    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 709
    {-# LANGUAGE AutoDeriveTypeable #-}
    #endif
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- |
    -- Module      :  Data.Functor.Compose
    -- Copyright   :  (c) Ross Paterson 2010
    -- License     :  BSD-style (see the file LICENSE)
    --
    -- Maintainer  :  ross@soi.city.ac.uk
    -- Stability   :  experimental
    -- Portability :  portable
    --
    -- Composition of functors.
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    module Data.Functor.Compose (
        Compose(..),
      ) where

    import Data.Functor.Classes

    import Control.Applicative
    import Data.Foldable (Foldable(foldMap))
    import Data.Traversable (Traversable(traverse))

    infixr 9 `Compose`

    -- | Right-to-left composition of functors.
    -- The composition of applicative functors is always applicative,
    -- but the composition of monads is not always a monad.
    newtype Compose f g a = Compose { getCompose :: f (g a) }

    -- Instances of Prelude classes

    -- kludge to get type with the same instances as g a
    newtype Apply g a = Apply (g a)

    getApply :: Apply g a -> g a
    getApply (Apply x) = x

    instance (Eq1 g, Eq a) => Eq (Apply g a) where
        Apply x == Apply y = eq1 x y

    instance (Ord1 g, Ord a) => Ord (Apply g a) where
        compare (Apply x) (Apply y) = compare1 x y

    instance (Read1 g, Read a) => Read (Apply g a) where
        readsPrec d s = [(Apply a, t) | (a, t) <- readsPrec1 d s]

    instance (Show1 g, Show a) => Show (Apply g a) where
        showsPrec d (Apply x) = showsPrec1 d x

    instance (Functor f, Eq1 f, Eq1 g, Eq a) => Eq (Compose f g a) where
        Compose x == Compose y = eq1 (fmap Apply x) (fmap Apply y)

    instance (Functor f, Ord1 f, Ord1 g, Ord a) => Ord (Compose f g a) where
        compare (Compose x) (Compose y) = compare1 (fmap Apply x) (fmap Apply y)

    instance (Functor f, Read1 f, Read1 g, Read a) => Read (Compose f g a) where
        readsPrec = readsData $ readsUnary1 "Compose" (Compose . fmap getApply)

    instance (Functor f, Show1 f, Show1 g, Show a) => Show (Compose f g a) where
        showsPrec d (Compose x) = showsUnary1 "Compose" d (fmap Apply x)

    instance (Functor f, Eq1 f, Eq1 g) => Eq1 (Compose f g) where eq1 = (==)
    instance (Functor f, Ord1 f, Ord1 g) => Ord1 (Compose f g) where
        compare1 = compare
    instance (Functor f, Read1 f, Read1 g) => Read1 (Compose f g) where
        readsPrec1 = readsPrec
    instance (Functor f, Show1 f, Show1 g) => Show1 (Compose f g) where
        showsPrec1 = showsPrec

    -- Functor instances

    instance (Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Compose f g) where
        fmap f (Compose x) = Compose (fmap (fmap f) x)

    instance (Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (Compose f g) where
        foldMap f (Compose t) = foldMap (foldMap f) t

    instance (Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Compose f g) where
        traverse f (Compose t) = Compose <$> traverse (traverse f) t

    instance (Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Compose f g) where
        pure x = Compose (pure (pure x))
        Compose f <*> Compose x = Compose ((<*>) <$> f <*> x)

    instance (Alternative f, Applicative g) => Alternative (Compose f g) where
        empty = Compose empty
        Compose x <|> Compose y = Compose (x <|> y)