
           ; checkExpectedKind ipTy constraintKind exp_kind
           ; ipClass <- tcLookupClass ipClassName
           ; let n' = mkStrLitTy $ hsIPNameFS n
           ; return (mkClassPred ipClass [n',ty'])
           }

    tc_hs_type ty@(HsEqTy ty1 ty2) exp_kind
      = do { (ty1', kind1) <- tc_infer_lhs_type ty1
           ; (ty2', kind2) <- tc_infer_lhs_type ty2
           ; checkExpectedKind ty2 kind2
                  (EK kind1 msg_fn)
           ; checkExpectedKind ty constraintKind exp_kind
           ; return (mkNakedTyConApp eqTyCon [kind1, ty1', ty2']) }
      where
        msg_fn pkind = ptext (sLit "The left argument of the equality had kind")
                       <+> quotes (pprKind pkind)

    --------- Misc
    tc_hs_type (HsKindSig ty sig_k) exp_kind
      = do { sig_k' <- tcLHsKind sig_k
           ; checkExpectedKind ty sig_k' exp_kind
           ; tc_lhs_type ty (EK sig_k' msg_fn) }
      where
        msg_fn pkind = ptext (sLit "The signature specified kind")
                       <+> quotes (pprKind pkind)

    tc_hs_type (HsCoreTy ty) exp_kind
      = do { checkExpectedKind ty (typeKind ty) exp_kind
           ; return ty }

    -- This should never happen; type splices are expanded by the renamer
    tc_hs_type ty@(HsSpliceTy {}) _exp_kind
      = failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Unexpected type splice:") <+> ppr ty)

    tc_hs_type (HsWrapTy {}) _exp_kind
      = panic "tc_hs_type HsWrapTy"  -- We kind checked something twice

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsTyLit (HsNumTy _ n)) exp_kind
      = do { checkExpectedKind hs_ty typeNatKind exp_kind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon typeNatKindCon
           ; return (mkNumLitTy n) }

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsTyLit (HsStrTy _ s)) exp_kind
      = do { checkExpectedKind hs_ty typeSymbolKind exp_kind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon typeSymbolKindCon
           ; return (mkStrLitTy s) }

    tc_hs_type HsWildcardTy _ = panic "tc_hs_type HsWildcardTy"
    -- unnamed wildcards should have been replaced by named wildcards

    tc_hs_type hs_ty@(HsNamedWildcardTy name) exp_kind
      = do { (ty, k) <- tcTyVar name
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty k exp_kind
           ; return ty }

    ---------------------------
    tupKindSort_maybe :: TcKind -> Maybe TupleSort
    tupKindSort_maybe k
      | isConstraintKind k = Just ConstraintTuple
      | isLiftedTypeKind k = Just BoxedTuple
      | otherwise          = Nothing

    tc_tuple :: HsType Name -> TupleSort -> [LHsType Name] -> ExpKind -> TcM TcType
    tc_tuple hs_ty tup_sort tys exp_kind
      = do { tau_tys <- tc_hs_arg_tys cxt_doc tys (repeat arg_kind)
           ; finish_tuple hs_ty tup_sort tau_tys exp_kind }
      where
        arg_kind = case tup_sort of
                     BoxedTuple      -> liftedTypeKind
                     UnboxedTuple    -> openTypeKind
                     ConstraintTuple -> constraintKind
        cxt_doc = case tup_sort of
                     BoxedTuple      -> ptext (sLit "a tuple")
                     UnboxedTuple    -> ptext (sLit "an unboxed tuple")
                     ConstraintTuple -> ptext (sLit "a constraint tuple")

    finish_tuple :: HsType Name -> TupleSort -> [TcType] -> ExpKind -> TcM TcType
    finish_tuple hs_ty tup_sort tau_tys exp_kind
      = do { traceTc "finish_tuple" (ppr res_kind $$ ppr exp_kind $$ ppr exp_kind)
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty res_kind exp_kind
           ; checkWiredInTyCon tycon
           ; return (mkTyConApp tycon tau_tys) }
      where
        tycon = tupleTyCon tup_sort (length tau_tys)
        res_kind = case tup_sort of
                     UnboxedTuple    -> unliftedTypeKind
                     BoxedTuple      -> liftedTypeKind
                     ConstraintTuple -> constraintKind

    ---------------------------
    tcInferApps :: Outputable a
           => a
           -> TcKind                        -- Function kind
           -> [LHsType Name]                -- Arg types
           -> TcM ([TcType], TcKind)        -- Kind-checked args
    tcInferApps the_fun fun_kind args
      = do { (args_w_kinds, res_kind) <- splitFunKind (ppr the_fun) fun_kind args
           ; args' <- tc_lhs_types args_w_kinds
           ; return (args', res_kind) }

    tcCheckApps :: Outputable a
                => HsType Name     -- The type being checked (for err messages only)
                -> a               -- The function
                -> TcKind -> [LHsType Name]   -- Fun kind and arg types
                -> ExpKind                    -- Expected kind
                -> TcM [TcType]
    tcCheckApps hs_ty the_fun fun_kind args exp_kind
      = do { (arg_tys, res_kind) <- tcInferApps the_fun fun_kind args
           ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty res_kind exp_kind
           ; return arg_tys }

    ---------------------------
    splitFunKind :: SDoc -> TcKind -> [b] -> TcM ([(b,ExpKind)], TcKind)
    splitFunKind the_fun fun_kind args
      = go 1 fun_kind args
      where
        go _      fk [] = return ([], fk)
        go arg_no fk (arg:args)
           = do { mb_fk <- matchExpectedFunKind fk
                ; case mb_fk of
                     Nothing       -> failWithTc too_many_args
                     Just (ak,fk') -> do { (aks, rk) <- go (arg_no+1) fk' args
                                         ; let exp_kind = expArgKind (quotes the_fun) ak arg_no
                                         ; return ((arg, exp_kind) : aks, rk) } }

        too_many_args = quotes the_fun <+>
                        ptext (sLit "is applied to too many type arguments")

    ---------------------------
    tcHsContext :: LHsContext Name -> TcM [PredType]
    tcHsContext ctxt = mapM tcHsLPredType (unLoc ctxt)

    tcHsLPredType :: LHsType Name -> TcM PredType
    tcHsLPredType pred = tc_lhs_type pred ekConstraint

    ---------------------------
    tcTyVar :: Name -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
    -- See Note [Type checking recursive type and class declarations]
    -- in TcTyClsDecls
    tcTyVar name         -- Could be a tyvar, a tycon, or a datacon
      = do { traceTc "lk1" (ppr name)
           ; thing <- tcLookup name
           ; case thing of
               ATyVar _ tv
                  | isKindVar tv
                  -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Kind variable") <+> quotes (ppr tv)
                                 <+> ptext (sLit "used as a type"))
                  | otherwise
                  -> return (mkTyVarTy tv, tyVarKind tv)

               AThing kind -> do { tc <- get_loopy_tc name
                                 ; inst_tycon (mkNakedTyConApp tc) kind }
                                 -- mkNakedTyConApp: see Note [Zonking inside the knot]

               AGlobal (ATyCon tc) -> inst_tycon (mkTyConApp tc) (tyConKind tc)

               AGlobal (AConLike (RealDataCon dc))
                 | Just tc <- promoteDataCon_maybe dc
                 -> do { data_kinds <- xoptM Opt_DataKinds
                       ; unless data_kinds $ promotionErr name NoDataKinds
                       ; inst_tycon (mkTyConApp tc) (tyConKind tc) }
                 | otherwise -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Data constructor") <+> quotes (ppr dc)
                                            <+> ptext (sLit "comes from an un-promotable type")
                                            <+> quotes (ppr (dataConTyCon dc)))

               APromotionErr err -> promotionErr name err

               _  -> wrongThingErr "type" thing name }
      where
        get_loopy_tc name
          = do { env <- getGblEnv
               ; case lookupNameEnv (tcg_type_env env) name of
                    Just (ATyCon tc) -> return tc
                    _                -> return (aThingErr "tcTyVar" name) }

        inst_tycon :: ([Type] -> Type) -> Kind -> TcM (Type, Kind)
        -- Instantiate the polymorphic kind
        -- Lazy in the TyCon
        inst_tycon mk_tc_app kind
          | null kvs
          = return (mk_tc_app [], ki_body)
          | otherwise
          = do { traceTc "lk4" (ppr name <+> dcolon <+> ppr kind)
               ; ks <- mapM (const newMetaKindVar) kvs
               ; return (mk_tc_app ks, substKiWith kvs ks ki_body) }
          where
            (kvs, ki_body) = splitForAllTys kind

    tcClass :: Name -> TcM (Class, TcKind)
    tcClass cls     -- Must be a class
      = do { thing <- tcLookup cls
           ; case thing of
               AThing kind -> return (aThingErr "tcClass" cls, kind)
               AGlobal (ATyCon tc)
                 | Just cls <- tyConClass_maybe tc
                 -> return (cls, tyConKind tc)
               _ -> wrongThingErr "class" thing cls }

    aThingErr :: String -> Name -> b
    -- The type checker for types is sometimes called simply to
    -- do *kind* checking; and in that case it ignores the type
    -- returned. Which is a good thing since it may not be available yet!
    aThingErr str x = pprPanic "AThing evaluated unexpectedly" (text str <+> ppr x)

    {-
    Note [Zonking inside the knot]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Suppose we are checking the argument types of a data constructor.  We
    must zonk the types before making the DataCon, because once built we
    can't change it.  So we must traverse the type.

    BUT the parent TyCon is knot-tied, so we can't look at it yet.

    So we must be careful not to use "smart constructors" for types that
    look at the TyCon or Class involved.

      * Hence the use of mkNakedXXX functions. These do *not* enforce
        the invariants (for example that we use (FunTy s t) rather
        than (TyConApp (->) [s,t])).

      * Ditto in zonkTcType (which may be applied more than once, eg to
        squeeze out kind meta-variables), we are careful not to look at
        the TyCon.

      * We arrange to call zonkSigType *once* right at the end, and it
        does establish the invariants.  But in exchange we can't look
        at the result (not even its structure) until we have emerged
        from the "knot".

      * TcHsSyn.zonkTcTypeToType also can safely check/establish
        invariants.

    This is horribly delicate.  I hate it.  A good example of how
    delicate it is can be seen in Trac #7903.
    -}

    mkNakedTyConApp :: TyCon -> [Type] -> Type
    -- Builds a TyConApp
    --   * without being strict in TyCon,
    --   * without satisfying the invariants of TyConApp
    -- A subsequent zonking will establish the invariants
    mkNakedTyConApp tc tys = TyConApp tc tys

    mkNakedAppTys :: Type -> [Type] -> Type
    mkNakedAppTys ty1                []   = ty1
    mkNakedAppTys (TyConApp tc tys1) tys2 = mkNakedTyConApp tc (tys1 ++ tys2)
    mkNakedAppTys ty1                tys2 = foldl AppTy ty1 tys2

    zonkSigType :: TcType -> TcM TcType
    -- Zonk the result of type-checking a user-written type signature
    -- It may have kind variables in it, but no meta type variables
    -- Because of knot-typing (see Note [Zonking inside the knot])
    -- it may need to establish the Type invariants;
    -- hence the use of mkTyConApp and mkAppTy
    zonkSigType ty
      = go ty
      where
        go (TyConApp tc tys) = do tys' <- mapM go tys
                                  return (mkTyConApp tc tys')
                    -- Key point: establish Type invariants!
                    -- See Note [Zonking inside the knot]

        go (LitTy n)         = return (LitTy n)

        go (FunTy arg res)   = do arg' <- go arg
                                  res' <- go res
                                  return (FunTy arg' res')

        go (AppTy fun arg)   = do fun' <- go fun
                                  arg' <- go arg
                                  return (mkAppTy fun' arg')
                    -- NB the mkAppTy; we might have instantiated a
                    -- type variable to a type constructor, so we need
                    -- to pull the TyConApp to the top.

            -- The two interesting cases!
        go (TyVarTy tyvar) | isTcTyVar tyvar = zonkTcTyVar tyvar
                           | otherwise       = TyVarTy <$> updateTyVarKindM go tyvar
                    -- Ordinary (non Tc) tyvars occur inside quantified types

        go (ForAllTy tv ty) = do { tv' <- zonkTcTyVarBndr tv
                                 ; ty' <- go ty
                                 ; return (ForAllTy tv' ty') }

    {-
    Note [Body kind of a forall]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The body of a forall is usually a type, but in principle
    there's no reason to prohibit *unlifted* types.
    In fact, GHC can itself construct a function with an
    unboxed tuple inside a for-all (via CPR analyis; see
    typecheck/should_compile/tc170).

    Moreover in instance heads we get forall-types with
    kind Constraint.

    Moreover if we have a signature
       f :: Int#
    then we represent it as (HsForAll Implicit [] [] Int#).  And this must
    be legal!  We can't drop the empty forall until *after* typechecking
    the body because of kind polymorphism:
       Typeable :: forall k. k -> Constraint
       data Apply f t = Apply (f t)
       -- Apply :: forall k. (k -> *) -> k -> *
       instance Typeable Apply where ...
    Then the dfun has type
       df :: forall k. Typeable ((k->*) -> k -> *) (Apply k)

       f :: Typeable Apply

       f :: forall (t:k->*) (a:k).  t a -> t a

       class C a b where
          op :: a b -> Typeable Apply

       data T a = MkT (Typeable Apply)
                | T2 a
          T :: * -> *
          MkT :: forall k. (Typeable ((k->*) -> k -> *) (Apply k)) -> T a

       f :: (forall (k:BOX). forall (t:: k->*) (a:k). t a -> t a) -> Int
       f :: (forall a. a -> Typeable Apply) -> Int

    So we *must* keep the HsForAll on the instance type
       HsForAll Implicit [] [] (Typeable Apply)
    so that we do kind generalisation on it.

    Really we should check that it's a type of value kind
    {*, Constraint, #}, but I'm not doing that yet
    Example that should be rejected:
             f :: (forall (a:*->*). a) Int

    Note [Inferring tuple kinds]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Give a tuple type (a,b,c), which the parser labels as HsBoxedOrConstraintTuple,
    we try to figure out whether it's a tuple of kind * or Constraint.
      Step 1: look at the expected kind
      Step 2: infer argument kinds

    If after Step 2 it's not clear from the arguments that it's
    Constraint, then it must be *.  Once having decided that we re-check
    the Check the arguments again to give good error messages
    in eg. `(Maybe, Maybe)`

    Note that we will still fail to infer the correct kind in this case:

      type T a = ((a,a), D a)
      type family D :: Constraint -> Constraint

    While kind checking T, we do not yet know the kind of D, so we will default the
    kind of T to * -> *. It works if we annotate `a` with kind `Constraint`.

    Note [Desugaring types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The type desugarer is phase 2 of dealing with HsTypes.  Specifically:

      * It transforms from HsType to Type

      * It zonks any kinds.  The returned type should have no mutable kind
        or type variables (hence returning Type not TcType):
          - any unconstrained kind variables are defaulted to AnyK just
            as in TcHsSyn.
          - there are no mutable type variables because we are
            kind-checking a type
        Reason: the returned type may be put in a TyCon or DataCon where
        it will never subsequently be zonked.

    You might worry about nested scopes:
            ..a:kappa in scope..
                let f :: forall b. T '[a,b] -> Int
    In this case, f's type could have a mutable kind variable kappa in it;
    and we might then default it to AnyK when dealing with f's type
    signature.  But we don't expect this to happen because we can't get a
    lexically scoped type variable with a mutable kind variable in it.  A
    delicate point, this.  If it becomes an issue we might need to
    distinguish top-level from nested uses.

    Moreover
      * it cannot fail,
      * it does no unifications
      * it does no validity checking, except for structural matters, such as
            (a) spurious ! annotations.
            (b) a class used as a type

    Note [Kind of a type splice]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider these terms, each with TH type splice inside:
         [| e1 :: Maybe $(..blah..) |]
         [| e2 :: $(..blah..) |]
    When kind-checking the type signature, we'll kind-check the splice
    $(..blah..); we want to give it a kind that can fit in any context,
    as if $(..blah..) :: forall k. k.

    In the e1 example, the context of the splice fixes kappa to *.  But
    in the e2 example, we'll desugar the type, zonking the kind unification
    variables as we go.  When we encounter the unconstrained kappa, we
    want to default it to '*', not to AnyK.

    Help functions for type applications
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    -}

    addTypeCtxt :: LHsType Name -> TcM a -> TcM a
            -- Wrap a context around only if we want to show that contexts.
            -- Omit invisble ones and ones user's won't grok
    addTypeCtxt (L _ ty) thing
      = addErrCtxt doc thing
      where
        doc = ptext (sLit "In the type") <+> quotes (ppr ty)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Type-variable binders
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    mkKindSigVar :: Name -> TcM KindVar
    -- Use the specified name; don't clone it
    mkKindSigVar n
      = do { mb_thing <- tcLookupLcl_maybe n
           ; case mb_thing of
               Just (AThing k)
                 | Just kvar <- getTyVar_maybe k
                 -> return kvar
               _ -> return $ mkTcTyVar n superKind (SkolemTv False) }

    kcScopedKindVars :: [Name] -> TcM a -> TcM a
    -- Given some tyvar binders like [a (b :: k -> *) (c :: k)]
    -- bind each scoped kind variable (k in this case) to a fresh
    -- kind skolem variable
    kcScopedKindVars kv_ns thing_inside
      = do { kvs <- mapM (\n -> newSigTyVar n superKind) kv_ns
                         -- NB: use mutable signature variables
           ; tcExtendTyVarEnv2 (kv_ns `zip` kvs) thing_inside }

    -- | Kind-check a 'LHsTyVarBndrs'. If the decl under consideration has a complete,
    -- user-supplied kind signature (CUSK), generalise the result. Used in 'getInitialKind'
    -- and in kind-checking. See also Note [Complete user-supplied kind signatures] in
    -- HsDecls.
    kcHsTyVarBndrs :: Bool    -- ^ True <=> the decl being checked has a CUSK
                   -> LHsTyVarBndrs Name
                   -> TcM (Kind, r)   -- ^ the result kind, possibly with other info
                   -> TcM (Kind, r)   -- ^ The full kind of the thing being declared,
                                      -- with the other info
    kcHsTyVarBndrs cusk (HsQTvs { hsq_kvs = kv_ns, hsq_tvs = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      = do { kvs <- if cusk
                    then mapM mkKindSigVar kv_ns
                    else mapM (\n -> newSigTyVar n superKind) kv_ns
           ; tcExtendTyVarEnv2 (kv_ns `zip` kvs) $
        do { nks <- mapM (kc_hs_tv . unLoc) hs_tvs
           ; (res_kind, stuff) <- tcExtendKindEnv nks thing_inside
           ; let full_kind = mkArrowKinds (map snd nks) res_kind
                 kvs       = filter (not . isMetaTyVar) $
                             varSetElems $ tyVarsOfType full_kind
                 gen_kind  = if cusk
                             then mkForAllTys kvs full_kind
                             else full_kind
           ; return (gen_kind, stuff) } }
      where
        kc_hs_tv :: HsTyVarBndr Name -> TcM (Name, TcKind)
        kc_hs_tv (UserTyVar n)
          = do { mb_thing <- tcLookupLcl_maybe n
               ; kind <- case mb_thing of
                           Just (AThing k) -> return k
                           _ | cusk        -> return liftedTypeKind
                             | otherwise   -> newMetaKindVar
               ; return (n, kind) }
        kc_hs_tv (KindedTyVar (L _ n) k)
          = do { kind <- tcLHsKind k
                   -- In an associated type decl, the type variable may already
                   -- be in scope; in that case we want to make sure its kind
                   -- matches the one declared here
               ; mb_thing <- tcLookupLcl_maybe n
               ; case mb_thing of
                   Nothing          -> return ()
                   Just (AThing ks) -> checkKind kind ks
                   Just thing       -> pprPanic "check_in_scope" (ppr thing)
               ; return (n, kind) }

    tcHsTyVarBndrs :: LHsTyVarBndrs Name
                   -> ([TcTyVar] -> TcM r)
                   -> TcM r
    -- Bind the kind variables to fresh skolem variables
    -- and type variables to skolems, each with a meta-kind variable kind
    tcHsTyVarBndrs (HsQTvs { hsq_kvs = kv_ns, hsq_tvs = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      = do { kvs <- mapM mkKindSigVar kv_ns
           ; tcExtendTyVarEnv kvs $ do
           { tvs <- mapM tcHsTyVarBndr hs_tvs
           ; traceTc "tcHsTyVarBndrs {" (vcat [ text "Hs kind vars:" <+> ppr kv_ns
                                            , text "Hs type vars:" <+> ppr hs_tvs
                                            , text "Kind vars:" <+> ppr kvs
                                            , text "Type vars:" <+> ppr tvs ])
           ; res <- tcExtendTyVarEnv tvs (thing_inside (kvs ++ tvs))
           ; traceTc "tcHsTyVarBndrs }" (vcat [ text "Hs kind vars:" <+> ppr kv_ns
                                            , text "Hs type vars:" <+> ppr hs_tvs
                                            , text "Kind vars:" <+> ppr kvs
                                            , text "Type vars:" <+> ppr tvs ])
           ; return res  } }

    tcHsTyVarBndr :: LHsTyVarBndr Name -> TcM TcTyVar
    -- Return a type variable
    -- initialised with a kind variable.
    -- Typically the Kind inside the HsTyVarBndr will be a tyvar with a mutable kind
    -- in it.
    --
    -- If the variable is already in scope return it, instead of introducing a new
    -- one. This can occur in
    --   instance C (a,b) where
    --     type F (a,b) c = ...
    -- Here a,b will be in scope when processing the associated type instance for F.
    -- See Note [Associated type tyvar names] in Class
    tcHsTyVarBndr (L _ hs_tv)
      = do { let name = hsTyVarName hs_tv
           ; mb_tv <- tcLookupLcl_maybe name
           ; case mb_tv of {
               Just (ATyVar _ tv) -> return tv ;
               _ -> do
           { kind <- case hs_tv of
                       UserTyVar {}       -> newMetaKindVar
                       KindedTyVar _ kind -> tcLHsKind kind
           ; return ( mkTcTyVar name kind (SkolemTv False)) } } }

    ------------------
    kindGeneralize :: TyVarSet -> TcM [KindVar]
    kindGeneralize tkvs
      = do { gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyVars -- Already zonked
           ; quantifyTyVars gbl_tvs (filterVarSet isKindVar tkvs) }
                    -- ToDo: remove the (filter isKindVar)
                    -- Any type variables in tkvs will be in scope,
                    -- and hence in gbl_tvs, so after removing gbl_tvs
                    -- we should only have kind variables left
                    --
                    -- BUT there is a smelly case (to be fixed when TH is reorganised)
                    --     f t = [| e :: $t |]
                    -- When typechecking the body of the bracket, we typecheck $t to a
                    -- unification variable 'alpha', with no biding forall.  We don't
                    -- want to kind-quantify it!

    {-
    Note [Kind generalisation]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We do kind generalisation only at the outer level of a type signature.
    For example, consider
      T :: forall k. k -> *
      f :: (forall a. T a -> Int) -> Int
    When kind-checking f's type signature we generalise the kind at
    the outermost level, thus:
      f1 :: forall k. (forall (a:k). T k a -> Int) -> Int  -- YES!
    and *not* at the inner forall:
      f2 :: (forall k. forall (a:k). T k a -> Int) -> Int  -- NO!
    Reason: same as for HM inference on value level declarations,
    we want to infer the most general type.  The f2 type signature
    would be *less applicable* than f1, because it requires a more
    polymorphic argument.

    Note [Kinds of quantified type variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    tcTyVarBndrsGen quantifies over a specified list of type variables,
    *and* over the kind variables mentioned in the kinds of those tyvars.

    Note that we must zonk those kinds (obviously) but less obviously, we
    must return type variables whose kinds are zonked too. Example
        (a :: k7)  where  k7 := k9 -> k9
    We must return
        [k9, a:k9->k9]
    and NOT
        [k9, a:k7]
    Reason: we're going to turn this into a for-all type,
       forall k9. forall (a:k7). blah
    which the type checker will then instantiate, and instantiate does not
    look through unification variables!

    Hence using zonked_kinds when forming tvs'.
    -}

    --------------------
    -- getInitialKind has made a suitably-shaped kind for the type or class
    -- Unpack it, and attribute those kinds to the type variables
    -- Extend the env with bindings for the tyvars, taken from
    -- the kind of the tycon/class.  Give it to the thing inside, and
    -- check the result kind matches
    kcLookupKind :: Name -> TcM Kind
    kcLookupKind nm
      = do { tc_ty_thing <- tcLookup nm
           ; case tc_ty_thing of
               AThing k            -> return k
               AGlobal (ATyCon tc) -> return (tyConKind tc)
               _                   -> pprPanic "kcLookupKind" (ppr tc_ty_thing) }

    kcTyClTyVars :: Name -> LHsTyVarBndrs Name -> TcM a -> TcM a
    -- Used for the type variables of a type or class decl,
    -- when doing the initial kind-check.
    kcTyClTyVars name (HsQTvs { hsq_kvs = kvs, hsq_tvs = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      = kcScopedKindVars kvs $
        do  { tc_kind <- kcLookupKind name
            ; let (_, mono_kind)   = splitForAllTys tc_kind
                         -- if we have a FullKindSignature, the tc_kind may already
                         -- be generalized. The kvs get matched up while kind-checking
                         -- the types in kc_tv, below
                  (arg_ks, _res_k) = splitKindFunTysN (length hs_tvs) mono_kind
                         -- There should be enough arrows, because
                         -- getInitialKinds used the tcdTyVars
            ; name_ks <- zipWithM kc_tv hs_tvs arg_ks
            ; tcExtendKindEnv name_ks thing_inside }
      where
        -- getInitialKind has already gotten the kinds of these type
        -- variables, but tiresomely we need to check them *again*
        -- to match the kind variables they mention against the ones
        -- we've freshly brought into scope
        kc_tv :: LHsTyVarBndr Name -> Kind -> TcM (Name, Kind)
        kc_tv (L _ (UserTyVar n)) exp_k
          = return (n, exp_k)
        kc_tv (L _ (KindedTyVar (L _ n) hs_k)) exp_k
          = do { k <- tcLHsKind hs_k
               ; checkKind k exp_k
               ; return (n, exp_k) }

    -----------------------
    tcTyClTyVars :: Name -> LHsTyVarBndrs Name      -- LHS of the type or class decl
                 -> ([TyVar] -> Kind -> TcM a) -> TcM a
    -- Used for the type variables of a type or class decl,
    -- on the second pass when constructing the final result
    -- (tcTyClTyVars T [a,b] thing_inside)
    --   where T : forall k1 k2 (a:k1 -> *) (b:k1). k2 -> *
    --   calls thing_inside with arguments
    --      [k1,k2,a,b] (k2 -> *)
    --   having also extended the type environment with bindings
    --   for k1,k2,a,b
    --
    -- No need to freshen the k's because they are just skolem
    -- constants here, and we are at top level anyway.
    tcTyClTyVars tycon (HsQTvs { hsq_kvs = hs_kvs, hsq_tvs = hs_tvs }) thing_inside
      = kcScopedKindVars hs_kvs $ -- Bind scoped kind vars to fresh kind univ vars
                                  -- There may be fewer of these than the kvs of
                                  -- the type constructor, of course
        do { thing <- tcLookup tycon
           ; let { kind = case thing of
                            AThing kind -> kind
                            _ -> panic "tcTyClTyVars"
                         -- We only call tcTyClTyVars during typechecking in
                         -- TcTyClDecls, where the local env is extended with
                         -- the generalized_env (mapping Names to AThings).
                 ; (kvs, body)  = splitForAllTys kind
                 ; (kinds, res) = splitKindFunTysN (length hs_tvs) body }
           ; tvs <- zipWithM tc_hs_tv hs_tvs kinds
           ; tcExtendTyVarEnv tvs (thing_inside (kvs ++ tvs) res) }
      where
        -- In the case of associated types, the renamer has
        -- ensured that the names are in commmon
        -- e.g.   class C a_29 where
        --           type T b_30 a_29 :: *
        -- Here the a_29 is shared
        tc_hs_tv (L _ (UserTyVar n))        kind = return (mkTyVar n kind)
        tc_hs_tv (L _ (KindedTyVar (L _ n) hs_k)) kind
                                            = do { tc_kind <- tcLHsKind hs_k
                                                 ; checkKind kind tc_kind
                                                 ; return (mkTyVar n kind) }

    -----------------------------------
    tcDataKindSig :: Kind -> TcM [TyVar]
    -- GADT decls can have a (perhaps partial) kind signature
    --      e.g.  data T :: * -> * -> * where ...
    -- This function makes up suitable (kinded) type variables for
    -- the argument kinds, and checks that the result kind is indeed *.
    -- We use it also to make up argument type variables for for data instances.
    tcDataKindSig kind
      = do  { checkTc (isLiftedTypeKind res_kind) (badKindSig kind)
            ; span <- getSrcSpanM
            ; us   <- newUniqueSupply
            ; rdr_env <- getLocalRdrEnv
            ; let uniqs = uniqsFromSupply us
                  occs  = [ occ | str <- allNameStrings
                                , let occ = mkOccName tvName str
                                , isNothing (lookupLocalRdrOcc rdr_env occ) ]
                     -- Note [Avoid name clashes for associated data types]

            ; return [ mk_tv span uniq occ kind
                     | ((kind, occ), uniq) <- arg_kinds `zip` occs `zip` uniqs ] }
      where
        (arg_kinds, res_kind) = splitKindFunTys kind
        mk_tv loc uniq occ kind
          = mkTyVar (mkInternalName uniq occ loc) kind

    badKindSig :: Kind -> SDoc
    badKindSig kind
     = hang (ptext (sLit "Kind signature on data type declaration has non-* return kind"))
            2 (ppr kind)

    {-
    Note [Avoid name clashes for associated data types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider    class C a b where
                   data D b :: * -> *
    When typechecking the decl for D, we'll invent an extra type variable
    for D, to fill out its kind.  Ideally we don't want this type variable
    to be 'a', because when pretty printing we'll get
                class C a b where
                   data D b a0
    (NB: the tidying happens in the conversion to IfaceSyn, which happens
    as part of pretty-printing a TyThing.)

    That's why we look in the LocalRdrEnv to see what's in scope. This is
    important only to get nice-looking output when doing ":info C" in GHCi.
    It isn't essential for correctness.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Scoped type variables
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    tcAddScopedTyVars is used for scoped type variables added by pattern
    type signatures
            e.g.  \ ((x::a), (y::a)) -> x+y
    They never have explicit kinds (because this is source-code only)
    They are mutable (because they can get bound to a more specific type).

    Usually we kind-infer and expand type splices, and then
    tupecheck/desugar the type.  That doesn't work well for scoped type
    variables, because they scope left-right in patterns.  (e.g. in the
    example above, the 'a' in (y::a) is bound by the 'a' in (x::a).

    The current not-very-good plan is to
      * find all the types in the patterns
      * find their free tyvars
      * do kind inference
      * bring the kinded type vars into scope
      * BUT throw away the kind-checked type
            (we'll kind-check it again when we type-check the pattern)

    This is bad because throwing away the kind checked type throws away
    its splices.  But too bad for now.  [July 03]

    Historical note:
        We no longer specify that these type variables must be univerally
        quantified (lots of email on the subject).  If you want to put that
        back in, you need to
            a) Do a checkSigTyVars after thing_inside
            b) More insidiously, don't pass in expected_ty, else
               we unify with it too early and checkSigTyVars barfs
               Instead you have to pass in a fresh ty var, and unify
               it with expected_ty afterwards
    -}

    tcHsPatSigType :: UserTypeCtxt
                   -> HsWithBndrs Name (LHsType Name) -- The type signature
                   -> TcM ( Type                      -- The signature
                          , [(Name, TcTyVar)]     -- The new bit of type environment, binding
                                                  -- the scoped type variables
                          , [(Name, TcTyVar)] )   -- The wildcards
    -- Used for type-checking type signatures in
    -- (a) patterns           e.g  f (x::Int) = e
    -- (b) result signatures  e.g. g x :: Int = e
    -- (c) RULE forall bndrs  e.g. forall (x::Int). f x = x

    tcHsPatSigType ctxt (HsWB { hswb_cts = hs_ty, hswb_kvs = sig_kvs,
                                hswb_tvs = sig_tvs, hswb_wcs = sig_wcs })
      = addErrCtxt (pprSigCtxt ctxt empty (ppr hs_ty)) $
        do  { kvs <- mapM new_kv sig_kvs
            ; tvs <- mapM new_tv sig_tvs
            ; nwc_tvs <- mapM newWildcardVarMetaKind sig_wcs
            ; let nwc_binds = sig_wcs `zip` nwc_tvs
                  ktv_binds = (sig_kvs `zip` kvs) ++ (sig_tvs `zip` tvs)
            ; sig_ty <- tcExtendTyVarEnv2 (ktv_binds ++ nwc_binds) $
                        tcHsLiftedType hs_ty
            ; sig_ty <- zonkSigType sig_ty
            ; checkValidType ctxt sig_ty
            ; emitWildcardHoleConstraints (zip sig_wcs nwc_tvs)
            ; return (sig_ty, ktv_binds, nwc_binds) }
      where
        new_kv name = new_tkv name superKind
        new_tv name = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
                         ; new_tkv name kind }

        new_tkv name kind   -- See Note [Pattern signature binders]
          = case ctxt of
              RuleSigCtxt {} -> return (mkTcTyVar name kind (SkolemTv False))
              _              -> newSigTyVar name kind  -- See Note [Unifying SigTvs]

    tcPatSig :: Bool                    -- True <=> pattern binding
             -> HsWithBndrs Name (LHsType Name)
             -> TcSigmaType
             -> TcM (TcType,            -- The type to use for "inside" the signature
                     [(Name, TcTyVar)], -- The new bit of type environment, binding
                                        -- the scoped type variables
                     [(Name, TcTyVar)], -- The wildcards
                     HsWrapper)         -- Coercion due to unification with actual ty
                                        -- Of shape:  res_ty ~ sig_ty
    tcPatSig in_pat_bind sig res_ty
      = do  { (sig_ty, sig_tvs, sig_nwcs) <- tcHsPatSigType PatSigCtxt sig
            -- sig_tvs are the type variables free in 'sig',
            -- and not already in scope. These are the ones
            -- that should be brought into scope

            ; if null sig_tvs then do {
                    -- Just do the subsumption check and return
                      wrap <- addErrCtxtM (mk_msg sig_ty) $
                              tcSubType_NC PatSigCtxt res_ty sig_ty
                    ; return (sig_ty, [], sig_nwcs, wrap)
            } else do
                    -- Type signature binds at least one scoped type variable

                    -- A pattern binding cannot bind scoped type variables
                    -- It is more convenient to make the test here
                    -- than in the renamer
            { when in_pat_bind (addErr (patBindSigErr sig_tvs))

                    -- Check that all newly-in-scope tyvars are in fact
                    -- constrained by the pattern.  This catches tiresome
                    -- cases like
                    --      type T a = Int
                    --      f :: Int -> Int
                    --      f (x :: T a) = ...
                    -- Here 'a' doesn't get a binding.  Sigh
            ; let bad_tvs = [ tv | (_, tv) <- sig_tvs
                                 , not (tv `elemVarSet` exactTyVarsOfType sig_ty) ]
            ; checkTc (null bad_tvs) (badPatSigTvs sig_ty bad_tvs)

            -- Now do a subsumption check of the pattern signature against res_ty
            ; wrap <- addErrCtxtM (mk_msg sig_ty) $
                      tcSubType_NC PatSigCtxt res_ty sig_ty

            -- Phew!
            ; return (sig_ty, sig_tvs, sig_nwcs, wrap)
            } }
      where
        mk_msg sig_ty tidy_env
           = do { (tidy_env, sig_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env sig_ty
                ; (tidy_env, res_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env res_ty
                ; let msg = vcat [ hang (ptext (sLit "When checking that the pattern signature:"))
                                      4 (ppr sig_ty)
                                 , nest 2 (hang (ptext (sLit "fits the type of its context:"))
                                              2 (ppr res_ty)) ]
                ; return (tidy_env, msg) }

    patBindSigErr :: [(Name, TcTyVar)] -> SDoc
    patBindSigErr sig_tvs
      = hang (ptext (sLit "You cannot bind scoped type variable") <> plural sig_tvs
              <+> pprQuotedList (map fst sig_tvs))
           2 (ptext (sLit "in a pattern binding signature"))

    {-
    Note [Pattern signature binders]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
       data T = forall a. T a (a->Int)
       f (T x (f :: a->Int) = blah)

    Here
     * The pattern (T p1 p2) creates a *skolem* type variable 'a_sk',
       It must be a skolem so that that it retains its identity, and
       TcErrors.getSkolemInfo can thereby find the binding site for the skolem.

     * The type signature pattern (f :: a->Int) binds "a" -> a_sig in the envt

     * Then unificaiton makes a_sig := a_sk

    That's why we must make a_sig a MetaTv (albeit a SigTv),
    not a SkolemTv, so that it can unify to a_sk.

    For RULE binders, though, things are a bit different (yuk).
      RULE "foo" forall (x::a) (y::[a]).  f x y = ...
    Here this really is the binding site of the type variable so we'd like
    to use a skolem, so that we get a complaint if we unify two of them
    together.

    Note [Unifying SigTvs]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    ALAS we have no decent way of avoiding two SigTvs getting unified.
    Consider
      f (x::(a,b)) (y::c)) = [fst x, y]
    Here we'd really like to complain that 'a' and 'c' are unified. But
    for the reasons above we can't make a,b,c into skolems, so they
    are just SigTvs that can unify.  And indeed, this would be ok,
      f x (y::c) = case x of
                     (x1 :: a1, True) -> [x,y]
                     (x1 :: a2, False) -> [x,y,y]
    Here the type of x's first component is called 'a1' in one branch and
    'a2' in the other.  We could try insisting on the same OccName, but
    they definitely won't have the sane lexical Name.

    I think we could solve this by recording in a SigTv a list of all the
    in-scope variables that it should not unify with, but it's fiddly.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Checking kinds
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    We would like to get a decent error message from
      (a) Under-applied type constructors
                 f :: (Maybe, Maybe)
      (b) Over-applied type constructors
                 f :: Int x -> Int x
    -}

    -- The ExpKind datatype means "expected kind" and contains
    -- some info about just why that kind is expected, to improve
    -- the error message on a mis-match
    data ExpKind = EK TcKind (TcKind -> SDoc)
       -- The second arg is function that takes a *tidied* version
       -- of the first arg, and produces something like
       --    "Expected kind k"
       --    "Expected a constraint"
       --    "The argument of Maybe should have kind k"

    instance Outputable ExpKind where
      ppr (EK k f) = f k

    ekLifted, ekOpen, ekConstraint :: ExpKind
    ekLifted     = EK liftedTypeKind expectedKindMsg
    ekOpen       = EK openTypeKind   expectedKindMsg
    ekConstraint = EK constraintKind expectedKindMsg

    expectedKindMsg :: TcKind -> SDoc
    expectedKindMsg pkind
      | isConstraintKind pkind = ptext (sLit "Expected a constraint")
      | isOpenTypeKind   pkind = ptext (sLit "Expected a type")
      | otherwise = ptext (sLit "Expected kind") <+> quotes (pprKind pkind)

    -- Build an ExpKind for arguments
    expArgKind :: SDoc -> TcKind -> Int -> ExpKind
    expArgKind exp kind arg_no = EK kind msg_fn
      where
        msg_fn pkind
          = sep [ ptext (sLit "The") <+> speakNth arg_no
                  <+> ptext (sLit "argument of") <+> exp
                , nest 2 $ ptext (sLit "should have kind")
                  <+> quotes (pprKind pkind) ]

    unifyKinds :: SDoc -> [(TcType, TcKind)] -> TcM TcKind
    unifyKinds fun act_kinds
      = do { kind <- newMetaKindVar
           ; let check (arg_no, (ty, act_kind))
                   = checkExpectedKind ty act_kind (expArgKind (quotes fun) kind arg_no)
           ; mapM_ check (zip [1..] act_kinds)
           ; return kind }

    checkKind :: TcKind -> TcKind -> TcM ()
    checkKind act_kind exp_kind
      = do { mb_subk <- unifyKindX act_kind exp_kind
           ; case mb_subk of
               Just EQ -> return ()
               _       -> unifyKindMisMatch act_kind exp_kind }

    checkExpectedKind :: Outputable a => a -> TcKind -> ExpKind -> TcM ()
    -- A fancy wrapper for 'unifyKindX', which tries
    -- to give decent error messages.
    --      (checkExpectedKind ty act_kind exp_kind)
    -- checks that the actual kind act_kind is compatible
    --      with the expected kind exp_kind
    -- The first argument, ty, is used only in the error message generation
    checkExpectedKind ty act_kind (EK exp_kind ek_ctxt)
     = do { mb_subk <- unifyKindX act_kind exp_kind

             -- Kind unification only generates definite errors
          ; case mb_subk of {
              Just LT -> return () ;    -- act_kind is a sub-kind of exp_kind
              Just EQ -> return () ;    -- The two are equal
              _other  -> do

          {  -- So there's an error
             -- Now to find out what sort
            exp_kind <- zonkTcKind exp_kind
          ; act_kind <- zonkTcKind act_kind
          ; traceTc "checkExpectedKind" (ppr ty $$ ppr act_kind $$ ppr exp_kind)
          ; env0 <- tcInitTidyEnv
          ; dflags <- getDynFlags
          ; let (exp_as, _) = splitKindFunTys exp_kind
                (act_as, _) = splitKindFunTys act_kind
                n_exp_as  = length exp_as
                n_act_as  = length act_as
                n_diff_as = n_act_as - n_exp_as

                (env1, tidy_exp_kind) = tidyOpenKind env0 exp_kind
                (env2, tidy_act_kind) = tidyOpenKind env1 act_kind

                occurs_check
                   | Just act_tv <- tcGetTyVar_maybe act_kind
                   = check_occ act_tv exp_kind
                   | Just exp_tv <- tcGetTyVar_maybe exp_kind
                   = check_occ exp_tv act_kind
                   | otherwise
                   = False

                check_occ tv k = case occurCheckExpand dflags tv k of
                                    OC_Occurs -> True
                                    _bad      -> False

                err | isLiftedTypeKind exp_kind && isUnliftedTypeKind act_kind
                    = ptext (sLit "Expecting a lifted type, but") <+> quotes (ppr ty)
                        <+> ptext (sLit "is unlifted")

                    | isUnliftedTypeKind exp_kind && isLiftedTypeKind act_kind
                    = ptext (sLit "Expecting an unlifted type, but") <+> quotes (ppr ty)
                        <+> ptext (sLit "is lifted")

                    | occurs_check   -- Must precede the "more args expected" check
                    = ptext (sLit "Kind occurs check") $$ more_info

                    | n_exp_as < n_act_as     -- E.g. [Maybe]
                    = vcat [ ptext (sLit "Expecting") <+>
                             speakN n_diff_as <+> ptext (sLit "more argument")
                             <> (if n_diff_as > 1 then char 's' else empty)
                             <+> ptext (sLit "to") <+> quotes (ppr ty)
                           , more_info ]

                      -- Now n_exp_as >= n_act_as. In the next two cases,
                      -- n_exp_as == 0, and hence so is n_act_as
                    | otherwise               -- E.g. Monad [Int]
                    = more_info

                more_info = sep [ ek_ctxt tidy_exp_kind <> comma
                                , nest 2 $ ptext (sLit "but") <+> quotes (ppr ty)
                                  <+> ptext (sLit "has kind") <+> quotes (pprKind tidy_act_kind)]

          ; traceTc "checkExpectedKind 1" (ppr ty $$ ppr tidy_act_kind $$ ppr tidy_exp_kind $$ ppr env1 $$ ppr env2)
          ; failWithTcM (env2, err) } } }

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Sort checking kinds
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    tcLHsKind converts a user-written kind to an internal, sort-checked kind.
    It does sort checking and desugaring at the same time, in one single pass.
    It fails when the kinds are not well-formed (eg. data A :: * Int), or if there
    are non-promotable or non-fully applied kinds.
    -}

    tcLHsKind :: LHsKind Name -> TcM Kind
    tcLHsKind k = addErrCtxt (ptext (sLit "In the kind") <+> quotes (ppr k)) $
                  tc_lhs_kind k

    tc_lhs_kind :: LHsKind Name -> TcM Kind
    tc_lhs_kind (L span ki) = setSrcSpan span (tc_hs_kind ki)

    -- The main worker
    tc_hs_kind :: HsKind Name -> TcM Kind
    tc_hs_kind (HsTyVar tc)    = tc_kind_var_app tc []
    tc_hs_kind k@(HsAppTy _ _) = tc_kind_app k []

    tc_hs_kind (HsParTy ki) = tc_lhs_kind ki

    tc_hs_kind (HsFunTy ki1 ki2) =
      do kappa_ki1 <- tc_lhs_kind ki1
         kappa_ki2 <- tc_lhs_kind ki2
         return (mkArrowKind kappa_ki1 kappa_ki2)

    tc_hs_kind (HsListTy ki) =
      do kappa <- tc_lhs_kind ki
         checkWiredInTyCon listTyCon
         return $ mkPromotedListTy kappa

    tc_hs_kind (HsTupleTy _ kis) =
      do kappas <- mapM tc_lhs_kind kis
         checkWiredInTyCon tycon
         return $ mkTyConApp tycon kappas
      where
         tycon = promotedTupleTyCon BoxedTuple (length kis)

    -- Argument not kind-shaped
    tc_hs_kind k = pprPanic "tc_hs_kind" (ppr k)

    -- Special case for kind application
    tc_kind_app :: HsKind Name -> [LHsKind Name] -> TcM Kind
    tc_kind_app (HsAppTy ki1 ki2) kis = tc_kind_app (unLoc ki1) (ki2:kis)
    tc_kind_app (HsTyVar tc)      kis = do { arg_kis <- mapM tc_lhs_kind kis
                                           ; tc_kind_var_app tc arg_kis }
    tc_kind_app ki                _   = failWithTc (quotes (ppr ki) <+>
                                        ptext (sLit "is not a kind constructor"))

    tc_kind_var_app :: Name -> [Kind] -> TcM Kind
    -- Special case for * and Constraint kinds
    -- They are kinds already, so we don't need to promote them
    tc_kind_var_app name arg_kis
      |  name == liftedTypeKindTyConName
      || name == constraintKindTyConName
      = do { unless (null arg_kis)
               (failWithTc (text "Kind" <+> ppr name <+> text "cannot be applied"))
           ; thing <- tcLookup name
           ; case thing of
               AGlobal (ATyCon tc) -> return (mkTyConApp tc [])
               _                   -> panic "tc_kind_var_app 1" }

    -- General case
    tc_kind_var_app name arg_kis
      = do { thing <- tcLookup name
           ; case thing of
               AGlobal (ATyCon tc)
                 -> do { data_kinds <- xoptM Opt_DataKinds
                       ; unless data_kinds $ addErr (dataKindsErr name)
                       ; case promotableTyCon_maybe tc of
                           Just prom_tc | arg_kis `lengthIs` tyConArity prom_tc
                                   -> return (mkTyConApp prom_tc arg_kis)
                           Just _  -> tycon_err tc "is not fully applied"
                           Nothing -> tycon_err tc "is not promotable" }

               -- A lexically scoped kind variable
               ATyVar _ kind_var
                 | not (isKindVar kind_var)
                 -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Type variable") <+> quotes (ppr kind_var)
                                <+> ptext (sLit "used as a kind"))
                 | not (null arg_kis) -- Kind variables always have kind BOX,
                                      -- so cannot be applied to anything
                 -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Kind variable") <+> quotes (ppr name)
                                <+> ptext (sLit "cannot appear in a function position"))
                 | otherwise
                 -> return (mkAppTys (mkTyVarTy kind_var) arg_kis)

               -- It is in scope, but not what we expected
               AThing _
                 | isTyVarName name
                 -> failWithTc (ptext (sLit "Type variable") <+> quotes (ppr name)
                                <+> ptext (sLit "used in a kind"))
                 | otherwise
                 -> failWithTc (hang (ptext (sLit "Type constructor") <+> quotes (ppr name)
                                      <+> ptext (sLit "used in a kind"))
                                   2 (ptext (sLit "inside its own recursive group")))

               APromotionErr err -> promotionErr name err

               _ -> wrongThingErr "promoted type" thing name
                    -- This really should not happen
         }
      where
       tycon_err tc msg = failWithTc (quotes (ppr tc) <+> ptext (sLit "of kind")
                                      <+> quotes (ppr (tyConKind tc)) <+> ptext (sLit msg))

    dataKindsErr :: Name -> SDoc
    dataKindsErr name
      = hang (ptext (sLit "Illegal kind:") <+> quotes (ppr name))
           2 (ptext (sLit "Perhaps you intended to use DataKinds"))

    promotionErr :: Name -> PromotionErr -> TcM a
    promotionErr name err
      = failWithTc (hang (pprPECategory err <+> quotes (ppr name) <+> ptext (sLit "cannot be used here"))
                       2 (parens reason))
      where
        reason = case err of
                   FamDataConPE -> ptext (sLit "it comes from a data family instance")
                   NoDataKinds  -> ptext (sLit "Perhaps you intended to use DataKinds")
                   _ -> ptext (sLit "it is defined and used in the same recursive group")

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Scoped type variables
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    badPatSigTvs :: TcType -> [TyVar] -> SDoc
    badPatSigTvs sig_ty bad_tvs
      = vcat [ fsep [ptext (sLit "The type variable") <> plural bad_tvs,
                     quotes (pprWithCommas ppr bad_tvs),
                     ptext (sLit "should be bound by the pattern signature") <+> quotes (ppr sig_ty),
                     ptext (sLit "but are actually discarded by a type synonym") ]
             , ptext (sLit "To fix this, expand the type synonym")
             , ptext (sLit "[Note: I hope to lift this restriction in due course]") ]

    unifyKindMisMatch :: TcKind -> TcKind -> TcM a
    unifyKindMisMatch ki1 ki2 = do
        ki1' <- zonkTcKind ki1
        ki2' <- zonkTcKind ki2
        let msg = hang (ptext (sLit "Couldn't match kind"))
                  2 (sep [quotes (ppr ki1'),
                          ptext (sLit "against"),
                          quotes (ppr ki2')])
        failWithTc msg