    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 701
    {-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-}
    #endif
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- |
    -- Module      : Data.Binary
    -- Copyright   : Lennart Kolmodin
    -- License     : BSD3-style (see LICENSE)
    --
    -- Maintainer  : Lennart Kolmodin <kolmodin@gmail.com>
    -- Stability   : unstable
    -- Portability : portable to Hugs and GHC. Requires the FFI and some flexible instances.
    --
    -- Binary serialisation of Haskell values to and from lazy 'ByteString's.
    -- The Binary library provides methods for encoding Haskell values as
    -- streams of bytes directly in memory. The resulting 'ByteString' can
    -- then be written to disk, sent over the network, or further processed
    -- (for example, compressed with gzip).
    --
    -- The @binary@ package is notable in that it provides both pure, and
    -- high performance serialisation.
    --
    -- Values encoded using the 'Binary' class are always encoded in network order
    -- (big endian) form, and encoded data should be portable across
    -- machine endianness, word size, or compiler version. For example,
    -- data encoded using the 'Binary' class could be written on any machine,
    -- and read back on any another.
    --
    -- If the specifics of the data format is not important to you, for example,
    -- you are more interested in serializing and deserializing values than
    -- in which format will be used, it is possible to derive 'Binary'
    -- instances using the generic support. See 'GBinary'.
    --
    -- If you have specific requirements about the encoding format, you can use
    -- the encoding and decoding primitives directly, see the modules
    -- "Data.Binary.Get" and "Data.Binary.Put".
    --
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    module Data.Binary (

        -- * The Binary class
          Binary(..)
        -- ** Example
        -- $example

    #ifdef GENERICS
        -- * Generic support
        -- $generics
        , GBinary(..)
    #endif

        -- * The Get and Put monads
        , Get
        , Put

        -- * Useful helpers for writing instances
        , putWord8
        , getWord8

        -- * Binary serialisation
        , encode                    -- :: Binary a => a -> ByteString
        , decode                    -- :: Binary a => ByteString -> a
        , decodeOrFail

        -- * IO functions for serialisation
        , encodeFile                -- :: Binary a => FilePath -> a -> IO ()
        , decodeFile                -- :: Binary a => FilePath -> IO a
        , decodeFileOrFail

        , module Data.Word -- useful

        ) where

    import Data.Word

    import Data.Binary.Class
    import Data.Binary.Put
    import Data.Binary.Get
    #ifdef GENERICS
    import Data.Binary.Generic ()
    #endif

    import qualified Data.ByteString as B ( hGet, length )
    import Data.ByteString.Lazy (ByteString)
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal as L ( defaultChunkSize )
    import System.IO ( withBinaryFile, IOMode(ReadMode) )

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- $example
    -- To serialise a custom type, an instance of Binary for that type is
    -- required. For example, suppose we have a data structure:
    --
    -- > data Exp = IntE Int
    -- >          | OpE  String Exp Exp
    -- >    deriving Show
    --
    -- We can encode values of this type into bytestrings using the
    -- following instance, which proceeds by recursively breaking down the
    -- structure to serialise:
    --
    -- > instance Binary Exp where
    -- >       put (IntE i)      = do put (0 :: Word8)
    -- >                              put i
    -- >       put (OpE s e1 e2) = do put (1 :: Word8)
    -- >                              put s
    -- >                              put e1
    -- >                              put e2
    -- >
    -- >       get = do t <- get :: Get Word8
    -- >                case t of
    -- >                     0 -> do i <- get
    -- >                             return (IntE i)
    -- >                     1 -> do s  <- get
    -- >                             e1 <- get
    -- >                             e2 <- get
    -- >                             return (OpE s e1 e2)
    --
    -- Note how we write an initial tag byte to indicate each variant of the
    -- data type.
    --
    -- We can simplify the writing of 'get' instances using monadic
    -- combinators:
    --
    -- >       get = do tag <- getWord8
    -- >                case tag of
    -- >                    0 -> liftM  IntE get
    -- >                    1 -> liftM3 OpE  get get get
    --
    -- To serialise this to a bytestring, we use 'encode', which packs the
    -- data structure into a binary format, in a lazy bytestring
    --
    -- > > let e = OpE "*" (IntE 7) (OpE "/" (IntE 4) (IntE 2))
    -- > > let v = encode e
    --
    -- Where 'v' is a binary encoded data structure. To reconstruct the
    -- original data, we use 'decode'
    --
    -- > > decode v :: Exp
    -- > OpE "*" (IntE 7) (OpE "/" (IntE 4) (IntE 2))
    --
    -- The lazy ByteString that results from 'encode' can be written to
    -- disk, and read from disk using Data.ByteString.Lazy IO functions,
    -- such as hPutStr or writeFile:
    --
    -- > > writeFile "/tmp/exp.txt" (encode e)
    --
    -- And read back with:
    --
    -- > > readFile "/tmp/exp.txt" >>= return . decode :: IO Exp
    -- > OpE "*" (IntE 7) (OpE "/" (IntE 4) (IntE 2))
    --
    -- We can also directly serialise a value to and from a Handle, or a file:
    --
    -- > > v <- decodeFile  "/tmp/exp.txt" :: IO Exp
    -- > OpE "*" (IntE 7) (OpE "/" (IntE 4) (IntE 2))
    --
    -- And write a value to disk
    --
    -- > > encodeFile "/tmp/a.txt" v
    --

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Wrappers to run the underlying monad

    -- | Encode a value using binary serialisation to a lazy ByteString.
    --
    encode :: Binary a => a -> ByteString
    encode = runPut . put
    {-# INLINE encode #-}

    -- | Decode a value from a lazy ByteString, reconstructing the original structure.
    decode :: Binary a => ByteString -> a
    decode = runGet get

    -- | Decode a value from a lazy ByteString. Returning 'Left' on failure and
    -- 'Right' on success. In both cases the unconsumed input and the number of
    -- consumed bytes is returned. In case of failure, a human-readable error
    -- message will be returned as well.
    decodeOrFail :: Binary a => L.ByteString
                 -> Either (L.ByteString, ByteOffset, String)
                           (L.ByteString, ByteOffset, a)
    decodeOrFail = runGetOrFail get

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Convenience IO operations

    -- | Lazily serialise a value to a file.
    --
    -- This is just a convenience function, it's defined simply as:
    --
    -- > encodeFile f = B.writeFile f . encode
    --
    -- So for example if you wanted to compress as well, you could use:
    --
    -- > B.writeFile f . compress . encode
    --
    encodeFile :: Binary a => FilePath -> a -> IO ()
    encodeFile f v = L.writeFile f (encode v)

    -- | Decode a value from a file. In case of errors, 'error' will
    -- be called with the error message.
    decodeFile :: Binary a => FilePath -> IO a
    decodeFile f = do
      result <- decodeFileOrFail f
      case result of
        Right x -> return x
        Left (_,str) -> error str

    -- | Decode a value from a file. In case of success, the value will be returned
    -- in 'Right'. In case of decoder errors, the error message together with
    -- the byte offset will be returned.
    decodeFileOrFail :: Binary a => FilePath -> IO (Either (ByteOffset, String) a)
    decodeFileOrFail f =
      withBinaryFile f ReadMode $ \h -> do
        feed (runGetIncremental get) h
      where -- TODO: put in Data.Binary.Get and name pushFromHandle?
        feed (Done _ _ x) _ = return (Right x)
        feed (Fail _ pos str) _ = return (Left (pos, str))
        feed (Partial k) h = do
          chunk <- B.hGet h L.defaultChunkSize
          case B.length chunk of
            0 -> feed (k Nothing) h
            _ -> feed (k (Just chunk)) h

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- $generics
    --
    -- Beginning with GHC 7.2, it is possible to use binary serialization
    -- without writing any instance boilerplate code.
    --
    -- > {-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
    -- >
    -- > import Data.Binary
    -- > import GHC.Generics (Generic)
    -- >
    -- > data Foo = Foo
    -- >          deriving (Generic)
    -- >
    -- > -- GHC will automatically fill out the instance
    -- > instance Binary Foo
    --
    -- This mechanism makes use of GHC's efficient built-in generics
    -- support.